We proposed a modified ratchet model including power-stroke and elastic coupling to study the efficiency of collective non-processive motors such as myosin Ⅱ in muscle. Our theoretical results are in good agreement w...We proposed a modified ratchet model including power-stroke and elastic coupling to study the efficiency of collective non-processive motors such as myosin Ⅱ in muscle. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Our study not only reveals that the maximum efficiency depends on elasticity and is independent of transition rates but also indicates that the parameters fitted to fast muscle are different from those fitted to a slow one. The latter may imply that the structure of the fast muscle is different from that of the slow one. The main reason that our model succeeds is that velocity in this model is an independent variable.展开更多
In this paper we construct an extended non-competitive input-occupancy-output model that captures China＇s processing trade and also develop a methodology to estimate the domestic value-added and employment generated ...In this paper we construct an extended non-competitive input-occupancy-output model that captures China＇s processing trade and also develop a methodology to estimate the domestic value-added and employment generated by each unit of total exports, of exports by sector, and of exports by commodity, respectively. We also prove mathematically that the gross value of exports is equal to the sum of total value added and total imports. Based on the methodology proposed here, we compile the 2002 extended Chinese non-competitive input-occupancy-output table and the United States non-competitive input-occupancy- output table, and then estimate and analyze the effects of China＇s exports and US exports on their respective domestic value added and employment.展开更多
China is believed to have gained immensely from its admission into to the World Trade Organization （WTO） in 2001. One of the direct gains comes from the lessening of deadweight loss （DWL） due to tariff reduction. ...China is believed to have gained immensely from its admission into to the World Trade Organization （WTO） in 2001. One of the direct gains comes from the lessening of deadweight loss （DWL） due to tariff reduction. Conventional measures for DWL, however, are too aggregate to capture the trade policies, which are determined at a much higher disaggregated level, and ignore the interactions between tariff and corresponding import demand as suggested by theories. In this paper, we first systematically estimate the import demand elasticities at a highly disaggregated level and then match them with the most detailed lines of the applied tariff for the most favored nations as reported by the WTO. Using the detailed matching data, we construct Feenstra＇s （1995） simplified trade restrictiveness index （TRI）, which captures the covariance of tariff and the corresponding demand elasticity. Finally, we use the TRI to compute the DWL from1997 to 2008 and find that the DWL due to the tariff barrier was reduced to 0.73% of GNI in 2008, noticeably lower than the highest previous mark of 4.58% of GNI in 2001.展开更多
For many years,project management maturity models(PMMM)derived from the software industry have brought immeasurable benefits.However,the adoption and investigation of PMMM in the construction field have been weak and ...For many years,project management maturity models(PMMM)derived from the software industry have brought immeasurable benefits.However,the adoption and investigation of PMMM in the construction field have been weak and insufficient,particularly in construction consulting services(CCS).Moreover,professionals have gradually realized the importance of non-process factors(e.g.,teamwork,culture,leadership)in the evaluation of PMMM.This study describes the construction of PMMM for CCS that considers non-process factors and combines them with CCS-specific process factors.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model,we conduct a case study on the overall project management consultancy for China’s 2010 Winter Expo.The results would fill in the PMMM research gap in CCS and provide practitioners with ideas to improve their performance.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y7Y1472Y61)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11205123,11574329,11774358,11747601,and 11675017)+3 种基金the Joint NSFC–ISF Research Program(Grant No.51561145002)the CAS Biophysics Interdisciplinary Innovation Team Project(Grant No.2060299)the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program(Grant No.XDA17010504)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2017EYT24)
文摘We proposed a modified ratchet model including power-stroke and elastic coupling to study the efficiency of collective non-processive motors such as myosin Ⅱ in muscle. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Our study not only reveals that the maximum efficiency depends on elasticity and is independent of transition rates but also indicates that the parameters fitted to fast muscle are different from those fitted to a slow one. The latter may imply that the structure of the fast muscle is different from that of the slow one. The main reason that our model succeeds is that velocity in this model is an independent variable.
基金This is a translated version of the paper published in Chinese in Social Sciences in China （Zhongguo shehui kexue, 2007, no. 5, pp. 91-103）, which has received the ＂Pei-Kang CHANG Development Economics Award＂ and ＂Sun Yefang Economics Award.＂ The authors are grateful to Mr. Tung Chee- hwa, former President of Hong Kong SAR, Chinese University of Hong Kong and National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 70810107020, 70871108, 60474063） for their financial support. The authors thank Dr Wang Zhi from US International Trade Commission, and anonymous referees for their useful comments. Usual claims are applied.
文摘In this paper we construct an extended non-competitive input-occupancy-output model that captures China＇s processing trade and also develop a methodology to estimate the domestic value-added and employment generated by each unit of total exports, of exports by sector, and of exports by commodity, respectively. We also prove mathematically that the gross value of exports is equal to the sum of total value added and total imports. Based on the methodology proposed here, we compile the 2002 extended Chinese non-competitive input-occupancy-output table and the United States non-competitive input-occupancy- output table, and then estimate and analyze the effects of China＇s exports and US exports on their respective domestic value added and employment.
基金Acknowledgements We are grateful to the participants at CESifo Venice Summer Institute workshop on ＂China and the Global Economy Post Crisis＂ for their invaluable comments. All errors in this paper are ours. Bo Chen acknowledges the financial support of the Ministry of Education of China （No. 09YJC790180） and of the Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 71103116）.
文摘China is believed to have gained immensely from its admission into to the World Trade Organization （WTO） in 2001. One of the direct gains comes from the lessening of deadweight loss （DWL） due to tariff reduction. Conventional measures for DWL, however, are too aggregate to capture the trade policies, which are determined at a much higher disaggregated level, and ignore the interactions between tariff and corresponding import demand as suggested by theories. In this paper, we first systematically estimate the import demand elasticities at a highly disaggregated level and then match them with the most detailed lines of the applied tariff for the most favored nations as reported by the WTO. Using the detailed matching data, we construct Feenstra＇s （1995） simplified trade restrictiveness index （TRI）, which captures the covariance of tariff and the corresponding demand elasticity. Finally, we use the TRI to compute the DWL from1997 to 2008 and find that the DWL due to the tariff barrier was reduced to 0.73% of GNI in 2008, noticeably lower than the highest previous mark of 4.58% of GNI in 2001.
文摘For many years,project management maturity models(PMMM)derived from the software industry have brought immeasurable benefits.However,the adoption and investigation of PMMM in the construction field have been weak and insufficient,particularly in construction consulting services(CCS).Moreover,professionals have gradually realized the importance of non-process factors(e.g.,teamwork,culture,leadership)in the evaluation of PMMM.This study describes the construction of PMMM for CCS that considers non-process factors and combines them with CCS-specific process factors.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model,we conduct a case study on the overall project management consultancy for China’s 2010 Winter Expo.The results would fill in the PMMM research gap in CCS and provide practitioners with ideas to improve their performance.
