Nominalization,as the main means of reaching grammatical metaphor,is one of the distinctive features of written corpora and plays an important role in the discourse construction of news discourse.Based on the theory o...Nominalization,as the main means of reaching grammatical metaphor,is one of the distinctive features of written corpora and plays an important role in the discourse construction of news discourse.Based on the theory of grammatical metaphor,this article discusses the phenomenon of nominalization and its translation strategies in news discourse by analyzing translation examples.It is found that nominalization structure can effectively enhance the informativeness and objectivity of news discourse.When translating from Chinese to English,the translator should take into full consideration of the different characteristics of the two languages,and convert the predicates,subject-predicate structures,verb-object structures and clauses into nominalization structures.Through this translation strategy,the translation will be more in line with the English language characteristics and usage habits,and can accurately convey the information of the original text,finally realizing the effective translation of the language.展开更多
Dear Editor,H_(∞)This letter develops a new framework for the robust stability and performance conditions as well as the relevant controller synthesis with respect to uncertain robot manipulators.There often exist mo...Dear Editor,H_(∞)This letter develops a new framework for the robust stability and performance conditions as well as the relevant controller synthesis with respect to uncertain robot manipulators.There often exist model uncertainties between the nominal model and the real robot manipulator and disturbances. Hence, dealing with their effects plays a crucial role in leading to high tracking performances, as discussed in [1]–[5].展开更多
Technical English is characterized by a high degree of specialization. The prevalent use of nominalization enhances the objectivity and rigor of the text by reducing reliance on subject-predicate structures, thereby a...Technical English is characterized by a high degree of specialization. The prevalent use of nominalization enhances the objectivity and rigor of the text by reducing reliance on subject-predicate structures, thereby achieving greater conciseness, objectivity, and precision. This paper will explore the nominalization strategies in the English translation of scientific and technical texts at both the lexical and the syntactic levels.展开更多
In order to describe pavement roughness more intuitively and effectively, a method of pavement roughness simulation, i.e., the stochastic sinusoidal wave, is introduced. The method is based on the primary idea that pa...In order to describe pavement roughness more intuitively and effectively, a method of pavement roughness simulation, i.e., the stochastic sinusoidal wave, is introduced. The method is based on the primary idea that pavement roughness is denoted as the sum of numerous sines or cosines with stochastic phases, and uses the discrete spectrum to approach the target stochastic process. It is a discrete numerical method used to simulate pavement roughness. According to a given pavement power spectral density （PSD） coefficient, under the condition that the character of displacement frequency based on the time domain model is in accordance with the given pavement surface spectrum, the pavement roughness is optimized to stochastic equivalent vibrations by computer simulation, and the curves that describe pavement roughness under each grade are obtained. The results show that the stochastic sinusoidal wave is suitable for simulation of measured pavement surface spectra based on the time domain model. The method of the stochastic sinusoidal wave is important to the research on vehicle ride comfort due to its rigorous mathematical derivation, extensive application range and intuitive simulation curve. Finally, a roughness index defined as the nominal roughness index （NRI） is introduced, and it has correlation with the PSD coefficient.展开更多
As an important feature of written language, nominalization is frequently used in formal texts. Using the approach of systemic functional grammar, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the three metafunctions of n...As an important feature of written language, nominalization is frequently used in formal texts. Using the approach of systemic functional grammar, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the three metafunctions of nominalization, which entails the positive and negative stylistic effects. The paper also discusses the relationship between form, function and stylistic features.展开更多
Ⅰ. Each of the Statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Jack of all trades is an idiom_.A. nominal in nature...Ⅰ. Each of the Statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Jack of all trades is an idiom_.A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature2. Let the dog see the rabbit is an idiom_.A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in展开更多
Awards are important markers of success in any career, and in academia they can play an important role in hiring, promotion and tenure decisions. This study compares awards data for disciplinary societies in STEM （sc...Awards are important markers of success in any career, and in academia they can play an important role in hiring, promotion and tenure decisions. This study compares awards data for disciplinary societies in STEM （science, technology, engineering and mathematics） to the proportion of women in each respective field. By establishing availability pool estimates of women who should be eligible for senior scholarly awards, a comparison can be made between the proportion of female award winners and the percentage of women active in the discipline. The CBMS （conference board of mathematical sciences） survey in 2005 reported that women were 9% of all full-time tenured professors in doctoral-level mathematics departments; yet during the last decade, women received only 4.8% of scholarly awards from the AMS （American mathematical society）. Similar disparities exist for scholarly achievement awards from the MAA （mathematical association of America）, the SIAM （society for industrial and applied mathematics） and the ASA （American statistical association）. The under-recognition of women for scholarly contributions cannot be attributed solely to low numbers of women, so further explanation must be sought elsewhere. Curiously, women received more than their expected proportion of awards for service and teaching. Decades of research in the social sciences points to ＂implicit associations＂ or subconscious social stereotypes as the mechanism by which both men and women de-value women＇s intellectual accomplishments and praise their communal contributions, which may explain the gender disparity between scholarly and service awards. Gender disparities in scholarly recognition can hinder the advancement of women and limit their numbers as leaders in STEM fields. AWIS （association for women in science） is working with seven disciplinary societies （including AMS, ASA, MAA and SIAM） to identify patterns of behavior that perpetuate unconscious bias in the awards selection process and to pinpoint ways to mitigate its deleterious effects.展开更多
This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive lingui...This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.展开更多
The IUGS Science Excellence Awards were created by the IUGS Executive Committee in 2011 to recognize outstanding original contributions or achievements that mark a major advance to the Earth Sciences.Candidates to thi...The IUGS Science Excellence Awards were created by the IUGS Executive Committee in 2011 to recognize outstanding original contributions or achievements that mark a major advance to the Earth Sciences.Candidates to this Award are nominated by the IUGS Commissions for outstanding scientists within their respective field of competence.展开更多
Based on nominal model, a novel global sliding mode controller （GSMC） with a new control scheme is proposed for a practical uncertain servo system. This control scheme consists of two combined controllers, One is th...Based on nominal model, a novel global sliding mode controller （GSMC） with a new control scheme is proposed for a practical uncertain servo system. This control scheme consists of two combined controllers, One is the global sliding mode controller for practical plant, the other is the integral backstepping controller for nominal model. Modeling error between practical plant and nominal model is used to design GSMC. The steady-state control accuracy can be guaranteed by the integral backstepping control law, and the global robustness can be obtained by GSMC. The stability of the proposed controller is proved according to the Lyapunov approach. The simulation results both of sine signal and step signal tracking for 3-axis flight table are investigated to show good position tracking performance and high robustness with respect to large and parameter changes over all the response time.展开更多
Treating plant dynamics as an ideal integrator chain disturbed by the total disturbance is the hallmark of active disturbance rejection control(ADRC).To interpret its effectiveness and success,to explain why so many v...Treating plant dynamics as an ideal integrator chain disturbed by the total disturbance is the hallmark of active disturbance rejection control(ADRC).To interpret its effectiveness and success,to explain why so many vastly different dynamic systems can be treated in this manner,and to answer why a detailed,accurate,and global mathematical model is unnecessary,is the target of this paper.Driven by a motivating example,the notions of normality and locality are introduced.Normality shows that,in ADRC,the plant is normalized to an integrator chain,which is called local nominal model and locally describes the plant’s frequency response in the neighborhood of the expected gain crossover frequency.Locality interprets why ADRC can design the controller only with the local information of the plant.With normality and locality,ADRC can be effective and robust,and obtain operational stability discussed by T.S.Tsien.Then viewing proportional-integral-derivative(PID)control as a low-frequency approximation of second-order linear ADRC,the above results are extended to PID control.A controller design framework is proposed to obtain the controller in three steps:(1)choose an integrator chain as the local nominal model of the plant;(2)select a controller family corresponding to the local nominal model;and(3)tune the controller to guarantee the gain crossover frequency specification.The second-order linear ADRC and the PID control are two special cases of the framework.展开更多
Based on the requirement of compactivity, continuity, and high efficiency, and taking full advantage of cushion capability of flexible parts such as external refining in new generation steel plant, an output model of ...Based on the requirement of compactivity, continuity, and high efficiency, and taking full advantage of cushion capability of flexible parts such as external refining in new generation steel plant, an output model of steel plant was established in terms of matching between BOF and caster. Using this model, the BOF nominal capacity is selected, the caster output and equipment amount are computed, and then the steel plant output is computed.展开更多
To enhance nominal current of high voltage vacuum circuit breakers （VCBs）, a gravity heat pipe was proposed to replace stationary conducting rod of a high voltage vacuum interrupter. The heat pipe is composed of two...To enhance nominal current of high voltage vacuum circuit breakers （VCBs）, a gravity heat pipe was proposed to replace stationary conducting rod of a high voltage vacuum interrupter. The heat pipe is composed of two coaxis tubes： the external tube is made of oxygen-free copper and the inner tube is made of stainless steel. The bottom end of the inner stainless steel tube is connected to the external copper tube by holes. Transient and static thermal performance of the heat pipe was measured, and the thermal resistance of it was compared with that of a solid copper rod with the same dimensions. Experimental results showed that thermal resistance of the heat pipe was about 1/3 of that of the copper rod, and it decreased slightly with the rising of the input heat flux. 3D thermal simulation on a 126 kV/2000 A single break VCB was done to compare the thermal performance between the proposed gravity heat pipe and the copper rod serving as the stationary conducting rod of the vacuum interrupter. Simulation results revealed that in the heat pipe case, the maximum temperature between contacts was 67 ℃ lower than that in the copper rod case.展开更多
We present the results of the first commissioning phase of the short-focal-length area of the Apollon laser facility(located in Saclay,France),which was performed with the first available laser beam(F2),scaled to a no...We present the results of the first commissioning phase of the short-focal-length area of the Apollon laser facility(located in Saclay,France),which was performed with the first available laser beam(F2),scaled to a nominal power of 1 PW.Under the conditions that were tested,this beam delivered on-target pulses of 10 J average energy and 24 fs duration.Several diagnostics were fielded to assess the performance of the facility.The on-target focal spot and its spatial stability,the temporal intensity profile prior to the main pulse,and the resulting density gradient formed at the irradiated side of solid targets have been thoroughly characterized,with the goal of helping users design future experiments.Emissions of energetic electrons,ions,and electromagnetic radiation were recorded,showing good laser-to-target coupling efficiency and an overall performance comparable to that of similar international facilities.This will be followed in 2022 by a further commissioning stage at the multipetawatt level.展开更多
According to the description effect range, the method of scaling system in cartography is with the precision of four grades： nominal scaling, ordinal scaling, interval scaling and ratio scaling. The authors have rese...According to the description effect range, the method of scaling system in cartography is with the precision of four grades： nominal scaling, ordinal scaling, interval scaling and ratio scaling. The authors have researched their innate character and inherent relations. The essence of evaluation partialordering set （A ,≤） is the mapping of evaluation object （X, ≤） under fixed condition. The collection and classification of xi ∈ X corresponds how to express Aj ∈ A, i.e. , V xi ∈ X→f（xi ） = Aj → A, Aj is the image of xi under mapping f. The function relation between evaluation partial-ordering set （A, ≤） and evaluation object （X, ≤） is decided by the space character and the way of collection and classification. The different space character and way of collection and classification will produce the different express method and evaluation result, accordingly the authors give out the mathematical definitions for nominal scaling, ordinal scaling, interval scaling and ratio scaling respectively. These results have been proved through the examples.展开更多
The accurate quantification of human error probability(HEP) has long been a main pursuit for most human reliability analysis(HRA) methods. This paper proposes a strategy to analyzeand predict human error on the basis ...The accurate quantification of human error probability(HEP) has long been a main pursuit for most human reliability analysis(HRA) methods. This paper proposes a strategy to analyzeand predict human error on the basis of a further modification of theexisting cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM)in HRA. Through providing a broader definition for the key parametersused in the quantification method, this paper produces arelatively flexible strategy to determine the nominal HEP (HEP0).Basing on this strategy, the actual quantification of HEP in CREAMis able to be applied to more verified conditions. To prove the validityof the method proposed, a case study of spacecraft launch isalso introduced, in which the prediction derived from the method isproved consistent with real field data.展开更多
文摘Nominalization,as the main means of reaching grammatical metaphor,is one of the distinctive features of written corpora and plays an important role in the discourse construction of news discourse.Based on the theory of grammatical metaphor,this article discusses the phenomenon of nominalization and its translation strategies in news discourse by analyzing translation examples.It is found that nominalization structure can effectively enhance the informativeness and objectivity of news discourse.When translating from Chinese to English,the translator should take into full consideration of the different characteristics of the two languages,and convert the predicates,subject-predicate structures,verb-object structures and clauses into nominalization structures.Through this translation strategy,the translation will be more in line with the English language characteristics and usage habits,and can accurately convey the information of the original text,finally realizing the effective translation of the language.
基金support by “R&D Program for Forest Science Technology(RS-2024-0040 3460)” provided by Korea Forest Service(Korea Forestry Promotion Institute)
文摘Dear Editor,H_(∞)This letter develops a new framework for the robust stability and performance conditions as well as the relevant controller synthesis with respect to uncertain robot manipulators.There often exist model uncertainties between the nominal model and the real robot manipulator and disturbances. Hence, dealing with their effects plays a crucial role in leading to high tracking performances, as discussed in [1]–[5].
文摘Technical English is characterized by a high degree of specialization. The prevalent use of nominalization enhances the objectivity and rigor of the text by reducing reliance on subject-predicate structures, thereby achieving greater conciseness, objectivity, and precision. This paper will explore the nominalization strategies in the English translation of scientific and technical texts at both the lexical and the syntactic levels.
文摘In order to describe pavement roughness more intuitively and effectively, a method of pavement roughness simulation, i.e., the stochastic sinusoidal wave, is introduced. The method is based on the primary idea that pavement roughness is denoted as the sum of numerous sines or cosines with stochastic phases, and uses the discrete spectrum to approach the target stochastic process. It is a discrete numerical method used to simulate pavement roughness. According to a given pavement power spectral density （PSD） coefficient, under the condition that the character of displacement frequency based on the time domain model is in accordance with the given pavement surface spectrum, the pavement roughness is optimized to stochastic equivalent vibrations by computer simulation, and the curves that describe pavement roughness under each grade are obtained. The results show that the stochastic sinusoidal wave is suitable for simulation of measured pavement surface spectra based on the time domain model. The method of the stochastic sinusoidal wave is important to the research on vehicle ride comfort due to its rigorous mathematical derivation, extensive application range and intuitive simulation curve. Finally, a roughness index defined as the nominal roughness index （NRI） is introduced, and it has correlation with the PSD coefficient.
文摘As an important feature of written language, nominalization is frequently used in formal texts. Using the approach of systemic functional grammar, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the three metafunctions of nominalization, which entails the positive and negative stylistic effects. The paper also discusses the relationship between form, function and stylistic features.
文摘Ⅰ. Each of the Statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Jack of all trades is an idiom_.A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature2. Let the dog see the rabbit is an idiom_.A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in
文摘Awards are important markers of success in any career, and in academia they can play an important role in hiring, promotion and tenure decisions. This study compares awards data for disciplinary societies in STEM （science, technology, engineering and mathematics） to the proportion of women in each respective field. By establishing availability pool estimates of women who should be eligible for senior scholarly awards, a comparison can be made between the proportion of female award winners and the percentage of women active in the discipline. The CBMS （conference board of mathematical sciences） survey in 2005 reported that women were 9% of all full-time tenured professors in doctoral-level mathematics departments; yet during the last decade, women received only 4.8% of scholarly awards from the AMS （American mathematical society）. Similar disparities exist for scholarly achievement awards from the MAA （mathematical association of America）, the SIAM （society for industrial and applied mathematics） and the ASA （American statistical association）. The under-recognition of women for scholarly contributions cannot be attributed solely to low numbers of women, so further explanation must be sought elsewhere. Curiously, women received more than their expected proportion of awards for service and teaching. Decades of research in the social sciences points to ＂implicit associations＂ or subconscious social stereotypes as the mechanism by which both men and women de-value women＇s intellectual accomplishments and praise their communal contributions, which may explain the gender disparity between scholarly and service awards. Gender disparities in scholarly recognition can hinder the advancement of women and limit their numbers as leaders in STEM fields. AWIS （association for women in science） is working with seven disciplinary societies （including AMS, ASA, MAA and SIAM） to identify patterns of behavior that perpetuate unconscious bias in the awards selection process and to pinpoint ways to mitigate its deleterious effects.
文摘This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.
文摘The IUGS Science Excellence Awards were created by the IUGS Executive Committee in 2011 to recognize outstanding original contributions or achievements that mark a major advance to the Earth Sciences.Candidates to this Award are nominated by the IUGS Commissions for outstanding scientists within their respective field of competence.
文摘Based on nominal model, a novel global sliding mode controller （GSMC） with a new control scheme is proposed for a practical uncertain servo system. This control scheme consists of two combined controllers, One is the global sliding mode controller for practical plant, the other is the integral backstepping controller for nominal model. Modeling error between practical plant and nominal model is used to design GSMC. The steady-state control accuracy can be guaranteed by the integral backstepping control law, and the global robustness can be obtained by GSMC. The stability of the proposed controller is proved according to the Lyapunov approach. The simulation results both of sine signal and step signal tracking for 3-axis flight table are investigated to show good position tracking performance and high robustness with respect to large and parameter changes over all the response time.
基金This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61733017).
文摘Treating plant dynamics as an ideal integrator chain disturbed by the total disturbance is the hallmark of active disturbance rejection control(ADRC).To interpret its effectiveness and success,to explain why so many vastly different dynamic systems can be treated in this manner,and to answer why a detailed,accurate,and global mathematical model is unnecessary,is the target of this paper.Driven by a motivating example,the notions of normality and locality are introduced.Normality shows that,in ADRC,the plant is normalized to an integrator chain,which is called local nominal model and locally describes the plant’s frequency response in the neighborhood of the expected gain crossover frequency.Locality interprets why ADRC can design the controller only with the local information of the plant.With normality and locality,ADRC can be effective and robust,and obtain operational stability discussed by T.S.Tsien.Then viewing proportional-integral-derivative(PID)control as a low-frequency approximation of second-order linear ADRC,the above results are extended to PID control.A controller design framework is proposed to obtain the controller in three steps:(1)choose an integrator chain as the local nominal model of the plant;(2)select a controller family corresponding to the local nominal model;and(3)tune the controller to guarantee the gain crossover frequency specification.The second-order linear ADRC and the PID control are two special cases of the framework.
文摘Based on the requirement of compactivity, continuity, and high efficiency, and taking full advantage of cushion capability of flexible parts such as external refining in new generation steel plant, an output model of steel plant was established in terms of matching between BOF and caster. Using this model, the BOF nominal capacity is selected, the caster output and equipment amount are computed, and then the steel plant output is computed.
基金Project (No. 200806981005) supported by the New Teacher Foundation of MOE, China
文摘To enhance nominal current of high voltage vacuum circuit breakers （VCBs）, a gravity heat pipe was proposed to replace stationary conducting rod of a high voltage vacuum interrupter. The heat pipe is composed of two coaxis tubes： the external tube is made of oxygen-free copper and the inner tube is made of stainless steel. The bottom end of the inner stainless steel tube is connected to the external copper tube by holes. Transient and static thermal performance of the heat pipe was measured, and the thermal resistance of it was compared with that of a solid copper rod with the same dimensions. Experimental results showed that thermal resistance of the heat pipe was about 1/3 of that of the copper rod, and it decreased slightly with the rising of the input heat flux. 3D thermal simulation on a 126 kV/2000 A single break VCB was done to compare the thermal performance between the proposed gravity heat pipe and the copper rod serving as the stationary conducting rod of the vacuum interrupter. Simulation results revealed that in the heat pipe case, the maximum temperature between contacts was 67 ℃ lower than that in the copper rod case.
基金The authors acknowledge the facility and the technical assistance of the national research infrastructureApollon.The authorswould also like to thank all teams of the laboratories that contributed to the success of the facility,i.e.,all of theCILEXconsortium,whichwas established to buildApollon.Thisworkwas supported by funding fromthe European Research Council(ERC)under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(Grant Agreement No.787539,Project GENESIS),and by Grant No.ANR-17-CE30-0026-Pinnacle from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche.We acknowledge,in the framework of ProjectGENESIS,the support provided by Extreme Light InfrastructureNuclear Physics(ELI-NP)Phase II,a project co-financed by the Romanian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund,and by the Project No.ELI-RO-2020-23,funded by IFA(Romania)to design,build,and test the neutron detectors used in this project,as well as parts of the OTR diagnostic.JIHT RAS team members are supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(State Assignment No.075-00460-21-00)The study reported here was also funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Project No.20-02-00790.The work of the ENEA team members has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusionConsortiumand has received funding from the Euratom research and training program 2014–2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement No.633053.
文摘We present the results of the first commissioning phase of the short-focal-length area of the Apollon laser facility(located in Saclay,France),which was performed with the first available laser beam(F2),scaled to a nominal power of 1 PW.Under the conditions that were tested,this beam delivered on-target pulses of 10 J average energy and 24 fs duration.Several diagnostics were fielded to assess the performance of the facility.The on-target focal spot and its spatial stability,the temporal intensity profile prior to the main pulse,and the resulting density gradient formed at the irradiated side of solid targets have been thoroughly characterized,with the goal of helping users design future experiments.Emissions of energetic electrons,ions,and electromagnetic radiation were recorded,showing good laser-to-target coupling efficiency and an overall performance comparable to that of similar international facilities.This will be followed in 2022 by a further commissioning stage at the multipetawatt level.
文摘According to the description effect range, the method of scaling system in cartography is with the precision of four grades： nominal scaling, ordinal scaling, interval scaling and ratio scaling. The authors have researched their innate character and inherent relations. The essence of evaluation partialordering set （A ,≤） is the mapping of evaluation object （X, ≤） under fixed condition. The collection and classification of xi ∈ X corresponds how to express Aj ∈ A, i.e. , V xi ∈ X→f（xi ） = Aj → A, Aj is the image of xi under mapping f. The function relation between evaluation partial-ordering set （A, ≤） and evaluation object （X, ≤） is decided by the space character and the way of collection and classification. The different space character and way of collection and classification will produce the different express method and evaluation result, accordingly the authors give out the mathematical definitions for nominal scaling, ordinal scaling, interval scaling and ratio scaling respectively. These results have been proved through the examples.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(7117100871571004)
文摘The accurate quantification of human error probability(HEP) has long been a main pursuit for most human reliability analysis(HRA) methods. This paper proposes a strategy to analyzeand predict human error on the basis of a further modification of theexisting cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM)in HRA. Through providing a broader definition for the key parametersused in the quantification method, this paper produces arelatively flexible strategy to determine the nominal HEP (HEP0).Basing on this strategy, the actual quantification of HEP in CREAMis able to be applied to more verified conditions. To prove the validityof the method proposed, a case study of spacecraft launch isalso introduced, in which the prediction derived from the method isproved consistent with real field data.
