An accurate assessment of host and pathogen gene expression during infection is critical for understanding the molecular aspects of host-pathogen interactions.Often,pathogen-derived transcripts are difficult to ascert...An accurate assessment of host and pathogen gene expression during infection is critical for understanding the molecular aspects of host-pathogen interactions.Often,pathogen-derived transcripts are difficult to ascertain at early infection stages owing to the unfavourable transcript representation compared to the host genes.In this study,we compare two sequencing techniques,RNAseq and enrichment sequencing(RenSeq and PenSeq)of cDNA,to investigate gene expression patterns in the doubled monoploid potato(DM)infected with the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans.Our results reveal distinct advantages of cDNA RenSeq and PenSeq over traditional RNAseq in terms of target gene representation and transcriptional quantification at early infection stages.Throughout the infection time course,cDNA enrichment sequencing enables transcriptomic analyses for more targeted host and pathogen genes.For highly expressed genes that were sampled in parallel by both cDNA enrichment and RNAseq,a high level of concordance in expression profiles is observed,indicative of at least semi-quantitative gene expression representation following enrichment.展开更多
Plants provide essential nutrients for human beings.Unfortunately,plants can be infected by a wide variety of pathogens,resulting in more than 30%of crop yield loss(Gai and Wang,2024).To keep pathogens under control,p...Plants provide essential nutrients for human beings.Unfortunately,plants can be infected by a wide variety of pathogens,resulting in more than 30%of crop yield loss(Gai and Wang,2024).To keep pathogens under control,plants have evolved intracel ular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)that detect pathogen effectors,activating effectortriggered immunity(ETI)(Wu et al.,2014).One of the major characteristics of ETI is a rapid localized cel death centered at the infection site,termed the hypersensitive response(HR).展开更多
Remodeling plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors(NLRs)to engineer synthetic disease-resistance genes has emerged as a promising approach to achieving broad-spectrum disease resist...Remodeling plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors(NLRs)to engineer synthetic disease-resistance genes has emerged as a promising approach to achieving broad-spectrum disease resistance.But strategies for expanding NLR recognition spectra[[1],[2],[3],[4],[5]]are often limited by the rapid evolution of pathogens and pests.In our recent study,we developed an innovative strategy to engineer broad-spectrum,durable and complete disease resistance in plants by remodeling autoactive NLRs into protease-activated switches[6].展开更多
Both animals and plants employ nucleotide-binding leucinerich repeat receptors(NLRs)to perceive pathogens and activate immunity.Typical plant NLRs are categorized into three major groups:Toll and interleukin-1 recepto...Both animals and plants employ nucleotide-binding leucinerich repeat receptors(NLRs)to perceive pathogens and activate immunity.Typical plant NLRs are categorized into three major groups:Toll and interleukin-1 receptor(TIR)type NLRs(TNLs),coiled-coil(CC)type NLRs(CNLs),and RPW8-like CC domain containing NLRs(RNLs)[1,2].Notably,full-length TNLs are absent in monocots,but TIR-only or atypical TIR-containing proteins can be found in monocots[2].Plant TNLs or TIR-only proteins were shown to possess NADase(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrolase)activity[3,4].Upon sensing pathogen effectors,TNLs such as recognition of XopQ1(ROQ1)from Nicotiana benthamiana and recognition of Peronospora parasitica 1(RPP1)from Arabidopsis can tetramerize,enabling the NADase activity of their TIR domains[5,6].展开更多
The long-term evolutionary arms race between plants and path-ogens has shaped the abundant immune receptor repertoires in plants to counteract pathogens(Jones et al.,2024).Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat ...The long-term evolutionary arms race between plants and path-ogens has shaped the abundant immune receptor repertoires in plants to counteract pathogens(Jones et al.,2024).Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins(NLRs)represent the largest family of intracellular immune receptors,responsible for the detection of rapidly evolving pathogen-secreted effec-tors and the initiation of effector-triggered immunity(ETI).展开更多
Plants have evolved sophisticated innate immune systems,including cell surface and intracellular receptors that recognize and defend against various harmful pathogens.The plasma membrane(PM)-localized pattern-recognit...Plants have evolved sophisticated innate immune systems,including cell surface and intracellular receptors that recognize and defend against various harmful pathogens.The plasma membrane(PM)-localized pattern-recognition receptors primarily recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns,initiating pattern-triggered immunity(PTI).On the other hand,plant intracellular nucleotide-binding(NB)leucine-rich repeat(LRR)receptors(NLRs)play essential roles in perceiving pathogen effectors,leading to effector-triggered immunity(ETI),which is often accompanied by a hypersensitive response known as a type of plant-specific programmed cell death for restricting pathogen growth.Among the NLR family,receptors possess distinct N-terminal domains:those with a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor(TIR)domain are referred to as TNLs,while those with a coiled-coil(CC)domain are termed CNLs;additionally,ancient receptors with an RPW8-like CC(CCR)domain are called RNLs(Jubic et al.,2019).TNLs and CNLs act as sensor NLRs(sNLRs)that recognize effectors directly or indirectly,whereas RNLs function as helper NLRs(hNLRs),transmitting immune signals from sNLRs to ultimately execute downstream resistance and trigger cell death(Jubic et al.,2019).展开更多
To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors...To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs).Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years.Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors,and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels.Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified.These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+in triggering plant immune signaling.In this review,we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling.We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.展开更多
Plants have developed various mechanisms for avoiding pathogen invasion,including resistance(R)genes.Most R genes encode nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins(NLRs).Here,we report the i...Plants have developed various mechanisms for avoiding pathogen invasion,including resistance(R)genes.Most R genes encode nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins(NLRs).Here,we report the isolation of three new bacterial blight R genes in rice,Xa1-2,Xa14,and Xa31(t),which were allelic to Xa1 and encoded atypical NLRs with unique central tandem repeats(CTRs).We also found that Xa31(t)was the same gene as Xa1-2.Although Xa1-2 and Xa14 conferred different resistance spectra,their performance could be attenuated by iTALEs,as has previously been reported for Xa1.XA1,XA1-2,XA14,and non-resistant RGAF differed mainly in the substructure of the leucine-rich repeat domain.They all contained unique CTRs and belonged to the CTR-NLRs,which existed only in Gramineae.We also found that interactions among these genes led to differing resistance performance.In conclusion,our results uncover a unique locus in rice consisting of at least three multiple alleles(Xa1,Xa1-2,and Xa14)that encode CTRNLRs and confer resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).展开更多
基金supported by the Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services (RESAS) Division of the Scottish Government through project JHI-B1-1the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) through awards BB/ S015663/1+2 种基金BB/X009068/1Research Leaders 2025 fellowship funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754380the Research/Scientific Computing teams at The James Hutton Institute and NIAB for providing computational resources and technical support for the “UK’s Crop Diversity Bioinformatics HPC” (BBSRC grant BB/ S019669/1)。
文摘An accurate assessment of host and pathogen gene expression during infection is critical for understanding the molecular aspects of host-pathogen interactions.Often,pathogen-derived transcripts are difficult to ascertain at early infection stages owing to the unfavourable transcript representation compared to the host genes.In this study,we compare two sequencing techniques,RNAseq and enrichment sequencing(RenSeq and PenSeq)of cDNA,to investigate gene expression patterns in the doubled monoploid potato(DM)infected with the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans.Our results reveal distinct advantages of cDNA RenSeq and PenSeq over traditional RNAseq in terms of target gene representation and transcriptional quantification at early infection stages.Throughout the infection time course,cDNA enrichment sequencing enables transcriptomic analyses for more targeted host and pathogen genes.For highly expressed genes that were sampled in parallel by both cDNA enrichment and RNAseq,a high level of concordance in expression profiles is observed,indicative of at least semi-quantitative gene expression representation following enrichment.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(IOS-2207677)to Z.Q.F.Project of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding(NKLTCB-HZ04)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(1630052025021)to Y.Q。
文摘Plants provide essential nutrients for human beings.Unfortunately,plants can be infected by a wide variety of pathogens,resulting in more than 30%of crop yield loss(Gai and Wang,2024).To keep pathogens under control,plants have evolved intracel ular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)that detect pathogen effectors,activating effectortriggered immunity(ETI)(Wu et al.,2014).One of the major characteristics of ETI is a rapid localized cel death centered at the infection site,termed the hypersensitive response(HR).
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD04077).
文摘Remodeling plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors(NLRs)to engineer synthetic disease-resistance genes has emerged as a promising approach to achieving broad-spectrum disease resistance.But strategies for expanding NLR recognition spectra[[1],[2],[3],[4],[5]]are often limited by the rapid evolution of pathogens and pests.In our recent study,we developed an innovative strategy to engineer broad-spectrum,durable and complete disease resistance in plants by remodeling autoactive NLRs into protease-activated switches[6].
文摘Both animals and plants employ nucleotide-binding leucinerich repeat receptors(NLRs)to perceive pathogens and activate immunity.Typical plant NLRs are categorized into three major groups:Toll and interleukin-1 receptor(TIR)type NLRs(TNLs),coiled-coil(CC)type NLRs(CNLs),and RPW8-like CC domain containing NLRs(RNLs)[1,2].Notably,full-length TNLs are absent in monocots,but TIR-only or atypical TIR-containing proteins can be found in monocots[2].Plant TNLs or TIR-only proteins were shown to possess NADase(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrolase)activity[3,4].Upon sensing pathogen effectors,TNLs such as recognition of XopQ1(ROQ1)from Nicotiana benthamiana and recognition of Peronospora parasitica 1(RPP1)from Arabidopsis can tetramerize,enabling the NADase activity of their TIR domains[5,6].
基金supported by the Outstanding Young Teacher of the“QingLan Project”of Jiangsu Province.
文摘The long-term evolutionary arms race between plants and path-ogens has shaped the abundant immune receptor repertoires in plants to counteract pathogens(Jones et al.,2024).Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins(NLRs)represent the largest family of intracellular immune receptors,responsible for the detection of rapidly evolving pathogen-secreted effec-tors and the initiation of effector-triggered immunity(ETI).
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472527 to F.L.,32470342 to H.C.,and 32260653 to C.L.)the Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Guizhou University,China([2024j05 to C.L.).
文摘Plants have evolved sophisticated innate immune systems,including cell surface and intracellular receptors that recognize and defend against various harmful pathogens.The plasma membrane(PM)-localized pattern-recognition receptors primarily recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns,initiating pattern-triggered immunity(PTI).On the other hand,plant intracellular nucleotide-binding(NB)leucine-rich repeat(LRR)receptors(NLRs)play essential roles in perceiving pathogen effectors,leading to effector-triggered immunity(ETI),which is often accompanied by a hypersensitive response known as a type of plant-specific programmed cell death for restricting pathogen growth.Among the NLR family,receptors possess distinct N-terminal domains:those with a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor(TIR)domain are referred to as TNLs,while those with a coiled-coil(CC)domain are termed CNLs;additionally,ancient receptors with an RPW8-like CC(CCR)domain are called RNLs(Jubic et al.,2019).TNLs and CNLs act as sensor NLRs(sNLRs)that recognize effectors directly or indirectly,whereas RNLs function as helper NLRs(hNLRs),transmitting immune signals from sNLRs to ultimately execute downstream resistance and trigger cell death(Jubic et al.,2019).
基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(grant YESS20210018 to J.W.)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 32271253 to J.W.)+3 种基金Alexander von Humboldt Foundation(professorship to J.C.)Max-Planck-Gesellschaft(a Max Planck fellowship to J.C.)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(grant SFB-1403-414786233 to J.C.)Germany's Excellence Strategy CEPLAS(EXC-2048/1,project 390686111 to J.C.).
文摘To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs).Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years.Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors,and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels.Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified.These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+in triggering plant immune signaling.In this review,we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling.We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31821005,31772145,and 31200912)the China Scholarship Council(file no.201908420054).
文摘Plants have developed various mechanisms for avoiding pathogen invasion,including resistance(R)genes.Most R genes encode nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins(NLRs).Here,we report the isolation of three new bacterial blight R genes in rice,Xa1-2,Xa14,and Xa31(t),which were allelic to Xa1 and encoded atypical NLRs with unique central tandem repeats(CTRs).We also found that Xa31(t)was the same gene as Xa1-2.Although Xa1-2 and Xa14 conferred different resistance spectra,their performance could be attenuated by iTALEs,as has previously been reported for Xa1.XA1,XA1-2,XA14,and non-resistant RGAF differed mainly in the substructure of the leucine-rich repeat domain.They all contained unique CTRs and belonged to the CTR-NLRs,which existed only in Gramineae.We also found that interactions among these genes led to differing resistance performance.In conclusion,our results uncover a unique locus in rice consisting of at least three multiple alleles(Xa1,Xa1-2,and Xa14)that encode CTRNLRs and confer resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).
