Background:This essay examines how nineteenth-century Anglo-American physicians and scientists constructed racial hierarchies through theories of pain insensitivity,advancing the notion of“organic insensibility”to p...Background:This essay examines how nineteenth-century Anglo-American physicians and scientists constructed racial hierarchies through theories of pain insensitivity,advancing the notion of“organic insensibility”to pathologize the bodies-particularly the crania,epidermis,and reproductive organs-of American Indians,African Americans,and East Asians.Methods:Drawing on medical texts,ethnographic accounts,and the writings of proslavery and colonial ideologues,the essay explores how perceptions of diminished pain sensitivity were used to justify settler colonialism,slavery,and imperialism from the period of Indian Removal to the expansion of the Cotton Kingdom and the Opium Wars.Results:Practices such as cranial deformation,parturient pain,surgical endurance,skin experiments,and foot binding,were racialized to support claims of biological inferiority and moral deficiency.Conclusion:Integrating insights from the history and philosophy of science and medicine,and phenomenology,the essay demonstrates how pain was not only a medical concern but a political feeling-central to the denial of full humanity to racialized populations.展开更多
This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russia...This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,the members of the Russian Orthodox Mission(ROM),and others.The article gives a detailed analysis of the unique expeditions of H.Fritsche(1839–1913),director of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,and Archimandrite Palladius(1817–1878),head of the ROM to the northeast part of China.During those expeditions,existing maps were corrected and new maps were made.The article also covers the history of natural science investigations,made by other members of missions,doctors,and attached persons.This article employs sources from Russian archives(Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Russian State Historical Archive,Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire),which were rarely used by the scientific community,and adopts an empirical approach based on objectivity and historicism to the sources and research.展开更多
In the late nineteenth century,stimulated by the demand for modern military technology,mathematics research and education in China developed rapidly,resulting in the emergence of the first generation of professional m...In the late nineteenth century,stimulated by the demand for modern military technology,mathematics research and education in China developed rapidly,resulting in the emergence of the first generation of professional mathematicians.This marks the starting point for the professionalization of mathematics in China,a process which this paper sets out to analyze.The author first provides a brief survey of the status of Chinese mathematicians prior to 1860.Then,the paper analyzes the social and political context of mathematics,focusing on the improvement of the civil service examination system.Finally,the paper studies the development of mathematics education in the late nineteenth century,leading to the conclusion that mathematics and Chinese mathematicians were professionalized in three major ways:(1)some mathematicians could earn a stable livelihood from their mathematical competence;(2)the social position of mathematicians improved;and(3)the social status of the specialty of mathematics was enhanced.展开更多
In the creation works of European musicians in late nineteenth Century, it has more profound philosophical and ethical foundation, and its production and development has a profound reflection of music art on social li...In the creation works of European musicians in late nineteenth Century, it has more profound philosophical and ethical foundation, and its production and development has a profound reflection of music art on social life, but it is also a response to contemporary European romanticism non-rationalism ethics.展开更多
t Read as a form of social document, one of the most interesting areas of life illuminated by the huapu （＂flower-guides,＂ that is, theatergoers＇ lists, rankings, and descriptions of the Beijing theater＇s boy-act...t Read as a form of social document, one of the most interesting areas of life illuminated by the huapu （＂flower-guides,＂ that is, theatergoers＇ lists, rankings, and descriptions of the Beijing theater＇s boy-actors）, is what they show us in relation to literati leisure in nineteenth-century Beijing. In this paper I employ the spatial/relational tropes of parergon, ekphrasis, and heterotopia to consider how huapu texts are positioned as supplement in relation to the staging of dramatic works, to boy-actors＇ performance and embodiment of erotic fantasy, as well as to performance and play among aspiring paragons of gentlemanly refinement. Doubly turned away from the stage and from public events, huapu celebrate several levels of subjective taste and deploy varying tropes of social exchange, and it was by playing with these things that they also recorded and reproduced a literati need to play with contemporary confusion around the place of private and public discourse.展开更多
文摘Background:This essay examines how nineteenth-century Anglo-American physicians and scientists constructed racial hierarchies through theories of pain insensitivity,advancing the notion of“organic insensibility”to pathologize the bodies-particularly the crania,epidermis,and reproductive organs-of American Indians,African Americans,and East Asians.Methods:Drawing on medical texts,ethnographic accounts,and the writings of proslavery and colonial ideologues,the essay explores how perceptions of diminished pain sensitivity were used to justify settler colonialism,slavery,and imperialism from the period of Indian Removal to the expansion of the Cotton Kingdom and the Opium Wars.Results:Practices such as cranial deformation,parturient pain,surgical endurance,skin experiments,and foot binding,were racialized to support claims of biological inferiority and moral deficiency.Conclusion:Integrating insights from the history and philosophy of science and medicine,and phenomenology,the essay demonstrates how pain was not only a medical concern but a political feeling-central to the denial of full humanity to racialized populations.
文摘This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,the members of the Russian Orthodox Mission(ROM),and others.The article gives a detailed analysis of the unique expeditions of H.Fritsche(1839–1913),director of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,and Archimandrite Palladius(1817–1878),head of the ROM to the northeast part of China.During those expeditions,existing maps were corrected and new maps were made.The article also covers the history of natural science investigations,made by other members of missions,doctors,and attached persons.This article employs sources from Russian archives(Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Russian State Historical Archive,Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire),which were rarely used by the scientific community,and adopts an empirical approach based on objectivity and historicism to the sources and research.
文摘In the late nineteenth century,stimulated by the demand for modern military technology,mathematics research and education in China developed rapidly,resulting in the emergence of the first generation of professional mathematicians.This marks the starting point for the professionalization of mathematics in China,a process which this paper sets out to analyze.The author first provides a brief survey of the status of Chinese mathematicians prior to 1860.Then,the paper analyzes the social and political context of mathematics,focusing on the improvement of the civil service examination system.Finally,the paper studies the development of mathematics education in the late nineteenth century,leading to the conclusion that mathematics and Chinese mathematicians were professionalized in three major ways:(1)some mathematicians could earn a stable livelihood from their mathematical competence;(2)the social position of mathematicians improved;and(3)the social status of the specialty of mathematics was enhanced.
文摘In the creation works of European musicians in late nineteenth Century, it has more profound philosophical and ethical foundation, and its production and development has a profound reflection of music art on social life, but it is also a response to contemporary European romanticism non-rationalism ethics.
文摘t Read as a form of social document, one of the most interesting areas of life illuminated by the huapu （＂flower-guides,＂ that is, theatergoers＇ lists, rankings, and descriptions of the Beijing theater＇s boy-actors）, is what they show us in relation to literati leisure in nineteenth-century Beijing. In this paper I employ the spatial/relational tropes of parergon, ekphrasis, and heterotopia to consider how huapu texts are positioned as supplement in relation to the staging of dramatic works, to boy-actors＇ performance and embodiment of erotic fantasy, as well as to performance and play among aspiring paragons of gentlemanly refinement. Doubly turned away from the stage and from public events, huapu celebrate several levels of subjective taste and deploy varying tropes of social exchange, and it was by playing with these things that they also recorded and reproduced a literati need to play with contemporary confusion around the place of private and public discourse.
