The efficient extraction and separation of valuable metal elements from coal gasification fine slag(CGFS)are crucial for the comprehensive high-value utilization of its constituents.This study focused on the carbon-ri...The efficient extraction and separation of valuable metal elements from coal gasification fine slag(CGFS)are crucial for the comprehensive high-value utilization of its constituents.This study focused on the carbon-rich components of CGFS(CGFS-H)and systematically investigates the selective leaching behavior of Fe^(3+),Al^(3+)and Ca^(2+)using three organic acid extractants,i.e.,citric acid,tartaric acid,and tetrasodium iminodisuccinate.Additionally,the stepwise leaching of iron,aluminum and calcium from CGFS-H is explored.The selective dissolution mechanisms of these metals by different organic acids are elucidated through X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence(XRF),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analyses.The results indicate that tetrasodium iminodisuccinate exhibits the highest leaching selectivity for Fe^(3+),while tartaric acid demonstrateds a comparable affinity for both Fe^(3+)and Al^(3+).In contrast citric acid shows superior selectivity toward Ca^(2+).The leaching yield of Fe^(3+),Al^(3+)and Ca^(2+)after sequential leaching with the three organic acids were 79.8%,65.08%and 78.6%,respectively.These findings confirm that effective and selective separation of Fe^(3+),Al^(3+)and Ca^(2+)from CGFS-H can be achieved via optimized organic acid-based leaching strategies.This advancement provides a critical foundation for developing Ca/Fe/Al hydrotalcite materials using CGFS-H as a sustainable feedstock,thereby facilitating the transformation of waste residue into high-value functional materials and promoting resourceefficient utilization of coal gasification fine slag.展开更多
Diesel accounts for over 60%of the products derived from direct coal liquefaction(DCL).Compared to petroleum-based diesel,DCL diesel exhibits a cetane number ranging from 30 to 40,which fails to meet the automotive di...Diesel accounts for over 60%of the products derived from direct coal liquefaction(DCL).Compared to petroleum-based diesel,DCL diesel exhibits a cetane number ranging from 30 to 40,which fails to meet the automotive diesel standard requirement of≥45.Therefore,rapid and accurate analysis of its chemical composition is crucial for property optimization to meet fuel specifications by component blending.Thought traditional methods like gas chromatography offer high accuracy,they are unsuitable for rapid online analysis under industrial conditions.Near-infrared(NIR)spectroscopy can provide advantages in rapid,non-destructive analysis.Its application however,is limited by the complexity of spectral data interpretation.Machine learning(ML)is effective method for extracting valuable information from spectra and establishing high-precision prediction models.This study integrates NIR spectroscopy with ML to construct a spectral-composition database for DCL diesel.Feature extraction was performed using the correlation coefficient and mutual information methods to screen key wavelength variables and reduce data dimensionality.Subsequently,the predictive performance of three ML models—Lasso,SVR and XGBoost—was compared.Results indicate that excluding spectral data with absorbance greater than 1 significantly enhances model accuracy,increasing the test set R^(2) from 0.85 to 0.96.After feature extraction,the optimal number of wavelength variables was reduced to 177,substantially improving computational efficiency.Among the models evaluated,the SVR-MI-0.9 model,based on mutual information feature selection,demonstrated the best performance,achieving training and test set R^(2) values both exceeding 0.98.This model enables precise prediction of paraffin,naphthene,and aromatic hydrocarbon contents.This research provides a robust methodology for intelligent online quality monitoring.An intelligent NIR spectroscopy data analysis software was independently developed based on the established model.Compared with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography,the software reduced the analysis time by over 98%,with an absolute prediction error below 0.2%.Thus,rapid analysis of DCL diesel components was successfully realized.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to isolate and identify the components from stems of Polyalthia plagioneura.[Methods]The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column,Sephadex LH-20,and C_(18) chromat...[Objectives]This study was conducted to isolate and identify the components from stems of Polyalthia plagioneura.[Methods]The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column,Sephadex LH-20,and C_(18) chromatography.Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data.[Results]Five compounds were isolated and identified as:di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(1),cinnamic anhydride(2),phthalic acid(3),citric acid(4),and syringaldehyde(5).[Conclusions]All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.展开更多
The commercial AM60(Mg−6Al−0.3Mn)die-casting alloy was modified through Mn,Ce,and La micro-alloying,each at a content below 0.2 wt.%.SEM,TEM,and Micro-CT were employed to characterize the microstructures and propertie...The commercial AM60(Mg−6Al−0.3Mn)die-casting alloy was modified through Mn,Ce,and La micro-alloying,each at a content below 0.2 wt.%.SEM,TEM,and Micro-CT were employed to characterize the microstructures and properties of AM60 based alloys.AM60-0.2La alloy showed excellent mechanical properties.The ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation of(288.0±1.7)MPa,(158.0±1.0)MPa,and(22.0±3.0)%were achieved in AM60-0.2La alloy.Besides,AM60-0.2La alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance(0.29 mm/a)and fluidity among the investigated four alloys.The excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are mainly attributed to the grain refinement strengthening,low porosity,and low content of large shrinkage porosity,promising for super-sized integrated automotive components.展开更多
Enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure(CI)systems has become a focal point of national and inter-national policies.However,the formulation of resilience enhancement strategies often requires component-(i....Enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure(CI)systems has become a focal point of national and inter-national policies.However,the formulation of resilience enhancement strategies often requires component-(i.e.asset-)level prioritization,which entails many complexities.Acknowledging the complex and interdependent nature of infrastructure systems,this paper aims to aid researchers,practitioners and policy-makers by pre-senting a review of the relative literature and current state-of-the-art,and by identifying future research op-portunities to improve the applicability and operationalizability of CI component identification and prioritization methods.Theoretical and practical applications are reviewed for definitions,analysis and modelling approaches regarding the resilience of interdependent infrastructure systems.A detailed review of infrastructure criticality definitions,component criticality assessment and prioritization frameworks,from scientific,policy and other documents,is presented.A discussion on social justice and equity dimensions therein is included,which have the potential to greatly influence decisions and should always be incorporated in infrastructure planning and in-vestment discussions.The findings of this review are discussed in terms of applicability and operationalizability.Key recommendations for future research include:(i)developing quantification frameworks for CI component criticality based on formal definitions and multiple criteria,(ii)incorporating the entire resilience cycle of CI in component prioritization,(iii)accounting for the socio-technical nature of CI systems by integrating social di-mensions and their wider operating environment and(iv)developing comprehensive model validation,cali-bration and uncertainty analysis frameworks.展开更多
To investigate the evolution of grain orientation and slip modes in magnesium alloys with multiple texture components,an AZ31 gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheet was fabricated using hard plate rolling(HPR).The ...To investigate the evolution of grain orientation and slip modes in magnesium alloys with multiple texture components,an AZ31 gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheet was fabricated using hard plate rolling(HPR).The changes in texture and slip modes under different reductions were examined.The results demonstrate that the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets display a self-epitaxial gradient structure,with the best mechanical properties observed at rolling temperature of 673 K and reduction of 50%.Significant changes in texture type and strength are observed along the normal direction(ND)of the sheet.The coarse-grain region exhibits a bimodal texture aligned with the rolling direction.These texture variations enhance the stress distribution at the fine grain-coarse grain interface,influencing the grain orientation and the activation of different slip modes,thus improving the mechanical properties of gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheets.This approach offers a new strategy for the fabrication of high-performance magnesium alloy sheets.展开更多
A breeding strategy for widening the germplasm of Brassica napus was proposed by introgression of the A^r subgenome of B.rapa(A^rA^r)and C^c of B.carinata(B^cB^cC^cC^c)into natural B.napus(AnAncncn).The progenies with...A breeding strategy for widening the germplasm of Brassica napus was proposed by introgression of the A^r subgenome of B.rapa(A^rA^r)and C^c of B.carinata(B^cB^cC^cC^c)into natural B.napus(AnAncncn).The progenies with 38 chromosomes that were derived from the self-pollinated seeds of pentaploid hybrids(A^rA^nB^cC^cC^n)were used for further research.Some of the partial new-typed B.napus showed normal meiotic behavior,high portion of germinated pollen and normal embryological development.This indicates that the selected new-typed B.napus had a balanced genetic base.Molecular analysis showed that about 50%of the genome in the new-typed B.napus was replaced by A^r and C^c subgenome from B.rapa and B.carinata.Considering the genetic diversity among different lines of new-typed B.napus,it was deduced that the introgression of the genomic components from B,rapa and B.carinata could widen the genetic diversity of rapeseed.展开更多
Acupuncture,a therapeutic practice rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and integrated with modern neuroscience,achieves its effects by stimulating sensory nerves at specific anatomical points known as acupoints.Thi...Acupuncture,a therapeutic practice rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and integrated with modern neuroscience,achieves its effects by stimulating sensory nerves at specific anatomical points known as acupoints.This review systematically explores the therapeutic components of acupuncture,emphasizing the interplay between sensory nerve characteristics and neural signaling pathways.Key factors such as acupoint location,needling depth,stimulation intensity,retention time,and the induction of sensations(e.g.,Deqi)are analyzed for their roles in neural activation and clinical outcomes.The review highlights how variations in spinal segment targeting,tissue-specific receptor activation,and stimulation modalities(e.g.,manual acupuncture,electroacupuncture,moxibustion)influence therapeutic effects.Emerging evidence underscores the significance of ion channels,dermatomes,myotomes,and genespecific pathways in mediating systemic effects.Additionally,the differential roles of mechanical,thermal and nociceptive stimuli and the temporal dynamics of sensory and immune responses are addressed.While insights from animal models have advanced our understanding,their translation to clinical practice requires further investigation.This comprehensive review identifies critical parameters for optimizing acupuncture therapy,advocating for individualized treatment strategies informed by neuroanatomical and neurophysiological principles,ultimately enhancing its precision and efficacy in modern medicine.展开更多
Metal Additive Manufacturing(MAM) technology has become an important means of rapid prototyping precision manufacturing of special high dynamic heterogeneous complex parts. In response to the micromechanical defects s...Metal Additive Manufacturing(MAM) technology has become an important means of rapid prototyping precision manufacturing of special high dynamic heterogeneous complex parts. In response to the micromechanical defects such as porosity issues, significant deformation, surface cracks, and challenging control of surface morphology encountered during the selective laser melting(SLM) additive manufacturing(AM) process of specialized Micro Electromechanical System(MEMS) components, multiparameter optimization and micro powder melt pool/macro-scale mechanical properties control simulation of specialized components are conducted. The optimal parameters obtained through highprecision preparation and machining of components and static/high dynamic verification are: laser power of 110 W, laser speed of 600 mm/s, laser diameter of 75 μm, and scanning spacing of 50 μm. The density of the subordinate components under this reference can reach 99.15%, the surface hardness can reach 51.9 HRA, the yield strength can reach 550 MPa, the maximum machining error of the components is 4.73%, and the average surface roughness is 0.45 μm. Through dynamic hammering and high dynamic firing verification, SLM components meet the requirements for overload resistance. The results have proven that MEM technology can provide a new means for the processing of MEMS components applied in high dynamic environments. The parameters obtained in the conclusion can provide a design basis for the additive preparation of MEMS components.展开更多
In order to save manpower and time costs,and to achieve simultaneous detection of multiple animal-derived components in meat and meat products,this study used multiple nucleotide polymorphism(MNP)marker technology bas...In order to save manpower and time costs,and to achieve simultaneous detection of multiple animal-derived components in meat and meat products,this study used multiple nucleotide polymorphism(MNP)marker technology based on the principle of high-throughput sequencing,and established a multi-locus 10 animalderived components identification method of cattle,goat,sheep,donkey,horse,chicken,duck,goose,pigeon,quail in meat and meat products.The specific loci of each species could be detected and the species could be accurately identified,including 5 loci for cattle and duck,3 loci for sheep,9 loci for chicken and horse,10 loci for goose and pigeon,6 loci for quail and 1 locus for donkey and goat,and an adulteration model was established to simulate commercially available samples.The results showed that the method established in this study had high throughput,good repeatability and accuracy,and was able to identify 10 animalderived components simultaneously with 100%repeatability accuracy.The detection limit was 0.1%(m/m)in simulated samples of chicken,duck and horse.Using the method established in this study to test commercially available samples,4 samples from 14 commercially available samples were detected to be inconsistent with the labels,of which 2 did not contain the target ingredient and 2 were adulterated with small amounts of other ingredients.展开更多
Joint roughness coefficient(JRC)is the most commonly used parameter for quantifying surface roughness of rock discontinuities in practice.The system composed of multiple roughness statistical parameters to measure JRC...Joint roughness coefficient(JRC)is the most commonly used parameter for quantifying surface roughness of rock discontinuities in practice.The system composed of multiple roughness statistical parameters to measure JRC is a nonlinear system with a lot of overlapping information.In this paper,a dataset of eight roughness statistical parameters covering 112 digital joints is established.Then,the principal component analysis method is introduced to extract the significant information,which solves the information overlap problem of roughness characterization.Based on the two principal components of extracted features,the white shark optimizer algorithm was introduced to optimize the extreme gradient boosting model,and a new machine learning(ML)prediction model was established.The prediction accuracy of the new model and the other 17 models was measured using statistical metrics.The results show that the prediction result of the new model is more consistent with the real JRC value,with higher recognition accuracy and generalization ability.展开更多
AIM To investigate the material basis and mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of DLC in T2DM.METHODS T2DM was triggered in rats using a high-sugar,high-fat diet alongside 35 mg/kg streptozotocin.The effect of ...AIM To investigate the material basis and mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of DLC in T2DM.METHODS T2DM was triggered in rats using a high-sugar,high-fat diet alongside 35 mg/kg streptozotocin.The effect of DLC on the intestinal microbiota in T2DM rats was analyzed via 16S rDNA sequencing.Targeted metabolomics was conducted to evaluate the impact of DLC on the levels of nine short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Untargeted metabolomics examined DLC-induced alterations in fecal metabolites and associated metabolic pathways.Additionally,Spearman’s correlation analysis assessed gut microbiota and fecal metabolite relationships.RESULTS DLC significantly attenuated pathological weight loss,reduced fasting blood glucose levels,restored blood sugar homeostasis,and ameliorated dyslipidemia in T2DM rats.The 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that DLC enhanced microbial diversity and reversed intestinal dysbiosis.Targeted metabolomics indicated decreased acetic acid and propionic acid levels and increased butyric acid,isobutyric acid,and 2-methylbutyric acid levels after DLC treatment.Untargeted metabolomics revealed 57 metabolites with altered expression associated with amino acid,carbohydrate,purine,and biotin pathways.The Spearman analysis demonstrated significant links between specific gut microbiota taxa and fecal metabolites.CONCLUSION DLC may exert hypoglycemic effects by modulating intestinal flora genera,SCFA levels,and fecal metabolites.展开更多
Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants h...Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.展开更多
New-type urbanization(NTU)is proposed by China to solve unsustainable issues and improve green development efficiency(GDE)during the process of rapid urbanization.However,the impact mechanism of NTU on GDE is unclear....New-type urbanization(NTU)is proposed by China to solve unsustainable issues and improve green development efficiency(GDE)during the process of rapid urbanization.However,the impact mechanism of NTU on GDE is unclear.Using panel data of 282 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019,we measured NTU and GDE to describe their spatiotemporal pattern and relationship evolution.The fixed effects panel model and mediating effect panel model were further utilized to analyze the benchmark impact,mediating mechanism and spatiotem-poral heterogeneity of NTU on GDE.The results showed that NTU improved,with the highest levels observed in the eastern region,while GDE increased with fluctuations,performing better in both the eastern and western regions.With the proportion of double-high cities increasing from 13.83%to 43.62%,the NTU-GDE relationship was upgraded.Overall,every 1%improvement in NTU increased GDE by 0.3111%,and the enterprise effect,resident effect and government effect played a positive mediating role from high to low.During the later stage of NTU,its impact on GDE strengthened significantly,and the mediating role of governments was optimized.The eastern region was the only region with three positive mediating roles of governments,enterprises and residents.These findings will promote GDE through NTU in China and serve as a valuable reference for sustainable global urbanization.展开更多
Dear Editor,Local recurrence and cervical lymph node metastases are major causes of mortality in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC).To date,none of the proposed strategies for predicting outcom...Dear Editor,Local recurrence and cervical lymph node metastases are major causes of mortality in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC).To date,none of the proposed strategies for predicting outcomes in this disease have proven fully effective,and a comprehensive physical examination remains the primary method for early detection and monitoring of HNSCC.展开更多
Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,...Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,a new-type distribution network digital twin topology modeling method based on Common Information Model(CIM)specifications and spectral clustering is proposed.Firstly,according to the specifications of the CIM standard,the digital twin topology models of distributed resources are extended and established.Secondly,based on the digital twin topology models of distributed resources,a digital twin aggregation modelling method for new-type distribution network is proposed based on spectral clustering.Furthermore,an online linked update strategy for the digital twin model of new-type distribution network that integrates real-time topology states is proposed.Finally,a case study is conducted on a distribution network in a certain demonstration area in China,and the results verify the practicability and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.This lays the foundation for the application of electrical network twin analysis,such as power flow calculation,optimal power flow,economic dispatch,and safety check,in a new-type distribution network that includes diversified distributed resources.展开更多
The widespread use of lithium batteries has led to frequent fire hazards,which significantly threaten both human lives and property safety.One of the primary challenges in enhancing the fire safety of lithium batterie...The widespread use of lithium batteries has led to frequent fire hazards,which significantly threaten both human lives and property safety.One of the primary challenges in enhancing the fire safety of lithium batteries lies in the flammability of their organic components.As electronic devices continue to proliferate,the integration of liquid electrolytes and separators has become common.However,these components are prone to high volatility and leakage,which limits their safety.Fortunately,recent advancements in solid-state and gel electrolytes have demonstrated promising performance in laboratory settings,providing solutions to these issues.Typically,improving the flame retardancy and fire safety of lithium batteries involves careful design of the formulations or molecular structures of the organic materials.Moreover,the internal interfacial interactions also play a vital role in ensuring safety.This review examines the innovative design strategies developed over the past 5 years to address the fire safety concerns associated with lithium batteries.Future advancements in the next generation of high-safety lithium batteries should not only focus on optimizing component design but also emphasize rigorous operational testing.This dual approach will drive further progress in battery safety research and development,enhancing the overall reliability of lithium battery systems.展开更多
Natural rubber(NR)is a crucial elastic material used for damping and sealing applications in the nuclear industry,but its mechanical stability under radiation remains inadequate.Current efforts to improve radiation re...Natural rubber(NR)is a crucial elastic material used for damping and sealing applications in the nuclear industry,but its mechanical stability under radiation remains inadequate.Current efforts to improve radiation resistance rely on the addition of antiradiation agents,however,the effects of the components and microstructures of NR itself on radiation resistance remain unclear.In this study,we compared the composition and structure differences of four typical commercially used NR materials and investigated their effects on gamma radiation resistance.Furthermore,we examined the impact of non-rubber components(NRC)in NR on radiation resistance using deproteinized and dephosphorylated NR model samples.Our results revealed that NRC,such as proteins and phospholipids can enhance the strength of natural rubber before radiation exposure.However,after the removal of NRC,the samples exhibited improved mechanical stability under irradiation.Additionally,the ash content in NR could also influence the radiation resistance,as metal ions may react with the active centers produced by radiation,thereby enhancing the radiation resistance of the rubber.This work identifies the effect of non-rubber components in NR on radiation resistance and may serve as a reference for screening and developing radiation-resistant NR materials.展开更多
As the integration of electronic components in high-performance servers increases,heat generation significantly impacts performance and raises failure rates.Therefore,heat dissipation has become a critical concern in ...As the integration of electronic components in high-performance servers increases,heat generation significantly impacts performance and raises failure rates.Therefore,heat dissipation has become a critical concern in electronic circuit design.This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the heat dissipation characteristics of electronic components in air-cooled servers.By adjusting airflow speed,heat sink configurations,and the arrangement of straight-fin heat sinks,we optimize heat dissipation performance and analyze the mechanisms at different airflow speeds.The results show that,at the same airflow speed,the temperature of the heat sink is lower than that of the electronic components,creating a temperature gradient that enhances heat transfer.Compared to a front-to-back arrangement of two straight-fin heat sinks,placing the heat sinks parallel to each other results in a lower maximum component temperature and better temperature uniformity.Heat sinks with fins significantly improve heat dissipation.The heat sink with semicylindrical fins on the rib surface provides the best cooling performance.Moreover,compared to natural convection,the maximum temperature of the electronic components decreases by 56.17%and 61%when the incoming flow velocity is 6 m/s with two parallel flat ribbed heat sinks and front-to-back arrangement,respectively.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation(52374279)。
文摘The efficient extraction and separation of valuable metal elements from coal gasification fine slag(CGFS)are crucial for the comprehensive high-value utilization of its constituents.This study focused on the carbon-rich components of CGFS(CGFS-H)and systematically investigates the selective leaching behavior of Fe^(3+),Al^(3+)and Ca^(2+)using three organic acid extractants,i.e.,citric acid,tartaric acid,and tetrasodium iminodisuccinate.Additionally,the stepwise leaching of iron,aluminum and calcium from CGFS-H is explored.The selective dissolution mechanisms of these metals by different organic acids are elucidated through X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence(XRF),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analyses.The results indicate that tetrasodium iminodisuccinate exhibits the highest leaching selectivity for Fe^(3+),while tartaric acid demonstrateds a comparable affinity for both Fe^(3+)and Al^(3+).In contrast citric acid shows superior selectivity toward Ca^(2+).The leaching yield of Fe^(3+),Al^(3+)and Ca^(2+)after sequential leaching with the three organic acids were 79.8%,65.08%and 78.6%,respectively.These findings confirm that effective and selective separation of Fe^(3+),Al^(3+)and Ca^(2+)from CGFS-H can be achieved via optimized organic acid-based leaching strategies.This advancement provides a critical foundation for developing Ca/Fe/Al hydrotalcite materials using CGFS-H as a sustainable feedstock,thereby facilitating the transformation of waste residue into high-value functional materials and promoting resourceefficient utilization of coal gasification fine slag.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24B6018,22178243)。
文摘Diesel accounts for over 60%of the products derived from direct coal liquefaction(DCL).Compared to petroleum-based diesel,DCL diesel exhibits a cetane number ranging from 30 to 40,which fails to meet the automotive diesel standard requirement of≥45.Therefore,rapid and accurate analysis of its chemical composition is crucial for property optimization to meet fuel specifications by component blending.Thought traditional methods like gas chromatography offer high accuracy,they are unsuitable for rapid online analysis under industrial conditions.Near-infrared(NIR)spectroscopy can provide advantages in rapid,non-destructive analysis.Its application however,is limited by the complexity of spectral data interpretation.Machine learning(ML)is effective method for extracting valuable information from spectra and establishing high-precision prediction models.This study integrates NIR spectroscopy with ML to construct a spectral-composition database for DCL diesel.Feature extraction was performed using the correlation coefficient and mutual information methods to screen key wavelength variables and reduce data dimensionality.Subsequently,the predictive performance of three ML models—Lasso,SVR and XGBoost—was compared.Results indicate that excluding spectral data with absorbance greater than 1 significantly enhances model accuracy,increasing the test set R^(2) from 0.85 to 0.96.After feature extraction,the optimal number of wavelength variables was reduced to 177,substantially improving computational efficiency.Among the models evaluated,the SVR-MI-0.9 model,based on mutual information feature selection,demonstrated the best performance,achieving training and test set R^(2) values both exceeding 0.98.This model enables precise prediction of paraffin,naphthene,and aromatic hydrocarbon contents.This research provides a robust methodology for intelligent online quality monitoring.An intelligent NIR spectroscopy data analysis software was independently developed based on the established model.Compared with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography,the software reduced the analysis time by over 98%,with an absolute prediction error below 0.2%.Thus,rapid analysis of DCL diesel components was successfully realized.
基金Supported by Jiangxi Education Department Project(GJJ201533)University-level Project of Gannan Medical University(YB201902).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to isolate and identify the components from stems of Polyalthia plagioneura.[Methods]The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column,Sephadex LH-20,and C_(18) chromatography.Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data.[Results]Five compounds were isolated and identified as:di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(1),cinnamic anhydride(2),phthalic acid(3),citric acid(4),and syringaldehyde(5).[Conclusions]All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFB3709300,2021YFB3701000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52271090,52071036,U2037601,U21A2048)+1 种基金Chongqing Science and Technology Commission,China(Nos.CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0021,CSTC2024YCJHBGZXM0164,CSTB2024TIAD-KPX0001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2022CDJDX-002)。
文摘The commercial AM60(Mg−6Al−0.3Mn)die-casting alloy was modified through Mn,Ce,and La micro-alloying,each at a content below 0.2 wt.%.SEM,TEM,and Micro-CT were employed to characterize the microstructures and properties of AM60 based alloys.AM60-0.2La alloy showed excellent mechanical properties.The ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation of(288.0±1.7)MPa,(158.0±1.0)MPa,and(22.0±3.0)%were achieved in AM60-0.2La alloy.Besides,AM60-0.2La alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance(0.29 mm/a)and fluidity among the investigated four alloys.The excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are mainly attributed to the grain refinement strengthening,low porosity,and low content of large shrinkage porosity,promising for super-sized integrated automotive components.
基金supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.101037424.
文摘Enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure(CI)systems has become a focal point of national and inter-national policies.However,the formulation of resilience enhancement strategies often requires component-(i.e.asset-)level prioritization,which entails many complexities.Acknowledging the complex and interdependent nature of infrastructure systems,this paper aims to aid researchers,practitioners and policy-makers by pre-senting a review of the relative literature and current state-of-the-art,and by identifying future research op-portunities to improve the applicability and operationalizability of CI component identification and prioritization methods.Theoretical and practical applications are reviewed for definitions,analysis and modelling approaches regarding the resilience of interdependent infrastructure systems.A detailed review of infrastructure criticality definitions,component criticality assessment and prioritization frameworks,from scientific,policy and other documents,is presented.A discussion on social justice and equity dimensions therein is included,which have the potential to greatly influence decisions and should always be incorporated in infrastructure planning and in-vestment discussions.The findings of this review are discussed in terms of applicability and operationalizability.Key recommendations for future research include:(i)developing quantification frameworks for CI component criticality based on formal definitions and multiple criteria,(ii)incorporating the entire resilience cycle of CI in component prioritization,(iii)accounting for the socio-technical nature of CI systems by integrating social di-mensions and their wider operating environment and(iv)developing comprehensive model validation,cali-bration and uncertainty analysis frameworks.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(No.JQ2022E004)。
文摘To investigate the evolution of grain orientation and slip modes in magnesium alloys with multiple texture components,an AZ31 gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheet was fabricated using hard plate rolling(HPR).The changes in texture and slip modes under different reductions were examined.The results demonstrate that the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets display a self-epitaxial gradient structure,with the best mechanical properties observed at rolling temperature of 673 K and reduction of 50%.Significant changes in texture type and strength are observed along the normal direction(ND)of the sheet.The coarse-grain region exhibits a bimodal texture aligned with the rolling direction.These texture variations enhance the stress distribution at the fine grain-coarse grain interface,influencing the grain orientation and the activation of different slip modes,thus improving the mechanical properties of gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheets.This approach offers a new strategy for the fabrication of high-performance magnesium alloy sheets.
基金supported by High Project of Science and Technology in China(No.2001AA21110103)Doctoral Foundation of Education Department in China(No.20020504009).
文摘A breeding strategy for widening the germplasm of Brassica napus was proposed by introgression of the A^r subgenome of B.rapa(A^rA^r)and C^c of B.carinata(B^cB^cC^cC^c)into natural B.napus(AnAncncn).The progenies with 38 chromosomes that were derived from the self-pollinated seeds of pentaploid hybrids(A^rA^nB^cC^cC^n)were used for further research.Some of the partial new-typed B.napus showed normal meiotic behavior,high portion of germinated pollen and normal embryological development.This indicates that the selected new-typed B.napus had a balanced genetic base.Molecular analysis showed that about 50%of the genome in the new-typed B.napus was replaced by A^r and C^c subgenome from B.rapa and B.carinata.Considering the genetic diversity among different lines of new-typed B.napus,it was deduced that the introgression of the genomic components from B,rapa and B.carinata could widen the genetic diversity of rapeseed.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2020R1C1C1004107)。
文摘Acupuncture,a therapeutic practice rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and integrated with modern neuroscience,achieves its effects by stimulating sensory nerves at specific anatomical points known as acupoints.This review systematically explores the therapeutic components of acupuncture,emphasizing the interplay between sensory nerve characteristics and neural signaling pathways.Key factors such as acupoint location,needling depth,stimulation intensity,retention time,and the induction of sensations(e.g.,Deqi)are analyzed for their roles in neural activation and clinical outcomes.The review highlights how variations in spinal segment targeting,tissue-specific receptor activation,and stimulation modalities(e.g.,manual acupuncture,electroacupuncture,moxibustion)influence therapeutic effects.Emerging evidence underscores the significance of ion channels,dermatomes,myotomes,and genespecific pathways in mediating systemic effects.Additionally,the differential roles of mechanical,thermal and nociceptive stimuli and the temporal dynamics of sensory and immune responses are addressed.While insights from animal models have advanced our understanding,their translation to clinical practice requires further investigation.This comprehensive review identifies critical parameters for optimizing acupuncture therapy,advocating for individualized treatment strategies informed by neuroanatomical and neurophysiological principles,ultimately enhancing its precision and efficacy in modern medicine.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund(Grant No.62304022)Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory(China,Grant No.6142601012304)the 2022e2024 China Association for Science and Technology Innovation Integration Association Youth Talent Support Project(Grant No.2022QNRC001).
文摘Metal Additive Manufacturing(MAM) technology has become an important means of rapid prototyping precision manufacturing of special high dynamic heterogeneous complex parts. In response to the micromechanical defects such as porosity issues, significant deformation, surface cracks, and challenging control of surface morphology encountered during the selective laser melting(SLM) additive manufacturing(AM) process of specialized Micro Electromechanical System(MEMS) components, multiparameter optimization and micro powder melt pool/macro-scale mechanical properties control simulation of specialized components are conducted. The optimal parameters obtained through highprecision preparation and machining of components and static/high dynamic verification are: laser power of 110 W, laser speed of 600 mm/s, laser diameter of 75 μm, and scanning spacing of 50 μm. The density of the subordinate components under this reference can reach 99.15%, the surface hardness can reach 51.9 HRA, the yield strength can reach 550 MPa, the maximum machining error of the components is 4.73%, and the average surface roughness is 0.45 μm. Through dynamic hammering and high dynamic firing verification, SLM components meet the requirements for overload resistance. The results have proven that MEM technology can provide a new means for the processing of MEMS components applied in high dynamic environments. The parameters obtained in the conclusion can provide a design basis for the additive preparation of MEMS components.
基金financially supported by National Key R&D Program(2021YFF0701905)。
文摘In order to save manpower and time costs,and to achieve simultaneous detection of multiple animal-derived components in meat and meat products,this study used multiple nucleotide polymorphism(MNP)marker technology based on the principle of high-throughput sequencing,and established a multi-locus 10 animalderived components identification method of cattle,goat,sheep,donkey,horse,chicken,duck,goose,pigeon,quail in meat and meat products.The specific loci of each species could be detected and the species could be accurately identified,including 5 loci for cattle and duck,3 loci for sheep,9 loci for chicken and horse,10 loci for goose and pigeon,6 loci for quail and 1 locus for donkey and goat,and an adulteration model was established to simulate commercially available samples.The results showed that the method established in this study had high throughput,good repeatability and accuracy,and was able to identify 10 animalderived components simultaneously with 100%repeatability accuracy.The detection limit was 0.1%(m/m)in simulated samples of chicken,duck and horse.Using the method established in this study to test commercially available samples,4 samples from 14 commercially available samples were detected to be inconsistent with the labels,of which 2 did not contain the target ingredient and 2 were adulterated with small amounts of other ingredients.
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.42277175)the pilot project of cooperation between the Ministry of Natural Resources and Hunan Province“Research and demonstration of key technologies for comprehensive remote sensing identification of geological hazards in typical regions of Hunan Province” (Grant No.2023ZRBSHZ056)the National Key Research and Development Program of China-2023 Key Special Project (Grant No.2023YFC2907400).
文摘Joint roughness coefficient(JRC)is the most commonly used parameter for quantifying surface roughness of rock discontinuities in practice.The system composed of multiple roughness statistical parameters to measure JRC is a nonlinear system with a lot of overlapping information.In this paper,a dataset of eight roughness statistical parameters covering 112 digital joints is established.Then,the principal component analysis method is introduced to extract the significant information,which solves the information overlap problem of roughness characterization.Based on the two principal components of extracted features,the white shark optimizer algorithm was introduced to optimize the extreme gradient boosting model,and a new machine learning(ML)prediction model was established.The prediction accuracy of the new model and the other 17 models was measured using statistical metrics.The results show that the prediction result of the new model is more consistent with the real JRC value,with higher recognition accuracy and generalization ability.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82160771NATCM's Project of High-Level Construction of Key TCM Disciplines:Traditional Medicine of Chinese Minority(Zhuang Medicine),No.zyyzdxk-2023165+7 种基金Guangxi One Thousand Young and Middle-Aged College and University Backbones Teachers Cultivation Program,No.[2019]5Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Multidisciplinary Cross Innovation Team Project,No.GZKJ2309Guangxi Key R&D Plan Project,No.AB21196016Guangxi Key Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhuang Pharmacy,No.GZXK-Z-20-64The First-Class Subject of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Ethnic Pharmacy)in Guangxi,No.[2018]12Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project,No.AD20238058 and No.AD21238031the Third Batch of Cultivating High-level Talent Teams in the“Qi Huang Project”of the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine,No.202406and Huang Danian Style Teacher Team From Universities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region“Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation Teacher Team”,No.[2023]31.
文摘AIM To investigate the material basis and mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of DLC in T2DM.METHODS T2DM was triggered in rats using a high-sugar,high-fat diet alongside 35 mg/kg streptozotocin.The effect of DLC on the intestinal microbiota in T2DM rats was analyzed via 16S rDNA sequencing.Targeted metabolomics was conducted to evaluate the impact of DLC on the levels of nine short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Untargeted metabolomics examined DLC-induced alterations in fecal metabolites and associated metabolic pathways.Additionally,Spearman’s correlation analysis assessed gut microbiota and fecal metabolite relationships.RESULTS DLC significantly attenuated pathological weight loss,reduced fasting blood glucose levels,restored blood sugar homeostasis,and ameliorated dyslipidemia in T2DM rats.The 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that DLC enhanced microbial diversity and reversed intestinal dysbiosis.Targeted metabolomics indicated decreased acetic acid and propionic acid levels and increased butyric acid,isobutyric acid,and 2-methylbutyric acid levels after DLC treatment.Untargeted metabolomics revealed 57 metabolites with altered expression associated with amino acid,carbohydrate,purine,and biotin pathways.The Spearman analysis demonstrated significant links between specific gut microbiota taxa and fecal metabolites.CONCLUSION DLC may exert hypoglycemic effects by modulating intestinal flora genera,SCFA levels,and fecal metabolites.
基金supported by the key project at the central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant number 2060302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 82373982,82173929).
文摘Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2021xjkk0905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42121001).
文摘New-type urbanization(NTU)is proposed by China to solve unsustainable issues and improve green development efficiency(GDE)during the process of rapid urbanization.However,the impact mechanism of NTU on GDE is unclear.Using panel data of 282 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019,we measured NTU and GDE to describe their spatiotemporal pattern and relationship evolution.The fixed effects panel model and mediating effect panel model were further utilized to analyze the benchmark impact,mediating mechanism and spatiotem-poral heterogeneity of NTU on GDE.The results showed that NTU improved,with the highest levels observed in the eastern region,while GDE increased with fluctuations,performing better in both the eastern and western regions.With the proportion of double-high cities increasing from 13.83%to 43.62%,the NTU-GDE relationship was upgraded.Overall,every 1%improvement in NTU increased GDE by 0.3111%,and the enterprise effect,resident effect and government effect played a positive mediating role from high to low.During the later stage of NTU,its impact on GDE strengthened significantly,and the mediating role of governments was optimized.The eastern region was the only region with three positive mediating roles of governments,enterprises and residents.These findings will promote GDE through NTU in China and serve as a valuable reference for sustainable global urbanization.
文摘Dear Editor,Local recurrence and cervical lymph node metastases are major causes of mortality in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC).To date,none of the proposed strategies for predicting outcomes in this disease have proven fully effective,and a comprehensive physical examination remains the primary method for early detection and monitoring of HNSCC.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5108-202218280A-2-396-XG).
文摘Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,a new-type distribution network digital twin topology modeling method based on Common Information Model(CIM)specifications and spectral clustering is proposed.Firstly,according to the specifications of the CIM standard,the digital twin topology models of distributed resources are extended and established.Secondly,based on the digital twin topology models of distributed resources,a digital twin aggregation modelling method for new-type distribution network is proposed based on spectral clustering.Furthermore,an online linked update strategy for the digital twin model of new-type distribution network that integrates real-time topology states is proposed.Finally,a case study is conducted on a distribution network in a certain demonstration area in China,and the results verify the practicability and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.This lays the foundation for the application of electrical network twin analysis,such as power flow calculation,optimal power flow,economic dispatch,and safety check,in a new-type distribution network that includes diversified distributed resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22375023)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0452)+5 种基金Hebei Natural Science Foundation(E2024105006)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2024ME040)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024CX06053)National College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410007038X)funded by the Australian Research Council/Discovery Early Career Researcher Award(DECRA)funding scheme(project number DE230100180)the Australian Research Council/Industrial Transformation Research Hubs funding scheme(project number IH220100002).
文摘The widespread use of lithium batteries has led to frequent fire hazards,which significantly threaten both human lives and property safety.One of the primary challenges in enhancing the fire safety of lithium batteries lies in the flammability of their organic components.As electronic devices continue to proliferate,the integration of liquid electrolytes and separators has become common.However,these components are prone to high volatility and leakage,which limits their safety.Fortunately,recent advancements in solid-state and gel electrolytes have demonstrated promising performance in laboratory settings,providing solutions to these issues.Typically,improving the flame retardancy and fire safety of lithium batteries involves careful design of the formulations or molecular structures of the organic materials.Moreover,the internal interfacial interactions also play a vital role in ensuring safety.This review examines the innovative design strategies developed over the past 5 years to address the fire safety concerns associated with lithium batteries.Future advancements in the next generation of high-safety lithium batteries should not only focus on optimizing component design but also emphasize rigorous operational testing.This dual approach will drive further progress in battery safety research and development,enhancing the overall reliability of lithium battery systems.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.2024NSFSC0173)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.5240030820,52173058 and 52403072)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD2301202)。
文摘Natural rubber(NR)is a crucial elastic material used for damping and sealing applications in the nuclear industry,but its mechanical stability under radiation remains inadequate.Current efforts to improve radiation resistance rely on the addition of antiradiation agents,however,the effects of the components and microstructures of NR itself on radiation resistance remain unclear.In this study,we compared the composition and structure differences of four typical commercially used NR materials and investigated their effects on gamma radiation resistance.Furthermore,we examined the impact of non-rubber components(NRC)in NR on radiation resistance using deproteinized and dephosphorylated NR model samples.Our results revealed that NRC,such as proteins and phospholipids can enhance the strength of natural rubber before radiation exposure.However,after the removal of NRC,the samples exhibited improved mechanical stability under irradiation.Additionally,the ash content in NR could also influence the radiation resistance,as metal ions may react with the active centers produced by radiation,thereby enhancing the radiation resistance of the rubber.This work identifies the effect of non-rubber components in NR on radiation resistance and may serve as a reference for screening and developing radiation-resistant NR materials.
基金supported by the key technology project of China Southern Power Grid Corporation(GZKJXM20240009).
文摘As the integration of electronic components in high-performance servers increases,heat generation significantly impacts performance and raises failure rates.Therefore,heat dissipation has become a critical concern in electronic circuit design.This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the heat dissipation characteristics of electronic components in air-cooled servers.By adjusting airflow speed,heat sink configurations,and the arrangement of straight-fin heat sinks,we optimize heat dissipation performance and analyze the mechanisms at different airflow speeds.The results show that,at the same airflow speed,the temperature of the heat sink is lower than that of the electronic components,creating a temperature gradient that enhances heat transfer.Compared to a front-to-back arrangement of two straight-fin heat sinks,placing the heat sinks parallel to each other results in a lower maximum component temperature and better temperature uniformity.Heat sinks with fins significantly improve heat dissipation.The heat sink with semicylindrical fins on the rib surface provides the best cooling performance.Moreover,compared to natural convection,the maximum temperature of the electronic components decreases by 56.17%and 61%when the incoming flow velocity is 6 m/s with two parallel flat ribbed heat sinks and front-to-back arrangement,respectively.
