This paper presents a new pattern recognition system for Chinese spirit identification by using the polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor based e-nose. The sensors are designed based on quartz crystal microbala...This paper presents a new pattern recognition system for Chinese spirit identification by using the polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor based e-nose. The sensors are designed based on quartz crystal microbalance（QCM） principle,and they could capture different vibration frequency signal values for Chinese spirit identification. For each sensor in an8-channel sensor array, seven characteristic values of the original vibration frequency signal values, i.e., average value（A）,root-mean-square value（RMS）, shape factor value（S_f）, crest factor value（C_f）, impulse factor value（I_f）, clearance factor value（CL_f）, kurtosis factor value（K_v） are first extracted. Then the dimension of the characteristic values is reduced by the principle components analysis（PCA） method. Finally the back propagation（BP） neutral network algorithm is used to recognize Chinese spirits. The experimental results show that the recognition rate of six kinds of Chinese spirits is 93.33% and our proposed new pattern recognition system can identify Chinese spirits effectively.展开更多
We present a new pattern recognition system based on moving average and linear discriminant analysis （LDA）, which can be used to process the original signal of the new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal air-sensit...We present a new pattern recognition system based on moving average and linear discriminant analysis （LDA）, which can be used to process the original signal of the new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal air-sensitive sensor system we designed, called the new e-nose. Using the new e-nose, we obtain the template datum of Chinese spirits via a new pattern recognition system. To verify the effectiveness of the new pattern recognition system, we select three kinds of Chinese spirits to test, our results confirm that the new pattern recognition system can perfectly identify and distinguish between the Chinese spirits.展开更多
Under the guidance of Deng Xiao-ping’s strategic think-ing of openning to the outside world, the structure of om-nibearing openness has basically taken shape in China. Follow-
Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province has rich multiple complex resources with salt lakes as the core.These resources form a special condition for the development of green economy,having rare and particular nature.The
The new development pattern with the major domestic cycle as the main body and the double domestic and international cycles promoting each other is another important strategic measure proposed by the CPC Central Commi...The new development pattern with the major domestic cycle as the main body and the double domestic and international cycles promoting each other is another important strategic measure proposed by the CPC Central Committee to deal with the current domestic economic developing situation. And the construction of the double cycle pattern should be based on the strategic basis of domestic demand, how to appropriately expand the total demand, especially the expansion of domestic demand is the problem in front of the current Chinese market. This paper tries to analyze the factors affecting the expansion of domestic demand. Hope that through the relevant exposition of this paper, we can find a way not to produce economic bubble, inflation, and can find an effective way to achieve the rapid and stable development of the current economy.展开更多
Shuyang,an industrial base of wrapped yarn,enjoys the largest number of equipment and largest production in China or even in the world.Shuyang intelligent knitting industrial park was laid a foundation on March 10,and...Shuyang,an industrial base of wrapped yarn,enjoys the largest number of equipment and largest production in China or even in the world.Shuyang intelligent knitting industrial park was laid a foundation on March 10,and factory workshops in 130,000 square meters are topped off in less than three months in the first construction stage,which is 6 months earlier than planned.What is more unexpected is that they are sold out展开更多
The co-establishment of joint laboratories with foreign firms is a new pattern of international S&T cooperation developed by the Shanghai Institute in line with its own features. The Institute’s practice has prov...The co-establishment of joint laboratories with foreign firms is a new pattern of international S&T cooperation developed by the Shanghai Institute in line with its own features. The Institute’s practice has proved that it is an effective model for promoting the commercialization of research results, and the industrialization of new technologies as well as making their way into the international market.展开更多
According to the basic features of socio economic development in China, the paper retrospects the developmental process of Chinese cities in the 20th century. Based on lots of data and related research achievements, f...According to the basic features of socio economic development in China, the paper retrospects the developmental process of Chinese cities in the 20th century. Based on lots of data and related research achievements, five new patterns of Chinese urban development are pointed out, that is 1) regional disparity of urban development in China is still obvious and large; 2) cities in developed region develop in the form of agglomeration and coordination; 3) spatial layout shape of Chinese cities appears relatively tight, and there exists great outside expansion inclination; 4) the construction of exploitation zone becomes the new important factor of urban development in the 1990s; 5) number increase of cities at county level become the main tide of urban development, but cause the discrete understanding for the concept of urban substantial region, which construct a challenge to urban management. In the end the article puts forward a series thoughts on the future trends and countermeasures of urban development in China.展开更多
The explosion of African literatures in 2021 is not a coincidence,but is dictated by the continent's decolonial,diasporic and hybrid cultural manifestations,its more than a hundred years of struggle for cross-regi...The explosion of African literatures in 2021 is not a coincidence,but is dictated by the continent's decolonial,diasporic and hybrid cultural manifestations,its more than a hundred years of struggle for cross-regional integration,its spirit of vigorous and persistent action,and the unique attraction of an Africanness that upholds its selfhood,bridges the gaps,and remembers its history but looks to the future.The diasporic characteristic of attending to,absorbing and squarely facing the tension of heterogeneous cultures means that indigenous African literatures contain a distinctive world consciousness and rational philosophy.They have given rise to diverse civilizations marked by dialogue,inclusiveness and the contemporary spirit of African nations,enabling African literatures to participate effectively in the dialogue of world literature and in new patterns of civilization,displaying as they do a strong vitality,creativity and influence in the positive-sum game with Western culture.This will provide positive encouragement to the mutual learning,integration,harmony,symbiosis andcoexistenceofcivilizations.展开更多
Innovation is the driver and accelerator for high-quality economic development and the transformation and upgrading of enterprises.At present,the world is undergoing significant changes unseen over the last century.Fa...Innovation is the driver and accelerator for high-quality economic development and the transformation and upgrading of enterprises.At present,the world is undergoing significant changes unseen over the last century.Faced with the new world economic pattern and the new international relations in the postpandemic era,China should systematically clarify the prominent problems with the current scientific and technological(S&T)system,and establish new technological innovation strategies in the new era and new economic landscape,which are of great significance.Especially in the context of the new pattern of development,it is greatly highlighted how to systematically lower over-dependence on core technologies and resolve bottleneck problems with core technology arising from excessive attention to the international economic flows.Based on the medium-and long-term strategic background of the current new pattern of development,this paper explores the prominent problems of the S&T innovation system under the background of the new pattern of development from the perspectives of innovation policy system,regional innovation system,and enterprise innovation mode.Meanwhile,the paper believes that the innovation guidance system under the new pattern of development needs to be realized based on the guidance of the new innovation strategy of"opening thinking based on bottom lines and comprehensive indigenous innovation,"and also the three leading paths of holistic innovation guided by the new pattern of the whole national institutional system,the future industry,and the world-class enterprises.Only in this way can China become a power in terms of S&T innovation in the world.展开更多
It is an important component of national security,and also a required driver for coordinating development and security and building a new pattern of development to maintain the security and stability of and enhance th...It is an important component of national security,and also a required driver for coordinating development and security and building a new pattern of development to maintain the security and stability of and enhance the independent controllability of industrial and supply chains.According to the principles of taking enterprises as the mainstay,coordinating points and chains,combining advantages and disadvantages,adopting classified policies,and linking internal and external chains,the three industrial chains should be planned as a whole for the purpose of their coordinated and efficient operation,so as to solidly enhance,supplement,optimize,and consolidate industrial and supply chains,enhance support to the core links of industrial chains,exploit preponderant and advantageous links,accelerate the incubation of leading and hidden champion enterprises in the industrial ecology,promote the coordination between central and local governments,optimize the policy support system for the modernization of industrial chains,deepen international cooperation among industrial chains,expedite the construction of independent,controllable,safe,and efficient industrial and supply chains,and significantly improve the stability,international competitiveness,and modernization of China's industrial and supply chains.展开更多
Beijing Capital Land Ltd.(BCL)is one of the leading integrated property operators in China, being listed on the main board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong on June 19,2003(HKExstockcode:2868).Itscom-prehensive capab...Beijing Capital Land Ltd.(BCL)is one of the leading integrated property operators in China, being listed on the main board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong on June 19,2003(HKExstockcode:2868).Itscom-prehensive capabilities have placed it in the top rank of China’s property industry.展开更多
Global industrial chains(GICs)have become a hallmark of the world economy underpinning the global production cycle.Since the reform and opening up was introduced in 1978,China has taken an active role in global value ...Global industrial chains(GICs)have become a hallmark of the world economy underpinning the global production cycle.Since the reform and opening up was introduced in 1978,China has taken an active role in global value chains(GVCs)and become the world’s factory floor.Under the external shocks to GICs,such as US trade frictions with China and the COVID-19 pandemic,China’s traditional comparative advantages in manufacturing which include its labor force and costs are waning.This has manifested in a wave of industrial relocations from China to other countries as well as China’s weakening international competitiveness.We took stock of the concepts and journey of GVCs and elaborated the intrinsic relationship between GVCs and the new development pattern of“dual circulations”.We also analyzed the trends of GVCs,the current status and problems of China’s industrial chains,and China’s market heft,complete industrial chains and the digital economy as new strengths for industrial chain upgrade.In our conclusion,this paper put forth some policy recommendations for China’s industrial chain upgrade in the context of dual circulations.展开更多
"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has be..."Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.展开更多
This paper examines China’s flying geese paradigm that serves as a key driver of a new pattern of the country’s economic development.Our results suggest that such a major power’s flying geese paradigm has taken sha...This paper examines China’s flying geese paradigm that serves as a key driver of a new pattern of the country’s economic development.Our results suggest that such a major power’s flying geese paradigm has taken shape in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008.However,this paradigm has provincial heterogeneity in that industrial relocation varies across provinces.For instance,China’s central and western regions have shown differences while serving as destinations for labor-intensive industries and processing trade.This flying geese paradigm evolves in a slow and nonlinear manner,and may be subject to stagnation and even reversal.展开更多
A new method for constructing digital-strain-field-image from a moire pattern with the help of digital image processing technique is proposed in this paper. The digital-strain-field-image expresses the strain values d...A new method for constructing digital-strain-field-image from a moire pattern with the help of digital image processing technique is proposed in this paper. The digital-strain-field-image expresses the strain values directly by its grey levels. The digital-strain-field-image can be obtained by making a differentiation for the digital moire pattern and doing a simple division operation. This image not only gives the visual strain field distribution, but also gives the strain values of every point. This method is simple and applicable and has satisfactory accuracy.展开更多
We studied a new grain-cash cropping pattern composed of "barley/watermelon + waize-rice", comparing with "barley / watermelon-rice" (CKI), "watermelon-rice", (CK2). The experiment was co...We studied a new grain-cash cropping pattern composed of "barley/watermelon + waize-rice", comparing with "barley / watermelon-rice" (CKI), "watermelon-rice", (CK2). The experiment was conducted in CNRRI’s field for 3 yr, employing completely randomized design with three replications, and each plot occupied 207 m~2. The soil in the experiment field contained: N, 2.48 g. kg, quick effective P 4 mg. kg, and quick effective K 53 mg·kg. The varieties tested were Zhemai 2 (barley), Zhemi 1 (watermelon), Suyu 1 (maize), and Shanyou 63 (hybrid rice).展开更多
This paper studies thematic progression patterns of 20 news items in TEM8 based on the theories of theme and rheme.The use frequencies of three thematic progression patterns are calculated and analyzed to propose some...This paper studies thematic progression patterns of 20 news items in TEM8 based on the theories of theme and rheme.The use frequencies of three thematic progression patterns are calculated and analyzed to propose some implications on improving listening comprehension.展开更多
After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adj...After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adjust the changing relations of production to changing productivity. China has adopted a gradualist approach of reform, and reform cycles have coincided with economic cycles. The cyclical changes of reform are of great significance to comprehensively deepening reforms in the new era: Downward pressures of the economy present the best window period for reform;a new cycle of reform will unveil a new economic cycle as well;the people's support is essential to pushing forward the cyclical movements of reform;and top-down design is essential to deepen reforms on all fronts.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2013AA030901)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.FRF-TP-14-120A2)
文摘This paper presents a new pattern recognition system for Chinese spirit identification by using the polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor based e-nose. The sensors are designed based on quartz crystal microbalance（QCM） principle,and they could capture different vibration frequency signal values for Chinese spirit identification. For each sensor in an8-channel sensor array, seven characteristic values of the original vibration frequency signal values, i.e., average value（A）,root-mean-square value（RMS）, shape factor value（S_f）, crest factor value（C_f）, impulse factor value（I_f）, clearance factor value（CL_f）, kurtosis factor value（K_v） are first extracted. Then the dimension of the characteristic values is reduced by the principle components analysis（PCA） method. Finally the back propagation（BP） neutral network algorithm is used to recognize Chinese spirits. The experimental results show that the recognition rate of six kinds of Chinese spirits is 93.33% and our proposed new pattern recognition system can identify Chinese spirits effectively.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2013AA030901)
文摘We present a new pattern recognition system based on moving average and linear discriminant analysis （LDA）, which can be used to process the original signal of the new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal air-sensitive sensor system we designed, called the new e-nose. Using the new e-nose, we obtain the template datum of Chinese spirits via a new pattern recognition system. To verify the effectiveness of the new pattern recognition system, we select three kinds of Chinese spirits to test, our results confirm that the new pattern recognition system can perfectly identify and distinguish between the Chinese spirits.
文摘Under the guidance of Deng Xiao-ping’s strategic think-ing of openning to the outside world, the structure of om-nibearing openness has basically taken shape in China. Follow-
文摘Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province has rich multiple complex resources with salt lakes as the core.These resources form a special condition for the development of green economy,having rare and particular nature.The
文摘The new development pattern with the major domestic cycle as the main body and the double domestic and international cycles promoting each other is another important strategic measure proposed by the CPC Central Committee to deal with the current domestic economic developing situation. And the construction of the double cycle pattern should be based on the strategic basis of domestic demand, how to appropriately expand the total demand, especially the expansion of domestic demand is the problem in front of the current Chinese market. This paper tries to analyze the factors affecting the expansion of domestic demand. Hope that through the relevant exposition of this paper, we can find a way not to produce economic bubble, inflation, and can find an effective way to achieve the rapid and stable development of the current economy.
文摘Shuyang,an industrial base of wrapped yarn,enjoys the largest number of equipment and largest production in China or even in the world.Shuyang intelligent knitting industrial park was laid a foundation on March 10,and factory workshops in 130,000 square meters are topped off in less than three months in the first construction stage,which is 6 months earlier than planned.What is more unexpected is that they are sold out
文摘The co-establishment of joint laboratories with foreign firms is a new pattern of international S&T cooperation developed by the Shanghai Institute in line with its own features. The Institute’s practice has proved that it is an effective model for promoting the commercialization of research results, and the industrialization of new technologies as well as making their way into the international market.
文摘According to the basic features of socio economic development in China, the paper retrospects the developmental process of Chinese cities in the 20th century. Based on lots of data and related research achievements, five new patterns of Chinese urban development are pointed out, that is 1) regional disparity of urban development in China is still obvious and large; 2) cities in developed region develop in the form of agglomeration and coordination; 3) spatial layout shape of Chinese cities appears relatively tight, and there exists great outside expansion inclination; 4) the construction of exploitation zone becomes the new important factor of urban development in the 1990s; 5) number increase of cities at county level become the main tide of urban development, but cause the discrete understanding for the concept of urban substantial region, which construct a challenge to urban management. In the end the article puts forward a series thoughts on the future trends and countermeasures of urban development in China.
基金a phased achievement of the key project“History of African Literatures in English”(19ZDA296)sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China.
文摘The explosion of African literatures in 2021 is not a coincidence,but is dictated by the continent's decolonial,diasporic and hybrid cultural manifestations,its more than a hundred years of struggle for cross-regional integration,its spirit of vigorous and persistent action,and the unique attraction of an Africanness that upholds its selfhood,bridges the gaps,and remembers its history but looks to the future.The diasporic characteristic of attending to,absorbing and squarely facing the tension of heterogeneous cultures means that indigenous African literatures contain a distinctive world consciousness and rational philosophy.They have given rise to diverse civilizations marked by dialogue,inclusiveness and the contemporary spirit of African nations,enabling African literatures to participate effectively in the dialogue of world literature and in new patterns of civilization,displaying as they do a strong vitality,creativity and influence in the positive-sum game with Western culture.This will provide positive encouragement to the mutual learning,integration,harmony,symbiosis andcoexistenceofcivilizations.
基金The paper is supported by the major project of the National Philosophy and Social Science Fund"Research on the Strategic Comparison and Realization Path of Building a Strong Country in Science and Technology Innovation"(No.17ZDA082)the emergency management project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China "Research on the System,Mechanism,Organizational Model and Policy for Solving Problems of Bottleneck Core Technologies in China"(No.71941026).
文摘Innovation is the driver and accelerator for high-quality economic development and the transformation and upgrading of enterprises.At present,the world is undergoing significant changes unseen over the last century.Faced with the new world economic pattern and the new international relations in the postpandemic era,China should systematically clarify the prominent problems with the current scientific and technological(S&T)system,and establish new technological innovation strategies in the new era and new economic landscape,which are of great significance.Especially in the context of the new pattern of development,it is greatly highlighted how to systematically lower over-dependence on core technologies and resolve bottleneck problems with core technology arising from excessive attention to the international economic flows.Based on the medium-and long-term strategic background of the current new pattern of development,this paper explores the prominent problems of the S&T innovation system under the background of the new pattern of development from the perspectives of innovation policy system,regional innovation system,and enterprise innovation mode.Meanwhile,the paper believes that the innovation guidance system under the new pattern of development needs to be realized based on the guidance of the new innovation strategy of"opening thinking based on bottom lines and comprehensive indigenous innovation,"and also the three leading paths of holistic innovation guided by the new pattern of the whole national institutional system,the future industry,and the world-class enterprises.Only in this way can China become a power in terms of S&T innovation in the world.
基金This paper is supported by the key project of Chinese Academy of Macroeconomic Research of China Top Think Tanks"Research on Top-Level Design and Institutional Guarantee of Industrial Base Reengineering Project in the‘14th Five-Year Plan’"(No.A2020041007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China"Research on the Safety Strategy of China's Industrial Chain"(No.71950003)a commissioned program of Department of Development Planning,National Development and Reform Commission"Research on the Outstanding Chokepoints of National Economical Circle and Countermeasures."。
文摘It is an important component of national security,and also a required driver for coordinating development and security and building a new pattern of development to maintain the security and stability of and enhance the independent controllability of industrial and supply chains.According to the principles of taking enterprises as the mainstay,coordinating points and chains,combining advantages and disadvantages,adopting classified policies,and linking internal and external chains,the three industrial chains should be planned as a whole for the purpose of their coordinated and efficient operation,so as to solidly enhance,supplement,optimize,and consolidate industrial and supply chains,enhance support to the core links of industrial chains,exploit preponderant and advantageous links,accelerate the incubation of leading and hidden champion enterprises in the industrial ecology,promote the coordination between central and local governments,optimize the policy support system for the modernization of industrial chains,deepen international cooperation among industrial chains,expedite the construction of independent,controllable,safe,and efficient industrial and supply chains,and significantly improve the stability,international competitiveness,and modernization of China's industrial and supply chains.
文摘Beijing Capital Land Ltd.(BCL)is one of the leading integrated property operators in China, being listed on the main board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong on June 19,2003(HKExstockcode:2868).Itscom-prehensive capabilities have placed it in the top rank of China’s property industry.
文摘Global industrial chains(GICs)have become a hallmark of the world economy underpinning the global production cycle.Since the reform and opening up was introduced in 1978,China has taken an active role in global value chains(GVCs)and become the world’s factory floor.Under the external shocks to GICs,such as US trade frictions with China and the COVID-19 pandemic,China’s traditional comparative advantages in manufacturing which include its labor force and costs are waning.This has manifested in a wave of industrial relocations from China to other countries as well as China’s weakening international competitiveness.We took stock of the concepts and journey of GVCs and elaborated the intrinsic relationship between GVCs and the new development pattern of“dual circulations”.We also analyzed the trends of GVCs,the current status and problems of China’s industrial chains,and China’s market heft,complete industrial chains and the digital economy as new strengths for industrial chain upgrade.In our conclusion,this paper put forth some policy recommendations for China’s industrial chain upgrade in the context of dual circulations.
基金Supported by Youth Project of National Social Science Fund of China(22CMZ015)。
文摘"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.
文摘This paper examines China’s flying geese paradigm that serves as a key driver of a new pattern of the country’s economic development.Our results suggest that such a major power’s flying geese paradigm has taken shape in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008.However,this paradigm has provincial heterogeneity in that industrial relocation varies across provinces.For instance,China’s central and western regions have shown differences while serving as destinations for labor-intensive industries and processing trade.This flying geese paradigm evolves in a slow and nonlinear manner,and may be subject to stagnation and even reversal.
文摘A new method for constructing digital-strain-field-image from a moire pattern with the help of digital image processing technique is proposed in this paper. The digital-strain-field-image expresses the strain values directly by its grey levels. The digital-strain-field-image can be obtained by making a differentiation for the digital moire pattern and doing a simple division operation. This image not only gives the visual strain field distribution, but also gives the strain values of every point. This method is simple and applicable and has satisfactory accuracy.
文摘We studied a new grain-cash cropping pattern composed of "barley/watermelon + waize-rice", comparing with "barley / watermelon-rice" (CKI), "watermelon-rice", (CK2). The experiment was conducted in CNRRI’s field for 3 yr, employing completely randomized design with three replications, and each plot occupied 207 m~2. The soil in the experiment field contained: N, 2.48 g. kg, quick effective P 4 mg. kg, and quick effective K 53 mg·kg. The varieties tested were Zhemai 2 (barley), Zhemi 1 (watermelon), Suyu 1 (maize), and Shanyou 63 (hybrid rice).
文摘This paper studies thematic progression patterns of 20 news items in TEM8 based on the theories of theme and rheme.The use frequencies of three thematic progression patterns are calculated and analyzed to propose some implications on improving listening comprehension.
文摘After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adjust the changing relations of production to changing productivity. China has adopted a gradualist approach of reform, and reform cycles have coincided with economic cycles. The cyclical changes of reform are of great significance to comprehensively deepening reforms in the new era: Downward pressures of the economy present the best window period for reform;a new cycle of reform will unveil a new economic cycle as well;the people's support is essential to pushing forward the cyclical movements of reform;and top-down design is essential to deepen reforms on all fronts.
