Intracortical neural interfaces directly connect brain neurons with external devices to achieve high temporal resolution and spatially precise sampling of neural activity.When applied to freely moving animals,this tec...Intracortical neural interfaces directly connect brain neurons with external devices to achieve high temporal resolution and spatially precise sampling of neural activity.When applied to freely moving animals,this technology provides in-depth insight into the underlying neural mechanisms for their movement and cognition in real-world scenarios.However,the application of implanted devices in freely moving animals is limited by restrictions on their behavioral freedom and physiologic impact.In this paper,four technological directions for ideal implantable neural interface devices are analyzed:higher spatial density,improved biocompatibility,enhanced multimodal detection of electrical/neurotransmitter signals,and more effective neural modulation.Finally,we discuss how these technological developments have been applied to freely moving animals to provide better insight into neuroscience and clinical medicine.展开更多
A two-dimensional （2D） multi-channel silicon-based microelectrode array is developed for recording neural signals. Three photolithographic masks are utilized in the fabrication process. SEM images show that the micr...A two-dimensional （2D） multi-channel silicon-based microelectrode array is developed for recording neural signals. Three photolithographic masks are utilized in the fabrication process. SEM images show that the microprobe is 1.2mm long, 100μm wide,and 30μm thick,with recording sites spaced 200μm apart for good signal isolation. For the individual recording sites, the characteristics of impedance versus frequency are shown by in vitro testing. The impedance declines from 14MΩ to 1.9kΩ as the frequency changes from 0 to 10MHz. A compatible PCB （print circuit board） aids in the less troublesome implantation and stabilization of the microprobe.展开更多
Neuroscience,neuroprosthetics and neural regeneration would benefit from more adequate interfacing devices.To understand how neurons communicate,process information and control behavior,researchers need to monitor ner...Neuroscience,neuroprosthetics and neural regeneration would benefit from more adequate interfacing devices.To understand how neurons communicate,process information and control behavior,researchers need to monitor nerve cell activity with high specifity and high spatio-temporal resolution.Neural prostheses require minimally invasive-implantable devices to re- place lost function, and bypass dysfunctional pathways in the nervous system. Devices built to repair damaged nerves have to support and promote regeneration of host neurons through an injured area. Finally, as neuromodulation is being elevated from last resort to first choice treatment for an increasing number of conditions, implantable devices able to perform targeted regu- lation of neural activity are needed. Recent advances in device miniaturization, materials engineering, and nanotechnology are enabling development of an increasing number of devices that effectively interface with neural circuits. Wireless spinal cord and deep brain stimulators, retinal and cochlear implants, high density electrodes arrays for neural recording have already proven to significantly impact fundamental research in neuro- science, as well as individuals＇ quality of life.展开更多
Achieving precise,localized drug delivery within the brain remains a major challenge due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier and the risk of systemic toxicity.Here,we present a fully soft neural inter...Achieving precise,localized drug delivery within the brain remains a major challenge due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier and the risk of systemic toxicity.Here,we present a fully soft neural interface incorporating a thermo-pneumatic peristaltic micropump integrated with asymmetrically tapered microchannels for targeted,on-demand wireless drug delivery.All structural and functional components are fabricated from soft materials,ensuring mechanical compatibility with brain tissue.The system employs sequential actuation of microheaters to generate unidirectional airflow that drives drug infusion from an on-board reservoir.The nozzle-diffuser geometry of the microchannels minimizes backflow while enabling controlled,continuous delivery without mechanical valves.Fluid dynamics simulations guided the optimization of the microfluidic design,resulting in robust forward flow with minimal reflux.Benchtop validation in brain-mimicking phantoms confirmed consistent and programmable drug infusion.This platform represents a significant advancement in neuropharmacological research and therapeutic delivery for central nervous system disorders.展开更多
Flexible deep brain neural interfaces,as an important research direction in the field of neural engineering,have broad application prospects in areas such as neural signal detection,treatment of neurological diseases,...Flexible deep brain neural interfaces,as an important research direction in the field of neural engineering,have broad application prospects in areas such as neural signal detection,treatment of neurological diseases,and intelligent control systems.However,chronic inflammatory responses caused by longterm implantation and the resulting electrode failure seriously hinder the clinical development of this technology.This review systematically explores the long-term stability issues of flexible deep brain neural interfaces,with a focus on analyzing the synergistic optimization of electrode geometric morphology and implantation strategies in regulating inflammatory responses.Additionally,this paper delves into innovative strategies,such as passive enhancement of biocompatibility through electrode surface functionalization and active inhibition of inflammation through drug-controlled release systems,offering new technical paths to extend electrode lifespan.By integrating and reviewing existing innovative methods for deep brain flexible electrodes,this study provides an important theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of high-stability neural interface devices.展开更多
Increasing the proximity of microelectrode arrays(MEA)to targeted neural tissues can establish efficient neural interfaces for both recording and stimulation applications.This has been achieved by constructing protrud...Increasing the proximity of microelectrode arrays(MEA)to targeted neural tissues can establish efficient neural interfaces for both recording and stimulation applications.This has been achieved by constructing protruding three-dimensional(3D)structures on top of conventional planar microelectrodes via additional micromachining steps.However,this approach adds fabrication complexities and limits the 3D structures to certain shapes.We propose a one-step fabrication of MEAs with versatile microscopic 3D structures via“microelectrothermoforming(μETF)”of thermoplastics,by utilizing 3D-printed molds to locally deform planar MEAs into protruding and recessing shapes.Electromechanical optimization enabled a 3D MEA with 80μm protrusions and/or recession for 100μm diameter.Its simple and versatile shaping capabilities are demonstrated by diverse 3D structures on a single MEA.The benefits of 3D MEA are evaluated in retinal stimulation through numerical simulations and ex vivo experiments,confirming a threshold lowered by 1.7 times and spatial resolution enhanced by 2.2 times.展开更多
Transparent electro-optical neural interfacing technologies offer simultaneous high-spatial-resolution microscopic imaging,and high-temporal-resolution electrical recording and stimulation.However,fabricating transpar...Transparent electro-optical neural interfacing technologies offer simultaneous high-spatial-resolution microscopic imaging,and high-temporal-resolution electrical recording and stimulation.However,fabricating transparent,flexible,and mechanically robust neural electrodes with high electrochemical performance remains challenging.In this study,we fabricated transparent(72.7%at 570 nm),mechanically robust(0.05%resistance change after 50k bending cycles)ultrathin Au microelectrodes for micro-electrocorticography(µECoG)using a hexadentate metal-polymer ligand bonding with an EDTA/PSS seed layer.These transparentµECoG arrays,fabricated with biocompatible gold,exhibit excellent electrochemical properties(0.73Ω·cm^(2))for neural recording and stimulation with long-term stability.We recorded brain surface waves in vivo,maintaining a low baseline noise and a high signalto-noise ratio during acute and two-week recordings.In addition,we successfully performed optogenetic modulation without light-induced artifacts at 7.32 mW/mm^(2)laser power density.This approach shows great potential for scalable,implantable neural electrodes and wearable optoelectronic devices in digital healthcare systems.展开更多
Neural machine interface technology is a pioneering approach that aims to address the complex challenges of neurological dysfunctions and disabilities resulting from conditions such as congenital disorders,traumatic i...Neural machine interface technology is a pioneering approach that aims to address the complex challenges of neurological dysfunctions and disabilities resulting from conditions such as congenital disorders,traumatic injuries,and neurological diseases.Neural machine interface technology establishes direct connections with the brain or peripheral nervous system to restore impaired motor,sensory,and cognitive functions,significantly improving patients'quality of life.This review analyzes the chronological development and integration of various neural machine interface technologies,including regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces,targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation,agonist–antagonist myoneural interfaces,and brain–machine interfaces.Recent advancements in flexible electronics and bioengineering have led to the development of more biocompatible and highresolution electrodes,which enhance the performance and longevity of neural machine interface technology.However,significant challenges remain,such as signal interference,fibrous tissue encapsulation,and the need for precise anatomical localization and reconstruction.The integration of advanced signal processing algorithms,particularly those utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning,has the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of neural signal interpretation,which will make neural machine interface technologies more intuitive and effective.These technologies have broad,impactful clinical applications,ranging from motor restoration and sensory feedback in prosthetics to neurological disorder treatment and neurorehabilitation.This review suggests that multidisciplinary collaboration will play a critical role in advancing neural machine interface technologies by combining insights from biomedical engineering,clinical surgery,and neuroengineering to develop more sophisticated and reliable interfaces.By addressing existing limitations and exploring new technological frontiers,neural machine interface technologies have the potential to revolutionize neuroprosthetics and neurorehabilitation,promising enhanced mobility,independence,and quality of life for individuals with neurological impairments.By leveraging detailed anatomical knowledge and integrating cutting-edge neuroengineering principles,researchers and clinicians can push the boundaries of what is possible and create increasingly sophisticated and long-lasting prosthetic devices that provide sustained benefits for users.展开更多
Engineered functional neural interfaces （fNIs） serve as essential abiotic-biotic transducers between an engineered system and the nervous system. They convert external physical stimuli to cellular signals in stimula...Engineered functional neural interfaces （fNIs） serve as essential abiotic-biotic transducers between an engineered system and the nervous system. They convert external physical stimuli to cellular signals in stimulation mode or read out biological processes in recording mode. Information can be exchanged using electricity, light, magnetic fields, mechanical forces, heat, or chemical signals. fNIs have found applications for studying processes in neural circuits from cell cultures to organs to whole organisms, fNI-facilitated signal transduction schemes, coupled with easily manipulable and observable external physical signals, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. This enticing field is rapidly evolving toward miniaturization and biomimicry to achieve long-term interface stability with great signal transduction efficiency. Not only has a new generation of neuroelectrodes been invented, but the use of advanced fNIs that explore other physical modalities of neuromodulation and recording has begun to increase. This review covers these exciting developments and applications of fNIs that rely on nanoelectrodes, nanotransducers, or bionanotransducers to establish an interface with the nervous system. These nano fNIs are promising in offering a high spatial resolution, high target specificity, and high communication bandwidth by allowing for a high density and count of signal channels with minimum material volume and area to dramatically improve the chronic integration of the fNI to the target neural tissue. Such demanding advances in nano fNIs will greatly facilitate new opportunities not only for studying basic neuroscience but also for diagnosing and treating various neurological diseases.展开更多
Aim:Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established,but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses.The validity of interfacing technologies,such as the Osseointegrated Neural Inte...Aim:Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established,but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses.The validity of interfacing technologies,such as the Osseointegrated Neural Interface(ONI),in their ability to provide communication between native nerves and advanced prosthetics is required,necessitating a stable,longitudinal large animal model for testing.The objective of this study is to provide a detailed anatomic description of the major nerves distal to the carpal and tarsal joints,informing the creation of a chronic ONI for prosthetic control in sheep.Methods:Six pelvic and six thoracic cadaveric limbs from mature female,non-lactating sheep were utilized.Radiographs were obtained to determine average bone length,medullary canal diameter,and cortical bone thickness.Microsurgical dissection was performed to discern topographical neuroanatomy and average circumferences of the major nerves of the pelvic and thoracic limbs.Histologic analysis was performed.A surgical approach for the creation of ONI was designed.Results:Average metacarpal and metatarsal length was 15.0 cm(±0.0)and 19.7 cm(±1.0),respectively.Average intramedullary canal diameter was 12.91 mm(±3.69)for forelimbs and 12.60 mm(±3.69)for hindlimbs.The thoracic limb nerves consisted of one dorsal and three ventral nerves,with an average circumference of 5.14 mm(±2.00)and 5.05 mm(±1.06),respectively.Pelvic limb nerves consisted of two dorsal and one ventral nerve with an average circumference of 6.27 mm(±1.79)and 5.40 mm(±0.53),respectively.Conclusions:These anatomic data inform the surgical approach and manufacture of a sensory ONI for chronic testing in awake,freely ambulating animals for future clinical translation.展开更多
Optogenetic has been widely applied in various pathogenesis investigations of neuropathic diseases since its accurate and targeted regulation of neuronal activity.However,due to the mismatch between the soft tissues a...Optogenetic has been widely applied in various pathogenesis investigations of neuropathic diseases since its accurate and targeted regulation of neuronal activity.However,due to the mismatch between the soft tissues and the optical waveguide,the long-term neural regulation within soft tissue(such as brain and spinal cord)by implantable optical fibers is a large challenge.Herein,we designed a modulus selfadaptive hydrogel optical fiber(MSHOF)with tunable mechanical properties(Young’modulus was tunable in the range of 0.32-10.56MPa)and low light attenuation(0.12-0.21 dB/cm,472nm laser light),which adapts to light transmission under soft tissues.These advantages of MSHOF can ensure the effectiveness of optogenetic stimulation meanwhile safeguarding the safety of the brain/materials interaction interface.In addition,this work provides more design possibilities of MSHOF for photogenetic stimuli and has significant application prospects in photomedical therapy.展开更多
The integration of wearable neural interfaces(WNIs)with the human nervous system has marked a significant progression,enabling progress in medical treatments and technology integration.Hydrogels,distinguished by their...The integration of wearable neural interfaces(WNIs)with the human nervous system has marked a significant progression,enabling progress in medical treatments and technology integration.Hydrogels,distinguished by their high-water content,low interfacial impedance,conductivity,adhesion,and mechanical compliance,effectively address the rigidity and biocompatibility issues common in traditional materials.This review highlights their important parameters-biocompatibility,interfacial impedance,conductivity,and adhesiveness-that are integral to their function in WNIs.The applications of hydrogels in wearable neural recording and neurostimulation are discussed in detail.Finally,the opportunities and challenges faced by hydrogels for WNIs are summarized and prospected.This review aims to offer a thorough examination of hydrogel technology’s present landscape and to encourage continued exploration and innovation.As developments progress,hydrogels are poised to revolutionize wearable neural interfaces,offering significant enhancements in healthcare and technological applications.展开更多
In this paper, we review the current state- of-the-art techniques used for understanding the inner workings of the brain at a systems level. The neural activity that governs our everyday lives involves an intricate co...In this paper, we review the current state- of-the-art techniques used for understanding the inner workings of the brain at a systems level. The neural activity that governs our everyday lives involves an intricate coordination of many processes that can be attributed to a variety of brain regions. On the surface, many of these functions can appear to be controlled by specific anatomical structures; however, in reality, numerous dynamic networks within the brain contribute to its function through an interconnected web of neuronal and synaptic pathways. The brain, in its healthy or pathological state, can therefore be best understood by taking a systems-level approach. While numerous neuroengineering technologies exist, we focus here on three major thrusts in the field of systems neuroengineering： neuroimaging, neural interfacing, and neuromodulation. Neuroimaging enables us to delineate the structural and functional organization of the brain, which is key in understanding how the neural system functions in both normal and disease states. Based on such knowledge, devices can be used either to communicate with the neural system, as in neural interface systems, or to modulate brain activity, as in neuromodulation systems. The consideration of these three fields is key to the development and application of neuro-devices. Feedback-based neuro-devices require the ability to sense neural activity （via a neuroimaging modality） through a neural interface （invasive or noninvasive） and ultimately to select a set of stimulation parameters in order to alter neural function via a neuromodulation modality. Systems neuroengineering refers to the use of engineering tools and technologies to image, decode, and modulate the brain in order to comprehend its functions and to repair its dysfunction. Interactions between these fields will help to shape the future of systems neuroengineering--to develop neurotechniques for enhancing the understanding of whole- brain function and dysfunction, and the management of neurological and mental disorders.展开更多
Artificial intelligence can be indirectly applied to the repair of peripheral nerve injury.Specifically,it can be used to analyze and process data regarding peripheral nerve injury and repair,while study findings on p...Artificial intelligence can be indirectly applied to the repair of peripheral nerve injury.Specifically,it can be used to analyze and process data regarding peripheral nerve injury and repair,while study findings on peripheral nerve injury and repair can provide valuable data to enrich artificial intelligence algorithms.To investigate advances in the use of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis,rehabilitation,and scientific examination of peripheral nerve injury,we used CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to analyze the relevant literature included in the Web of Science from 1994–2023.We identified the following research hotspots in peripheral nerve injury and repair:(1)diagnosis,classification,and prognostic assessment of peripheral nerve injury using neuroimaging and artificial intelligence techniques,such as corneal confocal microscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy;(2)motion control and rehabilitation following peripheral nerve injury using artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms,such as wearable devices and assisted wheelchair systems;(3)improving the accuracy and effectiveness of peripheral nerve electrical stimulation therapy using artificial intelligence techniques combined with deep learning,such as implantable peripheral nerve interfaces;(4)the application of artificial intelligence technology to brain-machine interfaces for disabled patients and those with reduced mobility,enabling them to control devices such as networked hand prostheses;(5)artificial intelligence robots that can replace doctors in certain procedures during surgery or rehabilitation,thereby reducing surgical risk and complications,and facilitating postoperative recovery.Although artificial intelligence has shown many benefits and potential applications in peripheral nerve injury and repair,there are some limitations to this technology,such as the consequences of missing or imbalanced data,low data accuracy and reproducibility,and ethical issues(e.g.,privacy,data security,research transparency).Future research should address the issue of data collection,as large-scale,high-quality clinical datasets are required to establish effective artificial intelligence models.Multimodal data processing is also necessary,along with interdisciplinary collaboration,medical-industrial integration,and multicenter,large-sample clinical studies.展开更多
The article consists of two parts.Part I shows the possibility of quantum/soft computing optimizers of knowledge bases(QSCOptKB™)as the toolkit of quantum deep machine learning technology implementation in the solutio...The article consists of two parts.Part I shows the possibility of quantum/soft computing optimizers of knowledge bases(QSCOptKB™)as the toolkit of quantum deep machine learning technology implementation in the solution’s search of intelligent cognitive control tasks applied the cognitive helmet as neurointerface.In particular case,the aim of this part is to demonstrate the possibility of classifying the mental states of a human being operator in on line with knowledge extraction from electroencephalograms based on SCOptKB™and QCOptKB™sophisticated toolkit.Application of soft computing technologies to identify objective indicators of the psychophysiological state of an examined person described.The role and necessity of applying intelligent information technologies development based on computational intelligence toolkits in the task of objective estimation of a general psychophysical state of a human being operator shown.Developed information technology examined with special(difficult in diagnostic practice)examples emotion state estimation of autism children(ASD)and dementia and background of the knowledge bases design for intelligent robot of service use is it.Application of cognitive intelligent control in navigation of autonomous robot for avoidance of obstacles demonstrated.展开更多
Neural network functionality depends on the signaling of excitable cells and intricate synaptic connections,which collectively promote advanced functions of the brain,such as perception,motor control,and cognition.Neu...Neural network functionality depends on the signaling of excitable cells and intricate synaptic connections,which collectively promote advanced functions of the brain,such as perception,motor control,and cognition.Neurological diseases may cause changes in the structure and connection patterns of neural networks,thereby leading to loss of motor and sensory functions.Neural interfaces are dependable tools for recording or stimu-lating neural circuit dynamics,but conventional neural implants do not align with the physicochemical char-acteristics of living tissues,resulting in eventual failure of these interface devices.These challenges in neuroengineering have spurred progress in materials science.In this account,we explore the interaction mechanisms between electrodes and biological tissues,offering strategies to meet the electrochemical and biocompatibility demands of bioelectronic interfaces in engineering,with an emphasis on the structural design and manufacturing technologies of implantable devices.展开更多
A prototype of hybrid neural recording interface has been developed for extracellular neural recording. It consists of a silicon-based plane microelectrode array and a CMOS low noise neural amplifier chip. The neural ...A prototype of hybrid neural recording interface has been developed for extracellular neural recording. It consists of a silicon-based plane microelectrode array and a CMOS low noise neural amplifier chip. The neural amplifier chip is designed and implemented in 0.18 μm N-well CMOS 1P6M technology. The area of the neural preamplifier is only 0.042 mm2 with a gain of 48.3 dB. The input equivalent noise is 4.73 btVrms within pass bands of 4 kHz. To avoid cable tethering for high dense mul- tichannel neural recording interface and make it compact, flip-chip bonding is used to integrate the preamplifier chip and the microelectrode together. The hybrid device measures 3 mm×5.5 mm×330μm, which is convenient for implant or in-vivo neu- ral recording. The hybrid device was testified in in-vivo experiment. Neural signals were recorded from hippocampus region of anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats successfully.展开更多
The neural interface is a key component in wireless brain–computer prostheses.In this study,we demonstrate that a unique three-dimensional(3D)microneedle electrode on a flexible mesh substrate,which can be fabricated...The neural interface is a key component in wireless brain–computer prostheses.In this study,we demonstrate that a unique three-dimensional(3D)microneedle electrode on a flexible mesh substrate,which can be fabricated without complicated micromachining techniques,is conformal to the tissues with minimal invasiveness.Furthermore,we demonstrate that it can be applied to different functional layers in the nervous system without length limitation.The microneedle electrode is fabricated using drawing lithography technology from biocompatible materials.In this approach,the profile of a 3D microneedle electrode array is determined by the design of a two-dimensional(2D)pattern on the mask,which can be used to access different functional layers in different locations of the brain.Due to the sufficient stiffness of the electrode and the excellent flexibility of the mesh substrate,the electrode can penetrate into the tissue with its bottom layer fully conformal to the curved brain surface.Then,the exposed contact at the end of the microneedle electrode can successfully acquire neural signals from the brain.展开更多
The growing demand for advanced neural interfaces that enable precise brain monitoring and modulation has catalyzed significant research into flexible,biocompatible,and highly conductive materials.PEDOT:PSS-based bioe...The growing demand for advanced neural interfaces that enable precise brain monitoring and modulation has catalyzed significant research into flexible,biocompatible,and highly conductive materials.PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectronic materials exhibit high conductivity,mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,making them particularly suitable for integration into neural devices for brain science research.These materials facilitate high-resolution neural activity monitoring and provide precise electrical stimulation across diverse modalities.This review comprehensively examines recent advances in the development of PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectrodes for brain monitoring and modulation,with a focus on strategies to enhance their conductivity,biocompatibility,and long-term stability.Furthermore,it highlights the integration of multifunctional neural interfaces that enable synchronous stimulation-recording architectures,hybrid electro-optical stimulation modalities,and multimodal brain activity monitoring.These integrations enable fundamentally advancing the precision and clinical translatability of brain–computer interfaces.By addressing critical challenges related to efficacy,integration,safety,and clinical translation,this review identifies key opportunities for advancing next-generation neural devices.The insights presented are vital for guiding future research directions in the field and fostering the development of cutting-edge bioelectronic technologies for neuroscience and clinical applications.展开更多
The brain is actuated by billions of neurons with trillions of interconnections that regulate human behaviors.Understanding the mechanisms of these systems that induce sensory reactions and respond to disease remains ...The brain is actuated by billions of neurons with trillions of interconnections that regulate human behaviors.Understanding the mechanisms of these systems that induce sensory reactions and respond to disease remains one of the greatest challenges in science,engineering,and medicine.Recent advances in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have led to the extensive research of electronic devices for brain interfaces to better understand the neural activities of the brains complex nervous system.The development of sensor devices for monitoring the physiological signals of the brain related to traumatic injury status has accompanied by the progress of electronic neural probes in parallel.In addition,these neurological and stereotactic surgical revolutions hold immense potential for clinical analysis of pharmacological systems within cerebral tissues.Here,we review the progress of electronic devices interfacing with brain in terms of the materials,fabrication technologies,and device designs.Neurophysiological activity can be measured and modulated by brain probes based on newly developed nanofabrication methodologies.Furthermore,in vivo pathological monitoring of the brain and pharmacological assessment has been developed in miniaturized and wireless form.We also consider the key challenges and prospects for further development,and explore the future directions emerging in the latest research.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62121003,T2293730,T2293731,61960206012,62333020,and 62171434)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2402501 and 2022YFB3205602)the Major Program of Scientific and Technical Innovation 2030(2021ZD02016030)。
文摘Intracortical neural interfaces directly connect brain neurons with external devices to achieve high temporal resolution and spatially precise sampling of neural activity.When applied to freely moving animals,this technology provides in-depth insight into the underlying neural mechanisms for their movement and cognition in real-world scenarios.However,the application of implanted devices in freely moving animals is limited by restrictions on their behavioral freedom and physiologic impact.In this paper,four technological directions for ideal implantable neural interface devices are analyzed:higher spatial density,improved biocompatibility,enhanced multimodal detection of electrical/neurotransmitter signals,and more effective neural modulation.Finally,we discuss how these technological developments have been applied to freely moving animals to provide better insight into neuroscience and clinical medicine.
文摘A two-dimensional （2D） multi-channel silicon-based microelectrode array is developed for recording neural signals. Three photolithographic masks are utilized in the fabrication process. SEM images show that the microprobe is 1.2mm long, 100μm wide,and 30μm thick,with recording sites spaced 200μm apart for good signal isolation. For the individual recording sites, the characteristics of impedance versus frequency are shown by in vitro testing. The impedance declines from 14MΩ to 1.9kΩ as the frequency changes from 0 to 10MHz. A compatible PCB （print circuit board） aids in the less troublesome implantation and stabilization of the microprobe.
文摘Neuroscience,neuroprosthetics and neural regeneration would benefit from more adequate interfacing devices.To understand how neurons communicate,process information and control behavior,researchers need to monitor nerve cell activity with high specifity and high spatio-temporal resolution.Neural prostheses require minimally invasive-implantable devices to re- place lost function, and bypass dysfunctional pathways in the nervous system. Devices built to repair damaged nerves have to support and promote regeneration of host neurons through an injured area. Finally, as neuromodulation is being elevated from last resort to first choice treatment for an increasing number of conditions, implantable devices able to perform targeted regu- lation of neural activity are needed. Recent advances in device miniaturization, materials engineering, and nanotechnology are enabling development of an increasing number of devices that effectively interface with neural circuits. Wireless spinal cord and deep brain stimulators, retinal and cochlear implants, high density electrodes arrays for neural recording have already proven to significantly impact fundamental research in neuro- science, as well as individuals＇ quality of life.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2023-00234581)the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2025-08672969)funded by the Ministry of Trade Industry and Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘Achieving precise,localized drug delivery within the brain remains a major challenge due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier and the risk of systemic toxicity.Here,we present a fully soft neural interface incorporating a thermo-pneumatic peristaltic micropump integrated with asymmetrically tapered microchannels for targeted,on-demand wireless drug delivery.All structural and functional components are fabricated from soft materials,ensuring mechanical compatibility with brain tissue.The system employs sequential actuation of microheaters to generate unidirectional airflow that drives drug infusion from an on-board reservoir.The nozzle-diffuser geometry of the microchannels minimizes backflow while enabling controlled,continuous delivery without mechanical valves.Fluid dynamics simulations guided the optimization of the microfluidic design,resulting in robust forward flow with minimal reflux.Benchtop validation in brain-mimicking phantoms confirmed consistent and programmable drug infusion.This platform represents a significant advancement in neuropharmacological research and therapeutic delivery for central nervous system disorders.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2402501,2022YFB3205602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62121003,T2293730,T2293731,62333020,62171434,and 62471291)+3 种基金the Major Program of Scientific and Technical Innovation 2030(2021ZD02016030)the Joint Foundation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.8091A170201)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.PTYQ2024BJ0009)the National Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(F252069)。
文摘Flexible deep brain neural interfaces,as an important research direction in the field of neural engineering,have broad application prospects in areas such as neural signal detection,treatment of neurological diseases,and intelligent control systems.However,chronic inflammatory responses caused by longterm implantation and the resulting electrode failure seriously hinder the clinical development of this technology.This review systematically explores the long-term stability issues of flexible deep brain neural interfaces,with a focus on analyzing the synergistic optimization of electrode geometric morphology and implantation strategies in regulating inflammatory responses.Additionally,this paper delves into innovative strategies,such as passive enhancement of biocompatibility through electrode surface functionalization and active inhibition of inflammation through drug-controlled release systems,offering new technical paths to extend electrode lifespan.By integrating and reviewing existing innovative methods for deep brain flexible electrodes,this study provides an important theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of high-stability neural interface devices.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(NRF-2022R1C1C1010422,RS-2023-00217893,and NRF 2020R1C1C1010505)。
文摘Increasing the proximity of microelectrode arrays(MEA)to targeted neural tissues can establish efficient neural interfaces for both recording and stimulation applications.This has been achieved by constructing protruding three-dimensional(3D)structures on top of conventional planar microelectrodes via additional micromachining steps.However,this approach adds fabrication complexities and limits the 3D structures to certain shapes.We propose a one-step fabrication of MEAs with versatile microscopic 3D structures via“microelectrothermoforming(μETF)”of thermoplastics,by utilizing 3D-printed molds to locally deform planar MEAs into protruding and recessing shapes.Electromechanical optimization enabled a 3D MEA with 80μm protrusions and/or recession for 100μm diameter.Its simple and versatile shaping capabilities are demonstrated by diverse 3D structures on a single MEA.The benefits of 3D MEA are evaluated in retinal stimulation through numerical simulations and ex vivo experiments,confirming a threshold lowered by 1.7 times and spatial resolution enhanced by 2.2 times.
基金supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2022-NR069917,RS-2024-00416319)in part by the‘DGIST intramural grant’(25-IRJoint-03)+1 种基金in part by an Ideas Grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC)of Australia(APP1188414)in part by the Interdisciplinary Research Initiatives Program from College of Engineering and College of Medicine,Seoul National University(grant no.800-20240490).
文摘Transparent electro-optical neural interfacing technologies offer simultaneous high-spatial-resolution microscopic imaging,and high-temporal-resolution electrical recording and stimulation.However,fabricating transparent,flexible,and mechanically robust neural electrodes with high electrochemical performance remains challenging.In this study,we fabricated transparent(72.7%at 570 nm),mechanically robust(0.05%resistance change after 50k bending cycles)ultrathin Au microelectrodes for micro-electrocorticography(µECoG)using a hexadentate metal-polymer ligand bonding with an EDTA/PSS seed layer.These transparentµECoG arrays,fabricated with biocompatible gold,exhibit excellent electrochemical properties(0.73Ω·cm^(2))for neural recording and stimulation with long-term stability.We recorded brain surface waves in vivo,maintaining a low baseline noise and a high signalto-noise ratio during acute and two-week recordings.In addition,we successfully performed optogenetic modulation without light-induced artifacts at 7.32 mW/mm^(2)laser power density.This approach shows great potential for scalable,implantable neural electrodes and wearable optoelectronic devices in digital healthcare systems.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81927804(to GL),82260456(to LY),U21A20479(to LY)Science and Technology Planning Project of Shenzhen,No.JCYJ20230807140559047(to LY)+3 种基金Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,No.2020B0909020004(to GL)Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Foundation,No.2023A1515011478(to LY)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province,No.2022A0505090007(to GL)Ministry of Science and Technology,Shenzhen,No.QN2022032013L(to LY)。
文摘Neural machine interface technology is a pioneering approach that aims to address the complex challenges of neurological dysfunctions and disabilities resulting from conditions such as congenital disorders,traumatic injuries,and neurological diseases.Neural machine interface technology establishes direct connections with the brain or peripheral nervous system to restore impaired motor,sensory,and cognitive functions,significantly improving patients'quality of life.This review analyzes the chronological development and integration of various neural machine interface technologies,including regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces,targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation,agonist–antagonist myoneural interfaces,and brain–machine interfaces.Recent advancements in flexible electronics and bioengineering have led to the development of more biocompatible and highresolution electrodes,which enhance the performance and longevity of neural machine interface technology.However,significant challenges remain,such as signal interference,fibrous tissue encapsulation,and the need for precise anatomical localization and reconstruction.The integration of advanced signal processing algorithms,particularly those utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning,has the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of neural signal interpretation,which will make neural machine interface technologies more intuitive and effective.These technologies have broad,impactful clinical applications,ranging from motor restoration and sensory feedback in prosthetics to neurological disorder treatment and neurorehabilitation.This review suggests that multidisciplinary collaboration will play a critical role in advancing neural machine interface technologies by combining insights from biomedical engineering,clinical surgery,and neuroengineering to develop more sophisticated and reliable interfaces.By addressing existing limitations and exploring new technological frontiers,neural machine interface technologies have the potential to revolutionize neuroprosthetics and neurorehabilitation,promising enhanced mobility,independence,and quality of life for individuals with neurological impairments.By leveraging detailed anatomical knowledge and integrating cutting-edge neuroengineering principles,researchers and clinicians can push the boundaries of what is possible and create increasingly sophisticated and long-lasting prosthetic devices that provide sustained benefits for users.
文摘Engineered functional neural interfaces （fNIs） serve as essential abiotic-biotic transducers between an engineered system and the nervous system. They convert external physical stimuli to cellular signals in stimulation mode or read out biological processes in recording mode. Information can be exchanged using electricity, light, magnetic fields, mechanical forces, heat, or chemical signals. fNIs have found applications for studying processes in neural circuits from cell cultures to organs to whole organisms, fNI-facilitated signal transduction schemes, coupled with easily manipulable and observable external physical signals, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. This enticing field is rapidly evolving toward miniaturization and biomimicry to achieve long-term interface stability with great signal transduction efficiency. Not only has a new generation of neuroelectrodes been invented, but the use of advanced fNIs that explore other physical modalities of neuromodulation and recording has begun to increase. This review covers these exciting developments and applications of fNIs that rely on nanoelectrodes, nanotransducers, or bionanotransducers to establish an interface with the nervous system. These nano fNIs are promising in offering a high spatial resolution, high target specificity, and high communication bandwidth by allowing for a high density and count of signal channels with minimum material volume and area to dramatically improve the chronic integration of the fNI to the target neural tissue. Such demanding advances in nano fNIs will greatly facilitate new opportunities not only for studying basic neuroscience but also for diagnosing and treating various neurological diseases.
文摘Aim:Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established,but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses.The validity of interfacing technologies,such as the Osseointegrated Neural Interface(ONI),in their ability to provide communication between native nerves and advanced prosthetics is required,necessitating a stable,longitudinal large animal model for testing.The objective of this study is to provide a detailed anatomic description of the major nerves distal to the carpal and tarsal joints,informing the creation of a chronic ONI for prosthetic control in sheep.Methods:Six pelvic and six thoracic cadaveric limbs from mature female,non-lactating sheep were utilized.Radiographs were obtained to determine average bone length,medullary canal diameter,and cortical bone thickness.Microsurgical dissection was performed to discern topographical neuroanatomy and average circumferences of the major nerves of the pelvic and thoracic limbs.Histologic analysis was performed.A surgical approach for the creation of ONI was designed.Results:Average metacarpal and metatarsal length was 15.0 cm(±0.0)and 19.7 cm(±1.0),respectively.Average intramedullary canal diameter was 12.91 mm(±3.69)for forelimbs and 12.60 mm(±3.69)for hindlimbs.The thoracic limb nerves consisted of one dorsal and three ventral nerves,with an average circumference of 5.14 mm(±2.00)and 5.05 mm(±1.06),respectively.Pelvic limb nerves consisted of two dorsal and one ventral nerve with an average circumference of 6.27 mm(±1.79)and 5.40 mm(±0.53),respectively.Conclusions:These anatomic data inform the surgical approach and manufacture of a sensory ONI for chronic testing in awake,freely ambulating animals for future clinical translation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFA1201302 and 2021YFA1201300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52303033,52173029)+1 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(No.23YF1400400)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.21ZR1400500).
文摘Optogenetic has been widely applied in various pathogenesis investigations of neuropathic diseases since its accurate and targeted regulation of neuronal activity.However,due to the mismatch between the soft tissues and the optical waveguide,the long-term neural regulation within soft tissue(such as brain and spinal cord)by implantable optical fibers is a large challenge.Herein,we designed a modulus selfadaptive hydrogel optical fiber(MSHOF)with tunable mechanical properties(Young’modulus was tunable in the range of 0.32-10.56MPa)and low light attenuation(0.12-0.21 dB/cm,472nm laser light),which adapts to light transmission under soft tissues.These advantages of MSHOF can ensure the effectiveness of optogenetic stimulation meanwhile safeguarding the safety of the brain/materials interaction interface.In addition,this work provides more design possibilities of MSHOF for photogenetic stimuli and has significant application prospects in photomedical therapy.
基金support from the Alzheimer’s Association New to the Field(AARG-NTF)research grant,DAPRA REM REST program,UT Austin Proof of Concept Award,Texas Health Catalyst Award,and NIH Maximizing Investigators’Research Award(MIRA)(R35)grant(Grant Number:5R35GM147408-03).
文摘The integration of wearable neural interfaces(WNIs)with the human nervous system has marked a significant progression,enabling progress in medical treatments and technology integration.Hydrogels,distinguished by their high-water content,low interfacial impedance,conductivity,adhesion,and mechanical compliance,effectively address the rigidity and biocompatibility issues common in traditional materials.This review highlights their important parameters-biocompatibility,interfacial impedance,conductivity,and adhesiveness-that are integral to their function in WNIs.The applications of hydrogels in wearable neural recording and neurostimulation are discussed in detail.Finally,the opportunities and challenges faced by hydrogels for WNIs are summarized and prospected.This review aims to offer a thorough examination of hydrogel technology’s present landscape and to encourage continued exploration and innovation.As developments progress,hydrogels are poised to revolutionize wearable neural interfaces,offering significant enhancements in healthcare and technological applications.
基金supported in part by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) (EB006433, EY023101, EB008389,and HL117664)the US National Science Foundation (NSF) (CBET1450956, CBET-1264782, and DGE-1069104),to Bin He
文摘In this paper, we review the current state- of-the-art techniques used for understanding the inner workings of the brain at a systems level. The neural activity that governs our everyday lives involves an intricate coordination of many processes that can be attributed to a variety of brain regions. On the surface, many of these functions can appear to be controlled by specific anatomical structures; however, in reality, numerous dynamic networks within the brain contribute to its function through an interconnected web of neuronal and synaptic pathways. The brain, in its healthy or pathological state, can therefore be best understood by taking a systems-level approach. While numerous neuroengineering technologies exist, we focus here on three major thrusts in the field of systems neuroengineering： neuroimaging, neural interfacing, and neuromodulation. Neuroimaging enables us to delineate the structural and functional organization of the brain, which is key in understanding how the neural system functions in both normal and disease states. Based on such knowledge, devices can be used either to communicate with the neural system, as in neural interface systems, or to modulate brain activity, as in neuromodulation systems. The consideration of these three fields is key to the development and application of neuro-devices. Feedback-based neuro-devices require the ability to sense neural activity （via a neuroimaging modality） through a neural interface （invasive or noninvasive） and ultimately to select a set of stimulation parameters in order to alter neural function via a neuromodulation modality. Systems neuroengineering refers to the use of engineering tools and technologies to image, decode, and modulate the brain in order to comprehend its functions and to repair its dysfunction. Interactions between these fields will help to shape the future of systems neuroengineering--to develop neurotechniques for enhancing the understanding of whole- brain function and dysfunction, and the management of neurological and mental disorders.
基金supported by the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research,No.2022-2-2072(to YG).
文摘Artificial intelligence can be indirectly applied to the repair of peripheral nerve injury.Specifically,it can be used to analyze and process data regarding peripheral nerve injury and repair,while study findings on peripheral nerve injury and repair can provide valuable data to enrich artificial intelligence algorithms.To investigate advances in the use of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis,rehabilitation,and scientific examination of peripheral nerve injury,we used CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to analyze the relevant literature included in the Web of Science from 1994–2023.We identified the following research hotspots in peripheral nerve injury and repair:(1)diagnosis,classification,and prognostic assessment of peripheral nerve injury using neuroimaging and artificial intelligence techniques,such as corneal confocal microscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy;(2)motion control and rehabilitation following peripheral nerve injury using artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms,such as wearable devices and assisted wheelchair systems;(3)improving the accuracy and effectiveness of peripheral nerve electrical stimulation therapy using artificial intelligence techniques combined with deep learning,such as implantable peripheral nerve interfaces;(4)the application of artificial intelligence technology to brain-machine interfaces for disabled patients and those with reduced mobility,enabling them to control devices such as networked hand prostheses;(5)artificial intelligence robots that can replace doctors in certain procedures during surgery or rehabilitation,thereby reducing surgical risk and complications,and facilitating postoperative recovery.Although artificial intelligence has shown many benefits and potential applications in peripheral nerve injury and repair,there are some limitations to this technology,such as the consequences of missing or imbalanced data,low data accuracy and reproducibility,and ethical issues(e.g.,privacy,data security,research transparency).Future research should address the issue of data collection,as large-scale,high-quality clinical datasets are required to establish effective artificial intelligence models.Multimodal data processing is also necessary,along with interdisciplinary collaboration,medical-industrial integration,and multicenter,large-sample clinical studies.
文摘The article consists of two parts.Part I shows the possibility of quantum/soft computing optimizers of knowledge bases(QSCOptKB™)as the toolkit of quantum deep machine learning technology implementation in the solution’s search of intelligent cognitive control tasks applied the cognitive helmet as neurointerface.In particular case,the aim of this part is to demonstrate the possibility of classifying the mental states of a human being operator in on line with knowledge extraction from electroencephalograms based on SCOptKB™and QCOptKB™sophisticated toolkit.Application of soft computing technologies to identify objective indicators of the psychophysiological state of an examined person described.The role and necessity of applying intelligent information technologies development based on computational intelligence toolkits in the task of objective estimation of a general psychophysical state of a human being operator shown.Developed information technology examined with special(difficult in diagnostic practice)examples emotion state estimation of autism children(ASD)and dementia and background of the knowledge bases design for intelligent robot of service use is it.Application of cognitive intelligent control in navigation of autonomous robot for avoidance of obstacles demonstrated.
基金supported by grants from the National Innovation Platform Develop-ment Program(No.2020021105012440)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82172524,81974355)+1 种基金the Major Pro-gram of Hubei Province(No.2023BAA005)Key Research and Devel-opment Program Project of Hubei Province(NO.2021BEA161).
文摘Neural network functionality depends on the signaling of excitable cells and intricate synaptic connections,which collectively promote advanced functions of the brain,such as perception,motor control,and cognition.Neurological diseases may cause changes in the structure and connection patterns of neural networks,thereby leading to loss of motor and sensory functions.Neural interfaces are dependable tools for recording or stimu-lating neural circuit dynamics,but conventional neural implants do not align with the physicochemical char-acteristics of living tissues,resulting in eventual failure of these interface devices.These challenges in neuroengineering have spurred progress in materials science.In this account,we explore the interaction mechanisms between electrodes and biological tissues,offering strategies to meet the electrochemical and biocompatibility demands of bioelectronic interfaces in engineering,with an emphasis on the structural design and manufacturing technologies of implantable devices.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61076023,61275200,31070965)the National Basic Research Program of China("973" project)(Grant No.2011CB933203)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China("863" Project)(Grant No.2012AA030308)
文摘A prototype of hybrid neural recording interface has been developed for extracellular neural recording. It consists of a silicon-based plane microelectrode array and a CMOS low noise neural amplifier chip. The neural amplifier chip is designed and implemented in 0.18 μm N-well CMOS 1P6M technology. The area of the neural preamplifier is only 0.042 mm2 with a gain of 48.3 dB. The input equivalent noise is 4.73 btVrms within pass bands of 4 kHz. To avoid cable tethering for high dense mul- tichannel neural recording interface and make it compact, flip-chip bonding is used to integrate the preamplifier chip and the microelectrode together. The hybrid device measures 3 mm×5.5 mm×330μm, which is convenient for implant or in-vivo neu- ral recording. The hybrid device was testified in in-vivo experiment. Neural signals were recorded from hippocampus region of anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats successfully.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation(NRF)CRP project‘Peripheral Nerve Prostheses:A Paradigm Shift in Restoring Dexterous Limb Function’(NRF-CRP10-2012-01,R-719-000-001-281)the NRF CRP project‘Self-Powered Body Sensor Network for Disease Management and Prevention Oriented Healthcare’(NRF-CRP8-2011-01,R-263-000-A27-281).
文摘The neural interface is a key component in wireless brain–computer prostheses.In this study,we demonstrate that a unique three-dimensional(3D)microneedle electrode on a flexible mesh substrate,which can be fabricated without complicated micromachining techniques,is conformal to the tissues with minimal invasiveness.Furthermore,we demonstrate that it can be applied to different functional layers in the nervous system without length limitation.The microneedle electrode is fabricated using drawing lithography technology from biocompatible materials.In this approach,the profile of a 3D microneedle electrode array is determined by the design of a two-dimensional(2D)pattern on the mask,which can be used to access different functional layers in different locations of the brain.Due to the sufficient stiffness of the electrode and the excellent flexibility of the mesh substrate,the electrode can penetrate into the tissue with its bottom layer fully conformal to the curved brain surface.Then,the exposed contact at the end of the microneedle electrode can successfully acquire neural signals from the brain.
基金supported by the Hospital-level scientific research fund of Yunfu People’s Hospital(A20231006)the Start-Up Fund for Introduced Talents and Scientific Research at Beijing Normal University(28709-312200502501)+11 种基金Overseas Expert Project of Guangdong Province(30802-110690303)National major project of brain science and brain-like research(2021ZD0204300)National major scientific research instrument development project(61827811)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22407015)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515012271)Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program(2023QN10Y223)the start-up funding from Beijing Normal University(312200502504)Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(FDCT 0020/2019/AMJ and FDCT 0048/2021/AGJ)University of Macao(MYRGGRG2023-00038-FHS and MYRG2022-00054-FHS)Higher Education Fund of Macao SAR Government Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(EF017/FHS-YZ/2021/GDST)the Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(FDCT 0014/2024/RIB1)Science Foundation of High-Level Talents of Wuyi University(2021AL002).
文摘The growing demand for advanced neural interfaces that enable precise brain monitoring and modulation has catalyzed significant research into flexible,biocompatible,and highly conductive materials.PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectronic materials exhibit high conductivity,mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,making them particularly suitable for integration into neural devices for brain science research.These materials facilitate high-resolution neural activity monitoring and provide precise electrical stimulation across diverse modalities.This review comprehensively examines recent advances in the development of PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectrodes for brain monitoring and modulation,with a focus on strategies to enhance their conductivity,biocompatibility,and long-term stability.Furthermore,it highlights the integration of multifunctional neural interfaces that enable synchronous stimulation-recording architectures,hybrid electro-optical stimulation modalities,and multimodal brain activity monitoring.These integrations enable fundamentally advancing the precision and clinical translatability of brain–computer interfaces.By addressing critical challenges related to efficacy,integration,safety,and clinical translation,this review identifies key opportunities for advancing next-generation neural devices.The insights presented are vital for guiding future research directions in the field and fostering the development of cutting-edge bioelectronic technologies for neuroscience and clinical applications.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science&ICT(MSIT)and the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE)of Korea through the National Research Foundation(Nos.2019R1A2B5B03069358 and 2016R1A5A1009926)the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program(No.2018M3A9F1021649)+4 种基金the Nano Material Technology Development Program(No.2016M3A7B4910635)Sejong Science Fellowship(No.2021R1 ClC2008657)the Technology Innovation Program(Nos.20010366 and 20013621,Center for Super Critical Material Industrial Technology)the authors thank financial support by the Institute for Basic Science(No.IBS-R026-D1)the Research Program(No.2019-22-0228)funded by Yonsei University.
文摘The brain is actuated by billions of neurons with trillions of interconnections that regulate human behaviors.Understanding the mechanisms of these systems that induce sensory reactions and respond to disease remains one of the greatest challenges in science,engineering,and medicine.Recent advances in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have led to the extensive research of electronic devices for brain interfaces to better understand the neural activities of the brains complex nervous system.The development of sensor devices for monitoring the physiological signals of the brain related to traumatic injury status has accompanied by the progress of electronic neural probes in parallel.In addition,these neurological and stereotactic surgical revolutions hold immense potential for clinical analysis of pharmacological systems within cerebral tissues.Here,we review the progress of electronic devices interfacing with brain in terms of the materials,fabrication technologies,and device designs.Neurophysiological activity can be measured and modulated by brain probes based on newly developed nanofabrication methodologies.Furthermore,in vivo pathological monitoring of the brain and pharmacological assessment has been developed in miniaturized and wireless form.We also consider the key challenges and prospects for further development,and explore the future directions emerging in the latest research.
