With the rapid development of intelligent cyber-physical systems(ICPS),diverse services with varying Quality of Service(QoS)requirements have brought great challenges to traditional network resource allocation.Further...With the rapid development of intelligent cyber-physical systems(ICPS),diverse services with varying Quality of Service(QoS)requirements have brought great challenges to traditional network resource allocation.Furthermore,given the open environment and a multitude of devices,enhancing the security of ICPS is an urgent concern.To address these issues,this paper proposes a novel trusted virtual network embedding(T-VNE)approach for ICPS based combining blockchain and edge computing technologies.Additionally,the proposed algorithm leverages a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)model to optimize decision-making processes.It employs the policygradient-based agent to compute candidate embedding nodes and utilizes a breadth-first search(BFS)algorithm to determine the optimal embedding paths.Finally,through simulation experiments,the efficacy of the proposed method was validated,demonstrating outstanding performance in terms of security,revenue generation,and virtual network request(VNR)acceptance rate.展开更多
Container-based virtualization technology has been more widely used in edge computing environments recently due to its advantages of lighter resource occupation, faster startup capability, and better resource utilizat...Container-based virtualization technology has been more widely used in edge computing environments recently due to its advantages of lighter resource occupation, faster startup capability, and better resource utilization efficiency. To meet the diverse needs of tasks, it usually needs to instantiate multiple network functions in the form of containers interconnect various generated containers to build a Container Cluster(CC). Then CCs will be deployed on edge service nodes with relatively limited resources. However, the increasingly complex and timevarying nature of tasks brings great challenges to optimal placement of CC. This paper regards the charges for various resources occupied by providing services as revenue, the service efficiency and energy consumption as cost, thus formulates a Mixed Integer Programming(MIP) model to describe the optimal placement of CC on edge service nodes. Furthermore, an Actor-Critic based Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL) incorporating Graph Convolutional Networks(GCN) framework named as RL-GCN is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The framework obtains an optimal placement strategy through self-learning according to the requirements and objectives of the placement of CC. Particularly, through the introduction of GCN, the features of the association relationship between multiple containers in CCs can be effectively extracted to improve the quality of placement.The experiment results show that under different scales of service nodes and task requests, the proposed method can obtain the improved system performance in terms of placement error ratio, time efficiency of solution output and cumulative system revenue compared with other representative baseline methods.展开更多
This paper presents a space network emulation system based on a user-space network stack named Nos to solve space networks'unique architecture and routing issues and kernel stacks'inefficiency and development ...This paper presents a space network emulation system based on a user-space network stack named Nos to solve space networks'unique architecture and routing issues and kernel stacks'inefficiency and development complexity.Our low Earth orbit satellite scenario emulation verifies the dynamic routing function of the protocol stack.The proposed system uses technologies like Open vSwitch(OVS)and traffic control(TC)to emulate the space network's highly dynamic topology and time-varying link characteristics.The emulation results demonstrate the system's high reliability,and the user-space network stack reduces development complexity and debugging difficulty,providing convenience for the development of space network protocols and network functions.展开更多
In optical metro-access networks,Access Points(APs)and Data Centers(DCs)are located on the fiber ring.In the cloud-centric solution,a large number of Internet of Things(IoT)data pose an enormous burden on DCs,so the V...In optical metro-access networks,Access Points(APs)and Data Centers(DCs)are located on the fiber ring.In the cloud-centric solution,a large number of Internet of Things(IoT)data pose an enormous burden on DCs,so the Virtual Machines(VMs)cannot be successfully launched due to the server overload.In addition,transferring the data from the AP to the remote DC may cause an undesirable delivery delay.For this end,we propose a promising solution considering the interplay between the cloud DC and edge APs.More specifically,bringing the partial capability of computing in APs close to things can reduce the pressure of DCs while guaranteeing the expected Quality of Service(QoS).In this work,when the cloud DC resource becomes limited,especially for delay sensitive but not computing-dependent IoT applications,we degrade their VMs and migrate them to edge APs instead of the remote DC.To avoid excessive VM degradation and computing offloading,we derive appropriate VM degradation coefficients based on classic microeconomic theory.Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms improve the service providers'utility with the ratio from 34%to 89%over traditional cloud-centric solutions.展开更多
Network virtualization is the development trend and inevitable requirement of hybrid wireless sensor networks(HWSNs).Low mapping efficiency and service interruption caused by mobility seriously affect the reliability ...Network virtualization is the development trend and inevitable requirement of hybrid wireless sensor networks(HWSNs).Low mapping efficiency and service interruption caused by mobility seriously affect the reliability of sensing tasks and ultimately affect the long-term revenue of the infrastructure providers.In response to these problems,this paper proposes an efficient virtual network embedding algorithm with a reliable service guarantee.Based on the topological attributes of nodes,a method for evaluating the physical network resource importance degree is proposed,and the nodes with rich resources are selected to improve embedding efficiency.Then,a method for evaluating the physical network reliability degree is proposed to predict the probability of mobile sensors providing uninterrupted services.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the acceptance rate of virtual sensor networks(VSN)embedding requests and the long-term revenue of the infrastructure providers.展开更多
Network virtualization(NV) is considered as an enabling tool to remove the gradual ossification of current Internet. In the network virtualization environment, a set of heterogeneous virtual networks(VNs), isolated fr...Network virtualization(NV) is considered as an enabling tool to remove the gradual ossification of current Internet. In the network virtualization environment, a set of heterogeneous virtual networks(VNs), isolated from each other, share the underlying resources of one or multiple substrate networks(SNs) according to the resource allocation strategy. This kind of resource allocation strategy is commonly known as so called Virtual Network Embedding(VNE) algorithm in network virtualization. Owing to the common sense that VNE problem is NP-hard in nature, most of VNE algorithms proposed in the literature are heuristic. This paper surveys and analyzes a number of representative heuristic solutions in the literature. Apart from the analysis of representative heuristic solutions, a taxonomy of the heuristic solutions is also presented in the form of table. Future research directions of VNE, especially for the heuristics, are emphasized and highlighted at the end of this survey.展开更多
Software-Defined Network(SDN)empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow,Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies.With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services,the Internet an...Software-Defined Network(SDN)empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow,Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies.With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services,the Internet and Mobile Networks go to the convergence.Mobile Networks can also get benefits from the SDN evolution to fulfill the 5th Generation(5G)capacity booming.The article implements SDN into Frameless Network Architecture(FNA)for 5G Mobile Network evolution with proposed Mobile-oriented OpenFlow Protocol(MOFP).The Control Plane/User Plane(CP/UP)separation and adaptation strategy is proposed to support the User-Centric scenario in FNA.The traditional Base Station is separated with Central Processing Entity(CPE)and Antenna Element(AE)to perform the OpenFlow and Network Virtualization.The AEs are released as new resources for serving users.The mobile-oriented Service Slicing with different Quality of Service(QoS)classification is proposed and Resource Pooling based Virtualized Radio Resource Management(VRRM)is optimized for the Service Slicing strategy with resource-limited feature in Mobile Networks.The capacity gains are provided to show the merits of SDN based FNA.And the MiniNet based Trial Network with Service Slicing is implemented with experimental results.展开更多
The virtual network embedding/mapping problem is an important issue in network virtualization in Software-Defined Networking(SDN).It is mainly concerned with mapping virtual network requests,which could be a set of SD...The virtual network embedding/mapping problem is an important issue in network virtualization in Software-Defined Networking(SDN).It is mainly concerned with mapping virtual network requests,which could be a set of SDN flows,onto a shared substrate network automatically and efficiently.Previous researches mainly focus on developing heuristic algorithms for general topology virtual network.In practice however,the virtual network is usually generated with specific topology for specific purpose.Thus,it is a challenge to optimize the heuristic algorithms with these topology information.In order to deal with this problem,we propose a topology-cognitive algorithm framework,which is composed of a guiding principle for topology algorithm developing and a compound algorithm.The compound algorithm is composed of several subalgorithms,which are optimized for specific topologies.We develop star,tree,and ring topology algorithms as examples,other subalgorithms can be easily achieved following the same framework.The simulation results show that the topology-cognitive algorithm framework is effective in developing new topology algorithms,and the developed compound algorithm greatly enhances the performance of the Revenue/Cost(R/C) ratio and the Runtime than traditional heuristic algorithms for multi-topology virtual network embedding problem.展开更多
As a key technology to realize smart services of Internet of Things(Io T),network virtualization technology can support the network diversification and ubiquity,and improve the utilization rate of network resources.Th...As a key technology to realize smart services of Internet of Things(Io T),network virtualization technology can support the network diversification and ubiquity,and improve the utilization rate of network resources.This paper studies the service-oriented network virtualization architecture for Io T services.Firstly the semantic description method for Io T services is proposed,then the resource representation model and resource management model in the environment of network virtualization are presented.Based on the above models,the service-oriented virtual network architecture for Io T is established.Finally,a smart campus system is designed and deployed based on the service-oriented virtual network architecture.Moreover,the proposed architecture and models are verified in experiments.展开更多
Network virtualization(NV)is a highprofile way to solve the ossification problem of the nowadays Internet,and be able to support the diversified network naturally.In NV,Virtual Network Embedding(VNE)problem has been w...Network virtualization(NV)is a highprofile way to solve the ossification problem of the nowadays Internet,and be able to support the diversified network naturally.In NV,Virtual Network Embedding(VNE)problem has been widely considered as a crucial issue,which is aimed to embed Virtual Networks(VNs)onto the shared substrate networks(SNs)efficiently.Recently,some VNE approaches have developed Node Ranking strategies to drive and enhance the embedding efficiency.Node Ranking Strategy rank/sort the nodes according to the attributes of the node,including both residual local attributes(CPU,Bandwidth,storage,Etc.)and the global topology attributes(Number of neighborhood Nodes,Delay to other nodes,Etc.).This paper presents an overview of Node Ranking Strategies in Virtual Network Embedding,and possible directions of VNE Node Ranking Strategy.展开更多
Network virtualization(NV) is pushed forward by its proponents as a crucial attribute of next generation network, aiming at overcoming the gradual ossification of current networks, particularly to the worldwide Intern...Network virtualization(NV) is pushed forward by its proponents as a crucial attribute of next generation network, aiming at overcoming the gradual ossification of current networks, particularly to the worldwide Internet. Through virtualization, multiple customized virtual networks(VNs), requested by users, are allowed to coexist on the underlying substrate networks(SNs). In addition, the virtualization scheme contributes to sharing underlying physical resources simultaneously and seamlessly. However, multiple technical issues still stand in the way of NV successful implementation. One key technical issue is virtual network embedding(VNE), known as the resource allocation problem for NV. This paper conducts a survey of embedding algorithms for VNE problem. At first, the NV business model for VNE problem is presented. Then, the latest VNE problem description is presented. Main performance metrics for evaluating embedding algorithms are also involved. Afterwards, existing VNE algorithms are detailed, according to the novel proposed category approach. Next, key future research aspects of embedding algorithms are listed out. Finally, the paper is briefly concluded.展开更多
Network virtualization is known as a promising technology to tackle the ossification of current Internet and will play an important role in the future network area. Virtual network embedding(VNE) is a key issue in net...Network virtualization is known as a promising technology to tackle the ossification of current Internet and will play an important role in the future network area. Virtual network embedding(VNE) is a key issue in network virtualization. VNE is NP-hard and former VNE algorithms are mostly heuristic in the literature.VNE exact algorithms have been developed in recent years. However, the constraints of exact VNE are only node capacity and link bandwidth.Based on these, this paper presents an exact VNE algorithm, ILP-LC, which is based on Integer Linear Programming(ILP), for embedding virtual network request with location constraints. This novel algorithm is aiming at mapping virtual network request(VNR) successfully as many as possible and consuming less substrate resources.The topology of each VNR is randomly generated by Waxman model. Simulation results show that the proposed ILP-LC algorithm outperforms the typical heuristic algorithms in terms of the VNR acceptance ratio, at least 15%.展开更多
In order to reduce cost and complexity,fiber-wireless(FiWi)networks emerge,combining the huge amount of available bandwidth of fiber networks and the flexibility,mobility of wireless networks.However,there is still a ...In order to reduce cost and complexity,fiber-wireless(FiWi)networks emerge,combining the huge amount of available bandwidth of fiber networks and the flexibility,mobility of wireless networks.However,there is still a long way to go before taking fiber and wireless systems as fully integrated networks.In this paper,we propose a network visualization based seamless networking scheme for FiWi networks,including hierarchical model,service model,service implementation and dynamic bandwidth assignment(DBA).Then,we evaluate the performance changes after network virtualization is introduced.Throughput for nodes,bandwidth for links and overheads leaded by network virtualization are analyzed.The performance of our proposed networking scheme is evaluated by simulation and real implementations,respectively.The results show that,compared to traditional networking scheme,our scheme has a better performance.展开更多
The evolution of airborne tactical networks(ATNs)is impeded by the network ossification problem.As a solution,network virtualization(NV)can provide a flexible and scalable architecture where virtual network embedding(...The evolution of airborne tactical networks(ATNs)is impeded by the network ossification problem.As a solution,network virtualization(NV)can provide a flexible and scalable architecture where virtual network embedding(VNE)is a key part.However,existing VNE algorithms cannot be optimally adopted in the virtualization of ATN due to the complex interference in aircombat field.In this context,a highly reliable VNE algorithm based on the transmission rate for ATN virtualization(TR-ATVNE)is proposed to adapt well to the specific electromagnetic environment of ATN.Our algorithm coordinates node and link mapping.In the node mapping,transmission-rate resource is firstly defined to effectively evaluate the ranking value of substrate nodes under the interference of both environmental noises and enemy attacks.Meanwhile,a feasible splitting rule is proposed for path splitting in the link mapping,considering the interference between wireless links.Simulation results reveal that our algorithm is able to improve the acceptance ratio of virtual network requests while maintaining a high revenue-to-cost ratio under the complex electromagnetic interference.展开更多
In recent years,satellite networks have been proposed as an essential part of next-generation mobile communication systems.Software defined networking techniques are introduced in satellite networks to handle the grow...In recent years,satellite networks have been proposed as an essential part of next-generation mobile communication systems.Software defined networking techniques are introduced in satellite networks to handle the growing challenges induced by time-varying topology,intermittent inter-satellite link and dramatically increased satellite constellation size.This survey covers the latest progress of software defined satellite networks,including key techniques,existing solutions,challenges,opportunities,and simulation tools.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the most comprehensive survey that covers the latest progress of software defined satellite networks.An open GitHub repository is further created where the latest papers on this topic will be tracked and updated periodically.Compared with these existing surveys,this survey contributes from three aspects:(1)an up-to-date SDN-oriented review for the latest progress of key techniques and solutions in software defined satellite networks;(2)an inspiring summary of existing challenges,new research opportunities and publicly available simulation tools for follow-up studies;(3)an effort of building a public repository to track new results.展开更多
The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex vi...The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex virtual network work oriented to the cross-domain requirement. In this paper, we focus on the multi-domain virtual network embedding in a heterogeneous 5G network infrastructure, which facilitates the resource sharing for diverse-function demands from fixed/mobile end users. We proposed the mathematical ILP model for this problem.And based on the layered-substrate-resource auxiliary graph and an effective six-quadrant service-type-judgment method, 5G embedding demands can be classified accurately to match different user access densities. A collection of novel heuristic algorithms of virtual 5G network embedding are proposed. A great deal of numerical simulation results testified that our algorithm performed better in terms of average blocking rate, routing latency and wireless/wired resource utilization, compared with the benchmark.展开更多
Virtual network embedding problem which is NP-hard is a key issue for implementing software-defined network which is brought about by network virtualization.Compared with other studies which focus on designing heurist...Virtual network embedding problem which is NP-hard is a key issue for implementing software-defined network which is brought about by network virtualization.Compared with other studies which focus on designing heuristic algorithms to reduce the hardness of the NP-hard problem we propose a robust VNE algorithm based on component connectivity in large-scale network.We distinguish the different components and embed VN requests onto them respectively.And k-core is applied to identify different VN topologies so that the VN request can be embedded onto its corresponding component.On the other hand,load balancing is also considered in this paper.It could avoid blocked or bottlenecked area of substrate network.Simulation experiments show that compared with other algorithms in large-scale network,acceptance ratio,average revenue and robustness can be obviously improved by our algorithm and average cost can be reduced.It also shows the relationship between the component connectivity including giant component and small components and the performance metrics.展开更多
The mainstream approaches to green networking are discussed first from the view of engineering,including resource consolidation,server virtualization,selective connectedness,and proportional computing.A brief introduc...The mainstream approaches to green networking are discussed first from the view of engineering,including resource consolidation,server virtualization,selective connectedness,and proportional computing.A brief introduction to network virtualization techniques is given then and a virtual node embedding approach is provided.Finally,three kinds of enhanced green networking schemes by network virtualization are proposed,that is enhancement to sever virtualization,resource consolidation and Adaptive Link Rate(ALR).Examples are included to show the virtue of network virtualization to green networking in terms of energy efficient communications.展开更多
Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified ne...Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified network lifecycle,and policies management.Network vulnerabilities try to modify services provided by Network Function Virtualization MANagement and Orchestration(NFV MANO),and malicious attacks in different scenarios disrupt the NFV Orchestrator(NFVO)and Virtualized Infrastructure Manager(VIM)lifecycle management related to network services or individual Virtualized Network Function(VNF).This paper proposes an anomaly detection mechanism that monitors threats in NFV MANO and manages promptly and adaptively to implement and handle security functions in order to enhance the quality of experience for end users.An anomaly detector investigates these identified risks and provides secure network services.It enables virtual network security functions and identifies anomalies in Kubernetes(a cloud-based platform).For training and testing purpose of the proposed approach,an intrusion-containing dataset is used that hold multiple malicious activities like a Smurf,Neptune,Teardrop,Pod,Land,IPsweep,etc.,categorized as Probing(Prob),Denial of Service(DoS),User to Root(U2R),and Remote to User(R2L)attacks.An anomaly detector is anticipated with the capabilities of a Machine Learning(ML)technique,making use of supervised learning techniques like Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naïve Bayes(NB),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The proposed framework has been evaluated by deploying the identified ML algorithm on a Jupyter notebook in Kubeflow to simulate Kubernetes for validation purposes.RF classifier has shown better outcomes(99.90%accuracy)than other classifiers in detecting anomalies/intrusions in the containerized environment.展开更多
The unique ways of information organization and dissemination was examined through the microblog and the real-name social network as the representatives of the new virtual social networks. In order to discuss the inte...The unique ways of information organization and dissemination was examined through the microblog and the real-name social network as the representatives of the new virtual social networks. In order to discuss the interrelation and interaction of the two dimensions-topic and user, a supernetwork model was established based on the supernetwork research method. Through the actual data, a supernetwork topology diagram and the changing rule of user participation were attained. And it was concluded that the key factor of dealing with emergent online public sentiment should start with affecting the opinions of key figures, whose opinions would further affect the public opinions.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62471493supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant ZR2023LZH017,ZR2024MF066。
文摘With the rapid development of intelligent cyber-physical systems(ICPS),diverse services with varying Quality of Service(QoS)requirements have brought great challenges to traditional network resource allocation.Furthermore,given the open environment and a multitude of devices,enhancing the security of ICPS is an urgent concern.To address these issues,this paper proposes a novel trusted virtual network embedding(T-VNE)approach for ICPS based combining blockchain and edge computing technologies.Additionally,the proposed algorithm leverages a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)model to optimize decision-making processes.It employs the policygradient-based agent to compute candidate embedding nodes and utilizes a breadth-first search(BFS)algorithm to determine the optimal embedding paths.Finally,through simulation experiments,the efficacy of the proposed method was validated,demonstrating outstanding performance in terms of security,revenue generation,and virtual network request(VNR)acceptance rate.
文摘Container-based virtualization technology has been more widely used in edge computing environments recently due to its advantages of lighter resource occupation, faster startup capability, and better resource utilization efficiency. To meet the diverse needs of tasks, it usually needs to instantiate multiple network functions in the form of containers interconnect various generated containers to build a Container Cluster(CC). Then CCs will be deployed on edge service nodes with relatively limited resources. However, the increasingly complex and timevarying nature of tasks brings great challenges to optimal placement of CC. This paper regards the charges for various resources occupied by providing services as revenue, the service efficiency and energy consumption as cost, thus formulates a Mixed Integer Programming(MIP) model to describe the optimal placement of CC on edge service nodes. Furthermore, an Actor-Critic based Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL) incorporating Graph Convolutional Networks(GCN) framework named as RL-GCN is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The framework obtains an optimal placement strategy through self-learning according to the requirements and objectives of the placement of CC. Particularly, through the introduction of GCN, the features of the association relationship between multiple containers in CCs can be effectively extracted to improve the quality of placement.The experiment results show that under different scales of service nodes and task requests, the proposed method can obtain the improved system performance in terms of placement error ratio, time efficiency of solution output and cumulative system revenue compared with other representative baseline methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62131012ZTE Industry-University-Institute Cooperation Funds under Grant No.IA20230712005。
文摘This paper presents a space network emulation system based on a user-space network stack named Nos to solve space networks'unique architecture and routing issues and kernel stacks'inefficiency and development complexity.Our low Earth orbit satellite scenario emulation verifies the dynamic routing function of the protocol stack.The proposed system uses technologies like Open vSwitch(OVS)and traffic control(TC)to emulate the space network's highly dynamic topology and time-varying link characteristics.The emulation results demonstrate the system's high reliability,and the user-space network stack reduces development complexity and debugging difficulty,providing convenience for the development of space network protocols and network functions.
基金supported by the Researchers Supporting Project of King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,under Project RSPD2025R681。
文摘In optical metro-access networks,Access Points(APs)and Data Centers(DCs)are located on the fiber ring.In the cloud-centric solution,a large number of Internet of Things(IoT)data pose an enormous burden on DCs,so the Virtual Machines(VMs)cannot be successfully launched due to the server overload.In addition,transferring the data from the AP to the remote DC may cause an undesirable delivery delay.For this end,we propose a promising solution considering the interplay between the cloud DC and edge APs.More specifically,bringing the partial capability of computing in APs close to things can reduce the pressure of DCs while guaranteeing the expected Quality of Service(QoS).In this work,when the cloud DC resource becomes limited,especially for delay sensitive but not computing-dependent IoT applications,we degrade their VMs and migrate them to edge APs instead of the remote DC.To avoid excessive VM degradation and computing offloading,we derive appropriate VM degradation coefficients based on classic microeconomic theory.Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms improve the service providers'utility with the ratio from 34%to 89%over traditional cloud-centric solutions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61901071,61871062,61771082,U20A20157)Science and Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(cstc2020jcyjzdxmX0024)+1 种基金University Innovation Research Group of Chongqing(CXQT20017)Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(No.KJZD-K201901301).
文摘Network virtualization is the development trend and inevitable requirement of hybrid wireless sensor networks(HWSNs).Low mapping efficiency and service interruption caused by mobility seriously affect the reliability of sensing tasks and ultimately affect the long-term revenue of the infrastructure providers.In response to these problems,this paper proposes an efficient virtual network embedding algorithm with a reliable service guarantee.Based on the topological attributes of nodes,a method for evaluating the physical network resource importance degree is proposed,and the nodes with rich resources are selected to improve embedding efficiency.Then,a method for evaluating the physical network reliability degree is proposed to predict the probability of mobile sensors providing uninterrupted services.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the acceptance rate of virtual sensor networks(VSN)embedding requests and the long-term revenue of the infrastructure providers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61372124 and 61401225the National Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20140894the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province under Grant KYCX17_0784
文摘Network virtualization(NV) is considered as an enabling tool to remove the gradual ossification of current Internet. In the network virtualization environment, a set of heterogeneous virtual networks(VNs), isolated from each other, share the underlying resources of one or multiple substrate networks(SNs) according to the resource allocation strategy. This kind of resource allocation strategy is commonly known as so called Virtual Network Embedding(VNE) algorithm in network virtualization. Owing to the common sense that VNE problem is NP-hard in nature, most of VNE algorithms proposed in the literature are heuristic. This paper surveys and analyzes a number of representative heuristic solutions in the literature. Apart from the analysis of representative heuristic solutions, a taxonomy of the heuristic solutions is also presented in the form of table. Future research directions of VNE, especially for the heuristics, are emphasized and highlighted at the end of this survey.
基金This material is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61001116 and 61121001Beijing Nova Programme No.Z131101000413030+1 种基金the National Major Project No.2013ZX03003002Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University No.IRT1049
文摘Software-Defined Network(SDN)empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow,Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies.With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services,the Internet and Mobile Networks go to the convergence.Mobile Networks can also get benefits from the SDN evolution to fulfill the 5th Generation(5G)capacity booming.The article implements SDN into Frameless Network Architecture(FNA)for 5G Mobile Network evolution with proposed Mobile-oriented OpenFlow Protocol(MOFP).The Control Plane/User Plane(CP/UP)separation and adaptation strategy is proposed to support the User-Centric scenario in FNA.The traditional Base Station is separated with Central Processing Entity(CPE)and Antenna Element(AE)to perform the OpenFlow and Network Virtualization.The AEs are released as new resources for serving users.The mobile-oriented Service Slicing with different Quality of Service(QoS)classification is proposed and Resource Pooling based Virtualized Radio Resource Management(VRRM)is optimized for the Service Slicing strategy with resource-limited feature in Mobile Networks.The capacity gains are provided to show the merits of SDN based FNA.And the MiniNet based Trial Network with Service Slicing is implemented with experimental results.
文摘The virtual network embedding/mapping problem is an important issue in network virtualization in Software-Defined Networking(SDN).It is mainly concerned with mapping virtual network requests,which could be a set of SDN flows,onto a shared substrate network automatically and efficiently.Previous researches mainly focus on developing heuristic algorithms for general topology virtual network.In practice however,the virtual network is usually generated with specific topology for specific purpose.Thus,it is a challenge to optimize the heuristic algorithms with these topology information.In order to deal with this problem,we propose a topology-cognitive algorithm framework,which is composed of a guiding principle for topology algorithm developing and a compound algorithm.The compound algorithm is composed of several subalgorithms,which are optimized for specific topologies.We develop star,tree,and ring topology algorithms as examples,other subalgorithms can be easily achieved following the same framework.The simulation results show that the topology-cognitive algorithm framework is effective in developing new topology algorithms,and the developed compound algorithm greatly enhances the performance of the Revenue/Cost(R/C) ratio and the Runtime than traditional heuristic algorithms for multi-topology virtual network embedding problem.
基金supported by the national 973 project of China under Grants 2013CB329104the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61372124,61427801,61271237,61271236Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Technology and Application of Internet of Things under Grants SJ213003
文摘As a key technology to realize smart services of Internet of Things(Io T),network virtualization technology can support the network diversification and ubiquity,and improve the utilization rate of network resources.This paper studies the service-oriented network virtualization architecture for Io T services.Firstly the semantic description method for Io T services is proposed,then the resource representation model and resource management model in the environment of network virtualization are presented.Based on the above models,the service-oriented virtual network architecture for Io T is established.Finally,a smart campus system is designed and deployed based on the service-oriented virtual network architecture.Moreover,the proposed architecture and models are verified in experiments.
基金The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their detailed reviews and constructive comments,which have helped improve the quality of this paper.This work was supported by National Science Foundation of China under Grants 6187144。
文摘Network virtualization(NV)is a highprofile way to solve the ossification problem of the nowadays Internet,and be able to support the diversified network naturally.In NV,Virtual Network Embedding(VNE)problem has been widely considered as a crucial issue,which is aimed to embed Virtual Networks(VNs)onto the shared substrate networks(SNs)efficiently.Recently,some VNE approaches have developed Node Ranking strategies to drive and enhance the embedding efficiency.Node Ranking Strategy rank/sort the nodes according to the attributes of the node,including both residual local attributes(CPU,Bandwidth,storage,Etc.)and the global topology attributes(Number of neighborhood Nodes,Delay to other nodes,Etc.).This paper presents an overview of Node Ranking Strategies in Virtual Network Embedding,and possible directions of VNE Node Ranking Strategy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development of China under Grant 2018YFC1314903the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61372124 and Grant 61427801
文摘Network virtualization(NV) is pushed forward by its proponents as a crucial attribute of next generation network, aiming at overcoming the gradual ossification of current networks, particularly to the worldwide Internet. Through virtualization, multiple customized virtual networks(VNs), requested by users, are allowed to coexist on the underlying substrate networks(SNs). In addition, the virtualization scheme contributes to sharing underlying physical resources simultaneously and seamlessly. However, multiple technical issues still stand in the way of NV successful implementation. One key technical issue is virtual network embedding(VNE), known as the resource allocation problem for NV. This paper conducts a survey of embedding algorithms for VNE problem. At first, the NV business model for VNE problem is presented. Then, the latest VNE problem description is presented. Main performance metrics for evaluating embedding algorithms are also involved. Afterwards, existing VNE algorithms are detailed, according to the novel proposed category approach. Next, key future research aspects of embedding algorithms are listed out. Finally, the paper is briefly concluded.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)under Grant 2013CB329005
文摘Network virtualization is known as a promising technology to tackle the ossification of current Internet and will play an important role in the future network area. Virtual network embedding(VNE) is a key issue in network virtualization. VNE is NP-hard and former VNE algorithms are mostly heuristic in the literature.VNE exact algorithms have been developed in recent years. However, the constraints of exact VNE are only node capacity and link bandwidth.Based on these, this paper presents an exact VNE algorithm, ILP-LC, which is based on Integer Linear Programming(ILP), for embedding virtual network request with location constraints. This novel algorithm is aiming at mapping virtual network request(VNR) successfully as many as possible and consuming less substrate resources.The topology of each VNR is randomly generated by Waxman model. Simulation results show that the proposed ILP-LC algorithm outperforms the typical heuristic algorithms in terms of the VNR acceptance ratio, at least 15%.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61240040
文摘In order to reduce cost and complexity,fiber-wireless(FiWi)networks emerge,combining the huge amount of available bandwidth of fiber networks and the flexibility,mobility of wireless networks.However,there is still a long way to go before taking fiber and wireless systems as fully integrated networks.In this paper,we propose a network visualization based seamless networking scheme for FiWi networks,including hierarchical model,service model,service implementation and dynamic bandwidth assignment(DBA).Then,we evaluate the performance changes after network virtualization is introduced.Throughput for nodes,bandwidth for links and overheads leaded by network virtualization are analyzed.The performance of our proposed networking scheme is evaluated by simulation and real implementations,respectively.The results show that,compared to traditional networking scheme,our scheme has a better performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61701521)the Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2018JQ6074)。
文摘The evolution of airborne tactical networks(ATNs)is impeded by the network ossification problem.As a solution,network virtualization(NV)can provide a flexible and scalable architecture where virtual network embedding(VNE)is a key part.However,existing VNE algorithms cannot be optimally adopted in the virtualization of ATN due to the complex interference in aircombat field.In this context,a highly reliable VNE algorithm based on the transmission rate for ATN virtualization(TR-ATVNE)is proposed to adapt well to the specific electromagnetic environment of ATN.Our algorithm coordinates node and link mapping.In the node mapping,transmission-rate resource is firstly defined to effectively evaluate the ranking value of substrate nodes under the interference of both environmental noises and enemy attacks.Meanwhile,a feasible splitting rule is proposed for path splitting in the link mapping,considering the interference between wireless links.Simulation results reveal that our algorithm is able to improve the acceptance ratio of virtual network requests while maintaining a high revenue-to-cost ratio under the complex electromagnetic interference.
基金This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘In recent years,satellite networks have been proposed as an essential part of next-generation mobile communication systems.Software defined networking techniques are introduced in satellite networks to handle the growing challenges induced by time-varying topology,intermittent inter-satellite link and dramatically increased satellite constellation size.This survey covers the latest progress of software defined satellite networks,including key techniques,existing solutions,challenges,opportunities,and simulation tools.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the most comprehensive survey that covers the latest progress of software defined satellite networks.An open GitHub repository is further created where the latest papers on this topic will be tracked and updated periodically.Compared with these existing surveys,this survey contributes from three aspects:(1)an up-to-date SDN-oriented review for the latest progress of key techniques and solutions in software defined satellite networks;(2)an inspiring summary of existing challenges,new research opportunities and publicly available simulation tools for follow-up studies;(3)an effort of building a public repository to track new results.
基金supported in part by Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications (Grant No. IPOC2014B009)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. N130817002, N150401002)+1 种基金Foundation of the Education Department of Liaoning Province (Grant No. L2014089)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61302070, 61401082, 61471109, 61502075, 91438110)
文摘The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex virtual network work oriented to the cross-domain requirement. In this paper, we focus on the multi-domain virtual network embedding in a heterogeneous 5G network infrastructure, which facilitates the resource sharing for diverse-function demands from fixed/mobile end users. We proposed the mathematical ILP model for this problem.And based on the layered-substrate-resource auxiliary graph and an effective six-quadrant service-type-judgment method, 5G embedding demands can be classified accurately to match different user access densities. A collection of novel heuristic algorithms of virtual 5G network embedding are proposed. A great deal of numerical simulation results testified that our algorithm performed better in terms of average blocking rate, routing latency and wireless/wired resource utilization, compared with the benchmark.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61471055
文摘Virtual network embedding problem which is NP-hard is a key issue for implementing software-defined network which is brought about by network virtualization.Compared with other studies which focus on designing heuristic algorithms to reduce the hardness of the NP-hard problem we propose a robust VNE algorithm based on component connectivity in large-scale network.We distinguish the different components and embed VN requests onto them respectively.And k-core is applied to identify different VN topologies so that the VN request can be embedded onto its corresponding component.On the other hand,load balancing is also considered in this paper.It could avoid blocked or bottlenecked area of substrate network.Simulation experiments show that compared with other algorithms in large-scale network,acceptance ratio,average revenue and robustness can be obviously improved by our algorithm and average cost can be reduced.It also shows the relationship between the component connectivity including giant component and small components and the performance metrics.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China，the PAPD Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions，the National S&T Dedicated Mega-Project，the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province of China，the open research fund of Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology (Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications),Ministry of Education
文摘The mainstream approaches to green networking are discussed first from the view of engineering,including resource consolidation,server virtualization,selective connectedness,and proportional computing.A brief introduction to network virtualization techniques is given then and a virtual node embedding approach is provided.Finally,three kinds of enhanced green networking schemes by network virtualization are proposed,that is enhancement to sever virtualization,resource consolidation and Adaptive Link Rate(ALR).Examples are included to show the virtue of network virtualization to green networking in terms of energy efficient communications.
基金This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University under Grant Number(DSR2022-RG-0102).
文摘Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified network lifecycle,and policies management.Network vulnerabilities try to modify services provided by Network Function Virtualization MANagement and Orchestration(NFV MANO),and malicious attacks in different scenarios disrupt the NFV Orchestrator(NFVO)and Virtualized Infrastructure Manager(VIM)lifecycle management related to network services or individual Virtualized Network Function(VNF).This paper proposes an anomaly detection mechanism that monitors threats in NFV MANO and manages promptly and adaptively to implement and handle security functions in order to enhance the quality of experience for end users.An anomaly detector investigates these identified risks and provides secure network services.It enables virtual network security functions and identifies anomalies in Kubernetes(a cloud-based platform).For training and testing purpose of the proposed approach,an intrusion-containing dataset is used that hold multiple malicious activities like a Smurf,Neptune,Teardrop,Pod,Land,IPsweep,etc.,categorized as Probing(Prob),Denial of Service(DoS),User to Root(U2R),and Remote to User(R2L)attacks.An anomaly detector is anticipated with the capabilities of a Machine Learning(ML)technique,making use of supervised learning techniques like Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naïve Bayes(NB),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The proposed framework has been evaluated by deploying the identified ML algorithm on a Jupyter notebook in Kubeflow to simulate Kubernetes for validation purposes.RF classifier has shown better outcomes(99.90%accuracy)than other classifiers in detecting anomalies/intrusions in the containerized environment.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71071098)
文摘The unique ways of information organization and dissemination was examined through the microblog and the real-name social network as the representatives of the new virtual social networks. In order to discuss the interrelation and interaction of the two dimensions-topic and user, a supernetwork model was established based on the supernetwork research method. Through the actual data, a supernetwork topology diagram and the changing rule of user participation were attained. And it was concluded that the key factor of dealing with emergent online public sentiment should start with affecting the opinions of key figures, whose opinions would further affect the public opinions.
