In optical metro-access networks,Access Points(APs)and Data Centers(DCs)are located on the fiber ring.In the cloud-centric solution,a large number of Internet of Things(IoT)data pose an enormous burden on DCs,so the V...In optical metro-access networks,Access Points(APs)and Data Centers(DCs)are located on the fiber ring.In the cloud-centric solution,a large number of Internet of Things(IoT)data pose an enormous burden on DCs,so the Virtual Machines(VMs)cannot be successfully launched due to the server overload.In addition,transferring the data from the AP to the remote DC may cause an undesirable delivery delay.For this end,we propose a promising solution considering the interplay between the cloud DC and edge APs.More specifically,bringing the partial capability of computing in APs close to things can reduce the pressure of DCs while guaranteeing the expected Quality of Service(QoS).In this work,when the cloud DC resource becomes limited,especially for delay sensitive but not computing-dependent IoT applications,we degrade their VMs and migrate them to edge APs instead of the remote DC.To avoid excessive VM degradation and computing offloading,we derive appropriate VM degradation coefficients based on classic microeconomic theory.Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms improve the service providers'utility with the ratio from 34%to 89%over traditional cloud-centric solutions.展开更多
With the advancements of software defined network(SDN)and network function virtualization(NFV),service function chain(SFC)placement becomes a crucial enabler for flexible resource scheduling in low earth orbit(LEO)sat...With the advancements of software defined network(SDN)and network function virtualization(NFV),service function chain(SFC)placement becomes a crucial enabler for flexible resource scheduling in low earth orbit(LEO)satellite networks.While due to the scarcity of bandwidth resources and dynamic topology of LEO satellites,the static SFC placement schemes may cause performance degradation,resource waste and even service failure.In this paper,we consider migration and establish an online migration model,especially considering the dynamic topology.Given the scarcity of bandwidth resources,the model aims to maximize the total number of accepted SFCs while incurring as little bandwidth cost of SFC transmission and migration as possible.Due to its NP-hardness,we propose a heuristic minimized dynamic SFC migration(MDSM)algorithm that only triggers the migration procedure when new SFCs are rejected.Simulation results demonstrate that MDSM achieves a performance close to the upper bound with lower complexity.展开更多
Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified ne...Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified network lifecycle,and policies management.Network vulnerabilities try to modify services provided by Network Function Virtualization MANagement and Orchestration(NFV MANO),and malicious attacks in different scenarios disrupt the NFV Orchestrator(NFVO)and Virtualized Infrastructure Manager(VIM)lifecycle management related to network services or individual Virtualized Network Function(VNF).This paper proposes an anomaly detection mechanism that monitors threats in NFV MANO and manages promptly and adaptively to implement and handle security functions in order to enhance the quality of experience for end users.An anomaly detector investigates these identified risks and provides secure network services.It enables virtual network security functions and identifies anomalies in Kubernetes(a cloud-based platform).For training and testing purpose of the proposed approach,an intrusion-containing dataset is used that hold multiple malicious activities like a Smurf,Neptune,Teardrop,Pod,Land,IPsweep,etc.,categorized as Probing(Prob),Denial of Service(DoS),User to Root(U2R),and Remote to User(R2L)attacks.An anomaly detector is anticipated with the capabilities of a Machine Learning(ML)technique,making use of supervised learning techniques like Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naïve Bayes(NB),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The proposed framework has been evaluated by deploying the identified ML algorithm on a Jupyter notebook in Kubeflow to simulate Kubernetes for validation purposes.RF classifier has shown better outcomes(99.90%accuracy)than other classifiers in detecting anomalies/intrusions in the containerized environment.展开更多
空天地一体化网络作为6G技术的关键组成,在整合天基、空基和地基网络时,面临节点异构性、业务多样性等挑战,进而引发资源分配、竞争及故障风险等问题。基于此,聚焦基于软件定义网络(software defined network,SDN)与网络功能虚拟化(netw...空天地一体化网络作为6G技术的关键组成,在整合天基、空基和地基网络时,面临节点异构性、业务多样性等挑战,进而引发资源分配、竞争及故障风险等问题。基于此,聚焦基于软件定义网络(software defined network,SDN)与网络功能虚拟化(network functions virtualization,NFV)的空天地一体化网络任务部署与恢复,首先阐述了空天地一体化网络系统架构,介绍了各层网络构成、SDN和NFV原理及其相关应用,然后,针对上述挑战,以服务功能链技术为抓手,提出了面向任务的服务功能链优化部署、利用智能算法实现动态调度、通过匹配博弈算法完成失效恢复等策略,最后,构建了一个用例,设定节点部署、服务功能链建模等,验证了所提策略在提升服务功能链完成效率以及应对资源故障方面的有效性,旨在为空天地一体化网络资源管理提供理论基础。展开更多
Network Functions Virtualization(NFV) is an attempt to help operators more effectively manage their networks by implementing traditional network functions embedded in specialized hardware platforms in term of virtuali...Network Functions Virtualization(NFV) is an attempt to help operators more effectively manage their networks by implementing traditional network functions embedded in specialized hardware platforms in term of virtualized software instances. But, existing novel network appliances designed for NFV infrastructure are always architected on a general-purpose x86 server, which makes the performance of network functions limited by the hosted single server. To address this challenge, we propose ApplianceB ricks, a novel NFV-enable network appliance architecture that is used to explore the way of consolidating multiple physical network functions into a clustered network appliance, which is able to improve the processing capability of NFV-enabled network appliances.展开更多
In this,communication world, the Network Function Virtualization concept is utilized for many businesses, small services to virtualize the network nodefunction and to build a block that may connect the chain, communic...In this,communication world, the Network Function Virtualization concept is utilized for many businesses, small services to virtualize the network nodefunction and to build a block that may connect the chain, communication services.Mainly, Virtualized Network Function Forwarding Graph (VNF-FG) has beenused to define the connection between the VNF and to give the best end-to-endservices. In the existing method, VNF mapping and backup VNF were proposedbut there was no profit and reliability improvement of the backup and mapping ofthe primary VNF. As a consequence, this paper offers a Hybrid Hexagon-CostEfficient algorithm for determining the best VNF among multiple VNF and backing up the best VNF, lowering backup costs while increasing dependability. TheVNF is chosen based on the highest cost-aware important measure (CIM) rate,which is used to assess the relevance of the VNF forwarding graph.To achieveoptimal cost-efficiency, VNF with the maximum CIM is selected. After the selection process, updating is processed by three steps which include one backup VNFfrom one SFC, two backup VNF from one Service Function Chain (SFC),and twobackup VNF from different SFC. Finally, this proposed method is compared withCERA, MinCost, MaxRbyInr based on backup cost, number of used PN nodes,SFC request utility, and latency. The simulation result shows that the proposedmethod cuts down the backup cost and computation time by 57% and 45% compared with the CER scheme and improves the cost-efficiency. As a result, this proposed system achieves less backup cost, high reliability, and low timeconsumption which can improve the Virtualized Network Function operation.展开更多
Network innovation and business transformation are both necessary for telecom operators to adapt to new situations, but operators face challenges in terms of network bearer complexity, business centralization, and IT/...Network innovation and business transformation are both necessary for telecom operators to adapt to new situations, but operators face challenges in terms of network bearer complexity, business centralization, and IT/CT integration. Network function virtualization （NFV） may inspire new development ideas, but many doubts still exist within industry, especially about how to introduce NFV into an operator＇ s network. This article describes the latest progress in NFV standardization, NFV requirements and hot technology issues, and typical NFV applications in an operator networks.展开更多
This paper presents a space network emulation system based on a user-space network stack named Nos to solve space networks'unique architecture and routing issues and kernel stacks'inefficiency and development ...This paper presents a space network emulation system based on a user-space network stack named Nos to solve space networks'unique architecture and routing issues and kernel stacks'inefficiency and development complexity.Our low Earth orbit satellite scenario emulation verifies the dynamic routing function of the protocol stack.The proposed system uses technologies like Open vSwitch(OVS)and traffic control(TC)to emulate the space network's highly dynamic topology and time-varying link characteristics.The emulation results demonstrate the system's high reliability,and the user-space network stack reduces development complexity and debugging difficulty,providing convenience for the development of space network protocols and network functions.展开更多
Recently,Network Functions Virtualization(NFV)has become a critical resource for optimizing capability utilization in the 5G/B5G era.NFV decomposes the network resource paradigm,demonstrating the efficient utilization...Recently,Network Functions Virtualization(NFV)has become a critical resource for optimizing capability utilization in the 5G/B5G era.NFV decomposes the network resource paradigm,demonstrating the efficient utilization of Network Functions(NFs)to enable configurable service priorities and resource demands.Telecommunications Service Providers(TSPs)face challenges in network utilization,as the vast amounts of data generated by the Internet of Things(IoT)overwhelm existing infrastructures.IoT applications,which generate massive volumes of diverse data and require real-time communication,contribute to bottlenecks and congestion.In this context,Multiaccess Edge Computing(MEC)is employed to support resource and priority-aware IoT applications by implementing Virtual Network Function(VNF)sequences within Service Function Chaining(SFC).This paper proposes the use of Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)combined with Graph Neural Networks(GNN)to enhance network processing,performance,and resource pooling capabilities.GNN facilitates feature extraction through Message-Passing Neural Network(MPNN)mechanisms.Together with DRL,Deep Q-Networks(DQN)are utilized to dynamically allocate resources based on IoT network priorities and demands.Our focus is on minimizing delay times for VNF instance execution,ensuring effective resource placement,and allocation in SFC deployments,offering flexibility to adapt to real-time changes in priority and workload.Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms reference models in terms of reward,delay,delivery,service drop ratios,and average completion ratios,proving its potential for IoT applications.展开更多
为提高现阶段广播网络的运营效率,在降低广播网络运维成本的同时提升直播信号的质量和用户体验,提出在电视广播中的直播场景及广播信号处理环节分别部署软件定义网络(Software Defined Network,SDN)和网络功能虚拟化(Network Function V...为提高现阶段广播网络的运营效率,在降低广播网络运维成本的同时提升直播信号的质量和用户体验,提出在电视广播中的直播场景及广播信号处理环节分别部署软件定义网络(Software Defined Network,SDN)和网络功能虚拟化(Network Function Virtualization,NFV)网络架构。利用回传网络采集多场馆的信号,根据实时流量情况动态分配网络资源,同时在应对突发事件或临时增加直播需求时,SDN快速重新配置网络,优化调度直播流量。基于SDN架构,在广播信号处理环节通过NFV技术虚拟化视频编转码和用户权限认证,确保信号处理和分发环节的高效性。展开更多
As a promising technology to completely transform how we architect, deploy, operate and manage various networks, software-based Network Function Virtualization(NFV) enables hardware-independent, flexible, fast and eff...As a promising technology to completely transform how we architect, deploy, operate and manage various networks, software-based Network Function Virtualization(NFV) enables hardware-independent, flexible, fast and efficient network service provision. With the increasing popularity of NFV paradigm, the Internet has also transformed to be a hybrid environment where NFV-based network entities coexist with traditional network devices. To facilitate our understanding, design, evaluate and manage of such novel network environment, there is a great need for a new NFV-compatible network measurement system which is still in absent so far. To bridge this gap, a system, named Software Defined Network Measurement System(SDNMS), is presented in this paper. Firstly, the architecture of SDNMS is proposed. In this architecture, a formal method to describe the working mode of the network measurement is defined. This method can also be utilized to generate a network measurement middle box(NMMB) in a specific location of the NFV network according to the customized description file, and to flexibly deploy the network measurement function. Secondly, the technology of virtual network measurement function(VNMF) combined with LXC is studied to form NMMB function. Thirdly, a control method is presented to control the start, stop, and update NMMB to form a specific network measurement system function. Finally, a prototype of SDNMS with network monitoring function to monitor network performance anomalies and locate faults is introduced. Experimental results have shown that SDNMS architecture and related technologies are feasible and effective to deploy and control network measurement functions in NFV networks. We hope SDNMS could provide a new method for practitioners to conduct network management and research at the age of NFV.展开更多
Recently, integrating Softwaredefined networking(SDN) and network functions virtualization(NFV) are proposed to address the issue that difficulty and cost of hardwarebased and proprietary middleboxes management. Howev...Recently, integrating Softwaredefined networking(SDN) and network functions virtualization(NFV) are proposed to address the issue that difficulty and cost of hardwarebased and proprietary middleboxes management. However, it lacks of a framework that orchestrates network functions to service chain in the network cooperatively. In this paper, we propose a function combination framework that can dynamically adapt the network based on the integration NFV and SDN. There are two main contributions in this paper. First, the function combination framework based on the integration of SDN and NFV is proposed to address the function combination issue, including the architecture of Service Deliver Network, the port types representing traffic directions and the explanation of terms. Second, we formulate the issue of load balance of function combination as the model minimizing the standard deviations of all servers' loads and satisfying the demand of performance and limit of resource. The least busy placement algorithm is introduced to approach optimal solution of the problem. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can combine functions in an efficient and scalable way and ensure the load balance of the network.展开更多
Service function chains(SFC)mapping takes the responsibility for managing virtual network functions(VNFs).In SFC mapping,existing solutions duplicate VNFs with redundant instances to provide high availability in respo...Service function chains(SFC)mapping takes the responsibility for managing virtual network functions(VNFs).In SFC mapping,existing solutions duplicate VNFs with redundant instances to provide high availability in response to failures.However,as a compromise,these solutions result in high resource consumption due to device maintenance.In this paper,we propose a novel method named dynamic backup sharing(DBS)that allows SFCs to dynamically share backups to reduce resource consumption.DBS formulates the problem of sharing backups among different VNFs as an integer linear programming(ILP).Thereafter,we design a novel online algorithm based on dynamic programming to solve the problem.The experimental results indicate that DBS outperforms state-ofthe-art works by reducing resource consumption and improving the number of accepted requests.展开更多
To address the issues that middleboxes as a fundamental part of today's networks are facing, Network Function Virtualization(NFV)has been recently proposed, which in essence asserts to migrate hardware-based middl...To address the issues that middleboxes as a fundamental part of today's networks are facing, Network Function Virtualization(NFV)has been recently proposed, which in essence asserts to migrate hardware-based middleboxes into software-based virtualized function entities.Due to the demands of virtual services placement in NFV network environment, this paper models the service amount placement problem involving with the resources allocation as a cooperative game and proposes the placement policy by Nash Bargaining Solution(NBS). Specifically,we first introduce the system overview and apply the rigorous cooperative game-theoretic guide to build the mathematical model, which can give consideration to both the responding efficiency of service requirements and the allocation fairness.Then a distributed algorithm corresponding to NBS is designed to achieve predictable network performance for virtual instances placement.Finally, with simulations under various scenarios,the results show that our placement approach can achieve high utilization of network through the analysis of evaluation metrics namely the satisfaction degree and fairness index. With the suitable demand amount of services, the average values of two metrics can reach above 90%. And by tuning the base placement, our solution can enable operators to flexibly balance the tradeoff between satisfaction and fairness of resourcessharing in service platforms.展开更多
The heterogeneity of applications and their divergent resource requirements lead to uneven traffic distribution and imbalanced resource utilization across data center networks(DCNs).We propose a fine-grained baseband ...The heterogeneity of applications and their divergent resource requirements lead to uneven traffic distribution and imbalanced resource utilization across data center networks(DCNs).We propose a fine-grained baseband function reallocation scheme in heterogeneous optical switching-based DCNs.A deep reinforcement learning-based functional split and resource mapping approach(DRL-BFM)is proposed to maximize throughput in high-load server racks by implementing load balancing in DCNs.The results demonstrate that DRL-BFM improves the throughput by 20.8%,22.8%,and 29.8%on average compared to existing algorithms under different computational capacities,bandwidth constraints,and latency conditions,respectively.展开更多
Virtualization of network/service functions means time sharing network/service（and affiliated）resources in a hyper speed manner.The concept of time sharing was popularized in the 1970s with mainframe computing.The s...Virtualization of network/service functions means time sharing network/service（and affiliated）resources in a hyper speed manner.The concept of time sharing was popularized in the 1970s with mainframe computing.The same concept has recently resurfaced under the guise of cloud computing and virtualized computing.Although cloud computing was originally used in IT for server virtualization,the ICT industry is taking a new look at virtualization.This paradigm shift is shaking up the computing,storage,networking,and ser vice industries.The hope is that virtualizing and automating configuration and service management/orchestration will save both capes and opex for network transformation.A complimentary trend is the separation（over an open interface）of control and transmission.This is commonly referred to as software defined networking（SDN）.This paper reviews trends in network/service functions,efforts to standardize these functions,and required management and orchestration.展开更多
针对支持网络功能虚拟化(Network Function Virtualization,NFV)的软件定义网络(SDN)中,单播请求流通常需要由多个虚拟网络功能(Virtual Network Functions,VNFs)依序组成的服务功能链(Service Function Chain,SFC)进行处理。首先联合考...针对支持网络功能虚拟化(Network Function Virtualization,NFV)的软件定义网络(SDN)中,单播请求流通常需要由多个虚拟网络功能(Virtual Network Functions,VNFs)依序组成的服务功能链(Service Function Chain,SFC)进行处理。首先联合考虑VNF动态放置,多资源及QoS约束,以最小化资源消耗成本及自动确保网络负载均衡为目标定义了动态的SFC部署问题。接着设计考虑边际成本的资源相对成本函数并利用整数线性规划对该问题建模。然后,创新地设计了一个动态辅助边权图并基于拉格朗日松弛方法构建具有自动负载均衡的服务功能链嵌入算法(SFC Embedding Algorithm,SFC-EA)对原问题求解。仿真结果表明,SFC-EA能有效解决多资源及多QoS约束下的SFC顺序嵌入这个NP难问题,并能自动确保网络负载均衡,提高网络吞吐量和流接受率。展开更多
Due to the development of network technology,the number of users is increasing rapidly,and the demand for emerging multicast services is becoming more and more abundant,traffic data is increasing day by day,network no...Due to the development of network technology,the number of users is increasing rapidly,and the demand for emerging multicast services is becoming more and more abundant,traffic data is increasing day by day,network nodes are becoming denser,network topology is becoming more complex,and operators’equipment operation and maintenance costs are increasing.Network functions virtualization multicast issues include building a traffic forwarding topology,deploying the required functions,and directing traffic.Combining the two is still a problem to be studied in depth at present,and this paper proposes a two-stage solution where the decisions of these two stages are interdependent.Specifically,this paper decouples multicast traffic forwarding and function delivery.The minimum spanning tree of traffic forwarding is constructed by Steiner tree,and the traffic forwarding is realized by Viterbi-algorithm.Use a general topology network to examine network cost and service performance.Simulation results show that this method can reduce overhead and delay and optimize user experience.展开更多
Epilepsy can be defined as a dysfunction of the brain network,and each type of epilepsy involves different brain-network changes that are implicated diffe rently in the control and propagation of interictal or ictal d...Epilepsy can be defined as a dysfunction of the brain network,and each type of epilepsy involves different brain-network changes that are implicated diffe rently in the control and propagation of interictal or ictal discharges.Gaining more detailed information on brain network alterations can help us to further understand the mechanisms of epilepsy and pave the way for brain network-based precise therapeutic approaches in clinical practice.An increasing number of advanced neuroimaging techniques and electrophysiological techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tra ctography,diffusion kurtosis imaging-based fiber tractography,fiber ball imagingbased tra ctography,electroencephalography,functional magnetic resonance imaging,magnetoencephalography,positron emission tomography,molecular imaging,and functional ultrasound imaging have been extensively used to delineate epileptic networks.In this review,we summarize the relevant neuroimaging and neuroelectrophysiological techniques for assessing structural and functional brain networks in patients with epilepsy,and extensively analyze the imaging mechanisms,advantages,limitations,and clinical application ranges of each technique.A greater focus on emerging advanced technologies,new data analysis software,a combination of multiple techniques,and the construction of personalized virtual epilepsy models can provide a theoretical basis to better understand the brain network mechanisms of epilepsy and make surgical decisions.展开更多
基金supported by the Researchers Supporting Project of King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,under Project RSPD2025R681。
文摘In optical metro-access networks,Access Points(APs)and Data Centers(DCs)are located on the fiber ring.In the cloud-centric solution,a large number of Internet of Things(IoT)data pose an enormous burden on DCs,so the Virtual Machines(VMs)cannot be successfully launched due to the server overload.In addition,transferring the data from the AP to the remote DC may cause an undesirable delivery delay.For this end,we propose a promising solution considering the interplay between the cloud DC and edge APs.More specifically,bringing the partial capability of computing in APs close to things can reduce the pressure of DCs while guaranteeing the expected Quality of Service(QoS).In this work,when the cloud DC resource becomes limited,especially for delay sensitive but not computing-dependent IoT applications,we degrade their VMs and migrate them to edge APs instead of the remote DC.To avoid excessive VM degradation and computing offloading,we derive appropriate VM degradation coefficients based on classic microeconomic theory.Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms improve the service providers'utility with the ratio from 34%to 89%over traditional cloud-centric solutions.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under grant numbers U22A2007 and 62171010the Open project of Satellite Internet Key Laboratory in 2022(Project 3:Research on Spaceborne Lightweight Core Network and Intelligent Collaboration)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under grant number L212003.
文摘With the advancements of software defined network(SDN)and network function virtualization(NFV),service function chain(SFC)placement becomes a crucial enabler for flexible resource scheduling in low earth orbit(LEO)satellite networks.While due to the scarcity of bandwidth resources and dynamic topology of LEO satellites,the static SFC placement schemes may cause performance degradation,resource waste and even service failure.In this paper,we consider migration and establish an online migration model,especially considering the dynamic topology.Given the scarcity of bandwidth resources,the model aims to maximize the total number of accepted SFCs while incurring as little bandwidth cost of SFC transmission and migration as possible.Due to its NP-hardness,we propose a heuristic minimized dynamic SFC migration(MDSM)algorithm that only triggers the migration procedure when new SFCs are rejected.Simulation results demonstrate that MDSM achieves a performance close to the upper bound with lower complexity.
基金This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University under Grant Number(DSR2022-RG-0102).
文摘Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified network lifecycle,and policies management.Network vulnerabilities try to modify services provided by Network Function Virtualization MANagement and Orchestration(NFV MANO),and malicious attacks in different scenarios disrupt the NFV Orchestrator(NFVO)and Virtualized Infrastructure Manager(VIM)lifecycle management related to network services or individual Virtualized Network Function(VNF).This paper proposes an anomaly detection mechanism that monitors threats in NFV MANO and manages promptly and adaptively to implement and handle security functions in order to enhance the quality of experience for end users.An anomaly detector investigates these identified risks and provides secure network services.It enables virtual network security functions and identifies anomalies in Kubernetes(a cloud-based platform).For training and testing purpose of the proposed approach,an intrusion-containing dataset is used that hold multiple malicious activities like a Smurf,Neptune,Teardrop,Pod,Land,IPsweep,etc.,categorized as Probing(Prob),Denial of Service(DoS),User to Root(U2R),and Remote to User(R2L)attacks.An anomaly detector is anticipated with the capabilities of a Machine Learning(ML)technique,making use of supervised learning techniques like Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naïve Bayes(NB),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The proposed framework has been evaluated by deploying the identified ML algorithm on a Jupyter notebook in Kubeflow to simulate Kubernetes for validation purposes.RF classifier has shown better outcomes(99.90%accuracy)than other classifiers in detecting anomalies/intrusions in the containerized environment.
文摘空天地一体化网络作为6G技术的关键组成,在整合天基、空基和地基网络时,面临节点异构性、业务多样性等挑战,进而引发资源分配、竞争及故障风险等问题。基于此,聚焦基于软件定义网络(software defined network,SDN)与网络功能虚拟化(network functions virtualization,NFV)的空天地一体化网络任务部署与恢复,首先阐述了空天地一体化网络系统架构,介绍了各层网络构成、SDN和NFV原理及其相关应用,然后,针对上述挑战,以服务功能链技术为抓手,提出了面向任务的服务功能链优化部署、利用智能算法实现动态调度、通过匹配博弈算法完成失效恢复等策略,最后,构建了一个用例,设定节点部署、服务功能链建模等,验证了所提策略在提升服务功能链完成效率以及应对资源故障方面的有效性,旨在为空天地一体化网络资源管理提供理论基础。
基金supported by Program for National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) "Reconfigurable Network Emulation Testbed for Basic Network Communication"
文摘Network Functions Virtualization(NFV) is an attempt to help operators more effectively manage their networks by implementing traditional network functions embedded in specialized hardware platforms in term of virtualized software instances. But, existing novel network appliances designed for NFV infrastructure are always architected on a general-purpose x86 server, which makes the performance of network functions limited by the hosted single server. To address this challenge, we propose ApplianceB ricks, a novel NFV-enable network appliance architecture that is used to explore the way of consolidating multiple physical network functions into a clustered network appliance, which is able to improve the processing capability of NFV-enabled network appliances.
文摘In this,communication world, the Network Function Virtualization concept is utilized for many businesses, small services to virtualize the network nodefunction and to build a block that may connect the chain, communication services.Mainly, Virtualized Network Function Forwarding Graph (VNF-FG) has beenused to define the connection between the VNF and to give the best end-to-endservices. In the existing method, VNF mapping and backup VNF were proposedbut there was no profit and reliability improvement of the backup and mapping ofthe primary VNF. As a consequence, this paper offers a Hybrid Hexagon-CostEfficient algorithm for determining the best VNF among multiple VNF and backing up the best VNF, lowering backup costs while increasing dependability. TheVNF is chosen based on the highest cost-aware important measure (CIM) rate,which is used to assess the relevance of the VNF forwarding graph.To achieveoptimal cost-efficiency, VNF with the maximum CIM is selected. After the selection process, updating is processed by three steps which include one backup VNFfrom one SFC, two backup VNF from one Service Function Chain (SFC),and twobackup VNF from different SFC. Finally, this proposed method is compared withCERA, MinCost, MaxRbyInr based on backup cost, number of used PN nodes,SFC request utility, and latency. The simulation result shows that the proposedmethod cuts down the backup cost and computation time by 57% and 45% compared with the CER scheme and improves the cost-efficiency. As a result, this proposed system achieves less backup cost, high reliability, and low timeconsumption which can improve the Virtualized Network Function operation.
文摘Network innovation and business transformation are both necessary for telecom operators to adapt to new situations, but operators face challenges in terms of network bearer complexity, business centralization, and IT/CT integration. Network function virtualization （NFV） may inspire new development ideas, but many doubts still exist within industry, especially about how to introduce NFV into an operator＇ s network. This article describes the latest progress in NFV standardization, NFV requirements and hot technology issues, and typical NFV applications in an operator networks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62131012ZTE Industry-University-Institute Cooperation Funds under Grant No.IA20230712005。
文摘This paper presents a space network emulation system based on a user-space network stack named Nos to solve space networks'unique architecture and routing issues and kernel stacks'inefficiency and development complexity.Our low Earth orbit satellite scenario emulation verifies the dynamic routing function of the protocol stack.The proposed system uses technologies like Open vSwitch(OVS)and traffic control(TC)to emulate the space network's highly dynamic topology and time-varying link characteristics.The emulation results demonstrate the system's high reliability,and the user-space network stack reduces development complexity and debugging difficulty,providing convenience for the development of space network protocols and network functions.
基金supported by Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2022-00167197,Development of Intelligent 5G/6G Infrastructure Technology for the Smart City)in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),Ministry of Education,through the Basic Science Research Program under Grant NRF-2020R1I1A3066543+1 种基金in part by BK21 FOUR(Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research)under Grant 5199990914048in part by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘Recently,Network Functions Virtualization(NFV)has become a critical resource for optimizing capability utilization in the 5G/B5G era.NFV decomposes the network resource paradigm,demonstrating the efficient utilization of Network Functions(NFs)to enable configurable service priorities and resource demands.Telecommunications Service Providers(TSPs)face challenges in network utilization,as the vast amounts of data generated by the Internet of Things(IoT)overwhelm existing infrastructures.IoT applications,which generate massive volumes of diverse data and require real-time communication,contribute to bottlenecks and congestion.In this context,Multiaccess Edge Computing(MEC)is employed to support resource and priority-aware IoT applications by implementing Virtual Network Function(VNF)sequences within Service Function Chaining(SFC).This paper proposes the use of Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)combined with Graph Neural Networks(GNN)to enhance network processing,performance,and resource pooling capabilities.GNN facilitates feature extraction through Message-Passing Neural Network(MPNN)mechanisms.Together with DRL,Deep Q-Networks(DQN)are utilized to dynamically allocate resources based on IoT network priorities and demands.Our focus is on minimizing delay times for VNF instance execution,ensuring effective resource placement,and allocation in SFC deployments,offering flexibility to adapt to real-time changes in priority and workload.Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms reference models in terms of reward,delay,delivery,service drop ratios,and average completion ratios,proving its potential for IoT applications.
文摘为提高现阶段广播网络的运营效率,在降低广播网络运维成本的同时提升直播信号的质量和用户体验,提出在电视广播中的直播场景及广播信号处理环节分别部署软件定义网络(Software Defined Network,SDN)和网络功能虚拟化(Network Function Virtualization,NFV)网络架构。利用回传网络采集多场馆的信号,根据实时流量情况动态分配网络资源,同时在应对突发事件或临时增加直播需求时,SDN快速重新配置网络,优化调度直播流量。基于SDN架构,在广播信号处理环节通过NFV技术虚拟化视频编转码和用户权限认证,确保信号处理和分发环节的高效性。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61772271, 61379149)
文摘As a promising technology to completely transform how we architect, deploy, operate and manage various networks, software-based Network Function Virtualization(NFV) enables hardware-independent, flexible, fast and efficient network service provision. With the increasing popularity of NFV paradigm, the Internet has also transformed to be a hybrid environment where NFV-based network entities coexist with traditional network devices. To facilitate our understanding, design, evaluate and manage of such novel network environment, there is a great need for a new NFV-compatible network measurement system which is still in absent so far. To bridge this gap, a system, named Software Defined Network Measurement System(SDNMS), is presented in this paper. Firstly, the architecture of SDNMS is proposed. In this architecture, a formal method to describe the working mode of the network measurement is defined. This method can also be utilized to generate a network measurement middle box(NMMB) in a specific location of the NFV network according to the customized description file, and to flexibly deploy the network measurement function. Secondly, the technology of virtual network measurement function(VNMF) combined with LXC is studied to form NMMB function. Thirdly, a control method is presented to control the start, stop, and update NMMB to form a specific network measurement system function. Finally, a prototype of SDNMS with network monitoring function to monitor network performance anomalies and locate faults is introduced. Experimental results have shown that SDNMS architecture and related technologies are feasible and effective to deploy and control network measurement functions in NFV networks. We hope SDNMS could provide a new method for practitioners to conduct network management and research at the age of NFV.
基金supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61521003)The National Basic Research Program of China(973)(Grant No.2012CB315901,2013CB329104)+1 种基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61372121,61309019,61309020)The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863)(Grant No.2015AA016102,2013AA013505)
文摘Recently, integrating Softwaredefined networking(SDN) and network functions virtualization(NFV) are proposed to address the issue that difficulty and cost of hardwarebased and proprietary middleboxes management. However, it lacks of a framework that orchestrates network functions to service chain in the network cooperatively. In this paper, we propose a function combination framework that can dynamically adapt the network based on the integration NFV and SDN. There are two main contributions in this paper. First, the function combination framework based on the integration of SDN and NFV is proposed to address the function combination issue, including the architecture of Service Deliver Network, the port types representing traffic directions and the explanation of terms. Second, we formulate the issue of load balance of function combination as the model minimizing the standard deviations of all servers' loads and satisfying the demand of performance and limit of resource. The least busy placement algorithm is introduced to approach optimal solution of the problem. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can combine functions in an efficient and scalable way and ensure the load balance of the network.
基金This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1800601)the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C01036,2020C01021)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Zhejiang University NGICS Platform:ZJUNGICS2021021).
文摘Service function chains(SFC)mapping takes the responsibility for managing virtual network functions(VNFs).In SFC mapping,existing solutions duplicate VNFs with redundant instances to provide high availability in response to failures.However,as a compromise,these solutions result in high resource consumption due to device maintenance.In this paper,we propose a novel method named dynamic backup sharing(DBS)that allows SFCs to dynamically share backups to reduce resource consumption.DBS formulates the problem of sharing backups among different VNFs as an integer linear programming(ILP).Thereafter,we design a novel online algorithm based on dynamic programming to solve the problem.The experimental results indicate that DBS outperforms state-ofthe-art works by reducing resource consumption and improving the number of accepted requests.
基金supported by The National Basic Research Program of China (973) (Grant No. 2012CB315901, 2013CB329104)The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61521003, 61372121, 61309019, 61572519, 61502530)The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863) (Grant No. 2015AA016102)
文摘To address the issues that middleboxes as a fundamental part of today's networks are facing, Network Function Virtualization(NFV)has been recently proposed, which in essence asserts to migrate hardware-based middleboxes into software-based virtualized function entities.Due to the demands of virtual services placement in NFV network environment, this paper models the service amount placement problem involving with the resources allocation as a cooperative game and proposes the placement policy by Nash Bargaining Solution(NBS). Specifically,we first introduce the system overview and apply the rigorous cooperative game-theoretic guide to build the mathematical model, which can give consideration to both the responding efficiency of service requirements and the allocation fairness.Then a distributed algorithm corresponding to NBS is designed to achieve predictable network performance for virtual instances placement.Finally, with simulations under various scenarios,the results show that our placement approach can achieve high utilization of network through the analysis of evaluation metrics namely the satisfaction degree and fairness index. With the suitable demand amount of services, the average values of two metrics can reach above 90%. And by tuning the base placement, our solution can enable operators to flexibly balance the tradeoff between satisfaction and fairness of resourcessharing in service platforms.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFB2905500 and 2023YFB2805302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62205026)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars,and the Open Fund of IPOC(BUPT)。
文摘The heterogeneity of applications and their divergent resource requirements lead to uneven traffic distribution and imbalanced resource utilization across data center networks(DCNs).We propose a fine-grained baseband function reallocation scheme in heterogeneous optical switching-based DCNs.A deep reinforcement learning-based functional split and resource mapping approach(DRL-BFM)is proposed to maximize throughput in high-load server racks by implementing load balancing in DCNs.The results demonstrate that DRL-BFM improves the throughput by 20.8%,22.8%,and 29.8%on average compared to existing algorithms under different computational capacities,bandwidth constraints,and latency conditions,respectively.
文摘Virtualization of network/service functions means time sharing network/service（and affiliated）resources in a hyper speed manner.The concept of time sharing was popularized in the 1970s with mainframe computing.The same concept has recently resurfaced under the guise of cloud computing and virtualized computing.Although cloud computing was originally used in IT for server virtualization,the ICT industry is taking a new look at virtualization.This paradigm shift is shaking up the computing,storage,networking,and ser vice industries.The hope is that virtualizing and automating configuration and service management/orchestration will save both capes and opex for network transformation.A complimentary trend is the separation（over an open interface）of control and transmission.This is commonly referred to as software defined networking（SDN）.This paper reviews trends in network/service functions,efforts to standardize these functions,and required management and orchestration.
文摘针对支持网络功能虚拟化(Network Function Virtualization,NFV)的软件定义网络(SDN)中,单播请求流通常需要由多个虚拟网络功能(Virtual Network Functions,VNFs)依序组成的服务功能链(Service Function Chain,SFC)进行处理。首先联合考虑VNF动态放置,多资源及QoS约束,以最小化资源消耗成本及自动确保网络负载均衡为目标定义了动态的SFC部署问题。接着设计考虑边际成本的资源相对成本函数并利用整数线性规划对该问题建模。然后,创新地设计了一个动态辅助边权图并基于拉格朗日松弛方法构建具有自动负载均衡的服务功能链嵌入算法(SFC Embedding Algorithm,SFC-EA)对原问题求解。仿真结果表明,SFC-EA能有效解决多资源及多QoS约束下的SFC顺序嵌入这个NP难问题,并能自动确保网络负载均衡,提高网络吞吐量和流接受率。
基金supported by the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(Nos.KM202110858003 and2022X003-KXD)。
文摘Due to the development of network technology,the number of users is increasing rapidly,and the demand for emerging multicast services is becoming more and more abundant,traffic data is increasing day by day,network nodes are becoming denser,network topology is becoming more complex,and operators’equipment operation and maintenance costs are increasing.Network functions virtualization multicast issues include building a traffic forwarding topology,deploying the required functions,and directing traffic.Combining the two is still a problem to be studied in depth at present,and this paper proposes a two-stage solution where the decisions of these two stages are interdependent.Specifically,this paper decouples multicast traffic forwarding and function delivery.The minimum spanning tree of traffic forwarding is constructed by Steiner tree,and the traffic forwarding is realized by Viterbi-algorithm.Use a general topology network to examine network cost and service performance.Simulation results show that this method can reduce overhead and delay and optimize user experience.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China,Nos.2022NSFSC1545 (to YG),2022NSFSC1387 (to ZF)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing of China,Nos.CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0038,cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0035 (both to XT)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82001378 (to XT)the Joint Project of Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau,No.2023QNXM009 (to XT)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission of China,No.KJQN202200435 (to XT)the Chongqing Talents:Exceptional Young Talents Project,No.CQYC202005014 (to XT)。
文摘Epilepsy can be defined as a dysfunction of the brain network,and each type of epilepsy involves different brain-network changes that are implicated diffe rently in the control and propagation of interictal or ictal discharges.Gaining more detailed information on brain network alterations can help us to further understand the mechanisms of epilepsy and pave the way for brain network-based precise therapeutic approaches in clinical practice.An increasing number of advanced neuroimaging techniques and electrophysiological techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tra ctography,diffusion kurtosis imaging-based fiber tractography,fiber ball imagingbased tra ctography,electroencephalography,functional magnetic resonance imaging,magnetoencephalography,positron emission tomography,molecular imaging,and functional ultrasound imaging have been extensively used to delineate epileptic networks.In this review,we summarize the relevant neuroimaging and neuroelectrophysiological techniques for assessing structural and functional brain networks in patients with epilepsy,and extensively analyze the imaging mechanisms,advantages,limitations,and clinical application ranges of each technique.A greater focus on emerging advanced technologies,new data analysis software,a combination of multiple techniques,and the construction of personalized virtual epilepsy models can provide a theoretical basis to better understand the brain network mechanisms of epilepsy and make surgical decisions.
