The striatum and globus pallidus are principal nuclei of the basal ganglia. Nissl-and acetylcholinesterasestained sections of the tree shrew brain showed the neuroanatomical features of the caudate nucleus（Cd）,inter...The striatum and globus pallidus are principal nuclei of the basal ganglia. Nissl-and acetylcholinesterasestained sections of the tree shrew brain showed the neuroanatomical features of the caudate nucleus（Cd）,internal capsule（ic）, putamen（Pu）, accumbens, internal globus pallidus, and external globus pallidus. The ic separated the dorsal striatum into the Cd and Pu in the tree shrew, but not in rats and mice. In addition, computerbased 3 D images allowed a better understanding of the position and orientation of these structures. These data provided a large-scale atlas of the striatum and globus pallidus in the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal planes, the first detailed distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the tree shrew, and the differences in morphological characteristics and density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons between tree shrew and rat. Our findings support the tree shrew as a potential model for human striatal disorders.展开更多
The thalamostriatal pathway is implicated in Parkinson's disease(PD); however, PD-related changes in the relationship between oscillatory activity in the centromedian-parafascicular complex(CM/Pf, or the Pf in rod...The thalamostriatal pathway is implicated in Parkinson's disease(PD); however, PD-related changes in the relationship between oscillatory activity in the centromedian-parafascicular complex(CM/Pf, or the Pf in rodents) and the dorsal striatum(DS) remain unclear.Therefore, we simultaneously recorded local field potentials(LFPs) in both the Pf and DS of hemiparkinsonian and control rats during epochs of rest or treadmill walking. The dopamine-lesioned rats showed increased LFP power in the beta band(12 Hz–35 Hz) in the Pf and DS during both epochs, but decreased LFP power in the delta(0.5 Hz–3 Hz) band in the Pf during rest epochs and in the DS during both epochs, compared to control rats. In addition,exaggerated low gamma(35 Hz–70 Hz) oscillations after dopamine loss were restricted to the Pf regardless of the behavioral state. Furthermore, enhanced synchronization of LFP oscillations was found between the Pf and DS after the dopamine lesion. Significant increases occurred in the mean coherence in both theta(3 Hz–7 Hz) and beta bands,and a significant increase was also noted in the phase coherence in the beta band between the Pf and DS during rest epochs. During the treadmill walking epochs, significant increases were found in both the alpha(7 Hz–12 Hz)and beta bands for two coherence measures. Collectively,dramatic changes in the relative LFP power and coherence in the thalamostriatal pathway may underlie the dysfunction of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical network circuits in PD, contributing to some of the motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease.展开更多
This study explored protective effects of Houshiheisan and its compound prescription of wind-dispelling drugs and deficiency-nourishing drugs on cerebral ischemia in terms of astrocyte activation and inflammatory fact...This study explored protective effects of Houshiheisan and its compound prescription of wind-dispelling drugs and deficiency-nourishing drugs on cerebral ischemia in terms of astrocyte activation and inflammatory factor expression.Results suggested that Houshiheisan lessened neuronal degeneration in the corpus striatum on the ischemic side of rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,contributed to astrocyte activation and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the corpus striatum and decreased the levels of interleukin-2,interleukin-6, interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α.Factor analysis results demonstrated that deficiency-nourishing drugs were more beneficial in protecting neurons and upregulating glial fibrillary acidic protein expression than wind-dispelling drugs.However,wind-dispelling drugs were more effective in increasing the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and reducing inflammatory factor expression than deficiency-nourishing drugs.These indicate that different ingredients of Houshiheisan suppress cerebral ischemic injury by promoting astrocyte activation and diminishing inflammatory factor expression.展开更多
Microglia, as the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play important roles in regulating neuronal processes, such as neural excitability, synaptic activity, and apoptotic cell clearance. Growth factor...Microglia, as the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play important roles in regulating neuronal processes, such as neural excitability, synaptic activity, and apoptotic cell clearance. Growth factors can activate multiple signaling pathways in central nervous system microglia and can regulate their immune effects, but whether growth factors can affect the morphological characteristics and ultrastructure of microglia has not been reported. After microinjecting 300 nL of a growth factor cocktail, including 10 μg/mL epidermal growth factor, 10 μg/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, 10 μg/mL hepatocyte growth factor and 10 μg/mL insulin-like growth factor into adult rat cortex, we found that the number of IBA1-positive microglia around the injection area increased significantly, indicating local activation of microglia. All CD68-positive labeling co-localized with IBA1 in microglia. Cell bodies and protrusions of CD68-positive cells were strongly attached to or were engulfing neurons. Characteristic huge phagosomes were observed in activated phagocytes by electron microscopy. The phagosomes generally included non-degraded neuronal protrusions and mitochondria, yet they contained no myelin membrane or remnants, which might indicate selective phagocytosis by the phagocytes. The remnant myelin sheath after phagocytosis still had regenerative ability and formed "myelin-like" structures around phagocytes. These results show that microinjection of a growth factor cocktail into the cerebral cortex of rodents can locally activate microglia and induce selective phagocytosis of neural structures by phagocytes. The study was approved by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences(approval No. IACUC-AMMS-2014-501) on June 30, 2014.展开更多
A novel population of cells expressing typical markers of immature neurons, such as doublecortin-positive cells, was recently identified. This population was predominantly located in layer II of the adult cerebral cor...A novel population of cells expressing typical markers of immature neurons, such as doublecortin-positive cells, was recently identified. This population was predominantly located in layer II of the adult cerebral cortex of relatively large mammals. These cells appear to maintain an immature phenotype for a protracted time window, suggesting a lifelong role in cortical plasticity under normal physiological conditions, and possibly under pathological conditions as well. This review discusses recent evidence regarding the detailed features of these unique cells, including their distribution, morphology, fate, temporal and spatial origin, as well as their relevance and possible functions in various physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we review studies that have produced conflicting results, possibly as a result of discrepancies in the methodology used to detect neurogenesis. In theory, the properties of these cells indicate that they might exert a significant impact on neocortical function, informing potential therapeutic strategies designed to induce endogenous neurogenesis in the treatment of neuropathological diseases.展开更多
The afferent connections and its immunohistochemical characteristics of the marginal division of the rat corpus striatum were studied with tract tracing and immunohistochemical methods. The afferent projection neurons...The afferent connections and its immunohistochemical characteristics of the marginal division of the rat corpus striatum were studied with tract tracing and immunohistochemical methods. The afferent projection neurons of the marginal division were in the lateral part of the substantia nigra and its dorsolateral area, including the peripeduncular nucleus and posterior intralaminar nucleus. Using double labeling technique, we observed that some HRP and substance P(SP), cholecystokinin (CCk), neurotensin (NT),leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk),or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) double labeled neurons were observed in the above regions.It is suggested that these affterent projection neurons of the marginal division may be associated with the function of sensation,memory and movement.展开更多
Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in the mRNA levels of neurotrophins and their receptors in the striatal tissue of mice treated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP）. Methods At 1 and ...Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in the mRNA levels of neurotrophins and their receptors in the striatal tissue of mice treated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP）. Methods At 1 and 48 h after the last drug administration, the mRNA expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5 as well as their receptors p75, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, was evaluated using semi-quantitative （semi- Q） and real-time RT-PCR. β-actin mRNA and ribosomal 18S （18S rRNA） were tested as internal controls. Results 3-NP treatment did not affect mRNA expression of all neurotrophins and their respective receptors equally. Also, differences in neurotrophin and receptor mRNA expression were observed between semi-Q and real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR was more accurate in evaluating the mRNA expression of the neurotrophins than semi-Q, and 18S rRNA was more reliable than β-actin as an internal control. Conclusion Neurotrophins and their receptors expression is differentially affected by neuronal damage produced by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration with 3-NP treatment in low, sub-chronic doses in vivo.展开更多
In the present study,the morphological characteristics of the synaptic structure(MCSS)of the substance P immunoreactive(SPIR)teminals in the marginal division(MrD)of the ratstriatum were studied by using electron micr...In the present study,the morphological characteristics of the synaptic structure(MCSS)of the substance P immunoreactive(SPIR)teminals in the marginal division(MrD)of the ratstriatum were studied by using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry.Four major typesof SPIR symnapses were identified in teh MrD.axodendritic,axo-spinous,axo-axonic,and com-pound.Axo-dendritic and axo-spinous synapses were more common,and a few axo-axonic andcompound synapses wer observed as well.In the postsynaptic target zones of axo-dendritic,andaxo-spinous synapses,there were small or large dendrites or spires.Some synapses with morethan two synaptic components are referred to as compound synapses.Both symmetric andasymmetric SPIR synapses were seen in the MrD.The vesicles in the SPIR presynaptic boutonswere mostly pleomorphic although a few of them were round,The MCSS distinguishes theultrastructure of the MrD from that of the other part of striatum,which suggests that the func-tion of the MrD may be different from that of the rest of the striatum.展开更多
A sauna drying technique—the solar drier was designed and imposed, constructed and tested for drying of seaweed. The seaweed moisture content was decreased around 50% in 2-day sauna. Kinetic curves of drying of seawe...A sauna drying technique—the solar drier was designed and imposed, constructed and tested for drying of seaweed. The seaweed moisture content was decreased around 50% in 2-day sauna. Kinetic curves of drying of seaweed were known to be used in this system. The non-linear regression procedure was used to fit three different drying models. The models were compared with experimental data of red seaweed being dried on the daily average of air temperature about 40℃. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The highest values of R2 (0.99027), the lowest MBE (0.00044) and RMSE (0.03039) indicated that the Page model was the best mathematical model to describe the drying behavior of sauna dried seaweed. The percentage of the saved time using this technique was calculated at 57.9% on the average solar radiation of about 500 W/m2 and air flow rate of 0.056 kg/s.展开更多
The human striatum is essential for both lowand high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders,including Parkinson's disease(PD)and schizophrenia(SCZ).It is know...The human striatum is essential for both lowand high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders,including Parkinson's disease(PD)and schizophrenia(SCZ).It is known to consist of structurally and functionally divergent subdivisions.However,previous parcellations are based on a single neuroimaging modality,leaving the extent of the multi-modal organization of the striatum unknown.Here,we investigated the organization of the striatum across three modalities—resting-state functional connectivity,probabilistic diffusion tractography,and structural covariance—to provide a holistic convergent view of its structure and function.We found convergent clusters in the dorsal,dorsolateral,rostral,ventral,and caudal striatum.Functional characterization revealed the anterior striatum to be mainly associated with cognitive and emotional functions,while the caudal striatum was related to action execution.Interestingly,significant structural atrophy in the rostral and ventral striatum was common to both PD and SCZ,but atrophy in the dorsolateral striatum was specifically attributable to PD.Our study revealed a cross-modal convergent organization of the striatum,representing a fundamental topographical model that can be useful for investigating structural and functional variability in aging and in clinical conditions.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 30 min forebrain ischemia, followed by 120 min reperfusion on extracellular fluid (ECF) levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and their m...The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 30 min forebrain ischemia, followed by 120 min reperfusion on extracellular fluid (ECF) levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the striatum of gerbils, so as to obtain further information on the mechanism of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM)-induced neuroprotection. Microdialysis was used to sample the extracellular space. Dialysate was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). ECF DA, NE levels increased from basal levels by 282, 227 and 221 folds, by 9.14, 8.51 and 8.25 folds, respectively for the three ischemic duration (0-10; 11-20; 21-30 min). ECF DA, NE, 5-HT levels in the RSM-treated group were significantly decreased as compared with those in the control group during ischemia (P展开更多
The maximum rates of adenosine triphosphatase （ATPase） systems related to energy consumption were systematically evaluated in synaptic plasma membranes isolated from the striata of male Wistar rats aged 2, 6, 12, 18...The maximum rates of adenosine triphosphatase （ATPase） systems related to energy consumption were systematically evaluated in synaptic plasma membranes isolated from the striata of male Wistar rats aged 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, because of their key role in presynaptic nerve ending homeostasis. The following enzyme activities were evaluated： sodium-potassium-magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Na^＋, K^＋, Mg^2＋-ATPase）; ouabain-insensitive magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Mg^2＋-ATPase）; sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase （Na^＋, K^＋-ATPase）; direct magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Mg^2＋-ATPase）; calcium-magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋-ATPase）; and acetylcholinesterase. The results showed that Na~, K＋-ATPase decreased at 18 and 24 months, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase decreased from 6 months, while Mg^2＋-ATPase was unmodified. Therefore, ATPases vary independently during aging, suggesting that the ATPase enzyme systems are of neuropathological and pharmacological importance. This could be considered as an experimental model to study regeneration processes, because of the age-dependent modifications of specific synaptic plasma membranes. ATPases cause selective changes in some cerebral functions, especially bioenergetic systems. This could be of physiopathological significance, particularly in many central nervous system diseases, where, during regenerative processes, energy availability is essential.展开更多
OBJECTIVE The high prevalence of sleep disturbance has been found in patients with striatum-related neurodegenerative disorders.In the striatum,there are abundant adenosine A2A receptors(A2ARs)whichhavebeen reported t...OBJECTIVE The high prevalence of sleep disturbance has been found in patients with striatum-related neurodegenerative disorders.In the striatum,there are abundant adenosine A2A receptors(A2ARs)whichhavebeen reported to mediatesleepbehavior for adenosine.We hypothesized that the A2AR-expressing neurons in the striatum are involved in sleep-wake regulation.METHODS We employed a chemogenetic technique,designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug(DREADD),to specifically and non-invasively manipulate the neuron activity based on the principle of Cre/Lox P recombination,EEG/electromyogram recording for sleep-wake behaviors,the neural tracing approach toselectively visualize the perikarya of A2AR-expressing neurons and their axons by adeno-associated virus(AAV)encoding humanized Renilla green fluorescent(hr GFP)as a tracerin A2AR-Cre mice.In addition,we used immunoelectron microscopy,patch-clamp technique,and optogenetics in A2AR-Cre mice to selectively characterize the synapse and functional connectivity between the A2AR-expressing neurons and the neuron of their downstream targets in vitro.RESULTS The activation of A2AR-expressing neurons in rostral,centromedial and centrolateral striatum increased non-rapid eye movement(non-REM,NREM)sleep,concomitant with a reduction in wakefulness,whereas the activation of A2AR-expressing neurons in caudal striatum didn′t alter sleep-wake profiles at all.Topographical projections in the sagittal section showed that the axons of A2ARexpressing neurons from rostral striatum distributed in the rostral external globuspallidus(GPe)with a discoidal region paralleled to the striato-pallidal border,while the axons of the A2AR-expressing neurons from the central striatum not only distributed in the rostral GPe,but also in the caudal GPe with a similar distributing pattern as did in rostral neurons.However,the axons of A2ARexpressing neurons from caudal striatum just scattered in the caudal GPe.Based on our anatomical findings and patch-clamp technique combining with optogenetics,we found that A2AR neurons in the rostral striatum preferentially formed inhibitory synapses with parvalbumin(PV)-positive neurons in the rostral GPe,while A2AR neurons in the caudal striatum preferentially formed inhibitory synapses with PV-negative neurons in the caudal GPe.CONCLUSION The present results indicated that the A2AR-expressing neurons in rostral and central striatum are involved in sleep-wake regulation,probably via innervating PV-positive neurons in the GPe.展开更多
As the major division of the basal ganglia, neostriatum forms mutual connections with multiple brain areas and is critically involved in motor control and learning/memory. Long-term synaptic plasticity has been widely...As the major division of the basal ganglia, neostriatum forms mutual connections with multiple brain areas and is critically involved in motor control and learning/memory. Long-term synaptic plasticity has been widely studied in different species recently. However, there are rare reports about the short-term synaptic plasticity in neostratium. In the present study, using field excitatory postsynaptic potentials recording, we reported one form of short-term synaptic plasticity that is paired pulse depression in juvenile rat dorsal striatum slices induced by stimuli of the white matter. The field excitatory postsynaptic potentials could be abolished by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylizoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, but not by gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor antagonist bicuculline or dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SKF-81297. The paired pulse depression in the corticostratial pathway was different from paired pulse facilitation in the hippocampal CA1 synapse. In addition, the paired pulse depression was not affected by bath application of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor antagonist or dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. However, low calcium and high magnesium could attenuate the paired pulse depression. These findings suggest a more complicated plasticity form in the dorsal striatum of juvenile rats that is different from that in the hippocampus, which is related with extracellular calcium.展开更多
Objective: To study the expression of substance P receptor gene in the brain and marginal division in rats. Methods:In situ hybridiztion was performed on sections of the rat brain using digoxingenin--labeled substance...Objective: To study the expression of substance P receptor gene in the brain and marginal division in rats. Methods:In situ hybridiztion was performed on sections of the rat brain using digoxingenin--labeled substance P receptor (SPR ) cDNA as probes. Results: The positive reactive neurons distributed unevenly in the central nervous system. There were numerous strong SPR positive neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus and marginal division of the rat striatum. These results suggest that the marginal division cells of the striatum contain SPR mRNA and express SP receptor. Conclusion: It is supposed that the expression of SPR in marginal division of the striatum may play an important role in the reception and regulation of the neurotransmitter substance P, and the modulation of cholinergic activity involved in learning and memory of the marginal division.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the aseptic treatment and disinfection of E. striatum explants and the effects of three liquid culture medium （ PES, PESI, f/2） and plant hormones on adventitious bud induction from e...This study aimed to investigate the aseptic treatment and disinfection of E. striatum explants and the effects of three liquid culture medium （ PES, PESI, f/2） and plant hormones on adventitious bud induction from explants. The results showed that the vast majority of explants disinfected by combined treatment exhib- ited good growth and normal color with an average mortality rate of only 9%. E. striatum explants exhibited the best growth in PES liquid medium and the survival rate reached 66.67% at 40 d after culture. Under different concentrations （0.5, 2, 5 mg/L） of 6-BA, the induction rate ofE. striatum explants was significantly higher than that in control group, but no remarkable differences were found in the induction of adventitious buds from E. striatum explants. In PES liquid medium containing 6-BA and 2,4-D, the adventitious bud induction rate was 90% and the average number of induced adventitious buds was 6.63.展开更多
We report successful management of aortic graft infection without graft explanation or extra-anatomic bypass. A 61 year-old male who had undergone surgical repair of a type IV thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm present...We report successful management of aortic graft infection without graft explanation or extra-anatomic bypass. A 61 year-old male who had undergone surgical repair of a type IV thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm presented with left flank pain and raised inflammatory markers following graft implantation. CT scanning revealed a left psoas fluid collection. Graft infection was diagnosed. A radio-guided drainage and conservative management, with irrigation drain placement was undertaken with preservation of the aortic graft. There was no evidence of recurrent infection after follow-up at 34 months. Aortic endograft infection may be managed by surgical or radio-guided drainage, antibiotic irrigation of the graft and systemic antibiotic therapy without graft removal.展开更多
Parkinson＇s disease is a progressive neurological disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.A highly similar pattern of neurodegeneration can be induced by 1-methyl-4-p...Parkinson＇s disease is a progressive neurological disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.A highly similar pattern of neurodegeneration can be induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine（MPTP） or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion（MPP＋）,which cause the death of dopaminergic neurons.Administration of MPTP or MPP＋ results in Parkinson＇s disease-like symptoms in rodents.However,it remains unclear whether intracerebroventricular MPP＋ administration affects neurogenesis in the substantia nigra and subgranular zone or whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor alters the effects of MPP＋.In this study,MPP＋（100 nmol） was intracerebroventricularly injected into mice to model Parkinson＇s disease.At 7 days after administration,the number of bromodeoxyuridine（Brd U）-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus increased,indicating enhanced neurogenesis.In contrast,a reduction in Brd U-positive cells was detected in the substantia nigra.Administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor（100 ng） 1 day after MPP＋ administration attenuated the effect of MPP＋ in the subgranular zone and the substantia nigra.These findings reveal the complex interaction between neurotrophic factors and neurotoxins in the Parkinsonian model that result in distinct effects on the catecholaminergic system and on neurogenesis in different brain regions.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the time course of changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) concentrations of purines, amino acids, monoamines, and their metabolites in the striatum of rats during ischemia and repe...The aim of this study was to determine the time course of changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) concentrations of purines, amino acids, monoamines, and their metabolites in the striatum of rats during ischemia and reperfusion, using intracerebral microdialysis as the sampling technique. In rats subjected to 20 min forebrain ischemia by four-vessel occlusion, the concentrations of adenosine (Ade), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hyp) were found to rise markedly. These changes were accompanied by dramatically elevated levels of aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), taurine (Tau), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), all of which gradually returned to baseline following reperfusion. Concomitantly, the levels of metabolite 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) . homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and xanthine (Xan) decreased during ischemia and gradually recovered 60～ 90 min after reperfusion. It was concluded that during global brain ischemia, the ECF is flooded with both potentially harmful (e. g. Asp, Glu, DA) and protective (e. g. Tau, GABA, Ade) agents.展开更多
Reproducing the spatial cognition of animals using computational models that make agents navigate autonomously has attracted much attention. Many biologically inspired models for spatial cognition focus mainly on the ...Reproducing the spatial cognition of animals using computational models that make agents navigate autonomously has attracted much attention. Many biologically inspired models for spatial cognition focus mainly on the simulation of the hippocampus and only consider the effect of external environmental information(i.e., exogenous information) on the hippocampal coding. However, neurophysiological studies have shown that the striatum, which is closely related to the hippocampus, also plays an important role in spatial cognition and that information inside animals(i.e., endogenous information) also affects the encoding of the hippocampus. Inspired by the progress made in neurophysiological studies, we propose a new spatial cognitive model that consists of analogies between the hippocampus and striatum. This model takes into consideration how both exogenous and endogenous information affects coding by the environment. We carried out a series of navigation experiments that simulated a water maze and compared our model with other models. Our model is self-adaptable and robust and has better performance in navigation path length. We also discuss the possible reasons for the results and how our findings may help us understand real mechanisms in the spatial cognition of animals.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31500859 and 91432305)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science (XDB02030001)
文摘The striatum and globus pallidus are principal nuclei of the basal ganglia. Nissl-and acetylcholinesterasestained sections of the tree shrew brain showed the neuroanatomical features of the caudate nucleus（Cd）,internal capsule（ic）, putamen（Pu）, accumbens, internal globus pallidus, and external globus pallidus. The ic separated the dorsal striatum into the Cd and Pu in the tree shrew, but not in rats and mice. In addition, computerbased 3 D images allowed a better understanding of the position and orientation of these structures. These data provided a large-scale atlas of the striatum and globus pallidus in the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal planes, the first detailed distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the tree shrew, and the differences in morphological characteristics and density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons between tree shrew and rat. Our findings support the tree shrew as a potential model for human striatal disorders.
基金supported by the Science Technological Project of Shandong Province (2018CXGC1502 and 2016GSF201058)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571104 and 81501149)
文摘The thalamostriatal pathway is implicated in Parkinson's disease(PD); however, PD-related changes in the relationship between oscillatory activity in the centromedian-parafascicular complex(CM/Pf, or the Pf in rodents) and the dorsal striatum(DS) remain unclear.Therefore, we simultaneously recorded local field potentials(LFPs) in both the Pf and DS of hemiparkinsonian and control rats during epochs of rest or treadmill walking. The dopamine-lesioned rats showed increased LFP power in the beta band(12 Hz–35 Hz) in the Pf and DS during both epochs, but decreased LFP power in the delta(0.5 Hz–3 Hz) band in the Pf during rest epochs and in the DS during both epochs, compared to control rats. In addition,exaggerated low gamma(35 Hz–70 Hz) oscillations after dopamine loss were restricted to the Pf regardless of the behavioral state. Furthermore, enhanced synchronization of LFP oscillations was found between the Pf and DS after the dopamine lesion. Significant increases occurred in the mean coherence in both theta(3 Hz–7 Hz) and beta bands,and a significant increase was also noted in the phase coherence in the beta band between the Pf and DS during rest epochs. During the treadmill walking epochs, significant increases were found in both the alpha(7 Hz–12 Hz)and beta bands for two coherence measures. Collectively,dramatic changes in the relative LFP power and coherence in the thalamostriatal pathway may underlie the dysfunction of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical network circuits in PD, contributing to some of the motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30973782the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,No.7102014+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Chinese Medicine of Beijing City,No.JJ2008-042the Chinese Medicine Nursing Special Foundationof Beijing Education Commission,No.10ZYH04
文摘This study explored protective effects of Houshiheisan and its compound prescription of wind-dispelling drugs and deficiency-nourishing drugs on cerebral ischemia in terms of astrocyte activation and inflammatory factor expression.Results suggested that Houshiheisan lessened neuronal degeneration in the corpus striatum on the ischemic side of rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,contributed to astrocyte activation and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the corpus striatum and decreased the levels of interleukin-2,interleukin-6, interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α.Factor analysis results demonstrated that deficiency-nourishing drugs were more beneficial in protecting neurons and upregulating glial fibrillary acidic protein expression than wind-dispelling drugs.However,wind-dispelling drugs were more effective in increasing the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and reducing inflammatory factor expression than deficiency-nourishing drugs.These indicate that different ingredients of Houshiheisan suppress cerebral ischemic injury by promoting astrocyte activation and diminishing inflammatory factor expression.
基金supported by a grant from State Key Laboratory of Proteomics of China,No.SKLP-K201401(to SJL)the National Key Project of Basic Research of China,No.2009CB918301(to SJL)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.30430310,30140001,30370460(to SJL)
文摘Microglia, as the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play important roles in regulating neuronal processes, such as neural excitability, synaptic activity, and apoptotic cell clearance. Growth factors can activate multiple signaling pathways in central nervous system microglia and can regulate their immune effects, but whether growth factors can affect the morphological characteristics and ultrastructure of microglia has not been reported. After microinjecting 300 nL of a growth factor cocktail, including 10 μg/mL epidermal growth factor, 10 μg/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, 10 μg/mL hepatocyte growth factor and 10 μg/mL insulin-like growth factor into adult rat cortex, we found that the number of IBA1-positive microglia around the injection area increased significantly, indicating local activation of microglia. All CD68-positive labeling co-localized with IBA1 in microglia. Cell bodies and protrusions of CD68-positive cells were strongly attached to or were engulfing neurons. Characteristic huge phagosomes were observed in activated phagocytes by electron microscopy. The phagosomes generally included non-degraded neuronal protrusions and mitochondria, yet they contained no myelin membrane or remnants, which might indicate selective phagocytosis by the phagocytes. The remnant myelin sheath after phagocytosis still had regenerative ability and formed "myelin-like" structures around phagocytes. These results show that microinjection of a growth factor cocktail into the cerebral cortex of rodents can locally activate microglia and induce selective phagocytosis of neural structures by phagocytes. The study was approved by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences(approval No. IACUC-AMMS-2014-501) on June 30, 2014.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30900773the National University Basic Research Foundation of China,No.2010QZZD022
文摘A novel population of cells expressing typical markers of immature neurons, such as doublecortin-positive cells, was recently identified. This population was predominantly located in layer II of the adult cerebral cortex of relatively large mammals. These cells appear to maintain an immature phenotype for a protracted time window, suggesting a lifelong role in cortical plasticity under normal physiological conditions, and possibly under pathological conditions as well. This review discusses recent evidence regarding the detailed features of these unique cells, including their distribution, morphology, fate, temporal and spatial origin, as well as their relevance and possible functions in various physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we review studies that have produced conflicting results, possibly as a result of discrepancies in the methodology used to detect neurogenesis. In theory, the properties of these cells indicate that they might exert a significant impact on neocortical function, informing potential therapeutic strategies designed to induce endogenous neurogenesis in the treatment of neuropathological diseases.
文摘The afferent connections and its immunohistochemical characteristics of the marginal division of the rat corpus striatum were studied with tract tracing and immunohistochemical methods. The afferent projection neurons of the marginal division were in the lateral part of the substantia nigra and its dorsolateral area, including the peripeduncular nucleus and posterior intralaminar nucleus. Using double labeling technique, we observed that some HRP and substance P(SP), cholecystokinin (CCk), neurotensin (NT),leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk),or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) double labeled neurons were observed in the above regions.It is suggested that these affterent projection neurons of the marginal division may be associated with the function of sensation,memory and movement.
基金supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Grant No. 42598)
文摘Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in the mRNA levels of neurotrophins and their receptors in the striatal tissue of mice treated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP）. Methods At 1 and 48 h after the last drug administration, the mRNA expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5 as well as their receptors p75, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, was evaluated using semi-quantitative （semi- Q） and real-time RT-PCR. β-actin mRNA and ribosomal 18S （18S rRNA） were tested as internal controls. Results 3-NP treatment did not affect mRNA expression of all neurotrophins and their respective receptors equally. Also, differences in neurotrophin and receptor mRNA expression were observed between semi-Q and real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR was more accurate in evaluating the mRNA expression of the neurotrophins than semi-Q, and 18S rRNA was more reliable than β-actin as an internal control. Conclusion Neurotrophins and their receptors expression is differentially affected by neuronal damage produced by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration with 3-NP treatment in low, sub-chronic doses in vivo.
文摘In the present study,the morphological characteristics of the synaptic structure(MCSS)of the substance P immunoreactive(SPIR)teminals in the marginal division(MrD)of the ratstriatum were studied by using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry.Four major typesof SPIR symnapses were identified in teh MrD.axodendritic,axo-spinous,axo-axonic,and com-pound.Axo-dendritic and axo-spinous synapses were more common,and a few axo-axonic andcompound synapses wer observed as well.In the postsynaptic target zones of axo-dendritic,andaxo-spinous synapses,there were small or large dendrites or spires.Some synapses with morethan two synaptic components are referred to as compound synapses.Both symmetric andasymmetric SPIR synapses were seen in the MrD.The vesicles in the SPIR presynaptic boutonswere mostly pleomorphic although a few of them were round,The MCSS distinguishes theultrastructure of the MrD from that of the other part of striatum,which suggests that the func-tion of the MrD may be different from that of the rest of the striatum.
文摘A sauna drying technique—the solar drier was designed and imposed, constructed and tested for drying of seaweed. The seaweed moisture content was decreased around 50% in 2-day sauna. Kinetic curves of drying of seaweed were known to be used in this system. The non-linear regression procedure was used to fit three different drying models. The models were compared with experimental data of red seaweed being dried on the daily average of air temperature about 40℃. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The highest values of R2 (0.99027), the lowest MBE (0.00044) and RMSE (0.03039) indicated that the Page model was the best mathematical model to describe the drying behavior of sauna dried seaweed. The percentage of the saved time using this technique was calculated at 57.9% on the average solar radiation of about 500 W/m2 and air flow rate of 0.056 kg/s.
基金This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(GE 2835/1-1,El 816/4-1)the Helmholtz Portfolio Theme 4 Supercomputing and Modelling for the Human Brain'and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No.785907(HBP SGA2)We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the China Scholarship Council(201606750003).
文摘The human striatum is essential for both lowand high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders,including Parkinson's disease(PD)and schizophrenia(SCZ).It is known to consist of structurally and functionally divergent subdivisions.However,previous parcellations are based on a single neuroimaging modality,leaving the extent of the multi-modal organization of the striatum unknown.Here,we investigated the organization of the striatum across three modalities—resting-state functional connectivity,probabilistic diffusion tractography,and structural covariance—to provide a holistic convergent view of its structure and function.We found convergent clusters in the dorsal,dorsolateral,rostral,ventral,and caudal striatum.Functional characterization revealed the anterior striatum to be mainly associated with cognitive and emotional functions,while the caudal striatum was related to action execution.Interestingly,significant structural atrophy in the rostral and ventral striatum was common to both PD and SCZ,but atrophy in the dorsolateral striatum was specifically attributable to PD.Our study revealed a cross-modal convergent organization of the striatum,representing a fundamental topographical model that can be useful for investigating structural and functional variability in aging and in clinical conditions.
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 30 min forebrain ischemia, followed by 120 min reperfusion on extracellular fluid (ECF) levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the striatum of gerbils, so as to obtain further information on the mechanism of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM)-induced neuroprotection. Microdialysis was used to sample the extracellular space. Dialysate was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). ECF DA, NE levels increased from basal levels by 282, 227 and 221 folds, by 9.14, 8.51 and 8.25 folds, respectively for the three ischemic duration (0-10; 11-20; 21-30 min). ECF DA, NE, 5-HT levels in the RSM-treated group were significantly decreased as compared with those in the control group during ischemia (P
文摘The maximum rates of adenosine triphosphatase （ATPase） systems related to energy consumption were systematically evaluated in synaptic plasma membranes isolated from the striata of male Wistar rats aged 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, because of their key role in presynaptic nerve ending homeostasis. The following enzyme activities were evaluated： sodium-potassium-magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Na^＋, K^＋, Mg^2＋-ATPase）; ouabain-insensitive magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Mg^2＋-ATPase）; sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase （Na^＋, K^＋-ATPase）; direct magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Mg^2＋-ATPase）; calcium-magnesium adenosine triphosphatase （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋-ATPase）; and acetylcholinesterase. The results showed that Na~, K＋-ATPase decreased at 18 and 24 months, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase decreased from 6 months, while Mg^2＋-ATPase was unmodified. Therefore, ATPases vary independently during aging, suggesting that the ATPase enzyme systems are of neuropathological and pharmacological importance. This could be considered as an experimental model to study regeneration processes, because of the age-dependent modifications of specific synaptic plasma membranes. ATPases cause selective changes in some cerebral functions, especially bioenergetic systems. This could be of physiopathological significance, particularly in many central nervous system diseases, where, during regenerative processes, energy availability is essential.
基金The project supported by National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB856401)
文摘OBJECTIVE The high prevalence of sleep disturbance has been found in patients with striatum-related neurodegenerative disorders.In the striatum,there are abundant adenosine A2A receptors(A2ARs)whichhavebeen reported to mediatesleepbehavior for adenosine.We hypothesized that the A2AR-expressing neurons in the striatum are involved in sleep-wake regulation.METHODS We employed a chemogenetic technique,designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug(DREADD),to specifically and non-invasively manipulate the neuron activity based on the principle of Cre/Lox P recombination,EEG/electromyogram recording for sleep-wake behaviors,the neural tracing approach toselectively visualize the perikarya of A2AR-expressing neurons and their axons by adeno-associated virus(AAV)encoding humanized Renilla green fluorescent(hr GFP)as a tracerin A2AR-Cre mice.In addition,we used immunoelectron microscopy,patch-clamp technique,and optogenetics in A2AR-Cre mice to selectively characterize the synapse and functional connectivity between the A2AR-expressing neurons and the neuron of their downstream targets in vitro.RESULTS The activation of A2AR-expressing neurons in rostral,centromedial and centrolateral striatum increased non-rapid eye movement(non-REM,NREM)sleep,concomitant with a reduction in wakefulness,whereas the activation of A2AR-expressing neurons in caudal striatum didn′t alter sleep-wake profiles at all.Topographical projections in the sagittal section showed that the axons of A2ARexpressing neurons from rostral striatum distributed in the rostral external globuspallidus(GPe)with a discoidal region paralleled to the striato-pallidal border,while the axons of the A2AR-expressing neurons from the central striatum not only distributed in the rostral GPe,but also in the caudal GPe with a similar distributing pattern as did in rostral neurons.However,the axons of A2ARexpressing neurons from caudal striatum just scattered in the caudal GPe.Based on our anatomical findings and patch-clamp technique combining with optogenetics,we found that A2AR neurons in the rostral striatum preferentially formed inhibitory synapses with parvalbumin(PV)-positive neurons in the rostral GPe,while A2AR neurons in the caudal striatum preferentially formed inhibitory synapses with PV-negative neurons in the caudal GPe.CONCLUSION The present results indicated that the A2AR-expressing neurons in rostral and central striatum are involved in sleep-wake regulation,probably via innervating PV-positive neurons in the GPe.
基金supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, No. 15514 & 44008
文摘As the major division of the basal ganglia, neostriatum forms mutual connections with multiple brain areas and is critically involved in motor control and learning/memory. Long-term synaptic plasticity has been widely studied in different species recently. However, there are rare reports about the short-term synaptic plasticity in neostratium. In the present study, using field excitatory postsynaptic potentials recording, we reported one form of short-term synaptic plasticity that is paired pulse depression in juvenile rat dorsal striatum slices induced by stimuli of the white matter. The field excitatory postsynaptic potentials could be abolished by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylizoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, but not by gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor antagonist bicuculline or dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SKF-81297. The paired pulse depression in the corticostratial pathway was different from paired pulse facilitation in the hippocampal CA1 synapse. In addition, the paired pulse depression was not affected by bath application of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor antagonist or dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. However, low calcium and high magnesium could attenuate the paired pulse depression. These findings suggest a more complicated plasticity form in the dorsal striatum of juvenile rats that is different from that in the hippocampus, which is related with extracellular calcium.
文摘Objective: To study the expression of substance P receptor gene in the brain and marginal division in rats. Methods:In situ hybridiztion was performed on sections of the rat brain using digoxingenin--labeled substance P receptor (SPR ) cDNA as probes. Results: The positive reactive neurons distributed unevenly in the central nervous system. There were numerous strong SPR positive neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus and marginal division of the rat striatum. These results suggest that the marginal division cells of the striatum contain SPR mRNA and express SP receptor. Conclusion: It is supposed that the expression of SPR in marginal division of the striatum may play an important role in the reception and regulation of the neurotransmitter substance P, and the modulation of cholinergic activity involved in learning and memory of the marginal division.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Hainan Engineering Technology Research Center(GCZX2012002)Operating Fund Project of Hainan Province(11-20410-0010)Hainan Provincial-level Budget Project(Marine Environmental Protection)
文摘This study aimed to investigate the aseptic treatment and disinfection of E. striatum explants and the effects of three liquid culture medium （ PES, PESI, f/2） and plant hormones on adventitious bud induction from explants. The results showed that the vast majority of explants disinfected by combined treatment exhib- ited good growth and normal color with an average mortality rate of only 9%. E. striatum explants exhibited the best growth in PES liquid medium and the survival rate reached 66.67% at 40 d after culture. Under different concentrations （0.5, 2, 5 mg/L） of 6-BA, the induction rate ofE. striatum explants was significantly higher than that in control group, but no remarkable differences were found in the induction of adventitious buds from E. striatum explants. In PES liquid medium containing 6-BA and 2,4-D, the adventitious bud induction rate was 90% and the average number of induced adventitious buds was 6.63.
文摘We report successful management of aortic graft infection without graft explanation or extra-anatomic bypass. A 61 year-old male who had undergone surgical repair of a type IV thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm presented with left flank pain and raised inflammatory markers following graft implantation. CT scanning revealed a left psoas fluid collection. Graft infection was diagnosed. A radio-guided drainage and conservative management, with irrigation drain placement was undertaken with preservation of the aortic graft. There was no evidence of recurrent infection after follow-up at 34 months. Aortic endograft infection may be managed by surgical or radio-guided drainage, antibiotic irrigation of the graft and systemic antibiotic therapy without graft removal.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31320103906(to TB)
文摘Parkinson＇s disease is a progressive neurological disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.A highly similar pattern of neurodegeneration can be induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine（MPTP） or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion（MPP＋）,which cause the death of dopaminergic neurons.Administration of MPTP or MPP＋ results in Parkinson＇s disease-like symptoms in rodents.However,it remains unclear whether intracerebroventricular MPP＋ administration affects neurogenesis in the substantia nigra and subgranular zone or whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor alters the effects of MPP＋.In this study,MPP＋（100 nmol） was intracerebroventricularly injected into mice to model Parkinson＇s disease.At 7 days after administration,the number of bromodeoxyuridine（Brd U）-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus increased,indicating enhanced neurogenesis.In contrast,a reduction in Brd U-positive cells was detected in the substantia nigra.Administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor（100 ng） 1 day after MPP＋ administration attenuated the effect of MPP＋ in the subgranular zone and the substantia nigra.These findings reveal the complex interaction between neurotrophic factors and neurotoxins in the Parkinsonian model that result in distinct effects on the catecholaminergic system and on neurogenesis in different brain regions.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the time course of changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) concentrations of purines, amino acids, monoamines, and their metabolites in the striatum of rats during ischemia and reperfusion, using intracerebral microdialysis as the sampling technique. In rats subjected to 20 min forebrain ischemia by four-vessel occlusion, the concentrations of adenosine (Ade), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hyp) were found to rise markedly. These changes were accompanied by dramatically elevated levels of aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), taurine (Tau), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), all of which gradually returned to baseline following reperfusion. Concomitantly, the levels of metabolite 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) . homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and xanthine (Xan) decreased during ischemia and gradually recovered 60～ 90 min after reperfusion. It was concluded that during global brain ischemia, the ECF is flooded with both potentially harmful (e. g. Asp, Glu, DA) and protective (e. g. Tau, GABA, Ade) agents.
基金by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61773027 and 62076014)National Key Research and Development Program Project(No.2020YFB1005903)Industrial Internet Innovation and Development Project(No.135060009002).
文摘Reproducing the spatial cognition of animals using computational models that make agents navigate autonomously has attracted much attention. Many biologically inspired models for spatial cognition focus mainly on the simulation of the hippocampus and only consider the effect of external environmental information(i.e., exogenous information) on the hippocampal coding. However, neurophysiological studies have shown that the striatum, which is closely related to the hippocampus, also plays an important role in spatial cognition and that information inside animals(i.e., endogenous information) also affects the encoding of the hippocampus. Inspired by the progress made in neurophysiological studies, we propose a new spatial cognitive model that consists of analogies between the hippocampus and striatum. This model takes into consideration how both exogenous and endogenous information affects coding by the environment. We carried out a series of navigation experiments that simulated a water maze and compared our model with other models. Our model is self-adaptable and robust and has better performance in navigation path length. We also discuss the possible reasons for the results and how our findings may help us understand real mechanisms in the spatial cognition of animals.
