Negative worded(NW)items used in psychological instruments have been studied with the bifactor model to investigate whether the NW items form a secondary factor due to negative wording orthogonal to the measured laten...Negative worded(NW)items used in psychological instruments have been studied with the bifactor model to investigate whether the NW items form a secondary factor due to negative wording orthogonal to the measured latent construct,a validation procedure which checks whether NW items form a source of construct irrelevant variance(CIV)and hence constitute a validity threat.In the context of educational testing,however,no such validation attempts have been made.In this study,we studied the psychometric impact of NW items in an English proficiency reading comprehension test using a modeling approach similar to the bifactor model,namely the three-parameter logistic cross-classified testlet response theory(3PL CCTRT)model,to account for both guessing and possible local item dependence due to passage effect in the data set.The findings indicate that modeling the NW items with a separate factor leads to noticeable improvement in model fit,and the factor variance is marginal but nonzero.However,item and ability parameter estimates are highly similar between the 3PL CCTRT model and other models that do not model the NW items.It is concluded that the NW items introduce CIV into the data,but its magnitude is too small to change item and person ability parameter estimates to an extent of practical significance.展开更多
Opportunities for business cooperation have been increased dramatically in the new environment, and under such circumstance, language usage in business communication places a significant role, particularly in oral bus...Opportunities for business cooperation have been increased dramatically in the new environment, and under such circumstance, language usage in business communication places a significant role, particularly in oral business language. To promote harmonious conversations, certain factors and manners of communication like paying attention to the cultural differences, the proper use of humor, mutual understanding, and the avoidance of misunderstanding ambiguity should be taken into consideration to avoid an unsuccessful result.展开更多
What every brick is for grande building,vocabulary is for the foundation laid for the acquisition of one language.It follows that authentic expressions are justified by the mastery of its application in a specific con...What every brick is for grande building,vocabulary is for the foundation laid for the acquisition of one language.It follows that authentic expressions are justified by the mastery of its application in a specific context.Therefore,it is crucial to delve into the process of vocabulary acquisition,that is,the effect of students’input and output.Words’meanings varied in distinct contexts.Starting from the above two aspects,this paper illustrates the understanding of learning words through examples,so as to optimize the word learning method to achieve twice the result with half the effort.展开更多
This paper deals with the scope of two types of English negation： the modal negation and the non-modal negation. It points out the possibility of ambiguity by reflecting the negative scope through word order in some ...This paper deals with the scope of two types of English negation： the modal negation and the non-modal negation. It points out the possibility of ambiguity by reflecting the negative scope through word order in some structures and discusses the special features of these structures.展开更多
In a number of emerging markets such as China,native consumers may avoid certain domestic products when foreign products are available.However,the studies on the unfavorable attitudes toward the products of one’s own...In a number of emerging markets such as China,native consumers may avoid certain domestic products when foreign products are available.However,the studies on the unfavorable attitudes toward the products of one’s own country are not sufficient.This article aims to develop a construct to explain this phenomenon.The measurement scale was developed and validated using responses from 318 Chinese consumers with respect to electronics and clothing.The judgment sampling method produced representative distributions in terms of age and gender.The items were first generated and refined based on the content validity.Exploratory factor analysis,confirmatory factor analysis,and convergent and discriminant validity were then established.Finally,this study investigates relationships among consumer repulsion,domestic product ownership,and negative word of mouth,to confirm the nomological validity.This study develops a construct—consumer repulsion—that can be used to articulate native consumers’unfavorable attitudes toward domestic products from consumers’individual identity-expressiveness perspective.First,this study develops a scale for consumer repulsion.The scale shows good reliability,unidimensionality,convergent validity,discriminant validity,and nomological validity.The scale helps explain the nature and impact of country biases,and integrates and expands current studies in this field,which should prove helpful in further research on this topic.Furthermore,this study proposes a three-dimensional model of consumer repulsion consisting of affective repulsion,cognitive repulsion,and conative repulsion.Finally,these findings have shown that linking domestic products to social identity and self-identity will likely influence domestic product ownership and word of mouth of native consumers.展开更多
文摘Negative worded(NW)items used in psychological instruments have been studied with the bifactor model to investigate whether the NW items form a secondary factor due to negative wording orthogonal to the measured latent construct,a validation procedure which checks whether NW items form a source of construct irrelevant variance(CIV)and hence constitute a validity threat.In the context of educational testing,however,no such validation attempts have been made.In this study,we studied the psychometric impact of NW items in an English proficiency reading comprehension test using a modeling approach similar to the bifactor model,namely the three-parameter logistic cross-classified testlet response theory(3PL CCTRT)model,to account for both guessing and possible local item dependence due to passage effect in the data set.The findings indicate that modeling the NW items with a separate factor leads to noticeable improvement in model fit,and the factor variance is marginal but nonzero.However,item and ability parameter estimates are highly similar between the 3PL CCTRT model and other models that do not model the NW items.It is concluded that the NW items introduce CIV into the data,but its magnitude is too small to change item and person ability parameter estimates to an extent of practical significance.
文摘Opportunities for business cooperation have been increased dramatically in the new environment, and under such circumstance, language usage in business communication places a significant role, particularly in oral business language. To promote harmonious conversations, certain factors and manners of communication like paying attention to the cultural differences, the proper use of humor, mutual understanding, and the avoidance of misunderstanding ambiguity should be taken into consideration to avoid an unsuccessful result.
文摘What every brick is for grande building,vocabulary is for the foundation laid for the acquisition of one language.It follows that authentic expressions are justified by the mastery of its application in a specific context.Therefore,it is crucial to delve into the process of vocabulary acquisition,that is,the effect of students’input and output.Words’meanings varied in distinct contexts.Starting from the above two aspects,this paper illustrates the understanding of learning words through examples,so as to optimize the word learning method to achieve twice the result with half the effort.
文摘This paper deals with the scope of two types of English negation： the modal negation and the non-modal negation. It points out the possibility of ambiguity by reflecting the negative scope through word order in some structures and discusses the special features of these structures.
基金funded by Faculty Research Grants from Macao University of Science and Technology(Reference No.0378).
文摘In a number of emerging markets such as China,native consumers may avoid certain domestic products when foreign products are available.However,the studies on the unfavorable attitudes toward the products of one’s own country are not sufficient.This article aims to develop a construct to explain this phenomenon.The measurement scale was developed and validated using responses from 318 Chinese consumers with respect to electronics and clothing.The judgment sampling method produced representative distributions in terms of age and gender.The items were first generated and refined based on the content validity.Exploratory factor analysis,confirmatory factor analysis,and convergent and discriminant validity were then established.Finally,this study investigates relationships among consumer repulsion,domestic product ownership,and negative word of mouth,to confirm the nomological validity.This study develops a construct—consumer repulsion—that can be used to articulate native consumers’unfavorable attitudes toward domestic products from consumers’individual identity-expressiveness perspective.First,this study develops a scale for consumer repulsion.The scale shows good reliability,unidimensionality,convergent validity,discriminant validity,and nomological validity.The scale helps explain the nature and impact of country biases,and integrates and expands current studies in this field,which should prove helpful in further research on this topic.Furthermore,this study proposes a three-dimensional model of consumer repulsion consisting of affective repulsion,cognitive repulsion,and conative repulsion.Finally,these findings have shown that linking domestic products to social identity and self-identity will likely influence domestic product ownership and word of mouth of native consumers.
