The carbon concentrating mechanism—C_(4) photosynthesis—represents a classic example of convergent evolution,but how this important trait originated and evolved remains largely enigmatic.The spider flower Gynandrops...The carbon concentrating mechanism—C_(4) photosynthesis—represents a classic example of convergent evolution,but how this important trait originated and evolved remains largely enigmatic.The spider flower Gynandropsis gynandra is a valuable leafy vegetable crop and medicinal plant that has also been recognized as a C_(4) model species.Here we present a high-quality chromosome-scale annotated genome assembly of G.gynandra through a combination of Oxford Nanopore Technology(ONT),HiFi and Hi-C technology.The 17 super-scaffolds cover 98.66% of the estimated genome(997.61 Mb),with a contig N50 of 11.43 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 51.02 Mb.Repetitive elements occupy up to 71.91% of its genome,and over half are long terminal repeat retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)derived from recent bursts,contributing to genome size expansion.Strikingly,LTR-RT explosion also played a critical role in C_(4) evolution by altering expression features of photosynthesis-associated genes via preferential insertion in promoters.Integrated multiomics analyses of G.gynandra and the ornamental horticulture C3 relative Tarenaya hassleriana reveal that species-specific whole-genome duplication,gene family expansion,recent LTR–RT amplification,and more recent tandem duplication events have all facilitated the evolution of C_(4) photosynthesis,revealing uniqueness of C_(4) evolution in the Cleome genus.Moreover,high leaf vein density and heat stress resilience are associated with shifted gene expression patterns.The mode of C_(3)-to-C_(4) transition found here yields new insights into evolutionary convergence of a complex plant trait.The availability of this reference-grade genomic resource makes G.gynandra an ideal model system facilitating efforts toward C4-aimed crop engineering.展开更多
Preterm birth is associated with abnormal brain structure.However,the underlying microstructural properties of cerebral cortical differences in infants born very preterm(VPT,<32 GW)and moderately-late preterm(MLPT,...Preterm birth is associated with abnormal brain structure.However,the underlying microstructural properties of cerebral cortical differences in infants born very preterm(VPT,<32 GW)and moderately-late preterm(MLPT,32-37 GW)at term-equivalent age(TEA)relative to full-term(FT)neonates were rarely explored.To achieve this,we use neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging(NODDI)and the method of gray matter-based spatial statistics(GBSS).33 VPT infants,40 MLPT infants)and 69 FT neonates with no evidence of local lesions on conventional MRI adopted from dHCP database were included in this study.By extracting the core voxels of cerebral cortex from the 142 individuals in the standard space,we compared the differences between preterm groups and FT group voxel-wisely.展开更多
Radiation shielding calculation plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of nuclear reactors.In the field of nuclear reactor shielding calculations,deterministic computing codes are commonly used due to their comp...Radiation shielding calculation plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of nuclear reactors.In the field of nuclear reactor shielding calculations,deterministic computing codes are commonly used due to their computational efficiency and capability to solve deep penetration problems.However,the accuracy of deterministic codes heavily relies on the precision of the multi-group cross section library^([1]).展开更多
With the widespread attention paid to the construction of functional molecular systems,chemical synthesis is increasingly pursuing the accurate and efficient combination and dissociation of molecular units to achieve ...With the widespread attention paid to the construction of functional molecular systems,chemical synthesis is increasingly pursuing the accurate and efficient combination and dissociation of molecular units to achieve specific functions[1].Carolyn R.Bertozzi,Morten Meldal,and K.Barry Sharpless,winners of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry,found that click chemistry works like LEGO bricks,using the basic block to build infinitely changing shape,which allows the molecular building block to be combined quickly and efficiently[2].展开更多
Silylated fluoroalkenes are important synthetic intermediates with complementary reactivity,which play a key role in the construction of natural products,pharmaceuticals,and manmade materials.Converting the normally h...Silylated fluoroalkenes are important synthetic intermediates with complementary reactivity,which play a key role in the construction of natural products,pharmaceuticals,and manmade materials.Converting the normally highly stable fiuoroalkenes into silylated fluoroalkenes by selective defluorosilylation is a challenging task.Herein,we report a simple,inexpensive and robust defluorosilylation of a variety of fluoroalkenes with silylboronates in the presence of alkoxy base to directly synthesize various silylated fluoroalkenes.The protocol features mild and safe reaction conditions that avoid a catalyst,a transition metal,a ligand,and high reaction temperature and tolerates a wide scope of fluoroalkene substrates without compromising the efficiency.Density functional theory calculations show that transient silyl anion complex undergoes an SN2,or SNv substitution,which is responsible for this base-mediated defluorosilylation.展开更多
Photoinduced nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of arylsulfinates(ArSO_(2)^(−))with(hetero)aryl halides(Ar’–X)via visible light photoexcitation of 2-chloro-thioxanthen-9-one(Cl-TXO)has been achieved in moderate to exce...Photoinduced nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of arylsulfinates(ArSO_(2)^(−))with(hetero)aryl halides(Ar’–X)via visible light photoexcitation of 2-chloro-thioxanthen-9-one(Cl-TXO)has been achieved in moderate to excellent yields.展开更多
Background Suboptimal neonatal circumcision analgesia causes a significant stress response.There is continued search for more effective analgesia for neonatal circumcision.We aimed to determine whether lidocaine–pril...Background Suboptimal neonatal circumcision analgesia causes a significant stress response.There is continued search for more effective analgesia for neonatal circumcision.We aimed to determine whether lidocaine–prilocaine cream(LPC)prior to dorsal penile nerve block(DPNB)offers better analgesia than DPNB alone.Methods A prospective randomized study of 72 neonates undergoing plastibell circumcision was randomized into two groups of 36 each.Group I received DPNB alone with 4 mg/kg plain lidocaine.Group II had 1 g LPC applied to the phallus 1 hour before DPNB.Serum cortisol levels were measured 30 min preoperatively and 30 min postoperatively.Heart rate(HR)and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation(SpO2)were noted at 30 min preoperatively,after DPNB injection,after excising the prepuce,and at 30 min thereafter.The primary outcome measure was change in serum cortisol levels,while secondary outcomes were changes in HR and SpO2.Results Both groups had increased mean serum cortisol levels,decreased mean SpO2 and increased mean HR from baseline.The rise in mean serum cortisol level was significantly lower in group II(8.09±4.53µg/dL)than that in group I(11.42±7.83µg/dL)(p=0.034).Changes in SpO2 and HR were significantly less in group II than that in group I patients(p<0.05),except for HR changes at 30 min after excision of the prepuce(p=0.086).Conclusion These data suggest that neonates who received LPC prior to DPNB experienced significantly less pain from plastibell circumcision than those who had DPNB alone.展开更多
Authigenic ferromanganese carbonates were first discovered in some shallow and hemipelagic areas by scientists abroad.These minerals have also been found on the offshore along China, especially in the South China Sea ...Authigenic ferromanganese carbonates were first discovered in some shallow and hemipelagic areas by scientists abroad.These minerals have also been found on the offshore along China, especially in the South China Sea (such as the Beibu Bay, the Sanya Bay and the continental shelf). Though the abundance of the carbonates展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic.Studies on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVI...The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic.Studies on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have indicated that children are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 [1-3].To date,the largest study in China reported that over 90% of 2143 children with COVID-19 were asymptomatic,or had mild or moderate illness,and that 5.8% presented critical illness [3].Although the data of neonates are limited and only six neonates with COVID-19 have been reported thus far,several important points should be addressed from these neonatal cases.展开更多
The ideal surgical approach when managing neonates with Tetralogy of Fallot(TOF)is still controversial.1 In 1945,subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis was created as palliation for patients with TOF.2 A de...The ideal surgical approach when managing neonates with Tetralogy of Fallot(TOF)is still controversial.1 In 1945,subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis was created as palliation for patients with TOF.2 A decade later,Lillehei et al.3 performed the first intracardiac repair for TOF with ventricular septal defect closure and right ventricular outflow obstruction relief.The surgical and perfusion techniques,as well as the postoperative care,have advanced and evolved since that time.Despite that evolution,the two concepts of surgical interventions had remained the same.There is still much debate on what is the ideal surgical approach to infants with TOF,an early primary surgical repair(EPSR)versus a two-staged surgical approach with either an initial temporary shunt for pulmonary blood flow or transcatheter cardiac palliation.The aim of this study was to determine if one strategy had lower mortality than the other and to assess the hospital length of stay and cost of charge in the study groups.展开更多
Background Bowel obstruction is a common surgical emergency in newborns.One-fourth of neonates with obstruction suffer postoperative complications,with high mortality,especially in low-income countries.Factors attribu...Background Bowel obstruction is a common surgical emergency in newborns.One-fourth of neonates with obstruction suffer postoperative complications,with high mortality,especially in low-income countries.Factors attributed to mortality include prematurity,late presentation and associated multiple congenital anomalies.The prevalence and the predictors of mortality in our setting have not been well studied.We aimed to describe the early postoperative outcomes and to determine the predictors of mortality among neonates with bowel obstruction.Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study during 4 months,when we recruited postoperative neonates from the pediatric surgery unit of Mulago Hospital.We collected data on demographics,clinical presentations,maternal characteristics,the surgical procedure performed,postoperative outcomes,etc.After follow-up for 2 weeks,we analyzed the data using Cox proportional hazards regression models of predictors of mortality.Results A total of 76 neonates were recruited,with a male-to-female ratio of 2.2:1.The age ranged from 1 to 26 days,a median of 3[interquartile range(IQR):2,7].About 67.1%had birth weights ranging between 2.5 kg and 3.5 kg,a mean of 2.8[standard deviation(SD)=0.64];76.3%were termed;with anorectal malformation(ARM),31.6%as the leading cause,followed by jejunoileal atresia(JIA),25%.Nearly 55.3%of neonates developed complications;53.9%with post-operative fever,15.8%had wound sepsis.The mortality rate was 44.7%(34/76)and was highest among cases of JIA,41.2%.The predictors of mortality included prematurity,fever at admission,breastfeeding status,and mother’s parity as well as the cadre of healthcare providers(p<0.005).Conclusions ARM is the predominant cause of bowel obstruction among neonates,followed by JIA.The morbidity and mortality due to bowel obstruction among neonates are unacceptably high.The major predictors of mortality were prematurity,fever at admission,and the cadre of the healthcare providers.展开更多
The purpose of restorative justice resonates with some embedded idea of traditional Chinese culture which regards the ultimate goal of judicial activities as avoidance of lawsuits.
New correlations based on group-contribution method for estimating critical properties have been proposed with con-tribution values of 67 groups.The new correlations have been examined by extensive comparison of the v...New correlations based on group-contribution method for estimating critical properties have been proposed with con-tribution values of 67 groups.The new correlations have been examined by extensive comparison of the values calculatedwith the experimental data of 275 substanees.The average percent deviations of estimation of T_c,P_c and V_c are respective-ly 0.76,2.73 and 2.50 which are lower than those estimated by the Lydersen method and the Ambrose method chosenfor eomparision.展开更多
Elegant Ince-Gaussian beams, which are the exact solutions of the paraxial wave equation in a quadratic-index medium, are derived in elliptical coordinates. These kinds of beams are the alternative form of standard In...Elegant Ince-Gaussian beams, which are the exact solutions of the paraxial wave equation in a quadratic-index medium, are derived in elliptical coordinates. These kinds of beams are the alternative form of standard Ince-Gaussian beams and they display better symmetry between the ]nce-polynomials and the Gaussian function in mathematics. The transverse intensity distribution and the phase of the elegant Ince Gaussian beams are discussed.展开更多
Our experience in the use ofauriculoacupuncture and auriculopressurefor successful treatment of hiccough inducedby various diseases is reported as follows.
Adiponectin,a specific hormone protein secreted by adipocytes,is a protective factor in the human body and has attracted great attention due to its anti-obesity activity[1,2].The adiponectin gene(ADIPOQ),which is loca...Adiponectin,a specific hormone protein secreted by adipocytes,is a protective factor in the human body and has attracted great attention due to its anti-obesity activity[1,2].The adiponectin gene(ADIPOQ),which is located on human chromosome 3q27,is a single-copy gene.Various single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of the human ADIPOQ play an important role in energy balance and are associated with body mass index(BMI)and obesity[3,4].Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LC-PUFAs)have been identified to exert an important role during the first 1,000 days of life on infant growth,neurodevelopment,and visual acuity.Fatty acids,such asα-linoleic acid(ALA,C18:3n-3)and linoleic acid(LA,C18:2n-6),which cannot be synthesized de novo from other lipids,are necessary for biological reactions.Some fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,C22:6n-3)and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA,C20:5n-3)can be synthesized in neonates from their precursors(LA and ALA).Because of the very low conversion rates in the neonatal liver,it is crucial to provide adequate LC-PUFAs in the diet from early infancy.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Agricultural Sci-ence and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 32072096)。
文摘The carbon concentrating mechanism—C_(4) photosynthesis—represents a classic example of convergent evolution,but how this important trait originated and evolved remains largely enigmatic.The spider flower Gynandropsis gynandra is a valuable leafy vegetable crop and medicinal plant that has also been recognized as a C_(4) model species.Here we present a high-quality chromosome-scale annotated genome assembly of G.gynandra through a combination of Oxford Nanopore Technology(ONT),HiFi and Hi-C technology.The 17 super-scaffolds cover 98.66% of the estimated genome(997.61 Mb),with a contig N50 of 11.43 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 51.02 Mb.Repetitive elements occupy up to 71.91% of its genome,and over half are long terminal repeat retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)derived from recent bursts,contributing to genome size expansion.Strikingly,LTR-RT explosion also played a critical role in C_(4) evolution by altering expression features of photosynthesis-associated genes via preferential insertion in promoters.Integrated multiomics analyses of G.gynandra and the ornamental horticulture C3 relative Tarenaya hassleriana reveal that species-specific whole-genome duplication,gene family expansion,recent LTR–RT amplification,and more recent tandem duplication events have all facilitated the evolution of C_(4) photosynthesis,revealing uniqueness of C_(4) evolution in the Cleome genus.Moreover,high leaf vein density and heat stress resilience are associated with shifted gene expression patterns.The mode of C_(3)-to-C_(4) transition found here yields new insights into evolutionary convergence of a complex plant trait.The availability of this reference-grade genomic resource makes G.gynandra an ideal model system facilitating efforts toward C4-aimed crop engineering.
文摘Preterm birth is associated with abnormal brain structure.However,the underlying microstructural properties of cerebral cortical differences in infants born very preterm(VPT,<32 GW)and moderately-late preterm(MLPT,32-37 GW)at term-equivalent age(TEA)relative to full-term(FT)neonates were rarely explored.To achieve this,we use neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging(NODDI)and the method of gray matter-based spatial statistics(GBSS).33 VPT infants,40 MLPT infants)and 69 FT neonates with no evidence of local lesions on conventional MRI adopted from dHCP database were included in this study.By extracting the core voxels of cerebral cortex from the 142 individuals in the standard space,we compared the differences between preterm groups and FT group voxel-wisely.
文摘Radiation shielding calculation plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of nuclear reactors.In the field of nuclear reactor shielding calculations,deterministic computing codes are commonly used due to their computational efficiency and capability to solve deep penetration problems.However,the accuracy of deterministic codes heavily relies on the precision of the multi-group cross section library^([1]).
文摘With the widespread attention paid to the construction of functional molecular systems,chemical synthesis is increasingly pursuing the accurate and efficient combination and dissociation of molecular units to achieve specific functions[1].Carolyn R.Bertozzi,Morten Meldal,and K.Barry Sharpless,winners of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry,found that click chemistry works like LEGO bricks,using the basic block to build infinitely changing shape,which allows the molecular building block to be combined quickly and efficiently[2].
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.2167020084 and 21673110)the"Innovation&Entrepreneurship Talents Plan7'of Jiangsu Province for their financial support.
文摘Silylated fluoroalkenes are important synthetic intermediates with complementary reactivity,which play a key role in the construction of natural products,pharmaceuticals,and manmade materials.Converting the normally highly stable fiuoroalkenes into silylated fluoroalkenes by selective defluorosilylation is a challenging task.Herein,we report a simple,inexpensive and robust defluorosilylation of a variety of fluoroalkenes with silylboronates in the presence of alkoxy base to directly synthesize various silylated fluoroalkenes.The protocol features mild and safe reaction conditions that avoid a catalyst,a transition metal,a ligand,and high reaction temperature and tolerates a wide scope of fluoroalkene substrates without compromising the efficiency.Density functional theory calculations show that transient silyl anion complex undergoes an SN2,or SNv substitution,which is responsible for this base-mediated defluorosilylation.
基金The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21971182 and 21771131)the“Priority Academic Program Development”of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Photoinduced nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of arylsulfinates(ArSO_(2)^(−))with(hetero)aryl halides(Ar’–X)via visible light photoexcitation of 2-chloro-thioxanthen-9-one(Cl-TXO)has been achieved in moderate to excellent yields.
文摘Background Suboptimal neonatal circumcision analgesia causes a significant stress response.There is continued search for more effective analgesia for neonatal circumcision.We aimed to determine whether lidocaine–prilocaine cream(LPC)prior to dorsal penile nerve block(DPNB)offers better analgesia than DPNB alone.Methods A prospective randomized study of 72 neonates undergoing plastibell circumcision was randomized into two groups of 36 each.Group I received DPNB alone with 4 mg/kg plain lidocaine.Group II had 1 g LPC applied to the phallus 1 hour before DPNB.Serum cortisol levels were measured 30 min preoperatively and 30 min postoperatively.Heart rate(HR)and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation(SpO2)were noted at 30 min preoperatively,after DPNB injection,after excising the prepuce,and at 30 min thereafter.The primary outcome measure was change in serum cortisol levels,while secondary outcomes were changes in HR and SpO2.Results Both groups had increased mean serum cortisol levels,decreased mean SpO2 and increased mean HR from baseline.The rise in mean serum cortisol level was significantly lower in group II(8.09±4.53µg/dL)than that in group I(11.42±7.83µg/dL)(p=0.034).Changes in SpO2 and HR were significantly less in group II than that in group I patients(p<0.05),except for HR changes at 30 min after excision of the prepuce(p=0.086).Conclusion These data suggest that neonates who received LPC prior to DPNB experienced significantly less pain from plastibell circumcision than those who had DPNB alone.
文摘Authigenic ferromanganese carbonates were first discovered in some shallow and hemipelagic areas by scientists abroad.These minerals have also been found on the offshore along China, especially in the South China Sea (such as the Beibu Bay, the Sanya Bay and the continental shelf). Though the abundance of the carbonates
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic.Studies on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have indicated that children are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 [1-3].To date,the largest study in China reported that over 90% of 2143 children with COVID-19 were asymptomatic,or had mild or moderate illness,and that 5.8% presented critical illness [3].Although the data of neonates are limited and only six neonates with COVID-19 have been reported thus far,several important points should be addressed from these neonatal cases.
文摘The ideal surgical approach when managing neonates with Tetralogy of Fallot(TOF)is still controversial.1 In 1945,subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis was created as palliation for patients with TOF.2 A decade later,Lillehei et al.3 performed the first intracardiac repair for TOF with ventricular septal defect closure and right ventricular outflow obstruction relief.The surgical and perfusion techniques,as well as the postoperative care,have advanced and evolved since that time.Despite that evolution,the two concepts of surgical interventions had remained the same.There is still much debate on what is the ideal surgical approach to infants with TOF,an early primary surgical repair(EPSR)versus a two-staged surgical approach with either an initial temporary shunt for pulmonary blood flow or transcatheter cardiac palliation.The aim of this study was to determine if one strategy had lower mortality than the other and to assess the hospital length of stay and cost of charge in the study groups.
文摘Background Bowel obstruction is a common surgical emergency in newborns.One-fourth of neonates with obstruction suffer postoperative complications,with high mortality,especially in low-income countries.Factors attributed to mortality include prematurity,late presentation and associated multiple congenital anomalies.The prevalence and the predictors of mortality in our setting have not been well studied.We aimed to describe the early postoperative outcomes and to determine the predictors of mortality among neonates with bowel obstruction.Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study during 4 months,when we recruited postoperative neonates from the pediatric surgery unit of Mulago Hospital.We collected data on demographics,clinical presentations,maternal characteristics,the surgical procedure performed,postoperative outcomes,etc.After follow-up for 2 weeks,we analyzed the data using Cox proportional hazards regression models of predictors of mortality.Results A total of 76 neonates were recruited,with a male-to-female ratio of 2.2:1.The age ranged from 1 to 26 days,a median of 3[interquartile range(IQR):2,7].About 67.1%had birth weights ranging between 2.5 kg and 3.5 kg,a mean of 2.8[standard deviation(SD)=0.64];76.3%were termed;with anorectal malformation(ARM),31.6%as the leading cause,followed by jejunoileal atresia(JIA),25%.Nearly 55.3%of neonates developed complications;53.9%with post-operative fever,15.8%had wound sepsis.The mortality rate was 44.7%(34/76)and was highest among cases of JIA,41.2%.The predictors of mortality included prematurity,fever at admission,breastfeeding status,and mother’s parity as well as the cadre of healthcare providers(p<0.005).Conclusions ARM is the predominant cause of bowel obstruction among neonates,followed by JIA.The morbidity and mortality due to bowel obstruction among neonates are unacceptably high.The major predictors of mortality were prematurity,fever at admission,and the cadre of the healthcare providers.
文摘The purpose of restorative justice resonates with some embedded idea of traditional Chinese culture which regards the ultimate goal of judicial activities as avoidance of lawsuits.
文摘New correlations based on group-contribution method for estimating critical properties have been proposed with con-tribution values of 67 groups.The new correlations have been examined by extensive comparison of the values calculatedwith the experimental data of 275 substanees.The average percent deviations of estimation of T_c,P_c and V_c are respective-ly 0.76,2.73 and 2.50 which are lower than those estimated by the Lydersen method and the Ambrose method chosenfor eomparision.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10904041 and 10674050)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No.20094407110008)the Specialized Research Fund for Growing Seedlings of the Higher Education in Guangdong Province,China (Grant No.C10087)
文摘Elegant Ince-Gaussian beams, which are the exact solutions of the paraxial wave equation in a quadratic-index medium, are derived in elliptical coordinates. These kinds of beams are the alternative form of standard Ince-Gaussian beams and they display better symmetry between the ]nce-polynomials and the Gaussian function in mathematics. The transverse intensity distribution and the phase of the elegant Ince Gaussian beams are discussed.
文摘Our experience in the use ofauriculoacupuncture and auriculopressurefor successful treatment of hiccough inducedby various diseases is reported as follows.
文摘Adiponectin,a specific hormone protein secreted by adipocytes,is a protective factor in the human body and has attracted great attention due to its anti-obesity activity[1,2].The adiponectin gene(ADIPOQ),which is located on human chromosome 3q27,is a single-copy gene.Various single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of the human ADIPOQ play an important role in energy balance and are associated with body mass index(BMI)and obesity[3,4].Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LC-PUFAs)have been identified to exert an important role during the first 1,000 days of life on infant growth,neurodevelopment,and visual acuity.Fatty acids,such asα-linoleic acid(ALA,C18:3n-3)and linoleic acid(LA,C18:2n-6),which cannot be synthesized de novo from other lipids,are necessary for biological reactions.Some fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,C22:6n-3)and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA,C20:5n-3)can be synthesized in neonates from their precursors(LA and ALA).Because of the very low conversion rates in the neonatal liver,it is crucial to provide adequate LC-PUFAs in the diet from early infancy.
