CONSPECTUS:Gas separation is a critical process in the industrial production of chemicals,polymers,plastics,and fuels,which traditionally rely on energy-intensive cryogenic distillation techniques.In contrast,adsorpti...CONSPECTUS:Gas separation is a critical process in the industrial production of chemicals,polymers,plastics,and fuels,which traditionally rely on energy-intensive cryogenic distillation techniques.In contrast,adsorptive separation using porous materials has emerged as a promising alternative,presenting substantial potential for energy savings and improved operational efficiency.Among these materials,metal−organic frameworks(MOFs)have garnered considerable attention due to their unique structural and functional characteristics.MOFs are a class of crystalline porous materials constructed from inorganic metal ions or clusters connected by organic linkers through strong coordination bonds.Their precisely engineered architectures create well-defined nanoscale spaces capable of selectively trapping vip molecules.In contrast to traditional porous materials such as zeolites and activated carbons,emerging MOFs not only demonstrate exceptional capabilities for pore regulation and interior modification through nanospace engineering but also hold great promise as a superior platform for the development of high-performance functional materials.By virtue of the isoreticular principle and building unit assembly strategies in MOF chemistry,precise adjustments to pore structures-including pore size,shape,and surface chemistry-can be readily achieved,making them well-suited for addressing the separation of intractable industrial gas mixtures,particularly those with similar sizes and physicochemical properties.This Account presents a comprehensive overview of our recent advancements in high-performance gas separation through nanospace engineering within porous MOFs.First,by strategically immobilizing open metal sites(e.g.,Ag+)in the pore surface,the functionalized PAF-1-SO3Ag demonstrates enhanced ethylene uptake capacity while maintaining exceptional structural stability under humid conditions.Furthermore,pore surface modification with low-polarity groups(e.g.,−CH3,−CF3),as demonstrated in Ni(TMBDC)(DABCO)0.5,leads to enhanced C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)separation performance.To achieve strong vip molecule binding,we engineered novel″nanotrap″binding sites that synergistically integrate oppositely adjacent open metal sites and dense alkyl groups,as exemplified by the Cu-ATC framework.Remarkably,Cu-ATC achieves efficient separation of several challenging gas mixtures,including acetylene/carbon dioxide(C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2)),xenon/krypton(Xe/Kr),and methane/nitrogen(CH_(4)/N_(2)).These innovations have resulted in the development of MOF materials with exceptional separation performance,tailored for specific industrial applications such as light hydrocarbon purification,rare gas separation,and coalbed methane enrichment.Our work not only advances the fundamental understanding of structure−property relationships in MOFs but also provides practical insights for the development of next-generation separation technologies.These advancements hold promise for drastically reducing energy consumption and operational costs in gas separation processes,contributing to more sustainable industrial practices.Future research on MOF materials is anticipated to play a pivotal role in addressing global energy challenges and advancing separation science.展开更多
Confined nanospace pyrolysis(CNP)has attracted increasing attention as a general strategy to prepare task-specific hollow structured porous carbons(HSPCs)in the past decade.The unique advantages of the CNP strategy in...Confined nanospace pyrolysis(CNP)has attracted increasing attention as a general strategy to prepare task-specific hollow structured porous carbons(HSPCs)in the past decade.The unique advantages of the CNP strategy include its outstanding ability in control of the monodispersity,porosity and internal cavity of HSPCs.As a consequence,the obtained HSPCs perform exceptionally well in applications where a high dispersibility and tailored cavity are particularly required,such as drug delivery,energy storage,catalysis and so on.In this review,the fundamentals of the CNP strategy and its advances in structural alternation is first summarized,then typical applications are discussed by exemplifying specific synthesis examples.In addition,this review offers insights into future developments for advanced task-specific hollow structured porous materials prepared by the CNP strategy.展开更多
Advanced hybrid nanomaterials(nanohybrids)with unique tailored morphologies and compositions have been used for the target-oriented catalysts due to the structural or supportive properties of each moiety and the syner...Advanced hybrid nanomaterials(nanohybrids)with unique tailored morphologies and compositions have been used for the target-oriented catalysts due to the structural or supportive properties of each moiety and the synergistic properties of the individual components.The rational design and development of nanohybrids by integrating highly porous silica into a nano metal-organic framework(NMOF)are expected to enable unique nanospace engineering in the resulting systems to optimize their utility in the target areas.Herein,we report the design and fabrication of advanced nanohybrids composed of dendritic fibrous nanosilica(DFNS)and DFNS/gold(DFNS/Au)hybrids as the core and zinc-based NMOF(Zn-NMOF)as the shell(DFNS@Zn-NMOF)through a solution-based approach.The combined fibrous morphology of DFNS and micropores of NMOF can be directly employed for nanospace engineering in the resulting multi-compositional and hierarchical systems in a controllable manner.The DFNS/Au dots@Zn-NMOF nanohybrid shows improved catalytic performance in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction,attributed mainly to the cooperative effect stemming from the suitably organized configurations of each component.展开更多
Biomass-based carbon materials with hierarchical porous structures have attracted attention for their ability to provide more channels and shorten ion transport paths.Here,we developed a simple method based on confine...Biomass-based carbon materials with hierarchical porous structures have attracted attention for their ability to provide more channels and shorten ion transport paths.Here,we developed a simple method based on confined nanospace deposition.Dur-ing high-temperature treatment,the mesoporous silica layer wrapped around the outside of the crab shells acted as a closed nanospace and effectively suppressed the severe deformation of the crab shell structure by shrinking inward.The prepared carbon material has a layered porous structure with abundant and stable N and O co-doping(N 7.32%,O 3.69%).The specific capacitance of the three-electrode system was 134.3 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g in a 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte,and the assembled aqueous symmetric supercapacitors exhibited an excellent cycling stability of 98.81%even after 5000 cycles.展开更多
Simultaneous ethane and acetylene removal from a C_(2)-gases mixture(C_(2)H_(6),C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(2))through a one-step separation process for ethylene purification is of great importance yet challenging in petro...Simultaneous ethane and acetylene removal from a C_(2)-gases mixture(C_(2)H_(6),C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(2))through a one-step separation process for ethylene purification is of great importance yet challenging in petrochemical industry,owing to their similar molecule sizes and physical properties.Herein,a series of multifunctionalized metal–organic frameworks(MOFs),LIFM-XYY-1∼8(LIFM stands for Lehn Institute of Functional Materials,and XYY are the initials of the first author),are constructed via a dynamic spacer installation(DSI)approach to optimize the pore-nanospaces for efficient C_(2)H_(4) isolation from the ternary C_(2)-gases mixture.Installation of variable organic-spacers into the prototypical MOFs,LIFM-28 or PCN-700,results in dramatically improved pore volume/surface area,contracted pore size,and functionalized pore surface,which in turn bring out high C_(2)-gases uptake capacities,enhanced C_(2)H_(6) and C_(2)H_(2) adsorption selectivities over C_(2)H_(4),and fast adsorption kinetics,providing an effective strategy to achieve delicate trade-off among these indexes for adequate separation performance.Specifically,optimized LIFM-XYY-7 presents four-times C_(2)H_(6) and C_(2)H_(2) adsorption capacities than proto-PCN-700.Dynamic breakthrough experiments reveal that poly-grade C_(2)H_(4)(>99.9%)can be obtained from binary or ternary C_(2)-hydrocarbon mixtures through a single separation process.Combined with themolecular simulations,this work demonstrates a promising protocol of porenanospace engineering via multi-functional optimization by the DSI approach to screen out MOFs for a formidable task.展开更多
In situ target biomolecule analysis is of great significance for real-time monitoring and regulation of endogenous biomarkers and elementary biomolecules in vivo.Gratifyingly,the rapid evolution of structural DNA nano...In situ target biomolecule analysis is of great significance for real-time monitoring and regulation of endogenous biomarkers and elementary biomolecules in vivo.Gratifyingly,the rapid evolution of structural DNA nanotechnology during past decades has established an appealing toolbox for biological analysis and medical detection.The modulated self-assembly and underlying canonical Watson-Crick base-pairing rules provide possibilities for accurate controlling of the topologies and functions of obtained nanomaterials.The probes composed of diverse DNA nanostructures and DNA-nanoparticle complexes can create a confined space,which increases target accessibility and improves probe stability,sensitivity and specificity.In this minireview,we retrospect the research progress of in-situ biomolecular analysis based on DNA nanostructures for intracellular and in vivo biosensors in confined space.The characteristics of distinct DNA nanomaterials are first introduced,and then the fundamentals of biosensing process of designed DNA nanostructures are emphasized.Moreover,we elucidate our perspective over the challenges of this field and discuss the potential directions of this kind of application-oriented fabrication technique.展开更多
Cell adhesion to extracellular matrices(ECM)is critical to physiological and pathological processes as well as biomedical and biotechnological applications.It has been known that a cell can adhere on an adhesive micro...Cell adhesion to extracellular matrices(ECM)is critical to physiological and pathological processes as well as biomedical and biotechnological applications.It has been known that a cell can adhere on an adhesive microisland only over a critical size.But no publication has concerned critical adhesion areas of cells on microislands with nanoarray decoration.Herein,we fabricated a series of micro-nanopatterns with different microisland sizes and arginine-glycine-aspartate(RGD)nanospacings on a nonfouling poly(ethylene glycol)background.Besides reproducing that nanospacing of RGD,a ligand of its receptor integrin(a membrane protein),significantly influences specific cell adhesion on bioactive nanoarrays,we confirmed that the concept of critical adhesion area originally suggested in studies of cells on micropatterns was justified also on the micro-nanopatterns,yet the latter exhibited more characteristic behaviors of cell adhesion.We found increased critical adhesion areas of human mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs)on nanoarrayed microislands with increased RGD nanospacings.However,the numbers of nanodots with respect to the critical adhesion areas were not a constant.A unified interpretation was then put forward after combining nonspecific background adhesion and specific cell adhesion.We further carried out the asymptotic analysis of a series of micro-nanopatterned surfaces to obtain the effective RGD nanospacing on unpatterned free surfaces with densely grafted RGD,which could be estimated nonzero but has never been revealed previously without the assistance of the micro-nanopatterning techniques and the corresponding analysis.展开更多
Extracellular matrix(ECM)undergoes dynamic inflation that dynamically changes ligand nanospacing but has not been explored.Here we utilize ECM-mimicking photocontrolled supramolecular ligand-tunable Azo^(+)self-assemb...Extracellular matrix(ECM)undergoes dynamic inflation that dynamically changes ligand nanospacing but has not been explored.Here we utilize ECM-mimicking photocontrolled supramolecular ligand-tunable Azo^(+)self-assembly composed of azobenzene derivatives(Azo^(+))stacked via cation-πinteractions and stabilized with RGD ligand-bearing poly(acrylic acid).Near-infrared-upconverted-ultraviolet light induces cis-Azo^(+)-mediated inflation that suppresses cation-πinteractions,thereby inflating liganded self-assembly.This inflation increases nanospacing of“closely nanospaced”ligands from 1.8 nm to 2.6 nm and the surface area of liganded selfassembly that facilitate stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo,including the release of loaded molecules by destabilizing water bridges and hydrogen bonds between the Azo^(+)molecules and loaded molecules.Conversely,visible light induces trans-Azo^(+)formation that facilitates cation-πinteractions,thereby deflating self-assembly with“closely nanospaced”ligands that inhibits stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.In stark contrast,when ligand nanospacing increases from 8.7 nm to 12.2 nm via the inflation of self-assembly,the surface area of“distantly nanospaced”ligands increases,thereby suppressing stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.Long-term in vivo stability of self-assembly via real-time tracking and upconversion are verified.This tuning of ligand nanospacing can unravel dynamic ligand-cell interactions for stem cell-regulated tissue regeneration.展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22301039 and 22405043)the Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(grant no.2024J01451)Robert A.Welch Foundation(B-0027)for this work.
文摘CONSPECTUS:Gas separation is a critical process in the industrial production of chemicals,polymers,plastics,and fuels,which traditionally rely on energy-intensive cryogenic distillation techniques.In contrast,adsorptive separation using porous materials has emerged as a promising alternative,presenting substantial potential for energy savings and improved operational efficiency.Among these materials,metal−organic frameworks(MOFs)have garnered considerable attention due to their unique structural and functional characteristics.MOFs are a class of crystalline porous materials constructed from inorganic metal ions or clusters connected by organic linkers through strong coordination bonds.Their precisely engineered architectures create well-defined nanoscale spaces capable of selectively trapping vip molecules.In contrast to traditional porous materials such as zeolites and activated carbons,emerging MOFs not only demonstrate exceptional capabilities for pore regulation and interior modification through nanospace engineering but also hold great promise as a superior platform for the development of high-performance functional materials.By virtue of the isoreticular principle and building unit assembly strategies in MOF chemistry,precise adjustments to pore structures-including pore size,shape,and surface chemistry-can be readily achieved,making them well-suited for addressing the separation of intractable industrial gas mixtures,particularly those with similar sizes and physicochemical properties.This Account presents a comprehensive overview of our recent advancements in high-performance gas separation through nanospace engineering within porous MOFs.First,by strategically immobilizing open metal sites(e.g.,Ag+)in the pore surface,the functionalized PAF-1-SO3Ag demonstrates enhanced ethylene uptake capacity while maintaining exceptional structural stability under humid conditions.Furthermore,pore surface modification with low-polarity groups(e.g.,−CH3,−CF3),as demonstrated in Ni(TMBDC)(DABCO)0.5,leads to enhanced C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)separation performance.To achieve strong vip molecule binding,we engineered novel″nanotrap″binding sites that synergistically integrate oppositely adjacent open metal sites and dense alkyl groups,as exemplified by the Cu-ATC framework.Remarkably,Cu-ATC achieves efficient separation of several challenging gas mixtures,including acetylene/carbon dioxide(C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2)),xenon/krypton(Xe/Kr),and methane/nitrogen(CH_(4)/N_(2)).These innovations have resulted in the development of MOF materials with exceptional separation performance,tailored for specific industrial applications such as light hydrocarbon purification,rare gas separation,and coalbed methane enrichment.Our work not only advances the fundamental understanding of structure−property relationships in MOFs but also provides practical insights for the development of next-generation separation technologies.These advancements hold promise for drastically reducing energy consumption and operational costs in gas separation processes,contributing to more sustainable industrial practices.Future research on MOF materials is anticipated to play a pivotal role in addressing global energy challenges and advancing separation science.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20873014 and 21073026)National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.21225312)the Cheung Kong Scholars Program of China(No.T2015036).
文摘Confined nanospace pyrolysis(CNP)has attracted increasing attention as a general strategy to prepare task-specific hollow structured porous carbons(HSPCs)in the past decade.The unique advantages of the CNP strategy include its outstanding ability in control of the monodispersity,porosity and internal cavity of HSPCs.As a consequence,the obtained HSPCs perform exceptionally well in applications where a high dispersibility and tailored cavity are particularly required,such as drug delivery,energy storage,catalysis and so on.In this review,the fundamentals of the CNP strategy and its advances in structural alternation is first summarized,then typical applications are discussed by exemplifying specific synthesis examples.In addition,this review offers insights into future developments for advanced task-specific hollow structured porous materials prepared by the CNP strategy.
基金This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT,MSICT)(NRF-2015R1A4A1041631 and NRF-2016R1A2B4009281)This research was also supported by the research fund of Hanyang University(201900000002834).
文摘Advanced hybrid nanomaterials(nanohybrids)with unique tailored morphologies and compositions have been used for the target-oriented catalysts due to the structural or supportive properties of each moiety and the synergistic properties of the individual components.The rational design and development of nanohybrids by integrating highly porous silica into a nano metal-organic framework(NMOF)are expected to enable unique nanospace engineering in the resulting systems to optimize their utility in the target areas.Herein,we report the design and fabrication of advanced nanohybrids composed of dendritic fibrous nanosilica(DFNS)and DFNS/gold(DFNS/Au)hybrids as the core and zinc-based NMOF(Zn-NMOF)as the shell(DFNS@Zn-NMOF)through a solution-based approach.The combined fibrous morphology of DFNS and micropores of NMOF can be directly employed for nanospace engineering in the resulting multi-compositional and hierarchical systems in a controllable manner.The DFNS/Au dots@Zn-NMOF nanohybrid shows improved catalytic performance in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction,attributed mainly to the cooperative effect stemming from the suitably organized configurations of each component.
基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,2023M732589,Zhihao YuNational Natural Science Foundation of China,22308253,Zhihao Yu,51908400,Rui Zhang,52066017,Xuebin Lu+2 种基金Central Financial Support Special Funds for Local Universities(Tibet University),[2022]No.1,Xuebin Lu,[2023]No.1,Xuebin LuTibet University Postgraduate High Level Talent Training Programme,2020-GSP-B017,Xuebin LuKey R&D Projects in Tibet Autonomous Region,XZ202101ZY0011G,Xuebin Lu,XZ202101ZY0012G,Xuebin Lu.
文摘Biomass-based carbon materials with hierarchical porous structures have attracted attention for their ability to provide more channels and shorten ion transport paths.Here,we developed a simple method based on confined nanospace deposition.Dur-ing high-temperature treatment,the mesoporous silica layer wrapped around the outside of the crab shells acted as a closed nanospace and effectively suppressed the severe deformation of the crab shell structure by shrinking inward.The prepared carbon material has a layered porous structure with abundant and stable N and O co-doping(N 7.32%,O 3.69%).The specific capacitance of the three-electrode system was 134.3 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g in a 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte,and the assembled aqueous symmetric supercapacitors exhibited an excellent cycling stability of 98.81%even after 5000 cycles.
基金supported by the NKRD Program of China(grant no.2021YFA1500401)NSFC Projects(grant nos.21890380,21821003,22001271,22090061,and 21801252)+1 种基金the LIRT Project of Guangdong PRTP(grant no.2017BT01C161)FRF for the Central Universities(grant no.20lgpy79).
文摘Simultaneous ethane and acetylene removal from a C_(2)-gases mixture(C_(2)H_(6),C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(2))through a one-step separation process for ethylene purification is of great importance yet challenging in petrochemical industry,owing to their similar molecule sizes and physical properties.Herein,a series of multifunctionalized metal–organic frameworks(MOFs),LIFM-XYY-1∼8(LIFM stands for Lehn Institute of Functional Materials,and XYY are the initials of the first author),are constructed via a dynamic spacer installation(DSI)approach to optimize the pore-nanospaces for efficient C_(2)H_(4) isolation from the ternary C_(2)-gases mixture.Installation of variable organic-spacers into the prototypical MOFs,LIFM-28 or PCN-700,results in dramatically improved pore volume/surface area,contracted pore size,and functionalized pore surface,which in turn bring out high C_(2)-gases uptake capacities,enhanced C_(2)H_(6) and C_(2)H_(2) adsorption selectivities over C_(2)H_(4),and fast adsorption kinetics,providing an effective strategy to achieve delicate trade-off among these indexes for adequate separation performance.Specifically,optimized LIFM-XYY-7 presents four-times C_(2)H_(6) and C_(2)H_(2) adsorption capacities than proto-PCN-700.Dynamic breakthrough experiments reveal that poly-grade C_(2)H_(4)(>99.9%)can be obtained from binary or ternary C_(2)-hydrocarbon mixtures through a single separation process.Combined with themolecular simulations,this work demonstrates a promising protocol of porenanospace engineering via multi-functional optimization by the DSI approach to screen out MOFs for a formidable task.
基金We acknowledge the funding provided by the Shenzhen International Cooperation Research Project,China(No.GJHZ20180930090602235)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.14380151)the Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneur in Jiangsu(No.133181).
文摘In situ target biomolecule analysis is of great significance for real-time monitoring and regulation of endogenous biomarkers and elementary biomolecules in vivo.Gratifyingly,the rapid evolution of structural DNA nanotechnology during past decades has established an appealing toolbox for biological analysis and medical detection.The modulated self-assembly and underlying canonical Watson-Crick base-pairing rules provide possibilities for accurate controlling of the topologies and functions of obtained nanomaterials.The probes composed of diverse DNA nanostructures and DNA-nanoparticle complexes can create a confined space,which increases target accessibility and improves probe stability,sensitivity and specificity.In this minireview,we retrospect the research progress of in-situ biomolecular analysis based on DNA nanostructures for intracellular and in vivo biosensors in confined space.The characteristics of distinct DNA nanomaterials are first introduced,and then the fundamentals of biosensing process of designed DNA nanostructures are emphasized.Moreover,we elucidate our perspective over the challenges of this field and discuss the potential directions of this kind of application-oriented fabrication technique.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC1100300)he National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21961160721 and 21704018).
文摘Cell adhesion to extracellular matrices(ECM)is critical to physiological and pathological processes as well as biomedical and biotechnological applications.It has been known that a cell can adhere on an adhesive microisland only over a critical size.But no publication has concerned critical adhesion areas of cells on microislands with nanoarray decoration.Herein,we fabricated a series of micro-nanopatterns with different microisland sizes and arginine-glycine-aspartate(RGD)nanospacings on a nonfouling poly(ethylene glycol)background.Besides reproducing that nanospacing of RGD,a ligand of its receptor integrin(a membrane protein),significantly influences specific cell adhesion on bioactive nanoarrays,we confirmed that the concept of critical adhesion area originally suggested in studies of cells on micropatterns was justified also on the micro-nanopatterns,yet the latter exhibited more characteristic behaviors of cell adhesion.We found increased critical adhesion areas of human mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs)on nanoarrayed microislands with increased RGD nanospacings.However,the numbers of nanodots with respect to the critical adhesion areas were not a constant.A unified interpretation was then put forward after combining nonspecific background adhesion and specific cell adhesion.We further carried out the asymptotic analysis of a series of micro-nanopatterned surfaces to obtain the effective RGD nanospacing on unpatterned free surfaces with densely grafted RGD,which could be estimated nonzero but has never been revealed previously without the assistance of the micro-nanopatterning techniques and the corresponding analysis.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-00208427,2021R1I1A1A01046207,2021R1A2C2005418,2022R1A2C2005943,and 2022M3H4A1A03076638)supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(No.RS-2023-00271399 and RS-2023-00275654)+1 种基金supported by a Korea University Grant and KIST intramural programHAADF-STEM was conducted with the support of the Seoul center in Korea Basic Science Institute(KBSI).
文摘Extracellular matrix(ECM)undergoes dynamic inflation that dynamically changes ligand nanospacing but has not been explored.Here we utilize ECM-mimicking photocontrolled supramolecular ligand-tunable Azo^(+)self-assembly composed of azobenzene derivatives(Azo^(+))stacked via cation-πinteractions and stabilized with RGD ligand-bearing poly(acrylic acid).Near-infrared-upconverted-ultraviolet light induces cis-Azo^(+)-mediated inflation that suppresses cation-πinteractions,thereby inflating liganded self-assembly.This inflation increases nanospacing of“closely nanospaced”ligands from 1.8 nm to 2.6 nm and the surface area of liganded selfassembly that facilitate stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo,including the release of loaded molecules by destabilizing water bridges and hydrogen bonds between the Azo^(+)molecules and loaded molecules.Conversely,visible light induces trans-Azo^(+)formation that facilitates cation-πinteractions,thereby deflating self-assembly with“closely nanospaced”ligands that inhibits stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.In stark contrast,when ligand nanospacing increases from 8.7 nm to 12.2 nm via the inflation of self-assembly,the surface area of“distantly nanospaced”ligands increases,thereby suppressing stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.Long-term in vivo stability of self-assembly via real-time tracking and upconversion are verified.This tuning of ligand nanospacing can unravel dynamic ligand-cell interactions for stem cell-regulated tissue regeneration.
