A cytological study on Apluda mutica L. revealed that this species was a facultative apomict with 60.74% of apomictic embryo sac formation. Its sexual reproduction exhibited the characteristics of polygonum_type embry...A cytological study on Apluda mutica L. revealed that this species was a facultative apomict with 60.74% of apomictic embryo sac formation. Its sexual reproduction exhibited the characteristics of polygonum_type embryo sac formation. After the 3 megaspores at the micropylar end had degenerated, leaving only the chalazal megaspore in the nucellus, a nucellar cell adjacent to the megaspore differentiated into an aposporous initial, which later developed into a panicum_type embryo sac. It was an aposporous 4_nucleate embryo sac without chromosome reduction and composed of an egg, a single synergid and a central cell with 2 polar nuclei. The chalazal megaspore degenerated before the onset of the division in the aposporous initial cell.展开更多
From March 2004 to February 2005,seasonal variations in lipid content and fatty acid composition of gonad of the cockle Fulvia mutica(Reeve) were studied on the eastern coast of China in relation to the reproductive c...From March 2004 to February 2005,seasonal variations in lipid content and fatty acid composition of gonad of the cockle Fulvia mutica(Reeve) were studied on the eastern coast of China in relation to the reproductive cycle and environment conditions(e.g.,temperature and food availability).Histological analysis as well as lipid and fatty acid analyses were performed on neutral and polar lipids of the gonad.Results showed that gametogenesis occurred in winter and spring at the expense of lipids previously accumulated in summer and autumn,whereas spawning occurred in summer(20.4-24.6℃).The seasonal variation in lipid content was similar to that of the mean oocyte diameter.In both neutral and polar lipids,the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels were relatively higher than saturated fatty acids,and polyunsaturated fatty acids were abundant,with series n-3 as the predominant component.Seasonal variations in the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels and the principal n-3 fatty acids were clearly related to the reproductive cycle.The ∑(n-3) and ∑(n-6) values were relatively high during January-May,and the associated unsaturation index was significantly higher than that in other months.The results suggest that fatty acids play an important role in the gametogenesis of F.mutica.展开更多
Mauremys mutica(Cantor,1842)is an endangered species in China.Main phenotypic variations inbody color,body weight,body shape,clutch size,egg size,and hatchling size were revealed betweenthe southern and northern popul...Mauremys mutica(Cantor,1842)is an endangered species in China.Main phenotypic variations inbody color,body weight,body shape,clutch size,egg size,and hatchling size were revealed betweenthe southern and northern populations.Both populations have the phenomenon of'larger male'sexualsize dimorphism(SSD),especially in the southern population.Furthermore,genetic variations betweenthe two populations were analyzed by RAPD band patterns of 30 random individuals in each population.The average genetic distance was 0.299±0.108 among the samples of two populations.The average ge-netic distance between southern and northern populations was 0.305±0.046.Cluster analysis indicatedthat all the individuals from the southern and northern populations were clustered among themselves toform two distinct clades.A total of 20 population-specific RAPD fragments were scored from 16 primers,and could be used as RAPD markers for distinguishing the southern and the northern population.Basedon the nucleotide sequences of two RAPD markers,two pairs of SCAR primers(SC1-S and SC2-S)weredesigned,which could be used as SCAR markers for the southern population.According to the significantphenotypic and genetic variations,we suggested that the northern population and southern populationmight be considered as two separate taxa,the'northern taxon'and the'southern taxon',and the con-servation should be respectively conducted on the two taxa.展开更多
Wild pistachio tree （Pistacia mutica） is considered the most important species in the Zagros forests. It can adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. To find the suitable ecological conditions for pistachio sp...Wild pistachio tree （Pistacia mutica） is considered the most important species in the Zagros forests. It can adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. To find the suitable ecological conditions for pistachio species, we investigated different environmental factors such as gradient, aspect and position of the slopes through the distribution area. Frequency of pistachio trees in the north and northwest of Qalajeh forests was 36.4% and 1%, respectively. Maximum （32%） and minimum （13%） number of wild pistachio trees were in 30%--60% and 〉120% slope classes, respectively. The most number and least number of pistachio trees were found at elevations of 1100-1200 m and 2200-2300 m, respectively. The percentage of pistachio canopy coverage was 10. The average percentage of herbaceous coverage was 6.5. Pistachio trees of diameter per hectare at breast height （DBH） 〉20 cm numbered 5 while average number of pistachio trees was 8 per hectare. Pistachio seedlings per hectare averaged 3.5. The number of other species per ha was 7 trees. The effect of aspect on other species was not significant （p=0.151）. Slope class and geographical aspect did not affect regeneration （p=0.275 and p=0.111, respectively）. Pistachio plays an important economic role in semi-arid areas, therefore it is essential to protect and restore Qalajeh forests through participation by government and local people.展开更多
Matrix metallopeptidase 3 is a zinc-containing proteinase that participates in tissue remodeling and immune responses. In this study, a cDNA encoding matrix metallopeptidase 3 was isolated and characterized from the A...Matrix metallopeptidase 3 is a zinc-containing proteinase that participates in tissue remodeling and immune responses. In this study, a cDNA encoding matrix metallopeptidase 3 was isolated and characterized from the Asian yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica（designated as MaMMP3）. The MaMMP3 cDNA is 1805 bp and consists of a 5＇-untranslated region（UTR） of 56 bp, a 3＇-UTR of 243 bp, and an open reading frame（ORF） of 1506 bp encoding 481 amino acids. Homology analysis of MaMMP3 revealed that the MaMMP3 shared 25%–63% similarity to other known MMP3 sequences. The genomic sequence covers 6007 bp. Comparative analysis of the cDNA sequence revealed that the Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 has eight exons and seven introns. The phylogenetic tree showed that the MaMMP3 is closely related to Gallus gallus MMP3 and Taeniopygia guttata MMP3. The mRNA expression of the MaMMP3 in normal group without any bacterial challenge could be detected in all studied tissues including kidney, heart, live and spleen, with the highest level in the spleen. The results of immune challenge showed that the expression level of MaMMP3 was up-regulated in the spleen and liver. These results provided an important information for studying the roles of Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 in immunity further.展开更多
The yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica is widely cultured using both greenhouse-reared and outdoor pond-reared models.Individuals from the two models often show different tolerances to dramatic temperature changes cau...The yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica is widely cultured using both greenhouse-reared and outdoor pond-reared models.Individuals from the two models often show different tolerances to dramatic temperature changes caused by extreme weather events.However,the mechanism underlying the difference is unclear.In this study,we found that for greenhouse-reared turtles(GRTs),the expression levels of an immune-related gene for transferrin were significantly different(P<0.05)between the control group and the acute cold stress(ACS)group for most time points(3 h,6 h and 48 h),while at two time points(6 h and 12 h)there was a significant difference(P<0.05)between the control group and the acute heat stress(AHS)group.However,for the outdoor pond-reared turtles(OPTs),we found the opposite pattern:the ACS group showed no significant difference(P>0.05)from the control group for all time points(3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h and 48 h),whereas two time points(12 h and 24 h)were significantly different(P<0.05)for the AHS group.Our results indicate that ACS may influence the immunity of GRTs and have no influence on OPTs,whereas AHS may largely affect the immunity of OPTs and have little influence on GRTs.The findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying the different morbidity and mortality rates of turtles from different culture models after extreme weather events.展开更多
Artificial albino Mauremys mutica was bred by a wild female albino M.mutica(P).F1 progeny was bred by mating between albino female turtle(P)and common male turtle,and F2 progeny was bred by mating between mature F1 ma...Artificial albino Mauremys mutica was bred by a wild female albino M.mutica(P).F1 progeny was bred by mating between albino female turtle(P)and common male turtle,and F2 progeny was bred by mating between mature F1 male turtle with albino female turtle(P).After 7-8 years of cultivation,the artificial albino M.mutica was successfully produced from the F3 progeny bred in 2007,which was the first artificial breeding of the albino M.mutica.Through the cultivation of 18 batches of 5 generations(F5),the emergence rate of albino M.mutica reached more than 85%,and it could reach 100%in some cases.A stable albino M.mutica gene was produced for the first time.展开更多
文摘A cytological study on Apluda mutica L. revealed that this species was a facultative apomict with 60.74% of apomictic embryo sac formation. Its sexual reproduction exhibited the characteristics of polygonum_type embryo sac formation. After the 3 megaspores at the micropylar end had degenerated, leaving only the chalazal megaspore in the nucellus, a nucellar cell adjacent to the megaspore differentiated into an aposporous initial, which later developed into a panicum_type embryo sac. It was an aposporous 4_nucleate embryo sac without chromosome reduction and composed of an egg, a single synergid and a central cell with 2 polar nuclei. The chalazal megaspore degenerated before the onset of the division in the aposporous initial cell.
基金the National Marine Public Welfare Research Program(201205023)the Scientific and Technical Supporting Program(2011BAD13B03)
文摘From March 2004 to February 2005,seasonal variations in lipid content and fatty acid composition of gonad of the cockle Fulvia mutica(Reeve) were studied on the eastern coast of China in relation to the reproductive cycle and environment conditions(e.g.,temperature and food availability).Histological analysis as well as lipid and fatty acid analyses were performed on neutral and polar lipids of the gonad.Results showed that gametogenesis occurred in winter and spring at the expense of lipids previously accumulated in summer and autumn,whereas spawning occurred in summer(20.4-24.6℃).The seasonal variation in lipid content was similar to that of the mean oocyte diameter.In both neutral and polar lipids,the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels were relatively higher than saturated fatty acids,and polyunsaturated fatty acids were abundant,with series n-3 as the predominant component.Seasonal variations in the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels and the principal n-3 fatty acids were clearly related to the reproductive cycle.The ∑(n-3) and ∑(n-6) values were relatively high during January-May,and the associated unsaturation index was significantly higher than that in other months.The results suggest that fatty acids play an important role in the gametogenesis of F.mutica.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2004CB117405)the Key Research Program of Ocean and Fishery Bureau of Guangdong province(No.2001A09)
文摘Mauremys mutica(Cantor,1842)is an endangered species in China.Main phenotypic variations inbody color,body weight,body shape,clutch size,egg size,and hatchling size were revealed betweenthe southern and northern populations.Both populations have the phenomenon of'larger male'sexualsize dimorphism(SSD),especially in the southern population.Furthermore,genetic variations betweenthe two populations were analyzed by RAPD band patterns of 30 random individuals in each population.The average genetic distance was 0.299±0.108 among the samples of two populations.The average ge-netic distance between southern and northern populations was 0.305±0.046.Cluster analysis indicatedthat all the individuals from the southern and northern populations were clustered among themselves toform two distinct clades.A total of 20 population-specific RAPD fragments were scored from 16 primers,and could be used as RAPD markers for distinguishing the southern and the northern population.Basedon the nucleotide sequences of two RAPD markers,two pairs of SCAR primers(SC1-S and SC2-S)weredesigned,which could be used as SCAR markers for the southern population.According to the significantphenotypic and genetic variations,we suggested that the northern population and southern populationmight be considered as two separate taxa,the'northern taxon'and the'southern taxon',and the con-servation should be respectively conducted on the two taxa.
文摘Wild pistachio tree （Pistacia mutica） is considered the most important species in the Zagros forests. It can adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. To find the suitable ecological conditions for pistachio species, we investigated different environmental factors such as gradient, aspect and position of the slopes through the distribution area. Frequency of pistachio trees in the north and northwest of Qalajeh forests was 36.4% and 1%, respectively. Maximum （32%） and minimum （13%） number of wild pistachio trees were in 30%--60% and 〉120% slope classes, respectively. The most number and least number of pistachio trees were found at elevations of 1100-1200 m and 2200-2300 m, respectively. The percentage of pistachio canopy coverage was 10. The average percentage of herbaceous coverage was 6.5. Pistachio trees of diameter per hectare at breast height （DBH） 〉20 cm numbered 5 while average number of pistachio trees was 8 per hectare. Pistachio seedlings per hectare averaged 3.5. The number of other species per ha was 7 trees. The effect of aspect on other species was not significant （p=0.151）. Slope class and geographical aspect did not affect regeneration （p=0.275 and p=0.111, respectively）. Pistachio plays an important economic role in semi-arid areas, therefore it is essential to protect and restore Qalajeh forests through participation by government and local people.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology funds (No. 2011GB23260021)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No. 2004CB117401)+1 种基金Science and Technology New Star from Guangzhou City (No. 2012089)Fundamental Research Funds from CAFS (No. 2012A0403)
文摘Matrix metallopeptidase 3 is a zinc-containing proteinase that participates in tissue remodeling and immune responses. In this study, a cDNA encoding matrix metallopeptidase 3 was isolated and characterized from the Asian yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica（designated as MaMMP3）. The MaMMP3 cDNA is 1805 bp and consists of a 5＇-untranslated region（UTR） of 56 bp, a 3＇-UTR of 243 bp, and an open reading frame（ORF） of 1506 bp encoding 481 amino acids. Homology analysis of MaMMP3 revealed that the MaMMP3 shared 25%–63% similarity to other known MMP3 sequences. The genomic sequence covers 6007 bp. Comparative analysis of the cDNA sequence revealed that the Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 has eight exons and seven introns. The phylogenetic tree showed that the MaMMP3 is closely related to Gallus gallus MMP3 and Taeniopygia guttata MMP3. The mRNA expression of the MaMMP3 in normal group without any bacterial challenge could be detected in all studied tissues including kidney, heart, live and spleen, with the highest level in the spleen. The results of immune challenge showed that the expression level of MaMMP3 was up-regulated in the spleen and liver. These results provided an important information for studying the roles of Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 in immunity further.
基金funded by the thousand PhD program of Guangdong Academy of Sciences(No.2018GDASCX-0932,No.2020GDASYL-20200103099)the Training Fund of Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources For PhDs,Masters and Postdoctoral Researchers(No.GIABR-pyjj201603)+2 种基金the GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development(No.2018GDASCX-0107)the Scientific and Technological Program of Guangdong Province(No.2017A020219004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31772486)。
文摘The yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica is widely cultured using both greenhouse-reared and outdoor pond-reared models.Individuals from the two models often show different tolerances to dramatic temperature changes caused by extreme weather events.However,the mechanism underlying the difference is unclear.In this study,we found that for greenhouse-reared turtles(GRTs),the expression levels of an immune-related gene for transferrin were significantly different(P<0.05)between the control group and the acute cold stress(ACS)group for most time points(3 h,6 h and 48 h),while at two time points(6 h and 12 h)there was a significant difference(P<0.05)between the control group and the acute heat stress(AHS)group.However,for the outdoor pond-reared turtles(OPTs),we found the opposite pattern:the ACS group showed no significant difference(P>0.05)from the control group for all time points(3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h and 48 h),whereas two time points(12 h and 24 h)were significantly different(P<0.05)for the AHS group.Our results indicate that ACS may influence the immunity of GRTs and have no influence on OPTs,whereas AHS may largely affect the immunity of OPTs and have little influence on GRTs.The findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying the different morbidity and mortality rates of turtles from different culture models after extreme weather events.
基金Ganzhou Science and Technology Project(GZ2017ZSF099)。
文摘Artificial albino Mauremys mutica was bred by a wild female albino M.mutica(P).F1 progeny was bred by mating between albino female turtle(P)and common male turtle,and F2 progeny was bred by mating between mature F1 male turtle with albino female turtle(P).After 7-8 years of cultivation,the artificial albino M.mutica was successfully produced from the F3 progeny bred in 2007,which was the first artificial breeding of the albino M.mutica.Through the cultivation of 18 batches of 5 generations(F5),the emergence rate of albino M.mutica reached more than 85%,and it could reach 100%in some cases.A stable albino M.mutica gene was produced for the first time.
