Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is an important etiologic agent of hepatitis and a major cause of chronic liver infection that often leads to cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatocel-lular carcinoma. Although, HCV is a hepatotropi...Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is an important etiologic agent of hepatitis and a major cause of chronic liver infection that often leads to cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatocel-lular carcinoma. Although, HCV is a hepatotropic virus, there is strong evidence that HCV could replicate extra-hepatic in the gastrointestinal tissue which could serve as a reservoir for HCV. The outcome of HCV infection depends mainly on the host innate and adaptive im-mune responses. Innate immunity against HCV includes mainly nuclear factor cells and activation of IFN-related genes. There is an immunologic link between the gut and the liver through a population of T-cells that are ca-pable of homing to both the liver and gut via the portal circulation. However, little is known on the role of Gut immune response in HCV. In this review we discussed the immune regulation of Gut immune cells and its as-sociation with HCV pathogenesis, various outcomes of anti-HCV therapy, viral persistence and degree of liver infammation. Additionally, we investigated the relation-ship between Gut immune responses to HCV and IL28B genotypes, which were identifed as a strong predictor for HCV pathogenesis and treatment outcome after acute infection.展开更多
To study immune reactions and the mechanism of anergy induced by recombinant enterotoxin A (rSEA) of Staphylococcus aureus. The gene encoding SEA was cloned from standard strain of S. aureus and high efficiently expre...To study immune reactions and the mechanism of anergy induced by recombinant enterotoxin A (rSEA) of Staphylococcus aureus. The gene encoding SEA was cloned from standard strain of S. aureus and high efficiently expressed in E. coli. After immunization with purified rSEA, mice were examined for production of specific antibody, subtype of IgG, cytokine mRNA levels such as IFN-γ, IL-2 secretion and T-cell surface PD-1 expression. Results showed that high levels of specific antibodies were produced in two weeks of primary immunization shot. During this time, humoral immune reactions prevailed (IgG2a/ IgG1 【1). During the early phase, Th1 type cytokine mRNA is expressed at a higher level than Th2 type, indicating cellular immune reaction prevailed. Splen- ocyte IFN-γ secretion was significantly decreased after boosting immunization. The PD-1 expression was detected by a flow cytometry examination in the surface of T- lymphocytes which were induced by rSEA, and the expression of PD-1 molecules increased along with the number of boosting and the time after immunization.展开更多
基金Supported by Egyptian Government Scholarship for Helal HettaMerck Investigator Initiated Studies(IIS)IISP,No.40458(Shata)
文摘Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is an important etiologic agent of hepatitis and a major cause of chronic liver infection that often leads to cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatocel-lular carcinoma. Although, HCV is a hepatotropic virus, there is strong evidence that HCV could replicate extra-hepatic in the gastrointestinal tissue which could serve as a reservoir for HCV. The outcome of HCV infection depends mainly on the host innate and adaptive im-mune responses. Innate immunity against HCV includes mainly nuclear factor cells and activation of IFN-related genes. There is an immunologic link between the gut and the liver through a population of T-cells that are ca-pable of homing to both the liver and gut via the portal circulation. However, little is known on the role of Gut immune response in HCV. In this review we discussed the immune regulation of Gut immune cells and its as-sociation with HCV pathogenesis, various outcomes of anti-HCV therapy, viral persistence and degree of liver infammation. Additionally, we investigated the relation-ship between Gut immune responses to HCV and IL28B genotypes, which were identifed as a strong predictor for HCV pathogenesis and treatment outcome after acute infection.
文摘To study immune reactions and the mechanism of anergy induced by recombinant enterotoxin A (rSEA) of Staphylococcus aureus. The gene encoding SEA was cloned from standard strain of S. aureus and high efficiently expressed in E. coli. After immunization with purified rSEA, mice were examined for production of specific antibody, subtype of IgG, cytokine mRNA levels such as IFN-γ, IL-2 secretion and T-cell surface PD-1 expression. Results showed that high levels of specific antibodies were produced in two weeks of primary immunization shot. During this time, humoral immune reactions prevailed (IgG2a/ IgG1 【1). During the early phase, Th1 type cytokine mRNA is expressed at a higher level than Th2 type, indicating cellular immune reaction prevailed. Splen- ocyte IFN-γ secretion was significantly decreased after boosting immunization. The PD-1 expression was detected by a flow cytometry examination in the surface of T- lymphocytes which were induced by rSEA, and the expression of PD-1 molecules increased along with the number of boosting and the time after immunization.
