Interaction among arthropods(insect-acarine)was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy(parasitism)...Interaction among arthropods(insect-acarine)was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy(parasitism)as well as stimulates the plant chemical defence.In the present study of two cropping periods,nutrient concentration and early infestation of plant-sucking pests are known to trigger different degrees of interactions(plant’s parameters)which potentially alert abundance and diversity of the insect pests.Clearer interaction and magnitude of impact could be assessed(multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA)and redundancy analysis(RDA))and observed between arthropods(insect-acarine)community and plants’parameters from the strongest to the lowest effects.The two factors could have affected the community of insect-pests with various degrees of pressure effect and interaction that occurred naturally,thus leading to the predictable abundance of insect-acarine populations under eggplant leaves in response to plant physical characteristics(e.g.,size of leaves,number of leaves and plant height)and biochemical constituents(flavonoid,phenolic,peroxidase andβ-1,3-glucanase).Based on multivariate analyses of multitrophic interaction,MANOVA and RDA have the potential to elucidate the complex interaction among plant performance,abundance of pests and activity chemical defence compounds.Both analyses interpreted similar interactions of measured parameters in different ways.Whitefly population in this study was predictable by aphids,thrips and total phenolic contents in eggplant.Eggplant has capable defence systems against insect-acarine pests after stimulation(pre-infestation).In relation to IPM strategy,early stages of plant growth are known as susceptible periods for pests attack but the plant becomes more tolerant during the fruiting stage.展开更多
Although the contribution of biodiversity to supporting ecosystem functions is well established in soil ecosystems, previous studies have often overlooked the importance of potential multitrophic interactions in suppo...Although the contribution of biodiversity to supporting ecosystem functions is well established in soil ecosystems, previous studies have often overlooked the importance of potential multitrophic interactions in supporting ecosystem functions. This study analyzed the effects of land uses on potential multitrophic interactions and their impacts on soil ecosystem functions, using soil environmental DNA samples from five land-use types. Results showed that land use can influence soil ecosystem functions by altering the soil multitrophic biodiversity and interactions. Keystone species are crucial in shaping the soil microbial composition, mediating network interactions, and supporting the ecosystem function. This study promotes the understanding of the mechanisms behind changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services resulting from land-use changes and is beneficial to making informed trade-offs in urban planning.展开更多
Agricultural ecosystem formation and evolution depend on interactions and communication between multiple organisms.Within this context,communication occurs between microbes,plants,and insects,often involving the relea...Agricultural ecosystem formation and evolution depend on interactions and communication between multiple organisms.Within this context,communication occurs between microbes,plants,and insects,often involving the release and perception of a wide range of chemical cues.Unraveling how this information is coded and interpreted is critical to expanding our understanding of how agricultural ecosystems function in terms of competition and cooperation.Investigations examining dual interactions(e.g.plant–microbe,insect–microbe,and insect–plant)have resolved some basic components of this communication.However,there is a need for systematically examining multitrophic interactions that occur simultaneously between microorganisms,insects,and plants.A more thorough understanding of these multitrophic interactions has been made possible by recent advancements in the study of such ecological interactions,which are based on a variety of contemporary technologies such as artificial intelligence sensors,multi-omics,metabarcoding,and others.Frequently,these developments have led to the discovery of startling examples of each member manipulating the other.Here,we review recent advances in the understanding of bottom-up chemical communication between microorganisms,plants,and insects,and their consequences.We discuss the components of these“chemo-languages”and how they modify outcomes of multi-species interactions across trophic levels.Further,we suggest prospects for translating the current basic understanding of multitrophic interactions into strategies that could be applied in agricultural ecosystems to increase food safety and security.展开更多
Intra- and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcomes modified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid ...Intra- and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcomes modified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid （Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas） feeding on cultivated Solanum tuberosum and wild Solanurn berthaulti to study the impact of water availability and plant mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi on aphid performance and susceptibility to a parasitoid wasp （Aphidius ervi Haliday）. Plants were grown under glass with live or sterile AM fungal spores and supplied with sufficient or reduced water supply. Plants were infested with 1 of 3 genotypes ofM. euphorbiae or maintained as aphidfree controls; aphid abundance was scored after 1 week, after which aphid susceptibility to A. ervi was assayed explanta. Solarium tuberosum accumulated c. 20% more dry mass than S. berthaultii, and root mass of S. berthaultii was smallest under reduced water supply in the presence of AM fungi. Aphid abundance was lowest on S. berthaultii and highest for genotype ＂2＂ aphids; genotype ＂1＂ aphid density was particularly reduced on S. berthaultii. Aphid genotype ＂1＂ exhibited low susceptibility to parasitism and was attacked less frequently than the other two more susceptible aphid genotypes. Neither AM fungi nor water availability affected insect performance. Our study suggests a fitness trade-offin M. euphorbiae between parasitism resistance and aphid performance on poor quality Solarium hosts that warrants further exploration, and indicates the importance of accounting for genotype identity in determining the outcome of multitrophic interactions.展开更多
Many fungal root symbionts of the genus Trichoderma are well-known for their beneficial effects on agronomic performance and protection against plant pathogens; moreover, they may enhance protection from insect pests,...Many fungal root symbionts of the genus Trichoderma are well-known for their beneficial effects on agronomic performance and protection against plant pathogens; moreover, they may enhance protection from insect pests, by triggering plant resistance mechanisms. Defense barriers against insects are induced by the activation of metabolic pathways involved in the production of defense-related plant compounds, either directly active against herbivore insects, or exerting an indirect effect, by increasing the attrac- tion of herbivore natural enemies. In a model system composed of the tomato plant, the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, plant metabolic changes induced by Trichoderma harzianum and their effects on higher trophic levels have been assessed. T. harzianum T22 treatments induce a primed state that upon aphid attacks leads to an increased attraction of aphid parasitoids, mediated by the enhanced produc- tion of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） that are known to induce Aphidius ervi flight. Transcriptome sequencing of T22-treated plants infested by aphids showed a remarkable upregulation of genes involved in terpenoids biosynthesis and salicylic acid pathway, which are consistent with the observed flight response ofA. ervi and the VOC bouquet profile underlying this behavioral response.展开更多
Resource partitioning among sympatric species is crucial for assembling ecological communities,such as caterpillar—ant assemblages in tropical forests.Myrmecophilous caterpillars use behavioral and chemical strategie...Resource partitioning among sympatric species is crucial for assembling ecological communities,such as caterpillar—ant assemblages in tropical forests.Myrmecophilous caterpillars use behavioral and chemical strategies to coexist with ants,avoiding attacks.While these strategies are well-understood in single pair of interacting species,such as those involving myrmecophiles and ants,their role in complex multitrophic interactions that include several species of plants,herbivores and ants remains unclear.We aimed to identify the role of cuticular hydrocarbons and specialized morphological structures that caterpillars use to interact with ants(called ant organs)in the recognition process between two riodinid caterpillar species and their respective ant—plant systems.We hypothesized that caterpillars'cuticular profiles would be conspicuous,possessing cues of rewards to ants,allowing specific ants to recognize and not attack them on plants.We performed experiments exposing caterpillars to ants to assess the role of larval ant organs and the specificity of caterpillar—ant interactions on plants.We analyzed cuticular hydrocarbons of caterpillars,ant workers and plants using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Our experiments showed that larval ant organs were activated according to each treatment and caterpillars were consistently accepted by their associated ants when transferred to host plants occupied by the same ant species.However,caterpillars transferred to plants with a non-associated ant species that do not tend them were often killed.This highlights the specificity of these interactions.Caterpillar cuticular hydrocarbon profiles,while present in far lower amounts than those of ant workers and plants,were distinctive,suggesting a strategy of chemical conspicuousness that helps caterpillars to be recognized by ants and prevents attacks in specific antplant systems.Our results indicate that ants recognize conspicuous cuticular hydrocarbons,while caterpillars convey multimodal signals from ant organs during interactions,which are essential for caterpillar survival in these specific interactions.展开更多
●Habitat fragmentation decreased α-diversity of nematodes and protozoa,but had little effect on β-diversity.●Soil multifunctionality resistance declined with fragmentation intensity(from the large to small island...●Habitat fragmentation decreased α-diversity of nematodes and protozoa,but had little effect on β-diversity.●Soil multifunctionality resistance declined with fragmentation intensity(from the large to small islands).●Nematode α-diversity,particularly bacterivorous taxa,directly enhanced multifunctionality resistance.●Protist β-diversity explained multifunctionality resistance to warming.Habitat fragmentation poses significant threats to soil biodiversity and ecosystem stability,yet its impacts on multifunctionality resistance under global change remain unclear.Here,we investigated 61 islands in China’s subtropical Zhelin Lake Reservoir,through experiments simulating multiple stressors,to assess how changes in soil biodiversity induced by habitat fragmentation affect the multifunctionality resistance to nitrogen enrichment,warming,and wetting-drying cycles disturbances.Our results revealed that soil moisture,nematode/protistα-diversity,and multifunctionality resistance(quantified through nutrient cycling stability)declined with fragmentation intensity(from the large to small islands).Nematodeα-diversity,particularly bacterivorous taxa,emerged as a keystone mediator,directly enhancing resistance to global change stressors via microbial regulation and nutrient cycling.Conversely,protistβ-diversity reduced warming resistance through community destabilization.Structural equation modeling demonstrated dual fragmentation effects:direct moisture-driven functional decline versus indirect biodiversity-mediated stabilization.Stressor-specific mechanisms diverged fungal-nematode synergies buffered nitrogen enrichment impacts,while protist community turnover exacerbated thermal vulnerability.These findings challenge microbial-centric paradigms,highlighting the predominate role of microfauna in regulating soil multifunctionality resistance to global change.Our study highlights that conservation strategies should prioritize preserving larger fragments and soil micro-faunal diversity to sustain multifunctionality under global change,emphasizing the conservation of soil microorganisms such as nematodes and protists in fragmented landscapes.展开更多
文摘Interaction among arthropods(insect-acarine)was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy(parasitism)as well as stimulates the plant chemical defence.In the present study of two cropping periods,nutrient concentration and early infestation of plant-sucking pests are known to trigger different degrees of interactions(plant’s parameters)which potentially alert abundance and diversity of the insect pests.Clearer interaction and magnitude of impact could be assessed(multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA)and redundancy analysis(RDA))and observed between arthropods(insect-acarine)community and plants’parameters from the strongest to the lowest effects.The two factors could have affected the community of insect-pests with various degrees of pressure effect and interaction that occurred naturally,thus leading to the predictable abundance of insect-acarine populations under eggplant leaves in response to plant physical characteristics(e.g.,size of leaves,number of leaves and plant height)and biochemical constituents(flavonoid,phenolic,peroxidase andβ-1,3-glucanase).Based on multivariate analyses of multitrophic interaction,MANOVA and RDA have the potential to elucidate the complex interaction among plant performance,abundance of pests and activity chemical defence compounds.Both analyses interpreted similar interactions of measured parameters in different ways.Whitefly population in this study was predictable by aphids,thrips and total phenolic contents in eggplant.Eggplant has capable defence systems against insect-acarine pests after stimulation(pre-infestation).In relation to IPM strategy,early stages of plant growth are known as susceptible periods for pests attack but the plant becomes more tolerant during the fruiting stage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32361143523,42307033,and 42222701)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2023321)+1 种基金Ningbo Yongjiang Talent Project(Grant No.2022A-163-G)Ningbo S&T Project(Grant No.2021-DST-004).
文摘Although the contribution of biodiversity to supporting ecosystem functions is well established in soil ecosystems, previous studies have often overlooked the importance of potential multitrophic interactions in supporting ecosystem functions. This study analyzed the effects of land uses on potential multitrophic interactions and their impacts on soil ecosystem functions, using soil environmental DNA samples from five land-use types. Results showed that land use can influence soil ecosystem functions by altering the soil multitrophic biodiversity and interactions. Keystone species are crucial in shaping the soil microbial composition, mediating network interactions, and supporting the ecosystem function. This study promotes the understanding of the mechanisms behind changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services resulting from land-use changes and is beneficial to making informed trade-offs in urban planning.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360775,32160666,32472644)the Guizhou Province Science and Technology Support Project([2022]General 239)+1 种基金the Education Department of Guizhou Province Scientific Research Program of Higher Education Institutions(Young Scientific Program)(Qianjiaoji,2022,No.118)the Research Funds for Introduced Talents of Guizhou University(Guizhou University,renjihezi,2021,No.34).
文摘Agricultural ecosystem formation and evolution depend on interactions and communication between multiple organisms.Within this context,communication occurs between microbes,plants,and insects,often involving the release and perception of a wide range of chemical cues.Unraveling how this information is coded and interpreted is critical to expanding our understanding of how agricultural ecosystems function in terms of competition and cooperation.Investigations examining dual interactions(e.g.plant–microbe,insect–microbe,and insect–plant)have resolved some basic components of this communication.However,there is a need for systematically examining multitrophic interactions that occur simultaneously between microorganisms,insects,and plants.A more thorough understanding of these multitrophic interactions has been made possible by recent advancements in the study of such ecological interactions,which are based on a variety of contemporary technologies such as artificial intelligence sensors,multi-omics,metabarcoding,and others.Frequently,these developments have led to the discovery of startling examples of each member manipulating the other.Here,we review recent advances in the understanding of bottom-up chemical communication between microorganisms,plants,and insects,and their consequences.We discuss the components of these“chemo-languages”and how they modify outcomes of multi-species interactions across trophic levels.Further,we suggest prospects for translating the current basic understanding of multitrophic interactions into strategies that could be applied in agricultural ecosystems to increase food safety and security.
文摘Intra- and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcomes modified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid （Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas） feeding on cultivated Solanum tuberosum and wild Solanurn berthaulti to study the impact of water availability and plant mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi on aphid performance and susceptibility to a parasitoid wasp （Aphidius ervi Haliday）. Plants were grown under glass with live or sterile AM fungal spores and supplied with sufficient or reduced water supply. Plants were infested with 1 of 3 genotypes ofM. euphorbiae or maintained as aphidfree controls; aphid abundance was scored after 1 week, after which aphid susceptibility to A. ervi was assayed explanta. Solarium tuberosum accumulated c. 20% more dry mass than S. berthaultii, and root mass of S. berthaultii was smallest under reduced water supply in the presence of AM fungi. Aphid abundance was lowest on S. berthaultii and highest for genotype ＂2＂ aphids; genotype ＂1＂ aphid density was particularly reduced on S. berthaultii. Aphid genotype ＂1＂ exhibited low susceptibility to parasitism and was attacked less frequently than the other two more susceptible aphid genotypes. Neither AM fungi nor water availability affected insect performance. Our study suggests a fitness trade-offin M. euphorbiae between parasitism resistance and aphid performance on poor quality Solarium hosts that warrants further exploration, and indicates the importance of accounting for genotype identity in determining the outcome of multitrophic interactions.
文摘Many fungal root symbionts of the genus Trichoderma are well-known for their beneficial effects on agronomic performance and protection against plant pathogens; moreover, they may enhance protection from insect pests, by triggering plant resistance mechanisms. Defense barriers against insects are induced by the activation of metabolic pathways involved in the production of defense-related plant compounds, either directly active against herbivore insects, or exerting an indirect effect, by increasing the attrac- tion of herbivore natural enemies. In a model system composed of the tomato plant, the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, plant metabolic changes induced by Trichoderma harzianum and their effects on higher trophic levels have been assessed. T. harzianum T22 treatments induce a primed state that upon aphid attacks leads to an increased attraction of aphid parasitoids, mediated by the enhanced produc- tion of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） that are known to induce Aphidius ervi flight. Transcriptome sequencing of T22-treated plants infested by aphids showed a remarkable upregulation of genes involved in terpenoids biosynthesis and salicylic acid pathway, which are consistent with the observed flight response ofA. ervi and the VOC bouquet profile underlying this behavioral response.
基金support from the São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)through grants to LDL(2021/00984-7),DSA(2015/17358-0)FSN(2021/05598-8 and 2018/10996-0)+1 种基金provided by Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil(CAPES)to LDL and LAK-Finance Code O01 and by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico(CNPq)to FSN(05082/2018-5 and 307702/2018-9)and LAK(175508/2023-2)funded by the NationalGeographic Society to LAK(#WW-224R-17).
文摘Resource partitioning among sympatric species is crucial for assembling ecological communities,such as caterpillar—ant assemblages in tropical forests.Myrmecophilous caterpillars use behavioral and chemical strategies to coexist with ants,avoiding attacks.While these strategies are well-understood in single pair of interacting species,such as those involving myrmecophiles and ants,their role in complex multitrophic interactions that include several species of plants,herbivores and ants remains unclear.We aimed to identify the role of cuticular hydrocarbons and specialized morphological structures that caterpillars use to interact with ants(called ant organs)in the recognition process between two riodinid caterpillar species and their respective ant—plant systems.We hypothesized that caterpillars'cuticular profiles would be conspicuous,possessing cues of rewards to ants,allowing specific ants to recognize and not attack them on plants.We performed experiments exposing caterpillars to ants to assess the role of larval ant organs and the specificity of caterpillar—ant interactions on plants.We analyzed cuticular hydrocarbons of caterpillars,ant workers and plants using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Our experiments showed that larval ant organs were activated according to each treatment and caterpillars were consistently accepted by their associated ants when transferred to host plants occupied by the same ant species.However,caterpillars transferred to plants with a non-associated ant species that do not tend them were often killed.This highlights the specificity of these interactions.Caterpillar cuticular hydrocarbon profiles,while present in far lower amounts than those of ant workers and plants,were distinctive,suggesting a strategy of chemical conspicuousness that helps caterpillars to be recognized by ants and prevents attacks in specific antplant systems.Our results indicate that ants recognize conspicuous cuticular hydrocarbons,while caterpillars convey multimodal signals from ant organs during interactions,which are essential for caterpillar survival in these specific interactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42177272,32201404,and 32301441)the Junma Program of the Inner Mongolia University(Grant No.10000-23112101/159).
文摘●Habitat fragmentation decreased α-diversity of nematodes and protozoa,but had little effect on β-diversity.●Soil multifunctionality resistance declined with fragmentation intensity(from the large to small islands).●Nematode α-diversity,particularly bacterivorous taxa,directly enhanced multifunctionality resistance.●Protist β-diversity explained multifunctionality resistance to warming.Habitat fragmentation poses significant threats to soil biodiversity and ecosystem stability,yet its impacts on multifunctionality resistance under global change remain unclear.Here,we investigated 61 islands in China’s subtropical Zhelin Lake Reservoir,through experiments simulating multiple stressors,to assess how changes in soil biodiversity induced by habitat fragmentation affect the multifunctionality resistance to nitrogen enrichment,warming,and wetting-drying cycles disturbances.Our results revealed that soil moisture,nematode/protistα-diversity,and multifunctionality resistance(quantified through nutrient cycling stability)declined with fragmentation intensity(from the large to small islands).Nematodeα-diversity,particularly bacterivorous taxa,emerged as a keystone mediator,directly enhancing resistance to global change stressors via microbial regulation and nutrient cycling.Conversely,protistβ-diversity reduced warming resistance through community destabilization.Structural equation modeling demonstrated dual fragmentation effects:direct moisture-driven functional decline versus indirect biodiversity-mediated stabilization.Stressor-specific mechanisms diverged fungal-nematode synergies buffered nitrogen enrichment impacts,while protist community turnover exacerbated thermal vulnerability.These findings challenge microbial-centric paradigms,highlighting the predominate role of microfauna in regulating soil multifunctionality resistance to global change.Our study highlights that conservation strategies should prioritize preserving larger fragments and soil micro-faunal diversity to sustain multifunctionality under global change,emphasizing the conservation of soil microorganisms such as nematodes and protists in fragmented landscapes.
