Porcine circovirus type 3(PCV3)was initially identified in 2016 in pigs exhibiting unexplained cardiac and multi-organ inflammation in the USA(Palinski et al.2017).PCV3 has subsequently been identified in numerous cou...Porcine circovirus type 3(PCV3)was initially identified in 2016 in pigs exhibiting unexplained cardiac and multi-organ inflammation in the USA(Palinski et al.2017).PCV3 has subsequently been identified in numerous countries,including China,Brazil,Italy,and others,demonstrating widespread viral dissemination(Tan et al.2021).Notably,recent investigations have revealed PCV3 infection across multiple species,including pigs,cattle,dogs,wild boars,chamois,roe deer,and others(Tan et al.2021).This evidence suggests potential viral propagation beyond its primary host(pigs).展开更多
Multispecies forests have received increased scientific attention,driven by the hypothesis that biodiversity improves ecological resilience.However,a greater species diversity presents challenges for forest management...Multispecies forests have received increased scientific attention,driven by the hypothesis that biodiversity improves ecological resilience.However,a greater species diversity presents challenges for forest management and research.Our study aims to develop basal area growth models for tree species cohorts.The analysis is based on a dataset of 423 permanent plots(2,500 m^(2))located in temperate forests in Durango,Mexico.First,we define tree species cohorts based on individual and neighborhood-based variables using a combination of principal component and cluster analyses.Then,we estimate the basal area increment of each cohort through the generalized additive model to describe the effect of tree size,competition,stand density and site quality.The principal component and cluster analyses assign a total of 37 tree species to eight cohorts that differed primarily with regard to the distribution of tree size and vertical position within the community.The generalized additive models provide satisfactory estimates of tree growth for the species cohorts,explaining between 19 and 53 percent of the total variation of basal area increment,and highlight the following results:i)most cohorts show a"rise-and-fall"effect of tree size on tree growth;ii)surprisingly,the competition index"basal area of larger trees"had showed a positive effect in four of the eight cohorts;iii)stand density had a negative effect on basal area increment,though the effect was minor in medium-and high-density stands,and iv)basal area growth was positively correlated with site quality except for an oak cohort.The developed species cohorts and growth models provide insight into their particular ecological features and growth patterns that may support the development of sustainable management strategies for temperate multispecies forests.展开更多
Functional pain syndromes are very common diseases that negatively impact the quality of life of patients with important socio-economic repercussions. The clinical alterations associated with these pathologies are mul...Functional pain syndromes are very common diseases that negatively impact the quality of life of patients with important socio-economic repercussions. The clinical alterations associated with these pathologies are multiple and have a complex psycho-organic character that moves along the micorobiome-gut-brain-axis. For the present study, 45 patients of both sexes (19 male, 26 female) aged 30 - 59 years were enrolled because of a diagnosis of Functional pain syndromes (FPS) that lasted for more than 6 months. All patients underwent pre-treatment clinical assessments (T0) for anxiety disorder, multidimensional assessment of pain, monitoring of baseline values of Alpha-Theta cerebral rhythm in occipital region and monitoring of salivary cortisol levels. All the patients underwent a clinical treatment combined with central neuromodulation with neurofeedback—Alpha Theta increase protocols (once a week for three months), administration of multispecies probiotic (one dose per day for 3 months) and clinical psychological interviews (once a week for three months). At the end of treatment (T1), patients were re-evaluated. Results show statistically relevant improvements of each feature considered: the Relief from Pain provided by the medication increases on average from 36.6% to 87.3%, the salivary Cortisol level at 11 pm decreases from 6.4 ng/ml to a physiological value of 1.2 ng/ml, and the anxiety rating score is reduced from 28 to 12. Moreover, the 23.9% increase in α-θ relative power shows the positive outcome of the brain autoregulation. This study highlights that the combined approach of Neurofeedback with drugs and multispecies probiotic results in great improvements in the patients’ life.展开更多
A muhispecies model for shellfish polycuhure in the Sanggou Bay in China used for large-scale long-line cultivation of the Chinese scallop Chlamysfarreri, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the kelp Laminaria ja...A muhispecies model for shellfish polycuhure in the Sanggou Bay in China used for large-scale long-line cultivation of the Chinese scallop Chlamysfarreri, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the kelp Laminaria japonica is presented. The model includes key physical processes which are the transports of matter at the system boundary, and the main biological process that is the primary production and nutrients release from the bottom. By the model, the seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass and dissolved inorganic nitrogen（DIN） in 1994 are simulated. Furthermore, if the kelp culture scale is kept constant and the Chinese scallop and the Pacific oyster culture scales are adjusted, virtual shellfish farms are funded and responses of phytoplankton to the largescale shellfish culture are simulated. According to these simulated results, the room limitation, and the hypothesis that shellfish will not grow well if the phytoplankton biomass is less than 8.2 mg/m^3 , the expandable multiple of scallop culture k and that of oyster culture y are determined as k = -0.276 5y ＋4.690 5 and 0.133 3k ＋0.006 6y≤0.667 5, where, k （ or y） is equal to 1, the culture scale of scallop （ or oyster） is 8.8 x 109 individuals （or 66 ha, with a density of 59 ind./m^2 ）, and the kelp culture scale is 3 300 ha with a density of 12 ind./m^2.展开更多
Human oral bacteria live in multispecies communities in the biofilm called dental plaque. This review focuses on the interactions of seven species and the ability of each species individually and together with other s...Human oral bacteria live in multispecies communities in the biofilm called dental plaque. This review focuses on the interactions of seven species and the ability of each species individually and together with other species to grow on saliva as the sole source of nutrient. Community formation in biofihns in flow cells is monitored using species-specific fluorophore-conjugated immunoglobulin Gy and images are captured by confocal microscopy. Early colonizing veillonellae emerge from this review of interspecies interactions in saliva as a critical genus that guides the development of multispecies communities. Highly selective interspecies recognition is evident as initial colonizers pair with early and middle colonizers to form multispecies communities that grow on saliva.展开更多
The effects of low electromagnetic field (EMF)(B = 2 mT) on the corrosion of pure copper in the absence and presence of multispecies marine aerobic bacteria were investigated in this work. The results showed that EMF ...The effects of low electromagnetic field (EMF)(B = 2 mT) on the corrosion of pure copper in the absence and presence of multispecies marine aerobic bacteria were investigated in this work. The results showed that EMF has an inhibitory effect on copper metals and decreases the corrosion rate of copper metals in sterile artificial seawater. However, microbiologically influenced corrosion of Cu was increased in the presence of electromagnetic field due to its effect on the biofilm morphology and structure. EMF reduced the growth rate of bacteria and decreased bacterial attachment, thereby forming a heterogeneous and non-stable biofilm on the Cu surface in the presence of EMF. Moreover, the biofilm was dispersed throughout the surface after 7 days, whereas the scattered bacteria were observed on the surface after 10 days. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed large and deep pits on the surface in the presence of EMF and confirmed the acceleration of Cu corrosion in the presence of EMF and multispecies bacteria. Furthermore, XPS and FTIR results demonstrated that the corrosion products and metabolic by-products were significantly changed in the presence of EMF.展开更多
We investigate statistical properties of multispecies competition ecosystems subjected to both symmetric and asymmetric dichotomous noises. The expression of the stationary probability distribution function （SPDF） i...We investigate statistical properties of multispecies competition ecosystems subjected to both symmetric and asymmetric dichotomous noises. The expression of the stationary probability distribution function （SPDF） is analytically derived by means of mean-field approximation, and verified by stochastic simulations. The results indicate that： （i） A noise amplitude （a0）, a noise autocorrelation time （τ0） and a noise symmetry parameter （k） all can affect the SPDF; （ii） There is an optimal τ0, which makes the mean value of population density be maximal, near which a transition takes place, i.e., the stationary mean value of species density （（x）st） suddenly falls to a lower constant, （iii） As k decreases, the maximum of （x）xt and the optimal 70 increase. The parameter planes of TO -- a20 and τ0- k for the transition are plotted.展开更多
In China,tea products made from fresh leaves characterized by one leaf with one bud(1L1B)are classified as“Famous Tea”,which has better taste and higher economic value,but suffers from a labor shortage.Aiming at pic...In China,tea products made from fresh leaves characterized by one leaf with one bud(1L1B)are classified as“Famous Tea”,which has better taste and higher economic value,but suffers from a labor shortage.Aiming at picking automation,existing studies focus on visual detection of 1L1B,but algorithm validation is limited to a specific variety of tea sprouting in a certain harvest season at a certain location,which limits the engineering application of developed tea picking robots working in various natural tea fields.To address this gap,a deep learning model DMT(detecting multispecies of tea)based on YOLOX-S was proposed in this paper.The DMT network takes YOLOX-S as a baseline and adds ECA-Net to the CSP Darknet and FPN of YOLOX-S.The average precision(AP),precision,and recall of DMT are 94.23%,93.39%,and 88.02%,respectively,for detecting 1L1B sprouting in spring;93.92%,93.56%,and 87.88%,respectively,for detecting 1L1Bsprouting in autumn.These experimental results are better than those of the five current object detection models.After fine-tuning the DMT network with another dataset composed of multiple tea varieties,the DMT network can detect 1L1B for different varieties of tea in multiple picking seasons.The results can promote the engineering application of picking automation of fresh tea leaves.展开更多
The sensitivity of soil respiration(R_(s))to temperature(Q_(10))is a key parameter for benchmarking the carbon(C)cycle and climate feedbacks in the context of global warming.However,previous studies on the factors tha...The sensitivity of soil respiration(R_(s))to temperature(Q_(10))is a key parameter for benchmarking the carbon(C)cycle and climate feedbacks in the context of global warming.However,previous studies on the factors that drive forest soil Q_(10) have focused mostly on abiotic factors,such as climate and soil,while the role of biotic factors has been less examined.Here,we compiled a global dataset of 766 soil Q_(10) values and 17 matched biotic and abiotic factors to explore the factors that drive the variability of global forest soil Q_(10) using a random forest(RF)model.Our findings showed that soil Q_(10) increased with microbial biomass carbon(MBC),which was the most important predictor.Additionally,soil Q_(10) was positively correlated with leaf phosphorus content(LPC)but was negatively correlated with leaf N:P,indicating that plant ecological stoichiometry might be a factor that explained soil Q_(10) variability.All abiotic factors,including climate,soil properties,and elevation,had great predictive power and were significantly related to soil Q_(10).By comparing the soil Q_(10) in multispecies forests and monocultures,we found that Q_(10) in the mixed needle-leaved and broad-leaved forests(NF&BF)was lower than in monocultures.Our study revealed that,in addition to abiotic factors,biotic factors were also strong predictors of forest soil Q_(10),which can deepen our understanding of soil respiration in response to global warming and provide insights for improving carbon cycle models.展开更多
Early childhood caries(ECC)is a public healthcare concern that greatly reduces the quality of life of young children.As a leading factor of ECC,cariogenic biofilms are composed of acidogenic/aciduric pathogens and ext...Early childhood caries(ECC)is a public healthcare concern that greatly reduces the quality of life of young children.As a leading factor of ECC,cariogenic biofilms are composed of acidogenic/aciduric pathogens and extracellular polysaccharides(EPSs),creating an acidic and protected microenvironment.Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy(aPDT)is a noninvasive,painless,and efficient therapeutic approach that is suitable for treating ECC.However,due to the hyperfine structure of cariogenic biofilms,most photosensitizers(PSs)could not access and penetrate deeply in biofilms,which dramatically hamper their efficiency in the clinic.Herein,bioresponsive nanoparticle loaded with chlorin e6(MPP-Ce6)is developed,which largely increases the penetration depth(by over 75%)and retention(by over 100%)of PS in the biofilm compared with free Ce6.Furthermore,MPP-Ce6-mediated aPDT not only kills the bacteria in preformed biofilms but also inhibits multispecies biofilm formation.A rampant caries model is established to mimic ECC in vivo,where the population of cariogenic bacteria is decreased to 10%after MPP-Ce6-mediated aPDT.Importantly,the number and severity of carious lesions are efficiently reduced via Keyes’scoring and micro-CT analysis.This simple but effective strategy can serve as a promising approach for daily oral hygiene in preventing ECC.展开更多
Survey designs should be efficient as marine survey programs are usually expensive and time-consuming;however,surveys have rarely been evaluated for multiple species.In the present study,we evaluated multispecies fish...Survey designs should be efficient as marine survey programs are usually expensive and time-consuming;however,surveys have rarely been evaluated for multiple species.In the present study,we evaluated multispecies fisheries surveys with respect to three influential factors,i.e.,sampling methods,estimation methods and sample size.A joint species distribution model(JSDM)developed in north Yellow Sea,China was used as the operating model to simulate the spatial distribution of multiple species simultaneously.We examined the precision of multispecies abundance estimation using diverse sampling methods[random sampling(RDS),systematic sampling(SYS),stratified random sampling(SRS),generalized random-tessellation stratified sampling(GRT)and spatial coverage sampling(SPC)],estimation methods[arithmetic mean(Arm),universal kriging(Ukr),multivariate distribution model(Mvd),and boral model(Brm)],and a range of sample sizes(from 30 to 300).The results showed significant differences in estimation among sampling methods,where GRT and SYS yielded less relative absolute bias(RAB)over all and RDS showed the least precision.Regarding estimation methods,Mvd and Arm showed the best performances and Brm yielded the least precision.Significant interactions existed between sampling and estimation methods.Arm worked best with GRT,likewise Mvd with SYS and Ukr with SPC.SPC and Mvd showed the best performances for a small sample size(N=30),and all sampling and estimation methods provided similar results for a large sample size(N=300).Generally,doubling sample size resulted in a decrease of RAB by 0.097 on average,a rate depending on species,sampling and estimation methods.This study contributed to an integrative framework for evaluating designs of multispecies fisheries surveys.展开更多
China’s 13th Five-Year Plan elevated the national mandate for environmental sustainability.Chinese fisheries are characterized by full retention of high diversity catch harvested using unselective gears,creating ecol...China’s 13th Five-Year Plan elevated the national mandate for environmental sustainability.Chinese fisheries are characterized by full retention of high diversity catch harvested using unselective gears,creating ecological risks.Therefore,China launched pilot projects in management by Total Allowable Catch(TAC)in five coastal provinces in 2017 and 2018 to build experience with output controls.Fujian province launched an important pilot in its swimming crab fishery,the first to adopt a multispecies approach.To guide Fujian and other provinces in multispecies management,a workshop in April 2018 shared international experience.The workshop considered 13 case studies spanning a wide range of underlying scientific models and types of harvest controls.Multispecies harvest controls based on simple survey-or index-based models that aggregate trends for many species are typically operationally easier for managers and fishers.However,inadequate management can cause declines of individual species,sometimes leading to adoption of species-specific models and then species-specific harvest controls.This transition often incurs economic costs through scientific and management demands,and constraints on harvest of co-occurring species.The lessons revealed by the case studies suggest multispecies TACs might be effective in the Fujian swimming crab fishery given the modest number of species with similar and productive life history traits,and the market demand for all species.Continued experimentation with different management approaches through pilot projects can enable China to maintain progress toward sustainable fisheries goals under the 14th Five-Year Plan.展开更多
This paper generalizes the exponential Runge-Kutta asymptotic preserving(AP)method developed in[G.Dimarco and L.Pareschi,SIAM Numer.Anal.,49(2011),pp.2057–2077]to compute the multi-species Boltzmann equation.Compared...This paper generalizes the exponential Runge-Kutta asymptotic preserving(AP)method developed in[G.Dimarco and L.Pareschi,SIAM Numer.Anal.,49(2011),pp.2057–2077]to compute the multi-species Boltzmann equation.Compared to the single species Boltzmann equation that the method was originally applied on,this set of equation presents a new difficulty that comes from the lack of local conservation laws due to the interaction between different species.Hence extra stiff nonlinear source terms need to be treated properly to maintain the accuracy and the AP property.The method we propose does not contain any nonlinear nonlocal implicit solver,and can capture the hydrodynamic limit with time step and mesh size independent of the Knudsen number.We prove the positivity and strong AP properties of the scheme,which are verified by two numerical examples.展开更多
Polyalkenoate cement(PAC)is a promising material for regenerative hard tissue therapy.The ionically rich glass component of PAC encourages bioactive interaction via.the release of essential ions.However,PAC bioactivit...Polyalkenoate cement(PAC)is a promising material for regenerative hard tissue therapy.The ionically rich glass component of PAC encourages bioactive interaction via.the release of essential ions.However,PAC bioactivity is restricted owing to(i)structurally inherent cationic network formers and(ii)surface bacterial biofilm formation.These two factors cause a deficiency in ion release,further complicated by secondary infections and premature therapeutic failure.Here,a multivalent zwitterionic network modifier(mZM)is presented for upregulation of ionic exchange and bioactivity enhancement.By introducing a non-zero charged mZM into PACs,an increase in the proportion of non-bridging oxygen occurs.The network modification promotes ion channel formation,causing a multiple-fold increase in ion release and surface deposition of hydroxy-carbonate apatite(ca.74%).Experiments ex vivo and animal models also demonstrate the efficient remineralization ability of the mZM.Furthermore,divalent cationic interaction results in bacterial biofilm reduction(ca.68%)while also influencing a shift in the biofilm species composition,which favors commensal growth.Therefore,PAC modification with mZM offers a promising solution for upregulation of bioactivity,even aiding in customization by targeting site-specific regenerative therapy in future applications.展开更多
Background:Limited information is available regarding the nutritive value and structural characteristics of multispecies swards when rotationally grazed.Methods:Three farmlet types were investigated in terms of their ...Background:Limited information is available regarding the nutritive value and structural characteristics of multispecies swards when rotationally grazed.Methods:Three farmlet types were investigated in terms of their nutritive value:Lolium perenne(LP);L.perenne+Trifolium repens(LP+TR);and a multispecies sward containing grasses,legumes and herbs(MSS).Farmlets were stocked with beef steers(2.5 livestock units ha−1),grazed on a 1 ha scale to 6 cm(MSS)and 4 cm(LP and LP+TR)residuals.Results:A greater ash concentration was found in MSS than LP(84 vs.75 g kg−1 DM).Both LP+TR and MSS had higher crude protein and lower neutral detergent fibre concentrations than LP.The relative ranking of water soluble carbohydrate and dry matter(DM)concentration was LP>LP+TR>MSS.Despite the leaf component of the LP farmlet contributing more to herbage DM,the organic matter digestibilities of the swards were similar.Conclusions:The MSS and LP+TR farmlets achieved similar forage quality under intensive grazing to LP.However,it is worth noting that MSS had a higher concentration of acid detergent lignin,which can negatively impact digestibility.Further investigation is needed to determine optimal grazing management practices that can minimise the effects of higher lignin concentration on digestibility in multispecies swards.展开更多
Background Recently,there has been increasing interest in the use of multispecies(MS)swards in dairy grazing systems.Methods A plot grazing study was established to investigate the potential contribution of different ...Background Recently,there has been increasing interest in the use of multispecies(MS)swards in dairy grazing systems.Methods A plot grazing study was established to investigate the potential contribution of different sward species(perennial ryegrass,legumes and herbs)sown in grazing pastures.Ten sward mixtures were sown,ranging in complexity from a perennial ryegrass(PRG)monoculture to binary mixtures including either forage legumes or herbs to a five-species mixture;four different nitrogen(N)application rates of 0,100,150 and 200 kg N ha−1 were applied to each sward.Results Species abundance for all sward species components was associated with the interaction of time point and sward mixture;species abundance for all sward components,except PRG,was associated with the interaction of N application and sward mixture.The interactions of time point and sward mixture,and time point and N application rate,were associated with all analysed sward chemical components,except for sward digestibility.Conclusions Increased N application rates reduced the level of clover in all sward mixtures.Increased levels of white clover led to increased sward crude protein levels;the inclusion of ribwort plantain led to some seasonal variation in the nutritive value of swards.展开更多
The transition of traits between genetically related lineages is a fascinating topic that provides clues to understanding the drivers of speciation and diversification.Much can be learned about this process from phylo...The transition of traits between genetically related lineages is a fascinating topic that provides clues to understanding the drivers of speciation and diversification.Much can be learned about this process from phylogeny-based trait evolution.However,such inference is often plagued by genome-wide gene-tree discordance(GTD),mostly due to incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)and/or introgressive hybridization,especially when the genes underlying the traits appear discordant.Here,by collecting transcriptomes,whole chloroplast genomes(cpDNA),and population genetic datasets,we used the coalescent model to turn GTD into a source of information for ILS and employed hemiplasy to explain specific cases of apparent“phylogenetic discordance”between different morphological traits and probable species phylogeny in the Allium subg.Cyathophora.Both concatenation and coalescence methods consistently showed the same phylogenetic topology for species tree inference based on single-copy genes(SCGs),as supported by the KS distribution.However,GTD was high across the genomes of subg.Cyathophora:~27%e38.9%of the SCG trees were in conflict with the species tree.Plasmid and nuclear incongruence was also present.Our coalescent simulations indicated that such GTD was mainly a product of ILS.Our hemiplasy risk factor calculations supported that random fixation of ancient polymorphisms in different populations during successive speciation events along the subg.Cyathophora phylogeny may have caused the character transition,as well as the anomalous cpDNA tree.Our study exemplifies how phylogenetic noise can be transformed into evolutionary information for understanding character state transitions along species phylogenies.展开更多
This paper provides an overview and a tutorial of the BPP program, which is a Bayesian MCMC program for analyzing multi-locus genomic sequence data under the multispecies coalescent model. An example dataset of five n...This paper provides an overview and a tutorial of the BPP program, which is a Bayesian MCMC program for analyzing multi-locus genomic sequence data under the multispecies coalescent model. An example dataset of five nuclear loci from the East Asian brown frogs is used to illustrate four different analyses, including estimation of species divergence times and population size parameters under the multispecies coalescent model on a fixed species phylogeny （A00）, species tree estimation when the assignment and species delimitation are fixed （A01）, species delimitation using a fixed guide tree （A10）, and joint species delimitation and species-tree estimation or unguided species delimitation （A11）. For the joint analysis （A11）, two new priors are introduced, which assign uniform probabilities for the different numbers of delimited species, which may be useful when assignment, species delimitation, and species phylogeny are all inferred in one joint analysis. The paper ends with a discussion of the assumptions, the strengths and weaknesses of the BPP analysis [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 854-865, 2015].展开更多
The selection pressure of genetic algorithm reveals the degree of balance between the global exploration and local optimization.A novel algorithm called the hybrid multi-population cellular genetic algorithm(HCGA)is p...The selection pressure of genetic algorithm reveals the degree of balance between the global exploration and local optimization.A novel algorithm called the hybrid multi-population cellular genetic algorithm(HCGA)is proposed,which combines population segmentation with particle swarm optimization(PSO).The control parameters are the number of individuals in the population and the number of subpopulations.By varying these control parameters,changes in selection pressure can be investigated.Population division is found to reduce the selection pressure.In particular,low selection pressure emerges in small and highly divided populations.Besides,slight or mild selection pressure reduces the convergence speed,and thus a new mutation operator accelerates the system.HPCGA is tested in the optimization of four typical functions and the results are compared with those of the conventional cellular genetic algorithm.HPCGA is found to significantly improve global convergence rate,convergence speed and stability.Population diversity is also investigated by HPCGA.Appropriate numbers of subpopulations not only achieve a better tradeoff between global exploration and local exploitation,but also greatly improve the optimization performance of HPCGA.It is concluded that HPCGA can elucidate the scientific basis for selecting the efficient numbers of subpopulations.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1800500)the Jiangsu Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent Team Project,China (JSSCTD202224)+1 种基金the 111 Project D18007the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD),China
文摘Porcine circovirus type 3(PCV3)was initially identified in 2016 in pigs exhibiting unexplained cardiac and multi-organ inflammation in the USA(Palinski et al.2017).PCV3 has subsequently been identified in numerous countries,including China,Brazil,Italy,and others,demonstrating widespread viral dissemination(Tan et al.2021).Notably,recent investigations have revealed PCV3 infection across multiple species,including pigs,cattle,dogs,wild boars,chamois,roe deer,and others(Tan et al.2021).This evidence suggests potential viral propagation beyond its primary host(pigs).
基金The National Forestry Commission of Mexico and The Mexican National Council for Science and Technology(CONAFOR-CONACYT-115900)。
文摘Multispecies forests have received increased scientific attention,driven by the hypothesis that biodiversity improves ecological resilience.However,a greater species diversity presents challenges for forest management and research.Our study aims to develop basal area growth models for tree species cohorts.The analysis is based on a dataset of 423 permanent plots(2,500 m^(2))located in temperate forests in Durango,Mexico.First,we define tree species cohorts based on individual and neighborhood-based variables using a combination of principal component and cluster analyses.Then,we estimate the basal area increment of each cohort through the generalized additive model to describe the effect of tree size,competition,stand density and site quality.The principal component and cluster analyses assign a total of 37 tree species to eight cohorts that differed primarily with regard to the distribution of tree size and vertical position within the community.The generalized additive models provide satisfactory estimates of tree growth for the species cohorts,explaining between 19 and 53 percent of the total variation of basal area increment,and highlight the following results:i)most cohorts show a"rise-and-fall"effect of tree size on tree growth;ii)surprisingly,the competition index"basal area of larger trees"had showed a positive effect in four of the eight cohorts;iii)stand density had a negative effect on basal area increment,though the effect was minor in medium-and high-density stands,and iv)basal area growth was positively correlated with site quality except for an oak cohort.The developed species cohorts and growth models provide insight into their particular ecological features and growth patterns that may support the development of sustainable management strategies for temperate multispecies forests.
文摘Functional pain syndromes are very common diseases that negatively impact the quality of life of patients with important socio-economic repercussions. The clinical alterations associated with these pathologies are multiple and have a complex psycho-organic character that moves along the micorobiome-gut-brain-axis. For the present study, 45 patients of both sexes (19 male, 26 female) aged 30 - 59 years were enrolled because of a diagnosis of Functional pain syndromes (FPS) that lasted for more than 6 months. All patients underwent pre-treatment clinical assessments (T0) for anxiety disorder, multidimensional assessment of pain, monitoring of baseline values of Alpha-Theta cerebral rhythm in occipital region and monitoring of salivary cortisol levels. All the patients underwent a clinical treatment combined with central neuromodulation with neurofeedback—Alpha Theta increase protocols (once a week for three months), administration of multispecies probiotic (one dose per day for 3 months) and clinical psychological interviews (once a week for three months). At the end of treatment (T1), patients were re-evaluated. Results show statistically relevant improvements of each feature considered: the Relief from Pain provided by the medication increases on average from 36.6% to 87.3%, the salivary Cortisol level at 11 pm decreases from 6.4 ng/ml to a physiological value of 1.2 ng/ml, and the anxiety rating score is reduced from 28 to 12. Moreover, the 23.9% increase in α-θ relative power shows the positive outcome of the brain autoregulation. This study highlights that the combined approach of Neurofeedback with drugs and multispecies probiotic results in great improvements in the patients’ life.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos30700619,40706050 and 40706048the National Key Basic Research Development Plan of China under contract No.2006CB400608+1 种基金the HI-TECH Research and Development Program of China of China under contract No.2006AA10Z414the National Science & Technology Pillar Program under contract No.2006BAD01A13.
文摘A muhispecies model for shellfish polycuhure in the Sanggou Bay in China used for large-scale long-line cultivation of the Chinese scallop Chlamysfarreri, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the kelp Laminaria japonica is presented. The model includes key physical processes which are the transports of matter at the system boundary, and the main biological process that is the primary production and nutrients release from the bottom. By the model, the seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass and dissolved inorganic nitrogen（DIN） in 1994 are simulated. Furthermore, if the kelp culture scale is kept constant and the Chinese scallop and the Pacific oyster culture scales are adjusted, virtual shellfish farms are funded and responses of phytoplankton to the largescale shellfish culture are simulated. According to these simulated results, the room limitation, and the hypothesis that shellfish will not grow well if the phytoplankton biomass is less than 8.2 mg/m^3 , the expandable multiple of scallop culture k and that of oyster culture y are determined as k = -0.276 5y ＋4.690 5 and 0.133 3k ＋0.006 6y≤0.667 5, where, k （ or y） is equal to 1, the culture scale of scallop （ or oyster） is 8.8 x 109 individuals （or 66 ha, with a density of 59 ind./m^2 ）, and the kelp culture scale is 3 300 ha with a density of 12 ind./m^2.
文摘Human oral bacteria live in multispecies communities in the biofilm called dental plaque. This review focuses on the interactions of seven species and the ability of each species individually and together with other species to grow on saliva as the sole source of nutrient. Community formation in biofihns in flow cells is monitored using species-specific fluorophore-conjugated immunoglobulin Gy and images are captured by confocal microscopy. Early colonizing veillonellae emerge from this review of interspecies interactions in saliva as a critical genus that guides the development of multispecies communities. Highly selective interspecies recognition is evident as initial colonizers pair with early and middle colonizers to form multispecies communities that grow on saliva.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 5161101078)Ningbo 135 Marine Economic Innovation and Development Demonstration Project (No. NBHY-2017-Z2)
文摘The effects of low electromagnetic field (EMF)(B = 2 mT) on the corrosion of pure copper in the absence and presence of multispecies marine aerobic bacteria were investigated in this work. The results showed that EMF has an inhibitory effect on copper metals and decreases the corrosion rate of copper metals in sterile artificial seawater. However, microbiologically influenced corrosion of Cu was increased in the presence of electromagnetic field due to its effect on the biofilm morphology and structure. EMF reduced the growth rate of bacteria and decreased bacterial attachment, thereby forming a heterogeneous and non-stable biofilm on the Cu surface in the presence of EMF. Moreover, the biofilm was dispersed throughout the surface after 7 days, whereas the scattered bacteria were observed on the surface after 10 days. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed large and deep pits on the surface in the presence of EMF and confirmed the acceleration of Cu corrosion in the presence of EMF and multispecies bacteria. Furthermore, XPS and FTIR results demonstrated that the corrosion products and metabolic by-products were significantly changed in the presence of EMF.
基金Supported by the Yunnan Provincial Foundation of China under Grant Nos.2009CD036 and 08Z0015the National Natural Science Foundations of China under Grant Nos.50734009 and 10865006
文摘We investigate statistical properties of multispecies competition ecosystems subjected to both symmetric and asymmetric dichotomous noises. The expression of the stationary probability distribution function （SPDF） is analytically derived by means of mean-field approximation, and verified by stochastic simulations. The results indicate that： （i） A noise amplitude （a0）, a noise autocorrelation time （τ0） and a noise symmetry parameter （k） all can affect the SPDF; （ii） There is an optimal τ0, which makes the mean value of population density be maximal, near which a transition takes place, i.e., the stationary mean value of species density （（x）st） suddenly falls to a lower constant, （iii） As k decreases, the maximum of （x）xt and the optimal 70 increase. The parameter planes of TO -- a20 and τ0- k for the transition are plotted.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.U23A20175No.52305289)+1 种基金“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(Grant No.2022C02052)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA and Basic.
文摘In China,tea products made from fresh leaves characterized by one leaf with one bud(1L1B)are classified as“Famous Tea”,which has better taste and higher economic value,but suffers from a labor shortage.Aiming at picking automation,existing studies focus on visual detection of 1L1B,but algorithm validation is limited to a specific variety of tea sprouting in a certain harvest season at a certain location,which limits the engineering application of developed tea picking robots working in various natural tea fields.To address this gap,a deep learning model DMT(detecting multispecies of tea)based on YOLOX-S was proposed in this paper.The DMT network takes YOLOX-S as a baseline and adds ECA-Net to the CSP Darknet and FPN of YOLOX-S.The average precision(AP),precision,and recall of DMT are 94.23%,93.39%,and 88.02%,respectively,for detecting 1L1B sprouting in spring;93.92%,93.56%,and 87.88%,respectively,for detecting 1L1Bsprouting in autumn.These experimental results are better than those of the five current object detection models.After fine-tuning the DMT network with another dataset composed of multiple tea varieties,the DMT network can detect 1L1B for different varieties of tea in multiple picking seasons.The results can promote the engineering application of picking automation of fresh tea leaves.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31988102)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(No.QYZDY-SSW-SMC011).
文摘The sensitivity of soil respiration(R_(s))to temperature(Q_(10))is a key parameter for benchmarking the carbon(C)cycle and climate feedbacks in the context of global warming.However,previous studies on the factors that drive forest soil Q_(10) have focused mostly on abiotic factors,such as climate and soil,while the role of biotic factors has been less examined.Here,we compiled a global dataset of 766 soil Q_(10) values and 17 matched biotic and abiotic factors to explore the factors that drive the variability of global forest soil Q_(10) using a random forest(RF)model.Our findings showed that soil Q_(10) increased with microbial biomass carbon(MBC),which was the most important predictor.Additionally,soil Q_(10) was positively correlated with leaf phosphorus content(LPC)but was negatively correlated with leaf N:P,indicating that plant ecological stoichiometry might be a factor that explained soil Q_(10) variability.All abiotic factors,including climate,soil properties,and elevation,had great predictive power and were significantly related to soil Q_(10).By comparing the soil Q_(10) in multispecies forests and monocultures,we found that Q_(10) in the mixed needle-leaved and broad-leaved forests(NF&BF)was lower than in monocultures.Our study revealed that,in addition to abiotic factors,biotic factors were also strong predictors of forest soil Q_(10),which can deepen our understanding of soil respiration in response to global warming and provide insights for improving carbon cycle models.
基金financial supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81771084(M.-Q.D.),51703187(Z.X.))supported by The Chongqing Talents of Exceptional Young Talents Project(CQYC202005029).
文摘Early childhood caries(ECC)is a public healthcare concern that greatly reduces the quality of life of young children.As a leading factor of ECC,cariogenic biofilms are composed of acidogenic/aciduric pathogens and extracellular polysaccharides(EPSs),creating an acidic and protected microenvironment.Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy(aPDT)is a noninvasive,painless,and efficient therapeutic approach that is suitable for treating ECC.However,due to the hyperfine structure of cariogenic biofilms,most photosensitizers(PSs)could not access and penetrate deeply in biofilms,which dramatically hamper their efficiency in the clinic.Herein,bioresponsive nanoparticle loaded with chlorin e6(MPP-Ce6)is developed,which largely increases the penetration depth(by over 75%)and retention(by over 100%)of PS in the biofilm compared with free Ce6.Furthermore,MPP-Ce6-mediated aPDT not only kills the bacteria in preformed biofilms but also inhibits multispecies biofilm formation.A rampant caries model is established to mimic ECC in vivo,where the population of cariogenic bacteria is decreased to 10%after MPP-Ce6-mediated aPDT.Importantly,the number and severity of carious lesions are efficiently reduced via Keyes’scoring and micro-CT analysis.This simple but effective strategy can serve as a promising approach for daily oral hygiene in preventing ECC.
基金This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31802301,31772852).
文摘Survey designs should be efficient as marine survey programs are usually expensive and time-consuming;however,surveys have rarely been evaluated for multiple species.In the present study,we evaluated multispecies fisheries surveys with respect to three influential factors,i.e.,sampling methods,estimation methods and sample size.A joint species distribution model(JSDM)developed in north Yellow Sea,China was used as the operating model to simulate the spatial distribution of multiple species simultaneously.We examined the precision of multispecies abundance estimation using diverse sampling methods[random sampling(RDS),systematic sampling(SYS),stratified random sampling(SRS),generalized random-tessellation stratified sampling(GRT)and spatial coverage sampling(SPC)],estimation methods[arithmetic mean(Arm),universal kriging(Ukr),multivariate distribution model(Mvd),and boral model(Brm)],and a range of sample sizes(from 30 to 300).The results showed significant differences in estimation among sampling methods,where GRT and SYS yielded less relative absolute bias(RAB)over all and RDS showed the least precision.Regarding estimation methods,Mvd and Arm showed the best performances and Brm yielded the least precision.Significant interactions existed between sampling and estimation methods.Arm worked best with GRT,likewise Mvd with SYS and Ukr with SPC.SPC and Mvd showed the best performances for a small sample size(N=30),and all sampling and estimation methods provided similar results for a large sample size(N=300).Generally,doubling sample size resulted in a decrease of RAB by 0.097 on average,a rate depending on species,sampling and estimation methods.This study contributed to an integrative framework for evaluating designs of multispecies fisheries surveys.
文摘China’s 13th Five-Year Plan elevated the national mandate for environmental sustainability.Chinese fisheries are characterized by full retention of high diversity catch harvested using unselective gears,creating ecological risks.Therefore,China launched pilot projects in management by Total Allowable Catch(TAC)in five coastal provinces in 2017 and 2018 to build experience with output controls.Fujian province launched an important pilot in its swimming crab fishery,the first to adopt a multispecies approach.To guide Fujian and other provinces in multispecies management,a workshop in April 2018 shared international experience.The workshop considered 13 case studies spanning a wide range of underlying scientific models and types of harvest controls.Multispecies harvest controls based on simple survey-or index-based models that aggregate trends for many species are typically operationally easier for managers and fishers.However,inadequate management can cause declines of individual species,sometimes leading to adoption of species-specific models and then species-specific harvest controls.This transition often incurs economic costs through scientific and management demands,and constraints on harvest of co-occurring species.The lessons revealed by the case studies suggest multispecies TACs might be effective in the Fujian swimming crab fishery given the modest number of species with similar and productive life history traits,and the market demand for all species.Continued experimentation with different management approaches through pilot projects can enable China to maintain progress toward sustainable fisheries goals under the 14th Five-Year Plan.
基金supported by the NSF grant DMS-1114546 and NSF Research Network in Mathematical Sciences“KI-Net:Kinetic description of emerging challenges in multiscale problems of natural sciences”X.Y.was partially supported by the startup funding of University of California,Santa Barbara。
文摘This paper generalizes the exponential Runge-Kutta asymptotic preserving(AP)method developed in[G.Dimarco and L.Pareschi,SIAM Numer.Anal.,49(2011),pp.2057–2077]to compute the multi-species Boltzmann equation.Compared to the single species Boltzmann equation that the method was originally applied on,this set of equation presents a new difficulty that comes from the lack of local conservation laws due to the interaction between different species.Hence extra stiff nonlinear source terms need to be treated properly to maintain the accuracy and the AP property.The method we propose does not contain any nonlinear nonlocal implicit solver,and can capture the hydrodynamic limit with time step and mesh size independent of the Knudsen number.We prove the positivity and strong AP properties of the scheme,which are verified by two numerical examples.
基金supported by the Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea government(the Ministry of Science and ICT,the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy,the Ministry of Health and Welfare,the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety)(Project Number:KMDF_PR_20200901_0067-01)by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2021R1A2C2091260)by faculty research grant of Yonsei University College of Dentistry(6-2021-0037).
文摘Polyalkenoate cement(PAC)is a promising material for regenerative hard tissue therapy.The ionically rich glass component of PAC encourages bioactive interaction via.the release of essential ions.However,PAC bioactivity is restricted owing to(i)structurally inherent cationic network formers and(ii)surface bacterial biofilm formation.These two factors cause a deficiency in ion release,further complicated by secondary infections and premature therapeutic failure.Here,a multivalent zwitterionic network modifier(mZM)is presented for upregulation of ionic exchange and bioactivity enhancement.By introducing a non-zero charged mZM into PACs,an increase in the proportion of non-bridging oxygen occurs.The network modification promotes ion channel formation,causing a multiple-fold increase in ion release and surface deposition of hydroxy-carbonate apatite(ca.74%).Experiments ex vivo and animal models also demonstrate the efficient remineralization ability of the mZM.Furthermore,divalent cationic interaction results in bacterial biofilm reduction(ca.68%)while also influencing a shift in the biofilm species composition,which favors commensal growth.Therefore,PAC modification with mZM offers a promising solution for upregulation of bioactivity,even aiding in customization by targeting site-specific regenerative therapy in future applications.
基金Department of Agriculture,Food and the Marine Research,Irish Government,Grant/Award Number:RSF 17/S/267:SMARTSWARD。
文摘Background:Limited information is available regarding the nutritive value and structural characteristics of multispecies swards when rotationally grazed.Methods:Three farmlet types were investigated in terms of their nutritive value:Lolium perenne(LP);L.perenne+Trifolium repens(LP+TR);and a multispecies sward containing grasses,legumes and herbs(MSS).Farmlets were stocked with beef steers(2.5 livestock units ha−1),grazed on a 1 ha scale to 6 cm(MSS)and 4 cm(LP and LP+TR)residuals.Results:A greater ash concentration was found in MSS than LP(84 vs.75 g kg−1 DM).Both LP+TR and MSS had higher crude protein and lower neutral detergent fibre concentrations than LP.The relative ranking of water soluble carbohydrate and dry matter(DM)concentration was LP>LP+TR>MSS.Despite the leaf component of the LP farmlet contributing more to herbage DM,the organic matter digestibilities of the swards were similar.Conclusions:The MSS and LP+TR farmlets achieved similar forage quality under intensive grazing to LP.However,it is worth noting that MSS had a higher concentration of acid detergent lignin,which can negatively impact digestibility.Further investigation is needed to determine optimal grazing management practices that can minimise the effects of higher lignin concentration on digestibility in multispecies swards.
基金The authors would like to thank the Moorepark farm and grassland laboratory staff,in particular,Andy McGrath,Pat O'Connor,David Flynn and Michelle Liddane,for their help with data collection and processing.The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the Teagasc Walsh Scholarship scheme and University College Dublin,along with the financial support of VistaMilk(16/RC/3835),which facilitated the current study.
文摘Background Recently,there has been increasing interest in the use of multispecies(MS)swards in dairy grazing systems.Methods A plot grazing study was established to investigate the potential contribution of different sward species(perennial ryegrass,legumes and herbs)sown in grazing pastures.Ten sward mixtures were sown,ranging in complexity from a perennial ryegrass(PRG)monoculture to binary mixtures including either forage legumes or herbs to a five-species mixture;four different nitrogen(N)application rates of 0,100,150 and 200 kg N ha−1 were applied to each sward.Results Species abundance for all sward species components was associated with the interaction of time point and sward mixture;species abundance for all sward components,except PRG,was associated with the interaction of N application and sward mixture.The interactions of time point and sward mixture,and time point and N application rate,were associated with all analysed sward chemical components,except for sward digestibility.Conclusions Increased N application rates reduced the level of clover in all sward mixtures.Increased levels of white clover led to increased sward crude protein levels;the inclusion of ribwort plantain led to some seasonal variation in the nutritive value of swards.
基金supported by the Key Science & Technology Project of Gansu Province (22ZD6NA007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD2200202)Computing support was provided by the Supercomputing Center of Lanzhou University
文摘The transition of traits between genetically related lineages is a fascinating topic that provides clues to understanding the drivers of speciation and diversification.Much can be learned about this process from phylogeny-based trait evolution.However,such inference is often plagued by genome-wide gene-tree discordance(GTD),mostly due to incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)and/or introgressive hybridization,especially when the genes underlying the traits appear discordant.Here,by collecting transcriptomes,whole chloroplast genomes(cpDNA),and population genetic datasets,we used the coalescent model to turn GTD into a source of information for ILS and employed hemiplasy to explain specific cases of apparent“phylogenetic discordance”between different morphological traits and probable species phylogeny in the Allium subg.Cyathophora.Both concatenation and coalescence methods consistently showed the same phylogenetic topology for species tree inference based on single-copy genes(SCGs),as supported by the KS distribution.However,GTD was high across the genomes of subg.Cyathophora:~27%e38.9%of the SCG trees were in conflict with the species tree.Plasmid and nuclear incongruence was also present.Our coalescent simulations indicated that such GTD was mainly a product of ILS.Our hemiplasy risk factor calculations supported that random fixation of ancient polymorphisms in different populations during successive speciation events along the subg.Cyathophora phylogeny may have caused the character transition,as well as the anomalous cpDNA tree.Our study exemplifies how phylogenetic noise can be transformed into evolutionary information for understanding character state transitions along species phylogenies.
文摘This paper provides an overview and a tutorial of the BPP program, which is a Bayesian MCMC program for analyzing multi-locus genomic sequence data under the multispecies coalescent model. An example dataset of five nuclear loci from the East Asian brown frogs is used to illustrate four different analyses, including estimation of species divergence times and population size parameters under the multispecies coalescent model on a fixed species phylogeny （A00）, species tree estimation when the assignment and species delimitation are fixed （A01）, species delimitation using a fixed guide tree （A10）, and joint species delimitation and species-tree estimation or unguided species delimitation （A11）. For the joint analysis （A11）, two new priors are introduced, which assign uniform probabilities for the different numbers of delimited species, which may be useful when assignment, species delimitation, and species phylogeny are all inferred in one joint analysis. The paper ends with a discussion of the assumptions, the strengths and weaknesses of the BPP analysis [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 854-865, 2015].
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61262019)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2012ZA56001)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20114BAB201046)the Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education(GJJ12435)the Open-End Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing(Ministry of Education)
文摘The selection pressure of genetic algorithm reveals the degree of balance between the global exploration and local optimization.A novel algorithm called the hybrid multi-population cellular genetic algorithm(HCGA)is proposed,which combines population segmentation with particle swarm optimization(PSO).The control parameters are the number of individuals in the population and the number of subpopulations.By varying these control parameters,changes in selection pressure can be investigated.Population division is found to reduce the selection pressure.In particular,low selection pressure emerges in small and highly divided populations.Besides,slight or mild selection pressure reduces the convergence speed,and thus a new mutation operator accelerates the system.HPCGA is tested in the optimization of four typical functions and the results are compared with those of the conventional cellular genetic algorithm.HPCGA is found to significantly improve global convergence rate,convergence speed and stability.Population diversity is also investigated by HPCGA.Appropriate numbers of subpopulations not only achieve a better tradeoff between global exploration and local exploitation,but also greatly improve the optimization performance of HPCGA.It is concluded that HPCGA can elucidate the scientific basis for selecting the efficient numbers of subpopulations.
