Multiple sclerosis （MS） is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system （CNS）. Essential charac- teristics are demyelination, inflammation and neurode- generation. This process affects the white an...Multiple sclerosis （MS） is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system （CNS）. Essential charac- teristics are demyelination, inflammation and neurode- generation. This process affects the white and grey matter in the CNS. MS patients experience various progression subtypes in association with the cerebral or spinal, acute inflammatory or glial sclerotic lesions （Mtiller, 2009）. Most patients end up in a progressive, smouldering, chronic inflammatory process （MUller, 2009）. Current predominantly used 1.5 respectively 3 Tesla MRI with Gadolinium~ application visualize the various old and acute lesions. They serve as a biological marker in com- bination with standardised assessment of brain atrophy, black holes, etc. However, MRI with a stronger magnetic 7 Tesla field with better sensitivity gave hints on an on- going, acute inflammatory, smouldering process even with Gadolinium~ enhancing acute lesions in the brain and the spinal cord in progressive, so-called relapse free MS patients （Mtiller, 2009; Sinnecker et al., 2012）. Ad- ditionally, progress of MS is determined with subjective standardised clinical ratings （Sinnecker et al., 2012）. Both methods are used for the evaluation of the efficacy of relapse rate reducing drugs. These compounds, i.e., in- terferons, teriflunamide, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, fumarate or monoclonal antibodies, preponderantly weaken the malfunction of the peripheral immune system in relapse remitting MS patients. These MS drugs share one common disadvantage. They do not stop progression or improve MS within a framework of a regenerative process. They do not enable reversal of symptoms, for in- stance functional deficits or spasticity （Mtiller, 2009）.展开更多
Regenerative medicine has rapidly developed over the past decade and created new opportunities to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost because of congenital defects, age, diseases, or serious damage （Cheng...Regenerative medicine has rapidly developed over the past decade and created new opportunities to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost because of congenital defects, age, diseases, or serious damage （Cheng et al., 2016a; Cheng et al., 2016b）. Regenerative medicine strategies in- clude the transplantation of bioactive factors, stem cells, or biomaterials, even the induced regeneration in a de novo, depending on the application （Fu, 2014a; Huang and Fu, 2014）. However, there are several limitations to the use of regenerative medicine in the clinic with respect to using stem cells and biomaterials.展开更多
文摘Multiple sclerosis （MS） is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system （CNS）. Essential charac- teristics are demyelination, inflammation and neurode- generation. This process affects the white and grey matter in the CNS. MS patients experience various progression subtypes in association with the cerebral or spinal, acute inflammatory or glial sclerotic lesions （Mtiller, 2009）. Most patients end up in a progressive, smouldering, chronic inflammatory process （MUller, 2009）. Current predominantly used 1.5 respectively 3 Tesla MRI with Gadolinium~ application visualize the various old and acute lesions. They serve as a biological marker in com- bination with standardised assessment of brain atrophy, black holes, etc. However, MRI with a stronger magnetic 7 Tesla field with better sensitivity gave hints on an on- going, acute inflammatory, smouldering process even with Gadolinium~ enhancing acute lesions in the brain and the spinal cord in progressive, so-called relapse free MS patients （Mtiller, 2009; Sinnecker et al., 2012）. Ad- ditionally, progress of MS is determined with subjective standardised clinical ratings （Sinnecker et al., 2012）. Both methods are used for the evaluation of the efficacy of relapse rate reducing drugs. These compounds, i.e., in- terferons, teriflunamide, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, fumarate or monoclonal antibodies, preponderantly weaken the malfunction of the peripheral immune system in relapse remitting MS patients. These MS drugs share one common disadvantage. They do not stop progression or improve MS within a framework of a regenerative process. They do not enable reversal of symptoms, for in- stance functional deficits or spasticity （Mtiller, 2009）.
基金supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (81121004, 81230041, 81171798, 81171812, 81272105, 81671924)the National Basic Science and Development Programme (2012CB518105)the National Science and Technology Major Project (2011ZXJ07104B-03B)
文摘Regenerative medicine has rapidly developed over the past decade and created new opportunities to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost because of congenital defects, age, diseases, or serious damage （Cheng et al., 2016a; Cheng et al., 2016b）. Regenerative medicine strategies in- clude the transplantation of bioactive factors, stem cells, or biomaterials, even the induced regeneration in a de novo, depending on the application （Fu, 2014a; Huang and Fu, 2014）. However, there are several limitations to the use of regenerative medicine in the clinic with respect to using stem cells and biomaterials.
