Many studies have shown the negative relationship between long term exposure to PM_(2.5)and cardiac dysfunction.Recently,studies have shown that even a single exposure of PM_(2.5)from air sample in permissible range c...Many studies have shown the negative relationship between long term exposure to PM_(2.5)and cardiac dysfunction.Recently,studies have shown that even a single exposure of PM_(2.5)from air sample in permissible range can induce very mild cardiac pathological changes.In the present study,we revisited the toxic effect of PM_(2.5)on rat heart by adopting single and multiple exposure durations.FemaleWistar ratswere exposed to PM_(2.5)at a concentration of 250μg/m3 daily for 3 hr for single(1 day)and multiple(7,14,21 days)durations.The major pathological changes noted in 21 days exposed myocardium comprised of an elevated ST segment(the segment between the S wave and the T wave),development of cardiac fibrosis,hypertrophy,cardiac injury,tissue inflammation and declined cardiac function.With 14 days exposed heart,the electrocardiograms(ECG),data showed insignificantly declined heart rate and an increased QT(the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave)interval along with mild fibrosis,hypertrophy and lesser number of TUNEL positive cells.On the other hand,single-and 7-days exposure to PM_(2.5)did not impart any significant changes in the myocardium.To determine the reversibility potential of PM_(2.5)induced cardiotoxicity,a washout period of 24 hours was adopted and all observed changes in the myocardium were reversed till day 7,but not in 14-and 21-days exposed samples.Based on the above findings we concluded that PM_(2.5)associated cardiac dysfunction is the cumulative outcome of ineffective cardiac adaptive and repair process that accumulate additively over the time due to prolonged exposure durations.展开更多
To mitigate the catastrophic impacts of climate change,many measures and strategies have been designed and implemented to encourage people to change their daily behaviors for a low-carbon society transition.However,mo...To mitigate the catastrophic impacts of climate change,many measures and strategies have been designed and implemented to encourage people to change their daily behaviors for a low-carbon society transition.However,most people generate carbon emissions through their daily activities in space and time.They are also exposed to multiple environmental factors(e.g.,air pollution,noise,and greenspace).Changing people’s behaviors to reduce carbon emissions can also influence their multiple environmental exposures and further influence their health outcomes.Thus,this study seeks to examine the associations between individuals’daily carbon footprints and their exposures to multiple environmental factors(i.e.,air pollution,noise,and greenspace)across different spa-tial and temporal contexts using individual-level data collected by portable real-time sensors,an activity-travel diary,and a questionnaire from four communities in Hong Kong.The results first indicated that individuals’car-bon footprints of daily activities varied across different spatial and temporal contexts,with home and nighttime having the highest estimated carbon footprints.We also found that activity carbon footprints have a positive asso-ciation with PM2.5,which is particularly strong at home and from morning to nighttime,and mixed associations with noise(positive at home and nighttime,while negative in other places and during travel,from morning to afternoon).Besides,carbon footprints also have consistent negative associations with shrubland and woodland across different spatial and temporal contexts.The findings can provide essential insights into effective measures for promoting the transition to a low-carbon society.展开更多
A fabrication method of the multi-wavelength fiber grating （FBG） was introduced. Using the scan exposure method, the multi-wavelength FBG can be successfully manufactured through applying different tensile forces du...A fabrication method of the multi-wavelength fiber grating （FBG） was introduced. Using the scan exposure method, the multi-wavelength FBG can be successfully manufactured through applying different tensile forces during the multiple exposures process on the same fiber. Experiment results show that the position and the overlap of different sub FBGs will greatly affect the spectrum of every sub FBG. The spectrum of each sub FBG will be affected by short wave oscillation unless the lengths and positions of all sub FBGs are fully overlapped. For hydrogen loaded fiber, the wavelength and reflectivity of the nth level FBG will increase as the （n＋1）th level FBG is written. But for germanium doped photosensitive fiber, multiple exposure will increase the wavelength of previous sub FBGs while decrease the reflectivity of all sub FBGs. Through well distributing exposure intensity of every sub FBGs, a four-wavelength FBG with same sub FBG＇s spectrtLrn was fabricated on a hydrogen loaded single mode fiber.展开更多
We aimed to report real-world longitudinal ambient air pollutants levels compared to WHO Air Quality Guidelines(AQG)and analyze multiple air pollutants’joint effect on longevity,and the modification and confounding f...We aimed to report real-world longitudinal ambient air pollutants levels compared to WHO Air Quality Guidelines(AQG)and analyze multiple air pollutants’joint effect on longevity,and the modification and confounding from the climate and urbanization with a focus on the oldest-old.This study included 13,207 old participants with 73.3%aged 80 and beyond,followed up from 2008 to 2018 in 23 Chinese provinces.We used the Cox-proportional hazards model and quantile-based g-computation model to measure separate and joint effects of the multiple pollutants.We adjusted for climate and area economic factors based on a directed acyclic graph.In 2018,no participants met the WHO AQG for PM_(2.5) and O_(3),and about one-third met the AQG for NO_(2).The hazard ratio(HR)for mortality was 1.07(95%confidence interval-CI:1.05,1.09)per decile increase in all three pollutants,with PM_(2.5) being the dominant contributor according to the quantile-based g-computation model.In the three-pollutant model,the HRs(95%CI)for PM_(2.5) and NO_(2) were 1.27(1.25,1.3)and 1.08(1.05,1.12)per 10μg/m3 increase,respectively.The oldest-old experienced a much lower mortality risk from air pollution compared to the young-old.The mortality risk of PM_(2.5) was higher in areas with higher annual average temperatures.The adjustment of road density considerably intensified the association between NO_(2) and mortality.The ambient PM_(2.5) and O_(3) levels in China exceeded the WHO AQG target substantially.Multiple pollutants coexposure,confounding,and modification of the district economic and climate factors should not be ignored in the association between air pollution and mortality.展开更多
Objective The study aim was to investigate the effects of exposure to multiple environmental organic pollutants on cardiopulmonary health with a focus on the potential mediating role of oxidative stress.Methods A repe...Objective The study aim was to investigate the effects of exposure to multiple environmental organic pollutants on cardiopulmonary health with a focus on the potential mediating role of oxidative stress.Methods A repeated-measures randomized crossover study involving healthy college students in Beijing was conducted.Biological samples,including morning urine and venous blood,were collected to measure concentrations of 29 typical organic pollutants,including hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(OH-PAHs),bisphenol A and its substitutes,phthalates and their metabolites,parabens,and five biomarkers of oxidative stress.Health assessments included blood pressure measurements and lung function indicators.Results Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene(2-OH-PHE)(β=4.35%[95%confidence interval(CI):0.85%,7.97%]),3-hydroxyphenanthrene(β=3.44%[95%CI:0.19%,6.79%]),and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene(4-OH-PHE)(β=5.78%[95%CI:1.27%,10.5%])were significantly and positively associated with systolic blood pressure.Exposures to 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OH-PYR)(β=3.05%[95%CI:−4.66%,−1.41%]),2-OH-PHE(β=2.68%[95%CI:−4%,−1.34%]),and 4-OH-PHE(β=3%[95%CI:−4.68%,−1.29%])were negatively associated with the ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity.These findings highlight the adverse effects of exposure to multiple pollutants on cardiopulmonary health.Biomarkers of oxidative stress,including 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and extracellular superoxide dismutase,mediated the effects of multiple OH-PAHs on blood pressure and lung function.展开更多
Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts(DBPs)in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs(...Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts(DBPs)in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs(e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids)and emerging DBPs(e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes)in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure(accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk(7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.展开更多
基金the Indian Council of Medical Research(No.3/1/2(22)/Env/2021-NCD-II)Department of science and technology,India(CRG/2021/000227)for funding this research.
文摘Many studies have shown the negative relationship between long term exposure to PM_(2.5)and cardiac dysfunction.Recently,studies have shown that even a single exposure of PM_(2.5)from air sample in permissible range can induce very mild cardiac pathological changes.In the present study,we revisited the toxic effect of PM_(2.5)on rat heart by adopting single and multiple exposure durations.FemaleWistar ratswere exposed to PM_(2.5)at a concentration of 250μg/m3 daily for 3 hr for single(1 day)and multiple(7,14,21 days)durations.The major pathological changes noted in 21 days exposed myocardium comprised of an elevated ST segment(the segment between the S wave and the T wave),development of cardiac fibrosis,hypertrophy,cardiac injury,tissue inflammation and declined cardiac function.With 14 days exposed heart,the electrocardiograms(ECG),data showed insignificantly declined heart rate and an increased QT(the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave)interval along with mild fibrosis,hypertrophy and lesser number of TUNEL positive cells.On the other hand,single-and 7-days exposure to PM_(2.5)did not impart any significant changes in the myocardium.To determine the reversibility potential of PM_(2.5)induced cardiotoxicity,a washout period of 24 hours was adopted and all observed changes in the myocardium were reversed till day 7,but not in 14-and 21-days exposed samples.Based on the above findings we concluded that PM_(2.5)associated cardiac dysfunction is the cumulative outcome of ineffective cardiac adaptive and repair process that accumulate additively over the time due to prolonged exposure durations.
基金supported by grants from the Hong Kong Re-search Grants Council(General Research Fund Grants No.14605920,14611621,14606922,14603724Collaborative Research Fund Grant No.C4023-20GF+3 种基金Research Matching Grants RMG 8601219,8601242,3110151)RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship No.PDFS2425-4H01)a grant from the Research Committee on Research Sustainability of Major Re-search Grants Council Funding Schemes(Grant No.3133235)of the Chinese University of Hong Kong(CUHK)grant from the Vice-Chancellor’s One-offDiscretionary Fund(Smart and Sustainable Cities:City of Commons)(4930787)of CUHK.
文摘To mitigate the catastrophic impacts of climate change,many measures and strategies have been designed and implemented to encourage people to change their daily behaviors for a low-carbon society transition.However,most people generate carbon emissions through their daily activities in space and time.They are also exposed to multiple environmental factors(e.g.,air pollution,noise,and greenspace).Changing people’s behaviors to reduce carbon emissions can also influence their multiple environmental exposures and further influence their health outcomes.Thus,this study seeks to examine the associations between individuals’daily carbon footprints and their exposures to multiple environmental factors(i.e.,air pollution,noise,and greenspace)across different spa-tial and temporal contexts using individual-level data collected by portable real-time sensors,an activity-travel diary,and a questionnaire from four communities in Hong Kong.The results first indicated that individuals’car-bon footprints of daily activities varied across different spatial and temporal contexts,with home and nighttime having the highest estimated carbon footprints.We also found that activity carbon footprints have a positive asso-ciation with PM2.5,which is particularly strong at home and from morning to nighttime,and mixed associations with noise(positive at home and nighttime,while negative in other places and during travel,from morning to afternoon).Besides,carbon footprints also have consistent negative associations with shrubland and woodland across different spatial and temporal contexts.The findings can provide essential insights into effective measures for promoting the transition to a low-carbon society.
文摘A fabrication method of the multi-wavelength fiber grating （FBG） was introduced. Using the scan exposure method, the multi-wavelength FBG can be successfully manufactured through applying different tensile forces during the multiple exposures process on the same fiber. Experiment results show that the position and the overlap of different sub FBGs will greatly affect the spectrum of every sub FBG. The spectrum of each sub FBG will be affected by short wave oscillation unless the lengths and positions of all sub FBGs are fully overlapped. For hydrogen loaded fiber, the wavelength and reflectivity of the nth level FBG will increase as the （n＋1）th level FBG is written. But for germanium doped photosensitive fiber, multiple exposure will increase the wavelength of previous sub FBGs while decrease the reflectivity of all sub FBGs. Through well distributing exposure intensity of every sub FBGs, a four-wavelength FBG with same sub FBG＇s spectrtLrn was fabricated on a hydrogen loaded single mode fiber.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC2000400 to Y.Z.)National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (72061137004,71490732 to Y.Z.)+4 种基金the U.S.National Institute of Aging of National Institute of Health (P01AG031719 to Y.Z.)supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (82250610230 to J.J.S.)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (IS23105 to J.J.S.)Tsinghua University Vanke School of Public Health Research Grant (2021PY001 to J.J.S.)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (20233080015 to J.J.S.).
文摘We aimed to report real-world longitudinal ambient air pollutants levels compared to WHO Air Quality Guidelines(AQG)and analyze multiple air pollutants’joint effect on longevity,and the modification and confounding from the climate and urbanization with a focus on the oldest-old.This study included 13,207 old participants with 73.3%aged 80 and beyond,followed up from 2008 to 2018 in 23 Chinese provinces.We used the Cox-proportional hazards model and quantile-based g-computation model to measure separate and joint effects of the multiple pollutants.We adjusted for climate and area economic factors based on a directed acyclic graph.In 2018,no participants met the WHO AQG for PM_(2.5) and O_(3),and about one-third met the AQG for NO_(2).The hazard ratio(HR)for mortality was 1.07(95%confidence interval-CI:1.05,1.09)per decile increase in all three pollutants,with PM_(2.5) being the dominant contributor according to the quantile-based g-computation model.In the three-pollutant model,the HRs(95%CI)for PM_(2.5) and NO_(2) were 1.27(1.25,1.3)and 1.08(1.05,1.12)per 10μg/m3 increase,respectively.The oldest-old experienced a much lower mortality risk from air pollution compared to the young-old.The mortality risk of PM_(2.5) was higher in areas with higher annual average temperatures.The adjustment of road density considerably intensified the association between NO_(2) and mortality.The ambient PM_(2.5) and O_(3) levels in China exceeded the WHO AQG target substantially.Multiple pollutants coexposure,confounding,and modification of the district economic and climate factors should not be ignored in the association between air pollution and mortality.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2022YFE0134900,2023YFC3708305,2023YFC3708302)Strategy Priority Research Program(Category B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42477455,42077390).
文摘Objective The study aim was to investigate the effects of exposure to multiple environmental organic pollutants on cardiopulmonary health with a focus on the potential mediating role of oxidative stress.Methods A repeated-measures randomized crossover study involving healthy college students in Beijing was conducted.Biological samples,including morning urine and venous blood,were collected to measure concentrations of 29 typical organic pollutants,including hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(OH-PAHs),bisphenol A and its substitutes,phthalates and their metabolites,parabens,and five biomarkers of oxidative stress.Health assessments included blood pressure measurements and lung function indicators.Results Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene(2-OH-PHE)(β=4.35%[95%confidence interval(CI):0.85%,7.97%]),3-hydroxyphenanthrene(β=3.44%[95%CI:0.19%,6.79%]),and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene(4-OH-PHE)(β=5.78%[95%CI:1.27%,10.5%])were significantly and positively associated with systolic blood pressure.Exposures to 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OH-PYR)(β=3.05%[95%CI:−4.66%,−1.41%]),2-OH-PHE(β=2.68%[95%CI:−4%,−1.34%]),and 4-OH-PHE(β=3%[95%CI:−4.68%,−1.29%])were negatively associated with the ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity.These findings highlight the adverse effects of exposure to multiple pollutants on cardiopulmonary health.Biomarkers of oxidative stress,including 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and extracellular superoxide dismutase,mediated the effects of multiple OH-PAHs on blood pressure and lung function.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52170009,52091542)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC_(3)200702)+3 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader,China(No.21XD1424000)the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.20230714100)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2020B1111350001)the Tongji University Youth 100 Program。
文摘Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts(DBPs)in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs(e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids)and emerging DBPs(e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes)in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure(accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk(7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.
