Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient ...Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.展开更多
The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)at...The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared(IR)fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded,which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR clo...Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared(IR)fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded,which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR cloaking mechanisms and functional integration limitations.Here,we propose a multiscale hierarchical structure design,integrating wrinkled MXene IR shielding layer and flexible Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS microwave absorption layer.The top wrinkled MXene layer induces the intensive diffuse reflection effect,shielding IR radiation signals while allowing microwave to pass through.Meanwhile,the permeable microwaves are assimilated into the bottom Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS layer via strong magneto-electric synergy.Through theoretical and experimental optimization,the assembled stealth devices realize a near-perfect stealth capability in both X-band(8–12 GHz)and long-wave infrared(8–14μm)wavelength ranges.Specifically,it delivers a radar cross-section reduction of−20 dB m^(2),a large apparent temperature modulation range(ΔT=70℃),and a low average IR emissivity of 0.35.Additionally,the optimal device demonstrates exceptional curved surface conformability,self-cleaning capability(contact angle≈129°),and abrasion resistance(recovery time≈5 s).This design strategy promotes the development of multispectral stealth technology and reinforces its applicability and durability in complex and hostile environments.展开更多
Robust, ultra-flexible, and multifunctional MXene-basedelectromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding nanocomposite filmsexhibit enormous potential for applications in artificial intelligence,wireless telecommunication,...Robust, ultra-flexible, and multifunctional MXene-basedelectromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding nanocomposite filmsexhibit enormous potential for applications in artificial intelligence,wireless telecommunication, and portable/wearable electronic equipment.In this work, a nacre-inspired multifunctional heterocyclic aramid(HA)/MXene@polypyrrole (PPy) (HMP) nanocomposite paper withlarge-scale, high strength, super toughness, and excellent tolerance tocomplex conditions is fabricated through the strategy of HA/MXenehydrogel template-assisted in-situ assembly of PPy. Benefiting from the"brick-and-mortar" layered structure and the strong hydrogen-bondinginteractions among MXene, HA, and PPy, the paper exhibits remarkable mechanical performances, including high tensile strength (309.7 MPa),outstanding toughness (57.6 MJ m−3), exceptional foldability, and structural stability against ultrasonication. By using the template effect ofHA/MXene to guide the assembly of conductive polymers, the synthesized paper obtains excellent electronic conductivity. More importantly,the highly continuous conductive path enables the nanocomposite paper to achieve a splendid EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 54.1 dBat an ultra-thin thickness (25.4 μm) and a high specific EMI SE of 17,204.7 dB cm2g−1. In addition, the papers also have excellent applicationsin electromagnetic protection, electro-/photothermal de-icing, thermal therapy, and fire safety. These findings broaden the ideas for developinghigh-performance and multifunctional MXene-based films with enormous application potential in EMI shielding and thermal management.展开更多
Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions ...Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.展开更多
Hydrogel-based flexible sensors are emerging as ideal candidates for wearable devices and soft robotics.However,most current hydrogels possess limited physicochemical properties,which hinder their practical applicatio...Hydrogel-based flexible sensors are emerging as ideal candidates for wearable devices and soft robotics.However,most current hydrogels possess limited physicochemical properties,which hinder their practical application in long-term and complex scenarios.Herein,inspired by the unique structure of the barnacle,we design multifunctional poly(DMAPA-co-PHEA)hydrogels(CP hydrogels)by employing multiple physical crosslinks in the presence of Ag nanoparticles and NaCl additives.Owing to the synergistic effect of cation-πinteractions,hydrophobic interactions,and ionic bonds,the CP hydrogels exhibit high stretchability(strain up to 1430%),strong adhesion(22.8 kPa),satisfactory antibacterial activity,stable anti-icing ability(<20 kPa after 20 icing-deicing cycles),and high electrical conductivity(18.5 mS/cm).Additionally,the CP hydrogels show fast and sensitive responsiveness and cycling stability and can attach directly to human skin to accurately detect both human motions and tiny physiological signals as a flexible wearable sensor.Collectively,this work significantly contributes a straightforward and efficient design strategy for the development of multifunctional hydrogels,broadening their application scenarios.展开更多
All maritime industries are plagued by marine biofouling pollution,which causes large economic and environmental costs.Therefore,there is an urgent need for ecofriendly alternatives that can effectively reduce the neg...All maritime industries are plagued by marine biofouling pollution,which causes large economic and environmental costs.Therefore,there is an urgent need for ecofriendly alternatives that can effectively reduce the negative consequences of biofouling pollution.This study aimed to produce novel capsaicin-inspired amide derivatives(CIADs)with multifunctional antifouling features by introducing amide compounds to aromatic compounds via a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction.The structure of the CIADs was characterized using FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,and HRMS,and the comprehensive antifouling capacity was determined by thermal stability,anti-ultraviolet,antibacterial,anti-algal,and marine field experiments.CIADs showed good thermal stability and did not show obvious weight loss before 226°C.2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diphenylimidemet-hylbenzophenone(DDB)had an excellent ultraviolet absorption effect,which was even better than that of 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone.The antibacterial and anti-algal rates of N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-chloro-5-benzamide-methyl-6-hydroxybenzyl)benzamide(NDCBHB)were more than 99.5%and 64.0%,respectively,and the surface of antifouling coating with NDCBHB(NDCBHB-AC)was covered with only a small amount of sludge and biofilm,its antifouling effect was better than that of chlorothalonil.The above work provides a reference for preparing green and multifunctional antifouling agents.展开更多
In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem function...In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.展开更多
The proliferation of advanced electronics and devices has led to significant electromagnetic interference and pollution,resulting in heightened interest in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials in recen...The proliferation of advanced electronics and devices has led to significant electromagnetic interference and pollution,resulting in heightened interest in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials in recent years.Carbon foam,as a typical porous carbonaceous material,demonstrates significant potential as an innovative EMI shielding material owing to its lightweight nature,exceptional porosity,flexibility,favorable processability,and environmental sustainability.Nonetheless,the configuration of carbon atoms within the carbon foam is significantly disordered,leading to its intrinsic conductivity being comparatively low.Consequently,its shielding efficacy cannot meet the standards required for commercial EMI materials.Herein,we propose a hierarchical engineering strategy to construct a carbon foam composite with high shielding efficacy.Specifically,the FeCo nanoparticles and carbon layer are concurrently integrated into the carbon foam matrix to modulate its magnetic characteristics and conductivity.The results demonstrate that the carbon-coated FeCo/carbon foam composite achieves a shielding effectiveness(SE)of 24 dB in the X-band,signifying a 240% improvement compared to the pristine carbon foam.Simultaneously,the composite also exhibits superior multifunctionalities involving flexibility,Joule heating,and hydrophobicity.This study provides a facile and effective routine to regulate the shielding efficacy of EMI shielding materials.展开更多
Multifunctional semiconductors play an important role in developing advanced photoelectric technologies.In this work,based on an octahedral replacement strategy in chalcogenides,a new selenide semiconductor NaMn_(3)Ga...Multifunctional semiconductors play an important role in developing advanced photoelectric technologies.In this work,based on an octahedral replacement strategy in chalcogenides,a new selenide semiconductor NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)was rationally designed,and synthesized by the flux method.The compound crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric(NCS)P_(6)space group,and is composed of unique prismatic[NaSe_(6)],octahedral[MnSe_(6)]and tetrahedral[GaSe_(4)]motifs,inheriting the stable three-dimensional framework built by the octahedral and tetrahedral units in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family.NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)shows the largest known secondary nonlinear optical(NLO)response of~2.1×AgGaS_(2)(AGS)in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family,and a high laser-induced damage threshold of~3.0×AGS.Meanwhile,the introduction of Mn2t with unpaired 3d electrons induces a strong red emission band(685–805 nm)under the excitation source of 496 nm,as well as a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic(AFM)transition at 7.3 K.The results confirm that NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)possesses multifunctional features including significant NLO response,fluorescence emission and AFM properties,and illustrate that replacing octahedral units with approaching size and geometry(like[MgSe_(6)]and[MnSe_(6)])could be a feasible way to develop multifunctional chalcogenides.展开更多
With the continuously increasing awareness of energy conservation and the intensifying impacts of global warming, Personal Thermal Management (PTM) technologies are increasingly recognized for their potential to ensur...With the continuously increasing awareness of energy conservation and the intensifying impacts of global warming, Personal Thermal Management (PTM) technologies are increasingly recognized for their potential to ensure human thermal comfort in extreme environments. Biomimetic structures have emerged as a novel source of inspiration for PTM applications. This review systematically summarizes the biomimetic structures, phase change materials, manufacturing methods, and the performance of multifunctional PTM wearables. Firstly, it analyzes the biomimetic structures with thermal regulation and encapsulated phase change material functionalities from different dimensions, highlighting their applications in PTM. Subsequently, it outlines the conventional manufacturing methods incorporating various biomimetic structures, offering strategies for the production of PTM wearables. The review also discusses the typical performance characteristics of multifunctional PTM wearables, addressing the current demands in thermal management. Finally, opportunities and challenges in PTM field are proposed, proposing new directions for future research.展开更多
Male fiddler crabs own an enlarged claw which is a weapon and an ornament.The enlargement of this claw begins from the juvenile stage and continues throughout life.Males may voluntarily lose(i.e.,autotomize)this claw....Male fiddler crabs own an enlarged claw which is a weapon and an ornament.The enlargement of this claw begins from the juvenile stage and continues throughout life.Males may voluntarily lose(i.e.,autotomize)this claw.After several molts males may regenerate a new claw,called leptochelous,which acquires a similar length but a lower muscle mass area than the original one,called brachychelous.In some species,regenerated claws develop permanently as leptochelous,the population having 2 discrete claw morphologies.Other species present morphological variations with leptochelous and brachychelous being 2 ends of a continuum.In the species Leptuca uruguayensis,we studied the morphological variation of this enlarged claw,whether it may be caused by its regeneration at different male sizes,and its consequences on mating success.We found that claws could not be discriminated as discrete morphs,suggesting a morphological continuum from brachychelous to leptochelous.Regenerated claws in the laboratory were initially small and proportional to body size,although a field experiment confirmed that claw size is recovered after several molts.Morphological variation may be caused by energetic limitations where males of different sizes must differently trade-off between restitution of claw length(ornament function)or claw muscle area(weapon function).Fiddler crabs use 2 mating tactics with different levels of female choice.However,regardless of the mating tactic,leptochelous males were at a disadvantage at high densities,although not at low densities,suggesting that the consequences of autotomy and regeneration on mating success may depend on the social context.展开更多
Maintaining community stability has profound positive impacts on the ecological functions and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystems.Numerous studies have explored how community stability responds to climate ...Maintaining community stability has profound positive impacts on the ecological functions and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystems.Numerous studies have explored how community stability responds to climate change and its relationship with plant species diversity.Nevertheless,the impact and underlying mechanisms of belowground ecosystem multifunctionality(BGEMF)on community stability along a precipitation gradient in alpine grasslands remain poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap,we conducted field surveys from 2015 to 2020,measuring plant species diversity,annual net primary productivity(ANPP),and soil physicochemical properties across 79 sites in alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Our findings highlight both plant species diversity(standardized total effect:32%)and BGEMF(standardized total effect:75%)had an indirect effect on stability viaregulating mean ANPP within alpine grasslands.Furthermore,mean annual precipitation substantially impacted both plant species diversity and BGEMF,subsequently affecting community stability.However,temperature had a strong negative regulatory effect on species diversity,the mean and variability of ANPP.Thus,we emphasized the pivotal role of plant species diversity and BGEMF in shaping community stability,and stated the imperative need for species conservation and BGEMF improvement to sustain alpine ecosystems in the face of ongoing climate change.展开更多
The growing demand for microwave absorbing materials to mitigate electromagnetic pollution has driven the exploration of efficient design strategies.However,traditional experimental approaches for optimizing multicomp...The growing demand for microwave absorbing materials to mitigate electromagnetic pollution has driven the exploration of efficient design strategies.However,traditional experimental approaches for optimizing multicomponent and multilayer structures are time-consuming.To rapidly predict and optimize the electromagnetic parameters of microwave absorbing materials,a machine learning-assisted design framework has been proposed.A series of graphene/SiO_(2)(GS)and graphene/BaTiO_(3)(GB)aerogels were prepared by electrospinning technology,and their electromagnetic parameter datasets were used to train a machine learning model.The model achieved a maximum prediction accuracy of 97.3%,significantly accelerating the design process.By integrating the predicted parameters into simulation software,gradient impedance structures were rapidly designed,yielding multifunctional aerogels with an ultrawideband absorption range of 3.26–17.30 GHz at a thickness of 20 mm.Compared with conventional methods,this machine learning strategy reduces the research cycle to mere weeks,enabling the fast and efficient design of high-performance absorbing materials.Additionally,the aerogel demonstrated excellent thermal insulation and soundproofing capabilities,underscoring its multifunctionality.This study demonstrates the potential of machine learning in accelerating the development of next-generation microwave absorbing materials.展开更多
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is one of the most attractive approaches to addressing the global freshwater shortage.However,achieving an integrated high evaporation rate,salt harvesting,and multifunctionality i...Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is one of the most attractive approaches to addressing the global freshwater shortage.However,achieving an integrated high evaporation rate,salt harvesting,and multifunctionality in evaporator is still a crucial challenge.Here,a novel composite membrane with biomimetic micronanostructured superhydrophobic surface is designed via ultrafast laser etching technology.Attractively,the double-transition-metal(V_(1/2)Mo_(1/2))_(2)CT_(x)MXene nanomaterials as a photothermal layer,exhibiting the enhanced photothermal conversion performance due to elevated joint densities of states,which enables high populations of photoexcited carrier relaxation and heat release,provides a new insight into the photothermal conversion mechanism for multiple principal element MXene.Hence,the(V_(1/2)Mo_(1/2))_(2)CT_(x)MXene-200 composite membrane can achieve a high evaporation rate of 2.23 kg m^(−2)h^(−1)under one sun,owing to the enhanced“light trap”effect,photothermal conversion,and high-throughput water transfer.Synergetically,the membrane can induce the directed precipitation of salt at the membrane edge,thus enabling salt harvesting for recycling and zero-emission of brine water.Moreover,the composite membrane is endowed with excellent multifunctionality of anti-/de-icing,anti-fouling,and antibacterial,overcoming the disadvantage that versatility is difficult to be compatible.Therefore,the evaporator and the promising strategy hold great potential for the practical application of solar evaporation.展开更多
The ultra-lightweight and multifunction integrated thermal protection materials are critical for the de-velopment of hypersonic vehicles.Although various materials have been developed as potential thermal protection m...The ultra-lightweight and multifunction integrated thermal protection materials are critical for the de-velopment of hypersonic vehicles.Although various materials have been developed as potential thermal protection materials,most of them generally present a singular function.It is still challenging to meet the multifunctional requirements of ultra-lightweight,thermal insulation,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,and high-temperature ablation resistance.Herein,a gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite is designed and fabricated based on the bionic strategy of capillary adsorption and transport.The devel-oped gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite is as light as 0.74 g/cm^(3),which shows excellent ablation resistance(-3.88μm/s at 2000℃).It also presents competitive thermal insulation performance with a back temperature below 152℃while enduring 1300℃on the front side.The thermal conductivity of the gradient composite is 0.202 W mr^(-1) K^(-1).Furthermore,the gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite offers remarkable EMI shielding performance with mean total EMI shielding efficiency(SE_(T))larger than 45 dB in an ultra-wide frequency range of 0-100 GHz.The excellent multifunctional performance with ultra-lightweight makes the gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite ideal thermal protection materials for hypersonic vehicles.This work provides a flexible strategy for constructing gradient composites for multifunctional applications.展开更多
Renewable 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-based polyesters are one of the most promising materials for achieving plastic replacement in the age of energy and environmental crisis.However,their properties still cannot compe...Renewable 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-based polyesters are one of the most promising materials for achieving plastic replacement in the age of energy and environmental crisis.However,their properties still cannot compete with those of petrochemical-based plastics,owing to insufficient molecular and/or microstructure designs.Herein,we utilize the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-based MXene nanosheets for decorating carbon nanotube(CNT)and obtaining the structurally stable and highly dispersed dendritic heterostructured MXene@CNT,that can act as multi-roles,i.e.,polycondensation catalyst,crystal nucleator,and interface enhancer of polyester.The biobased MXene@CNT/polybutylene furandicarboxylate(PBF)(denoted as MCP)nanocomposites are synthesized by the strategy of“in situ catalytic polymerization and hot-pressing”.Benefiting from the multi-scale interactions(i.e.,covalent bonds,hydrogen bonds,and physical interlocks)in hybrid structure,the MCP presents exceptional mechanical strength(≈101 MPa),stiffness(≈3.1 GPa),toughness(≈130 MJ m^(-3)),and barrier properties(e.g.,O_(2)0.0187 barrer,CO_(2)0.0264 barrer,and H2O 1.57×10^(-14) g cm cm^(-2) s Pa)that are higher than most reported bio-based materials and engineering plastics.Moreover,it also displays satisfactory multifunctionality with high reprocessability(90%strength retention after 5 recycling),UV resistance(blocking 85%UVA rays),and solvent-resistant properties.As a state-of-art high-performance and multifunctional material,the novel bio-based MCP nanocomposite offers a more sustainable alternative to petrochemical-based plastics in packaging and engineering material fields.More importantly,our catalysis-interfacial strengthening integration strategy opens a door for designing and constructing high-performance bio-based polyester materials in future.展开更多
With the innovation of microelectronics technology, the heat dissipation problem inside the device will face a severe test. In this work, cellulose aerogel(CA) with highly enhanced thermal conductivity(TC) in vertical...With the innovation of microelectronics technology, the heat dissipation problem inside the device will face a severe test. In this work, cellulose aerogel(CA) with highly enhanced thermal conductivity(TC) in vertical planes was successfully obtained by constructing a vertically aligned silicon carbide nanowires(SiC NWs)/boron nitride(BN) network via the ice template-assisted strategy. The unique network structure of SiC NWs connected to BN ensures that the TC of the composite in the vertical direction reaches 2.21 W m^(-1) K^(-1) at a low hybrid filler loading of 16.69 wt%, which was increased by 890% compared to pure epoxy(EP). In addition, relying on unique porous network structure of CA, EP-based composite also showed higher TC than other comparative samples in the horizontal direction. Meanwhile, the composite exhibits good electrically insulating with a volume electrical resistivity about 2.35 × 10^(11) Ω cm and displays excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of-21.5 dB and a wide effective absorption bandwidth(<-10 dB) from 8.8 to 11.6 GHz. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy for manufacturing polymer-based composites with excellent multifunctional performances in microelectronic packaging applications.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1300705)the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi,China (Guike AB24010051)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42261011,32271730 and U20A2011)the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (2023020)。
文摘Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22265021,52231007,and 12327804)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2020Z056056003)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20232BAB212004).
文摘The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
基金financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.52273247)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(J2019-VI-0017-0132).
文摘Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared(IR)fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded,which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR cloaking mechanisms and functional integration limitations.Here,we propose a multiscale hierarchical structure design,integrating wrinkled MXene IR shielding layer and flexible Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS microwave absorption layer.The top wrinkled MXene layer induces the intensive diffuse reflection effect,shielding IR radiation signals while allowing microwave to pass through.Meanwhile,the permeable microwaves are assimilated into the bottom Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS layer via strong magneto-electric synergy.Through theoretical and experimental optimization,the assembled stealth devices realize a near-perfect stealth capability in both X-band(8–12 GHz)and long-wave infrared(8–14μm)wavelength ranges.Specifically,it delivers a radar cross-section reduction of−20 dB m^(2),a large apparent temperature modulation range(ΔT=70℃),and a low average IR emissivity of 0.35.Additionally,the optimal device demonstrates exceptional curved surface conformability,self-cleaning capability(contact angle≈129°),and abrasion resistance(recovery time≈5 s).This design strategy promotes the development of multispectral stealth technology and reinforces its applicability and durability in complex and hostile environments.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.YQ2020E009).
文摘Robust, ultra-flexible, and multifunctional MXene-basedelectromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding nanocomposite filmsexhibit enormous potential for applications in artificial intelligence,wireless telecommunication, and portable/wearable electronic equipment.In this work, a nacre-inspired multifunctional heterocyclic aramid(HA)/MXene@polypyrrole (PPy) (HMP) nanocomposite paper withlarge-scale, high strength, super toughness, and excellent tolerance tocomplex conditions is fabricated through the strategy of HA/MXenehydrogel template-assisted in-situ assembly of PPy. Benefiting from the"brick-and-mortar" layered structure and the strong hydrogen-bondinginteractions among MXene, HA, and PPy, the paper exhibits remarkable mechanical performances, including high tensile strength (309.7 MPa),outstanding toughness (57.6 MJ m−3), exceptional foldability, and structural stability against ultrasonication. By using the template effect ofHA/MXene to guide the assembly of conductive polymers, the synthesized paper obtains excellent electronic conductivity. More importantly,the highly continuous conductive path enables the nanocomposite paper to achieve a splendid EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 54.1 dBat an ultra-thin thickness (25.4 μm) and a high specific EMI SE of 17,204.7 dB cm2g−1. In addition, the papers also have excellent applicationsin electromagnetic protection, electro-/photothermal de-icing, thermal therapy, and fire safety. These findings broaden the ideas for developinghigh-performance and multifunctional MXene-based films with enormous application potential in EMI shielding and thermal management.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(Nos.CAFYBB2022SY037,CAFYBB2021ZA002 and CAFYBB2022QC002)the Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202201AT070264).
文摘Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.
基金financial support from the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515012218)Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(Nos.FDCT 0009/2020/AMJ,0027/2023/RIB1)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32301104)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(No.23ptpy165).
文摘Hydrogel-based flexible sensors are emerging as ideal candidates for wearable devices and soft robotics.However,most current hydrogels possess limited physicochemical properties,which hinder their practical application in long-term and complex scenarios.Herein,inspired by the unique structure of the barnacle,we design multifunctional poly(DMAPA-co-PHEA)hydrogels(CP hydrogels)by employing multiple physical crosslinks in the presence of Ag nanoparticles and NaCl additives.Owing to the synergistic effect of cation-πinteractions,hydrophobic interactions,and ionic bonds,the CP hydrogels exhibit high stretchability(strain up to 1430%),strong adhesion(22.8 kPa),satisfactory antibacterial activity,stable anti-icing ability(<20 kPa after 20 icing-deicing cycles),and high electrical conductivity(18.5 mS/cm).Additionally,the CP hydrogels show fast and sensitive responsiveness and cycling stability and can attach directly to human skin to accurately detect both human motions and tiny physiological signals as a flexible wearable sensor.Collectively,this work significantly contributes a straightforward and efficient design strategy for the development of multifunctional hydrogels,broadening their application scenarios.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project funded by the Qingdao Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.QDBSH20230102075)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M733337)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2141251).
文摘All maritime industries are plagued by marine biofouling pollution,which causes large economic and environmental costs.Therefore,there is an urgent need for ecofriendly alternatives that can effectively reduce the negative consequences of biofouling pollution.This study aimed to produce novel capsaicin-inspired amide derivatives(CIADs)with multifunctional antifouling features by introducing amide compounds to aromatic compounds via a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction.The structure of the CIADs was characterized using FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,and HRMS,and the comprehensive antifouling capacity was determined by thermal stability,anti-ultraviolet,antibacterial,anti-algal,and marine field experiments.CIADs showed good thermal stability and did not show obvious weight loss before 226°C.2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diphenylimidemet-hylbenzophenone(DDB)had an excellent ultraviolet absorption effect,which was even better than that of 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone.The antibacterial and anti-algal rates of N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-chloro-5-benzamide-methyl-6-hydroxybenzyl)benzamide(NDCBHB)were more than 99.5%and 64.0%,respectively,and the surface of antifouling coating with NDCBHB(NDCBHB-AC)was covered with only a small amount of sludge and biofilm,its antifouling effect was better than that of chlorothalonil.The above work provides a reference for preparing green and multifunctional antifouling agents.
基金This work was supported by the Tianshan Programme of Excellence(2022TSYCCX0001)the National Key Program for Basic Research and Development(973 Program)(2012CB417101)。
文摘In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.
基金the financial support from the project funded by the Education Department of Shaanxi Provincial Government(No.23JP116)the Natural Science Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2024JC-YBMS-396)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52171191 and 52371198)the Constructing National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zones(XM2024XTGXQ05).
文摘The proliferation of advanced electronics and devices has led to significant electromagnetic interference and pollution,resulting in heightened interest in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials in recent years.Carbon foam,as a typical porous carbonaceous material,demonstrates significant potential as an innovative EMI shielding material owing to its lightweight nature,exceptional porosity,flexibility,favorable processability,and environmental sustainability.Nonetheless,the configuration of carbon atoms within the carbon foam is significantly disordered,leading to its intrinsic conductivity being comparatively low.Consequently,its shielding efficacy cannot meet the standards required for commercial EMI materials.Herein,we propose a hierarchical engineering strategy to construct a carbon foam composite with high shielding efficacy.Specifically,the FeCo nanoparticles and carbon layer are concurrently integrated into the carbon foam matrix to modulate its magnetic characteristics and conductivity.The results demonstrate that the carbon-coated FeCo/carbon foam composite achieves a shielding effectiveness(SE)of 24 dB in the X-band,signifying a 240% improvement compared to the pristine carbon foam.Simultaneously,the composite also exhibits superior multifunctionalities involving flexibility,Joule heating,and hydrophobicity.This study provides a facile and effective routine to regulate the shielding efficacy of EMI shielding materials.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2024D01E30)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0880000)+1 种基金the Open Fund of the Anhui Key Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices(AHKL2024KF02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22475234,22335007,22193044 and 22361132544).
文摘Multifunctional semiconductors play an important role in developing advanced photoelectric technologies.In this work,based on an octahedral replacement strategy in chalcogenides,a new selenide semiconductor NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)was rationally designed,and synthesized by the flux method.The compound crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric(NCS)P_(6)space group,and is composed of unique prismatic[NaSe_(6)],octahedral[MnSe_(6)]and tetrahedral[GaSe_(4)]motifs,inheriting the stable three-dimensional framework built by the octahedral and tetrahedral units in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family.NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)shows the largest known secondary nonlinear optical(NLO)response of~2.1×AgGaS_(2)(AGS)in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family,and a high laser-induced damage threshold of~3.0×AGS.Meanwhile,the introduction of Mn2t with unpaired 3d electrons induces a strong red emission band(685–805 nm)under the excitation source of 496 nm,as well as a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic(AFM)transition at 7.3 K.The results confirm that NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)possesses multifunctional features including significant NLO response,fluorescence emission and AFM properties,and illustrate that replacing octahedral units with approaching size and geometry(like[MgSe_(6)]and[MnSe_(6)])could be a feasible way to develop multifunctional chalcogenides.
基金supported by Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2024A1515010772)State Key Laboratory of Massive Personalized Customization System and Technology,No.H&C-MPC-2023-02-06(Q)+2 种基金“CUG scholar”Scientific Research Funds at China University of Geosciences,Wuhan(No.CUG2022185)Guangzhou Youth Top Talent ProgramChina College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.S202410491063).
文摘With the continuously increasing awareness of energy conservation and the intensifying impacts of global warming, Personal Thermal Management (PTM) technologies are increasingly recognized for their potential to ensure human thermal comfort in extreme environments. Biomimetic structures have emerged as a novel source of inspiration for PTM applications. This review systematically summarizes the biomimetic structures, phase change materials, manufacturing methods, and the performance of multifunctional PTM wearables. Firstly, it analyzes the biomimetic structures with thermal regulation and encapsulated phase change material functionalities from different dimensions, highlighting their applications in PTM. Subsequently, it outlines the conventional manufacturing methods incorporating various biomimetic structures, offering strategies for the production of PTM wearables. The review also discusses the typical performance characteristics of multifunctional PTM wearables, addressing the current demands in thermal management. Finally, opportunities and challenges in PTM field are proposed, proposing new directions for future research.
基金funded by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica(PICT-2019-2385)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(PIP-11220200102466CO)Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata(EXA953/20).
文摘Male fiddler crabs own an enlarged claw which is a weapon and an ornament.The enlargement of this claw begins from the juvenile stage and continues throughout life.Males may voluntarily lose(i.e.,autotomize)this claw.After several molts males may regenerate a new claw,called leptochelous,which acquires a similar length but a lower muscle mass area than the original one,called brachychelous.In some species,regenerated claws develop permanently as leptochelous,the population having 2 discrete claw morphologies.Other species present morphological variations with leptochelous and brachychelous being 2 ends of a continuum.In the species Leptuca uruguayensis,we studied the morphological variation of this enlarged claw,whether it may be caused by its regeneration at different male sizes,and its consequences on mating success.We found that claws could not be discriminated as discrete morphs,suggesting a morphological continuum from brachychelous to leptochelous.Regenerated claws in the laboratory were initially small and proportional to body size,although a field experiment confirmed that claw size is recovered after several molts.Morphological variation may be caused by energetic limitations where males of different sizes must differently trade-off between restitution of claw length(ornament function)or claw muscle area(weapon function).Fiddler crabs use 2 mating tactics with different levels of female choice.However,regardless of the mating tactic,leptochelous males were at a disadvantage at high densities,although not at low densities,suggesting that the consequences of autotomy and regeneration on mating success may depend on the social context.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32271774).
文摘Maintaining community stability has profound positive impacts on the ecological functions and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystems.Numerous studies have explored how community stability responds to climate change and its relationship with plant species diversity.Nevertheless,the impact and underlying mechanisms of belowground ecosystem multifunctionality(BGEMF)on community stability along a precipitation gradient in alpine grasslands remain poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap,we conducted field surveys from 2015 to 2020,measuring plant species diversity,annual net primary productivity(ANPP),and soil physicochemical properties across 79 sites in alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Our findings highlight both plant species diversity(standardized total effect:32%)and BGEMF(standardized total effect:75%)had an indirect effect on stability viaregulating mean ANPP within alpine grasslands.Furthermore,mean annual precipitation substantially impacted both plant species diversity and BGEMF,subsequently affecting community stability.However,temperature had a strong negative regulatory effect on species diversity,the mean and variability of ANPP.Thus,we emphasized the pivotal role of plant species diversity and BGEMF in shaping community stability,and stated the imperative need for species conservation and BGEMF improvement to sustain alpine ecosystems in the face of ongoing climate change.
基金financially supported by the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2024SSYS0086)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52302035).
文摘The growing demand for microwave absorbing materials to mitigate electromagnetic pollution has driven the exploration of efficient design strategies.However,traditional experimental approaches for optimizing multicomponent and multilayer structures are time-consuming.To rapidly predict and optimize the electromagnetic parameters of microwave absorbing materials,a machine learning-assisted design framework has been proposed.A series of graphene/SiO_(2)(GS)and graphene/BaTiO_(3)(GB)aerogels were prepared by electrospinning technology,and their electromagnetic parameter datasets were used to train a machine learning model.The model achieved a maximum prediction accuracy of 97.3%,significantly accelerating the design process.By integrating the predicted parameters into simulation software,gradient impedance structures were rapidly designed,yielding multifunctional aerogels with an ultrawideband absorption range of 3.26–17.30 GHz at a thickness of 20 mm.Compared with conventional methods,this machine learning strategy reduces the research cycle to mere weeks,enabling the fast and efficient design of high-performance absorbing materials.Additionally,the aerogel demonstrated excellent thermal insulation and soundproofing capabilities,underscoring its multifunctionality.This study demonstrates the potential of machine learning in accelerating the development of next-generation microwave absorbing materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2106216,52331004)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022ZD12)+5 种基金the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2023ZLGX05,2023CXGC010406)the Taishan Scholarship of Climbing Plan(No.tspd20230603)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(202461105)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M732677)Shandong Province Postdoctoral Innovation Project(SDCX-ZG-202303086)Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education(LOEC-202309).
文摘Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is one of the most attractive approaches to addressing the global freshwater shortage.However,achieving an integrated high evaporation rate,salt harvesting,and multifunctionality in evaporator is still a crucial challenge.Here,a novel composite membrane with biomimetic micronanostructured superhydrophobic surface is designed via ultrafast laser etching technology.Attractively,the double-transition-metal(V_(1/2)Mo_(1/2))_(2)CT_(x)MXene nanomaterials as a photothermal layer,exhibiting the enhanced photothermal conversion performance due to elevated joint densities of states,which enables high populations of photoexcited carrier relaxation and heat release,provides a new insight into the photothermal conversion mechanism for multiple principal element MXene.Hence,the(V_(1/2)Mo_(1/2))_(2)CT_(x)MXene-200 composite membrane can achieve a high evaporation rate of 2.23 kg m^(−2)h^(−1)under one sun,owing to the enhanced“light trap”effect,photothermal conversion,and high-throughput water transfer.Synergetically,the membrane can induce the directed precipitation of salt at the membrane edge,thus enabling salt harvesting for recycling and zero-emission of brine water.Moreover,the composite membrane is endowed with excellent multifunctionality of anti-/de-icing,anti-fouling,and antibacterial,overcoming the disadvantage that versatility is difficult to be compatible.Therefore,the evaporator and the promising strategy hold great potential for the practical application of solar evaporation.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Nos.52472114 and 52332003)the Pro-gram of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(No.23XD1424300)are greatly acknowledged.
文摘The ultra-lightweight and multifunction integrated thermal protection materials are critical for the de-velopment of hypersonic vehicles.Although various materials have been developed as potential thermal protection materials,most of them generally present a singular function.It is still challenging to meet the multifunctional requirements of ultra-lightweight,thermal insulation,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,and high-temperature ablation resistance.Herein,a gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite is designed and fabricated based on the bionic strategy of capillary adsorption and transport.The devel-oped gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite is as light as 0.74 g/cm^(3),which shows excellent ablation resistance(-3.88μm/s at 2000℃).It also presents competitive thermal insulation performance with a back temperature below 152℃while enduring 1300℃on the front side.The thermal conductivity of the gradient composite is 0.202 W mr^(-1) K^(-1).Furthermore,the gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite offers remarkable EMI shielding performance with mean total EMI shielding efficiency(SE_(T))larger than 45 dB in an ultra-wide frequency range of 0-100 GHz.The excellent multifunctional performance with ultra-lightweight makes the gradient C_(f)/(CrZrHfNbTa)C-SiC composite ideal thermal protection materials for hypersonic vehicles.This work provides a flexible strategy for constructing gradient composites for multifunctional applications.
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.NSFC52473104)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2104500)+3 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.Y24B040002)Ningbo 2025 Key Scientific Research Programs(Grant No.2022Z160)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M733601)the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2023I333&2023J409).
文摘Renewable 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-based polyesters are one of the most promising materials for achieving plastic replacement in the age of energy and environmental crisis.However,their properties still cannot compete with those of petrochemical-based plastics,owing to insufficient molecular and/or microstructure designs.Herein,we utilize the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-based MXene nanosheets for decorating carbon nanotube(CNT)and obtaining the structurally stable and highly dispersed dendritic heterostructured MXene@CNT,that can act as multi-roles,i.e.,polycondensation catalyst,crystal nucleator,and interface enhancer of polyester.The biobased MXene@CNT/polybutylene furandicarboxylate(PBF)(denoted as MCP)nanocomposites are synthesized by the strategy of“in situ catalytic polymerization and hot-pressing”.Benefiting from the multi-scale interactions(i.e.,covalent bonds,hydrogen bonds,and physical interlocks)in hybrid structure,the MCP presents exceptional mechanical strength(≈101 MPa),stiffness(≈3.1 GPa),toughness(≈130 MJ m^(-3)),and barrier properties(e.g.,O_(2)0.0187 barrer,CO_(2)0.0264 barrer,and H2O 1.57×10^(-14) g cm cm^(-2) s Pa)that are higher than most reported bio-based materials and engineering plastics.Moreover,it also displays satisfactory multifunctionality with high reprocessability(90%strength retention after 5 recycling),UV resistance(blocking 85%UVA rays),and solvent-resistant properties.As a state-of-art high-performance and multifunctional material,the novel bio-based MCP nanocomposite offers a more sustainable alternative to petrochemical-based plastics in packaging and engineering material fields.More importantly,our catalysis-interfacial strengthening integration strategy opens a door for designing and constructing high-performance bio-based polyester materials in future.
基金financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(21704096,51703217)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M662526)financial support from Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number(TURSP-2020/135),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia。
文摘With the innovation of microelectronics technology, the heat dissipation problem inside the device will face a severe test. In this work, cellulose aerogel(CA) with highly enhanced thermal conductivity(TC) in vertical planes was successfully obtained by constructing a vertically aligned silicon carbide nanowires(SiC NWs)/boron nitride(BN) network via the ice template-assisted strategy. The unique network structure of SiC NWs connected to BN ensures that the TC of the composite in the vertical direction reaches 2.21 W m^(-1) K^(-1) at a low hybrid filler loading of 16.69 wt%, which was increased by 890% compared to pure epoxy(EP). In addition, relying on unique porous network structure of CA, EP-based composite also showed higher TC than other comparative samples in the horizontal direction. Meanwhile, the composite exhibits good electrically insulating with a volume electrical resistivity about 2.35 × 10^(11) Ω cm and displays excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of-21.5 dB and a wide effective absorption bandwidth(<-10 dB) from 8.8 to 11.6 GHz. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy for manufacturing polymer-based composites with excellent multifunctional performances in microelectronic packaging applications.
