Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions ...Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.展开更多
This paper introduces an innovative Multifunction Integrated Optic Circuit(MIOC)design utilizing thin-film lithium niobate,surpassing traditional bulk waveguide-based MIOCs in terms of size,half-wave voltage requireme...This paper introduces an innovative Multifunction Integrated Optic Circuit(MIOC)design utilizing thin-film lithium niobate,surpassing traditional bulk waveguide-based MIOCs in terms of size,half-wave voltage requirements,and integration capabilities.By implementing a sub-wavelength grating structure,we achieve a Po⁃larization Extinction Ratio(PER)exceeding 29 dB.Furthermore,our electrode design facilitates a voltage-length product(V_(π)L)below 2 V·cm,while a double-tapered coupling structure significantly reduces insertion loss.This advancement provides a pivotal direction for the miniaturization and integration of optical gyroscopes,marking a substantial contribution to the field.展开更多
Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),sal...Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),saline-alkaline(SA),and their combined(DSA)stress influence these ecological components remain poorly understood.This study investigated these mechanisms along natural gradients in a semi-arid grassland of China by analyzing soil physical-chemical properties,microbial communities,and vegetation characteristics.The results showed that as the environmental stress shifted from the D group to the DSA group and then to the SA group,soil electrical conductivity significantly increased,while urease and phosphatase activities significantly decreased.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were lower in the D and SA groups than in the DSA group.Meanwhile,plant biomass showed an increasing trend along the treatment gradient,primarily driven by dominant species,while plant diversity did not exhibit significant differences.Further analysis identified the soil water content and salinity as the key determinants of soil microbial diversity and community complexity.Soil enzyme activities exhibited contrasting relationships with microbial composition,correlating positively with the richness of bacterial amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)but negatively with the richness of fungal ASVs.Notably,microbial biomass,which varied significantly across different groups,emerged as a key predictor of changes in EMF,with its critical role confirmed through structural equation modeling.These findings collectively elucidate the responses of ecological communities to synergistic soil hydro-saline stress in semi-arid ecosystems,while highlighting the critical role of microbial biomass in maintaining EMF.展开更多
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient ...Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.展开更多
As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika...As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.展开更多
Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shr...Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.展开更多
Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for d...Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components,leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity.In this work,we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor(FG AFeFET)that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device,enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system.By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy,we achieve tunable device behaviors,including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation,nonvolatile states for synaptic functions,and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations.The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams.Leveraging these insights,we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture,which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6%and 83.4%on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets,respectively.These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient,design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)at...The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(Nos.CAFYBB2022SY037,CAFYBB2021ZA002 and CAFYBB2022QC002)the Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202201AT070264).
文摘Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.
基金Supported by the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(424206)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2021108).
文摘This paper introduces an innovative Multifunction Integrated Optic Circuit(MIOC)design utilizing thin-film lithium niobate,surpassing traditional bulk waveguide-based MIOCs in terms of size,half-wave voltage requirements,and integration capabilities.By implementing a sub-wavelength grating structure,we achieve a Po⁃larization Extinction Ratio(PER)exceeding 29 dB.Furthermore,our electrode design facilitates a voltage-length product(V_(π)L)below 2 V·cm,while a double-tapered coupling structure significantly reduces insertion loss.This advancement provides a pivotal direction for the miniaturization and integration of optical gyroscopes,marking a substantial contribution to the field.
基金supported by the China Central Government-Guided Local Science and Technology Development Project(23ZYQA291)the Innovation Star Project for Excellent Postgraduates in Gansu Province(2025CXZX-169)the Key Science&Technology Project of Gansu Province,China(22ZD6NA007)。
文摘Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),saline-alkaline(SA),and their combined(DSA)stress influence these ecological components remain poorly understood.This study investigated these mechanisms along natural gradients in a semi-arid grassland of China by analyzing soil physical-chemical properties,microbial communities,and vegetation characteristics.The results showed that as the environmental stress shifted from the D group to the DSA group and then to the SA group,soil electrical conductivity significantly increased,while urease and phosphatase activities significantly decreased.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were lower in the D and SA groups than in the DSA group.Meanwhile,plant biomass showed an increasing trend along the treatment gradient,primarily driven by dominant species,while plant diversity did not exhibit significant differences.Further analysis identified the soil water content and salinity as the key determinants of soil microbial diversity and community complexity.Soil enzyme activities exhibited contrasting relationships with microbial composition,correlating positively with the richness of bacterial amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)but negatively with the richness of fungal ASVs.Notably,microbial biomass,which varied significantly across different groups,emerged as a key predictor of changes in EMF,with its critical role confirmed through structural equation modeling.These findings collectively elucidate the responses of ecological communities to synergistic soil hydro-saline stress in semi-arid ecosystems,while highlighting the critical role of microbial biomass in maintaining EMF.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1300705)the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi,China (Guike AB24010051)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42261011,32271730 and U20A2011)the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (2023020)。
文摘Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471603)Science and Technology Commissioner Special Project of Qinghai Province(2025-NK-P42)+2 种基金Central Financial Funds for Forestry and Grassland Reform and Development in 2024(2024-TG16)Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Science and Technology Program Project(2025-KH01-B)the leading Kunlun talents in Qinghai Province.
文摘As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program of China(No.2019QZKK0307)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42007057)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0106)Key R&D project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFD1601601)the Southwest Minzu University Double World-Class Project(No.CX2023012).
文摘Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation,Prime Minister's Office,Singapore,under its Competitive Research Program(NRF-CRP24-2020-0002)。
文摘Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components,leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity.In this work,we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor(FG AFeFET)that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device,enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system.By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy,we achieve tunable device behaviors,including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation,nonvolatile states for synaptic functions,and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations.The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams.Leveraging these insights,we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture,which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6%and 83.4%on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets,respectively.These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient,design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22265021,52231007,and 12327804)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2020Z056056003)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20232BAB212004).
文摘The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.
