Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient ...Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.展开更多
Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shr...Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.展开更多
Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),sal...Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),saline-alkaline(SA),and their combined(DSA)stress influence these ecological components remain poorly understood.This study investigated these mechanisms along natural gradients in a semi-arid grassland of China by analyzing soil physical-chemical properties,microbial communities,and vegetation characteristics.The results showed that as the environmental stress shifted from the D group to the DSA group and then to the SA group,soil electrical conductivity significantly increased,while urease and phosphatase activities significantly decreased.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were lower in the D and SA groups than in the DSA group.Meanwhile,plant biomass showed an increasing trend along the treatment gradient,primarily driven by dominant species,while plant diversity did not exhibit significant differences.Further analysis identified the soil water content and salinity as the key determinants of soil microbial diversity and community complexity.Soil enzyme activities exhibited contrasting relationships with microbial composition,correlating positively with the richness of bacterial amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)but negatively with the richness of fungal ASVs.Notably,microbial biomass,which varied significantly across different groups,emerged as a key predictor of changes in EMF,with its critical role confirmed through structural equation modeling.These findings collectively elucidate the responses of ecological communities to synergistic soil hydro-saline stress in semi-arid ecosystems,while highlighting the critical role of microbial biomass in maintaining EMF.展开更多
As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika...As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.展开更多
Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for d...Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components,leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity.In this work,we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor(FG AFeFET)that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device,enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system.By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy,we achieve tunable device behaviors,including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation,nonvolatile states for synaptic functions,and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations.The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams.Leveraging these insights,we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture,which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6%and 83.4%on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets,respectively.These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient,design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions ...Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.展开更多
In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem function...In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.展开更多
Maintaining community stability has profound positive impacts on the ecological functions and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystems.Numerous studies have explored how community stability responds to climate ...Maintaining community stability has profound positive impacts on the ecological functions and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystems.Numerous studies have explored how community stability responds to climate change and its relationship with plant species diversity.Nevertheless,the impact and underlying mechanisms of belowground ecosystem multifunctionality(BGEMF)on community stability along a precipitation gradient in alpine grasslands remain poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap,we conducted field surveys from 2015 to 2020,measuring plant species diversity,annual net primary productivity(ANPP),and soil physicochemical properties across 79 sites in alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Our findings highlight both plant species diversity(standardized total effect:32%)and BGEMF(standardized total effect:75%)had an indirect effect on stability viaregulating mean ANPP within alpine grasslands.Furthermore,mean annual precipitation substantially impacted both plant species diversity and BGEMF,subsequently affecting community stability.However,temperature had a strong negative regulatory effect on species diversity,the mean and variability of ANPP.Thus,we emphasized the pivotal role of plant species diversity and BGEMF in shaping community stability,and stated the imperative need for species conservation and BGEMF improvement to sustain alpine ecosystems in the face of ongoing climate change.展开更多
Mixed-species plantations generally exhibit higher ecosystem multifunctionality than monospecific plantations.However,it is unclear how tree species functional composition influences species mixture effects on ecosyst...Mixed-species plantations generally exhibit higher ecosystem multifunctionality than monospecific plantations.However,it is unclear how tree species functional composition influences species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality.We selected 171 monospecific and mixed-species plantations from nine regions across subtropical China,and quantified 13 key ecosystem functional properties to investigate how species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality are modulated by functional diversity and identity.We found that ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed tree plantations than in monospecific plantations except the mixed-conifer species plantations.Across all regions,ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed conifer-broadleaf plantations than in monospecific plantations of the corresponding species,but not different between mixed and monospecific coniferous plantations.The magnitude of species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality varied greatly with tree species compositions.Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb.as an example,the effects varied from a range of 2.0%–9.6%when mixed with a conifer species to 36%–87%when mixed with a broadleaf species.The functional diversity was the dominate driver shaping ecosystem multifunctionality,while functional identity,as expressed by community-weighted mean of specific leaf area,also had a positive effect on ecosystem multifunctionality through the increased below-ground nitrogen and phosphorus stocks regulated by specific leaf area of the mixing tree species.Our study highlights the important role of functional diversity in shaping ecosystem multifunctionality across region-wide environmental conditions.Mixed conifer-broadleaf tree plantations with distinct functional traits benefit the enhancement of ecosystem multifunctionality,and the magnitude of species mixture effects is modulated by the functional identity of tree species composition;those relationships deserve a special consideration in multifunctional management context of subtropical plantations.展开更多
Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycli...Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycling,soil carbon stocks,decomposition,and wood production)to five selective logging intensities in a Pinus yunnanensisdominated forest.We included a control group with no harvest to evaluate the potential shifts in EMF of the P.yunnanensis forests.We also assessed the relationship between above-and belowground biodiversity and EMF under these different selective logging intensities.Additionally,we evaluated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on EMF using a structural equation modeling(SEM)approach.Results:Individual ecosystem functions(EFs)all had a significant positive correlation with selective logging intensity.Different EFs showed different patterns with the increase of selective logging intensity.We found that EMF tended to increase with logging intensity,and that EMF significantly improved when the stand was harvested at least twice.Both functional diversity and soil moisture had a significant positive correlation with EMF,but soil fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)had a significant negative correlation with EMF.Based on SEM,we found that selective logging improved EMF mainly by increasing functional diversity.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that selective logging is a good management technique from an EMF perspective,and thus provide us with potential guidelines to improve forest management in P.yunnanensis forests in this region.The functional diversity is maximized through reasonable selective logging measures,so as to enhance EMF.展开更多
Background:The importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions has been widely accepted.However,the specific mechanisms affecting biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)relationships...Background:The importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions has been widely accepted.However,the specific mechanisms affecting biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)relationships in forests are largely unknown.This is particularly evident for the macroscale of a large forested landscape.Methods:Based on 412 one-tenth hectare field plots distributed over forested areas across northeastern China,we evaluated three alternative hypotheses explaining the relationships between BEMF,namely:niche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity effect.We used Rao's quadratic entropy and community weighted mean trait values to quantify forest“biodiversity”.These two variables represent two complementary aspects of functional properties,which are in line with niche complementary and mass ratio effects,respectively.Results:Ecosystem multifunctionality was negatively associated with the community weighted mean values of acquisitive traits(a proxy of mass ratio effect).Rao's quadratic entropy(a proxy of niche complementarity)had no relationship with ecosystem multifunctionality.Higher stand biomass greatly increased ecosystem multifunctionality,which is in line with the vegetation quantity effect.Our results confirm that in the temperate forests of northeastern China,the relationship of BEMF was primarily affected by vegetation quantity,followed by mass ratio effects.Conclusions:The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the main drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality in forest ecosystems.The results of this study provide additional evidence to support the vegetation quantity and mass ratio hypotheses in forest ecosystems.展开更多
Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefor...Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefore,studying the spatial variation characteristics in soil multifunctionality(SMF)and investigating the driving factors are critical for elucidating and managing the functions of dryland ecosystems in China.Based on the environmental factors(mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual temperature(MAT),solar radiation(Srad),soil acidity(pH),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and cation exchange capacity(CEC))and aridity from the“dataset of soil properties for land surface modeling over China”,we used non-linear regression,ordinary least square(OLS)regression,structural equation model(SEM),and other analytical methods to investigate the relationships of SMF with environmental factors across different aridity levels in China.SMF in different dryland regions varied significantly and showed a patchy distribution,with SMF index values ranging from–1.21 to 2.42.Regions with SMF index values from–0.20 to 0.51 accounting for 63.0%of dryland area in China.OLS regression results revealed that environmental factors like MAP,MAT,Srad,pH,EVI,and CEC were significantly related to SMF(P<0.05).MAP and MAT were correlated to SMF at the whole aridity level(P<0.05).SEM results showed that the driving factors of SMF differed depending on the aridity level.Soil pH was the strongest driving factor of SMF when the aridity was less than 0.80(P<0.001).Both soil CEC and EVI had a positive effect on SMF when aridity was greater than 0.80(P<0.01),with soil CEC being the strongest driving factor.The importance ranking revealed that the relative importance contribution of soil pH to SMF was greatest when aridity was less than 0.80(66.9%).When aridity was set to greater than 0.80,the relative importance contributions of CEC and EVI to SMF increased(45.1%and 31.9%,respectively).Our findings indicated that SMF had high spatial heterogeneity in drylands of China.The aridity threshold controlled the impact of environmental factors on SMF.展开更多
Rural areas are multifunctional and often have production,living,and ecological functions.The high-quality and balanced development of these three functions is key to sustainable rural development(SRD).Thus,the evalua...Rural areas are multifunctional and often have production,living,and ecological functions.The high-quality and balanced development of these three functions is key to sustainable rural development(SRD).Thus,the evaluation of SRD based on rural multifunctionality is of immense significance.This study clarifies the rela‐tionship between multifunctionality and sustainable rural development.An evaluation index system with six sub-components was established for calculating the SRD.In addition,we included 129 counties from the Sich‐uan Province in our case study,and used this index system to analyze the characteristics of rural multifunc‐tionality for evaluating the SRD.The results showed indisputable evidence of multifunctional development.At the county level,rural multifunctionality faces the challenge of insufficient and uneven development,particu‐larly in production functions.Significant spatial differences existed in rural multifunctional development,and the suburban counties generally performed better.Moreover,a mutually reinforcing relationship between pro‐duction,living,and ecological functions was established;however,there was still a significant gap in realizing SRD.Our results emphasize the necessity of a differentiated SRD strategy that should be formulated and imple‐mented based on rural multifunctionality differentiation rules.Our study offers useful guidance for realizing rural multifunctional and sustainable development.展开更多
Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on th...Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on the improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)mode,this study identifies and evaluates the LUMFs in the China-Vietnam border area between 2000 and 2018 from the perspectives of agricultural production,social security,ecological service,landscape recreation,and national security.The results show that:1)The comprehensive land use functions in most counties and cities continued to be improved.2)The comprehensive land use function exhibits remarkable spatial divergence and aggregation characteristics.The high-value area of the agricultural production function and social security function evolves from the east to the west.In addition,the spatial evolution of ecological service function is complicated,without an obvious spatial divergence and aggregation pattern.The landscape recreation function shows different spatial differentiation characteristics in the early and middle stage,and forms a large cluster in the later stage.Finally,the spatial evolution pattern of the national security function is significant.3)Designing differentiated border land policies,improving border land use security,and establishing a long-term mechanism for ecological protection and ecological compensation can aid in optimizing the LUMF level in the border area.展开更多
Widespread forest fires pose significant challenges to the diverse communities of soil-dwelling organisms and the multiple ecosystem functions they support.However,whether the biodiversity and interactions of various ...Widespread forest fires pose significant challenges to the diverse communities of soil-dwelling organisms and the multiple ecosystem functions they support.However,whether the biodiversity and interactions of various taxonomic groups respond to fire consistently in terms of direction and extent,and their relative role in regulating post-fire soil functioning,remains largely unexplored.In this study,we investigated whether the diversity and co-occurrence networks of soil organisms across various trophic levels(including bacteria,fungi,protists,and invertebrates)in subtropical forests exhibit consistent responses to fire.Furthermore,we investigated their contribution to regulating soil multifunctionality,which is measured by a range of soil extracellular enzyme activities,available nutrients and reduced potential fungal plant pathogens.Our findings revealed that fire led to a decline in the richness of fungi,protists,and invertebrates,without significantly impacting bacterial richness.Fire also simplified the microbial co-occurrence networks while complexifying the invertebrate networks.Interestingly,soil multifunctionality tended to decrease with the richness of lower-trophic communities(i.e.,bacteria),whereas it increased with that of high-trophic communities(i.e.,protists and invertebrates).Moreover,fire indirectly influenced soil multifunctionality by altering biodiversity and network complexity,particularly pronounced in high-trophic communities.Overall,our results underscored the divergent vulnerability of biodiversity and networks to fires across taxa groups,highlighting the crucial role of biodiversity and interactions of higher trophic taxa groups in shaping the recovery and functionality of fire-affected soils.展开更多
Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supp...Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.展开更多
Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lackin...Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lacking to support this hypothesis.Methods Based on a transect survey of 78 naturally assembled shrub communities,we caloulated acid deposition flux in Northwest China and evaluated its likely ecological ffets by testing three altemnative hypotheses,namely:.nidche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity hypotheses Rao's quadratic entopy and community-weighted mean traits were employed to represent the complementary aspect of niche complementarity and mass ratio effects,respectively.Resulbs:We observed that in the past four decades,the concentrations of exchangeable base cations in soil in Northwest China have decreased significantly to the extent of having faced the risk of depletion,whereas changes in the calium carbonate content and pH of soil were not significant.Adid deposition primani ly increased the aboweground biomass and shrub density in shrublands but had no sigmificant effect on shrub richness and ecasystem multifunctionality(EMF),indicating that acid deposition had positive but weak ecological effects on dryland ecosystems.Community wd ghted mean of functional traits(representing the mass ratio hypothesis)correlated negatively with EMF,whereas both Rao's quadratic entropy(representing the niche complementarity hypothesis)and aboveground biomass(representing the vegetation quantity hypothesis)correlated positively but insignifcantly with EMF.These biodiversity-EMF relationships highlight the fragility and instability of drylands relative to forest ecasystems.Concuions:The findings from this study serve as important reference points to understand the ris of soil acidification in arid regions and its impacts on biodiversity-EMF relationships.展开更多
The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems a...The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.展开更多
With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shieldin...With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.Meanwhile,the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications.Hitherto,a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed.In this review,we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials,but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for"green EMI shielding"performance.In addition,the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized.Finally,we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future,which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1300705)the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi,China (Guike AB24010051)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42261011,32271730 and U20A2011)the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (2023020)。
文摘Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program of China(No.2019QZKK0307)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42007057)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0106)Key R&D project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFD1601601)the Southwest Minzu University Double World-Class Project(No.CX2023012).
文摘Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.
基金supported by the China Central Government-Guided Local Science and Technology Development Project(23ZYQA291)the Innovation Star Project for Excellent Postgraduates in Gansu Province(2025CXZX-169)the Key Science&Technology Project of Gansu Province,China(22ZD6NA007)。
文摘Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),saline-alkaline(SA),and their combined(DSA)stress influence these ecological components remain poorly understood.This study investigated these mechanisms along natural gradients in a semi-arid grassland of China by analyzing soil physical-chemical properties,microbial communities,and vegetation characteristics.The results showed that as the environmental stress shifted from the D group to the DSA group and then to the SA group,soil electrical conductivity significantly increased,while urease and phosphatase activities significantly decreased.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were lower in the D and SA groups than in the DSA group.Meanwhile,plant biomass showed an increasing trend along the treatment gradient,primarily driven by dominant species,while plant diversity did not exhibit significant differences.Further analysis identified the soil water content and salinity as the key determinants of soil microbial diversity and community complexity.Soil enzyme activities exhibited contrasting relationships with microbial composition,correlating positively with the richness of bacterial amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)but negatively with the richness of fungal ASVs.Notably,microbial biomass,which varied significantly across different groups,emerged as a key predictor of changes in EMF,with its critical role confirmed through structural equation modeling.These findings collectively elucidate the responses of ecological communities to synergistic soil hydro-saline stress in semi-arid ecosystems,while highlighting the critical role of microbial biomass in maintaining EMF.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471603)Science and Technology Commissioner Special Project of Qinghai Province(2025-NK-P42)+2 种基金Central Financial Funds for Forestry and Grassland Reform and Development in 2024(2024-TG16)Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Science and Technology Program Project(2025-KH01-B)the leading Kunlun talents in Qinghai Province.
文摘As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation,Prime Minister's Office,Singapore,under its Competitive Research Program(NRF-CRP24-2020-0002)。
文摘Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components,leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity.In this work,we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor(FG AFeFET)that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device,enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system.By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy,we achieve tunable device behaviors,including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation,nonvolatile states for synaptic functions,and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations.The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams.Leveraging these insights,we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture,which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6%and 83.4%on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets,respectively.These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient,design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(Nos.CAFYBB2022SY037,CAFYBB2021ZA002 and CAFYBB2022QC002)the Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202201AT070264).
文摘Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.
基金This work was supported by the Tianshan Programme of Excellence(2022TSYCCX0001)the National Key Program for Basic Research and Development(973 Program)(2012CB417101)。
文摘In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32271774).
文摘Maintaining community stability has profound positive impacts on the ecological functions and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystems.Numerous studies have explored how community stability responds to climate change and its relationship with plant species diversity.Nevertheless,the impact and underlying mechanisms of belowground ecosystem multifunctionality(BGEMF)on community stability along a precipitation gradient in alpine grasslands remain poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap,we conducted field surveys from 2015 to 2020,measuring plant species diversity,annual net primary productivity(ANPP),and soil physicochemical properties across 79 sites in alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Our findings highlight both plant species diversity(standardized total effect:32%)and BGEMF(standardized total effect:75%)had an indirect effect on stability viaregulating mean ANPP within alpine grasslands.Furthermore,mean annual precipitation substantially impacted both plant species diversity and BGEMF,subsequently affecting community stability.However,temperature had a strong negative regulatory effect on species diversity,the mean and variability of ANPP.Thus,we emphasized the pivotal role of plant species diversity and BGEMF in shaping community stability,and stated the imperative need for species conservation and BGEMF improvement to sustain alpine ecosystems in the face of ongoing climate change.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31930078)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFD2200405)
文摘Mixed-species plantations generally exhibit higher ecosystem multifunctionality than monospecific plantations.However,it is unclear how tree species functional composition influences species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality.We selected 171 monospecific and mixed-species plantations from nine regions across subtropical China,and quantified 13 key ecosystem functional properties to investigate how species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality are modulated by functional diversity and identity.We found that ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed tree plantations than in monospecific plantations except the mixed-conifer species plantations.Across all regions,ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed conifer-broadleaf plantations than in monospecific plantations of the corresponding species,but not different between mixed and monospecific coniferous plantations.The magnitude of species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality varied greatly with tree species compositions.Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb.as an example,the effects varied from a range of 2.0%–9.6%when mixed with a conifer species to 36%–87%when mixed with a broadleaf species.The functional diversity was the dominate driver shaping ecosystem multifunctionality,while functional identity,as expressed by community-weighted mean of specific leaf area,also had a positive effect on ecosystem multifunctionality through the increased below-ground nitrogen and phosphorus stocks regulated by specific leaf area of the mixing tree species.Our study highlights the important role of functional diversity in shaping ecosystem multifunctionality across region-wide environmental conditions.Mixed conifer-broadleaf tree plantations with distinct functional traits benefit the enhancement of ecosystem multifunctionality,and the magnitude of species mixture effects is modulated by the functional identity of tree species composition;those relationships deserve a special consideration in multifunctional management context of subtropical plantations.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds of CAF(CAFYBB2017ZX002)Yunnan Basic Research Program(2019FB058).
文摘Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycling,soil carbon stocks,decomposition,and wood production)to five selective logging intensities in a Pinus yunnanensisdominated forest.We included a control group with no harvest to evaluate the potential shifts in EMF of the P.yunnanensis forests.We also assessed the relationship between above-and belowground biodiversity and EMF under these different selective logging intensities.Additionally,we evaluated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on EMF using a structural equation modeling(SEM)approach.Results:Individual ecosystem functions(EFs)all had a significant positive correlation with selective logging intensity.Different EFs showed different patterns with the increase of selective logging intensity.We found that EMF tended to increase with logging intensity,and that EMF significantly improved when the stand was harvested at least twice.Both functional diversity and soil moisture had a significant positive correlation with EMF,but soil fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)had a significant negative correlation with EMF.Based on SEM,we found that selective logging improved EMF mainly by increasing functional diversity.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that selective logging is a good management technique from an EMF perspective,and thus provide us with potential guidelines to improve forest management in P.yunnanensis forests in this region.The functional diversity is maximized through reasonable selective logging measures,so as to enhance EMF.
基金supported by the Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31971650)the Key Project of National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2017YFC0504005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800362).
文摘Background:The importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions has been widely accepted.However,the specific mechanisms affecting biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)relationships in forests are largely unknown.This is particularly evident for the macroscale of a large forested landscape.Methods:Based on 412 one-tenth hectare field plots distributed over forested areas across northeastern China,we evaluated three alternative hypotheses explaining the relationships between BEMF,namely:niche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity effect.We used Rao's quadratic entropy and community weighted mean trait values to quantify forest“biodiversity”.These two variables represent two complementary aspects of functional properties,which are in line with niche complementary and mass ratio effects,respectively.Results:Ecosystem multifunctionality was negatively associated with the community weighted mean values of acquisitive traits(a proxy of mass ratio effect).Rao's quadratic entropy(a proxy of niche complementarity)had no relationship with ecosystem multifunctionality.Higher stand biomass greatly increased ecosystem multifunctionality,which is in line with the vegetation quantity effect.Our results confirm that in the temperate forests of northeastern China,the relationship of BEMF was primarily affected by vegetation quantity,followed by mass ratio effects.Conclusions:The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the main drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality in forest ecosystems.The results of this study provide additional evidence to support the vegetation quantity and mass ratio hypotheses in forest ecosystems.
基金supported by the Xinjiang Outstanding Youth fund(2021D01E03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2003214 and 41977099).
文摘Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefore,studying the spatial variation characteristics in soil multifunctionality(SMF)and investigating the driving factors are critical for elucidating and managing the functions of dryland ecosystems in China.Based on the environmental factors(mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual temperature(MAT),solar radiation(Srad),soil acidity(pH),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and cation exchange capacity(CEC))and aridity from the“dataset of soil properties for land surface modeling over China”,we used non-linear regression,ordinary least square(OLS)regression,structural equation model(SEM),and other analytical methods to investigate the relationships of SMF with environmental factors across different aridity levels in China.SMF in different dryland regions varied significantly and showed a patchy distribution,with SMF index values ranging from–1.21 to 2.42.Regions with SMF index values from–0.20 to 0.51 accounting for 63.0%of dryland area in China.OLS regression results revealed that environmental factors like MAP,MAT,Srad,pH,EVI,and CEC were significantly related to SMF(P<0.05).MAP and MAT were correlated to SMF at the whole aridity level(P<0.05).SEM results showed that the driving factors of SMF differed depending on the aridity level.Soil pH was the strongest driving factor of SMF when the aridity was less than 0.80(P<0.001).Both soil CEC and EVI had a positive effect on SMF when aridity was greater than 0.80(P<0.01),with soil CEC being the strongest driving factor.The importance ranking revealed that the relative importance contribution of soil pH to SMF was greatest when aridity was less than 0.80(66.9%).When aridity was set to greater than 0.80,the relative importance contributions of CEC and EVI to SMF increased(45.1%and 31.9%,respectively).Our findings indicated that SMF had high spatial heterogeneity in drylands of China.The aridity threshold controlled the impact of environmental factors on SMF.
文摘Rural areas are multifunctional and often have production,living,and ecological functions.The high-quality and balanced development of these three functions is key to sustainable rural development(SRD).Thus,the evaluation of SRD based on rural multifunctionality is of immense significance.This study clarifies the rela‐tionship between multifunctionality and sustainable rural development.An evaluation index system with six sub-components was established for calculating the SRD.In addition,we included 129 counties from the Sich‐uan Province in our case study,and used this index system to analyze the characteristics of rural multifunc‐tionality for evaluating the SRD.The results showed indisputable evidence of multifunctional development.At the county level,rural multifunctionality faces the challenge of insufficient and uneven development,particu‐larly in production functions.Significant spatial differences existed in rural multifunctional development,and the suburban counties generally performed better.Moreover,a mutually reinforcing relationship between pro‐duction,living,and ecological functions was established;however,there was still a significant gap in realizing SRD.Our results emphasize the necessity of a differentiated SRD strategy that should be formulated and imple‐mented based on rural multifunctionality differentiation rules.Our study offers useful guidance for realizing rural multifunctional and sustainable development.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Project(No.42161046)National Social Science Project(No.21CJY075)+2 种基金Guangxi Natural Science Project(No.2021JJB150070)Guangxi Philosophy and Social Science Project(No.20FJY027)Guangxi First-class Discipline Applied Economics Construction Project Fund(Guangxi Education and Scientific Research(No.[2022]No.1))。
文摘Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on the improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)mode,this study identifies and evaluates the LUMFs in the China-Vietnam border area between 2000 and 2018 from the perspectives of agricultural production,social security,ecological service,landscape recreation,and national security.The results show that:1)The comprehensive land use functions in most counties and cities continued to be improved.2)The comprehensive land use function exhibits remarkable spatial divergence and aggregation characteristics.The high-value area of the agricultural production function and social security function evolves from the east to the west.In addition,the spatial evolution of ecological service function is complicated,without an obvious spatial divergence and aggregation pattern.The landscape recreation function shows different spatial differentiation characteristics in the early and middle stage,and forms a large cluster in the later stage.Finally,the spatial evolution pattern of the national security function is significant.3)Designing differentiated border land policies,improving border land use security,and establishing a long-term mechanism for ecological protection and ecological compensation can aid in optimizing the LUMF level in the border area.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42377288,32201528)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2021J05040).
文摘Widespread forest fires pose significant challenges to the diverse communities of soil-dwelling organisms and the multiple ecosystem functions they support.However,whether the biodiversity and interactions of various taxonomic groups respond to fire consistently in terms of direction and extent,and their relative role in regulating post-fire soil functioning,remains largely unexplored.In this study,we investigated whether the diversity and co-occurrence networks of soil organisms across various trophic levels(including bacteria,fungi,protists,and invertebrates)in subtropical forests exhibit consistent responses to fire.Furthermore,we investigated their contribution to regulating soil multifunctionality,which is measured by a range of soil extracellular enzyme activities,available nutrients and reduced potential fungal plant pathogens.Our findings revealed that fire led to a decline in the richness of fungi,protists,and invertebrates,without significantly impacting bacterial richness.Fire also simplified the microbial co-occurrence networks while complexifying the invertebrate networks.Interestingly,soil multifunctionality tended to decrease with the richness of lower-trophic communities(i.e.,bacteria),whereas it increased with that of high-trophic communities(i.e.,protists and invertebrates).Moreover,fire indirectly influenced soil multifunctionality by altering biodiversity and network complexity,particularly pronounced in high-trophic communities.Overall,our results underscored the divergent vulnerability of biodiversity and networks to fires across taxa groups,highlighting the crucial role of biodiversity and interactions of higher trophic taxa groups in shaping the recovery and functionality of fire-affected soils.
基金flnancial support from VLIR-UOS,Belgium through the VLIR-IUC Interuniversity cooperation with Bahir Dar University,Ethiopia(BDU-IUC)
文摘Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.
基金financially supported by the third xinjiang scientific expedition program (grant no.2022xjkk0901)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.XDA2006030102)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.42171068 and No.42330503)。
文摘Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lacking to support this hypothesis.Methods Based on a transect survey of 78 naturally assembled shrub communities,we caloulated acid deposition flux in Northwest China and evaluated its likely ecological ffets by testing three altemnative hypotheses,namely:.nidche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity hypotheses Rao's quadratic entopy and community-weighted mean traits were employed to represent the complementary aspect of niche complementarity and mass ratio effects,respectively.Resulbs:We observed that in the past four decades,the concentrations of exchangeable base cations in soil in Northwest China have decreased significantly to the extent of having faced the risk of depletion,whereas changes in the calium carbonate content and pH of soil were not significant.Adid deposition primani ly increased the aboweground biomass and shrub density in shrublands but had no sigmificant effect on shrub richness and ecasystem multifunctionality(EMF),indicating that acid deposition had positive but weak ecological effects on dryland ecosystems.Community wd ghted mean of functional traits(representing the mass ratio hypothesis)correlated negatively with EMF,whereas both Rao's quadratic entropy(representing the niche complementarity hypothesis)and aboveground biomass(representing the vegetation quantity hypothesis)correlated positively but insignifcantly with EMF.These biodiversity-EMF relationships highlight the fragility and instability of drylands relative to forest ecasystems.Concuions:The findings from this study serve as important reference points to understand the ris of soil acidification in arid regions and its impacts on biodiversity-EMF relationships.
基金supported by the Tianshan Talent Training Plan of Xinjiang,China(2022TSYCLJ0058,2022TSYCCX0001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2022D01D83,42377358).
文摘The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51725101,11727807,51672050,61790581,52102368,52101213)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Project No.2018YFA0209102)+6 种基金University Development Fund(UDF0100152)the Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams(Grant No.2017ZT07C291)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KQTD20170810141424366)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M680085)Regional Joint Fund for Basic Research and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province(No.2020SA001515110905)Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20210261)Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University
文摘With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.Meanwhile,the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications.Hitherto,a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed.In this review,we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials,but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for"green EMI shielding"performance.In addition,the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized.Finally,we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future,which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.
