This study proposes a method for analyzing the security distance of an Active Distribution Network(ADN)by incorporating the demand response of an Energy Hub(EH).Taking into account the impact of stochastic wind-solar ...This study proposes a method for analyzing the security distance of an Active Distribution Network(ADN)by incorporating the demand response of an Energy Hub(EH).Taking into account the impact of stochastic wind-solar power and flexible loads on the EH,an interactive power model was developed to represent the EH’s operation under these influences.Additionally,an ADN security distance model,integrating an EH with flexible loads,was constructed to evaluate the effect of flexible load variations on the ADN’s security distance.By considering scenarios such as air conditioning(AC)load reduction and base station(BS)load transfer,the security distances of phases A,B,and C increased by 17.1%,17.2%,and 17.7%,respectively.Furthermore,a multi-objective optimal power flow model was formulated and solved using the Forward-Backward Power Flow Algorithm,the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algo-rithm,and the maximum satisfaction method.The simulation results of the IEEE33 node system example demonstrate that after opti-mization,the total energy cost for one day is reduced by 0.026%,and the total security distance limit of the ADN’s three phases is improved by 0.1 MVA.This method effectively enhances the security distance,facilitates BS load transfer and AC load reduction,and contributes to the energy-saving,economical,and safe operation of the power system.展开更多
The deformation characteristic in the forming process of aluminum alloy 7075 cross valve under multi-way loading was investigated by numerical simulation method. The results indicate that there exist 4 deformation pat...The deformation characteristic in the forming process of aluminum alloy 7075 cross valve under multi-way loading was investigated by numerical simulation method. The results indicate that there exist 4 deformation patterns in the multi-way loading forming process of cross valve, such as forward extrusion, backward extrusion, forward-lateral extrusion and backward-lateral extrusion; one or several patterns occur at different forming stages depending on loading path. In general, the main deformation pattern is forward extrusion or backward extrusion at the initial stage; the main deformation pattern is backward extrusion at the intermediate stage, and the backward extrusion and forward-lateral extrusion occur at the final stage. In order to improve the cavity fill and reduce the forming defects, the lateral extrusion deformation should be increased at the initial and intermediate stages, and the forward extrusion deformation at the final forging stage should be reduced or avoided.展开更多
In this paper, the attitude tracking and load relief control problems against wind disturbances and uncertain aerodynamics as well as the engine thrust of launch vehicles are studied.Firstly, a framework of Compensate...In this paper, the attitude tracking and load relief control problems against wind disturbances and uncertain aerodynamics as well as the engine thrust of launch vehicles are studied.Firstly, a framework of Compensated Acceleration Feedback based Active Disturbance Rejection Control(CAF-ADRC) is established to achieve both desired attitude tracking and load relief performances. In particular, the total disturbance that includes the effects caused by both aerocoefficient perturbations and disturbances is estimated by constructing an Extended State Observer(ESO) to achieve attitude tracking. Furthermore, combined with the normal acceleration due to the engine thrust, the accelerometer measurement is also compensated to enhance the load relief effect.Secondly, the quantitative analysis of ESO and the entire closed-loop system are studied. It can be concluded that the desired attitude tracking and load relief performances can be achieved simultaneously under the proposed approach. Besides, tuning laws of the proposed approach are systematically given, which are divided into ESO, Proportional Derivative(PD) and Compensated Acceleration Feedback(CAF) modules. Moreover, the performances under CAF-ADRC approach can be better than those under CAF based PD(CAF-PD) approach by tuning load relief gain.Finally, the approach presented is applied to a typical control problem of launch vehicles with wind disturbances and parameter uncertainties.展开更多
With the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy,industrial flexible loads,as a kind of loadside resource with strong regulation ability,provide new opportunities for the research on renewable ener...With the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy,industrial flexible loads,as a kind of loadside resource with strong regulation ability,provide new opportunities for the research on renewable energy consumption problem in power systems.This paper proposes a two-layer active power optimization model based on industrial flexible loads for power grid partitioning,aiming at improving the line over-limit problem caused by renewable energy consumption in power grids with high proportion of renewable energy,and achieving the safe,stable and economical operation of power grids.Firstly,according to the evaluation index of renewable energy consumption characteristics of line active power,the power grid is divided into several partitions,and the interzone tie lines are taken as the optimization objects.Then,on the basis of partitioning,a two-layer active power optimization model considering the power constraints of industrial flexible loads is established.The upper-layer model optimizes the planned power of the inter-zone tie lines under the constraint of the minimum peak-valley difference within a day;the lower-layer model optimizes the regional source-load dispatching plan of each resource in each partition under the constraint of theminimumoperation cost of the partition,so as to reduce the line overlimit phenomenon caused by renewable energy consumption and save the electricity cost of industrial flexible loads.Finally,through simulation experiments,it is verified that the proposed model can effectively mobilize industrial flexible loads to participate in power grid operation and improve the economic stability of power grid.展开更多
Physical mechanical stimulation can maintain and even increase bone mass.Here,we report an important role of osteocytic integrinα5 in regulating the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading using an Itga5 cond...Physical mechanical stimulation can maintain and even increase bone mass.Here,we report an important role of osteocytic integrinα5 in regulating the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading using an Itga5 conditional gene knockout(cKO)mouse model.Integrinα5 gene deletion increased apoptotic osteocytes and reduced cortical anabolic responses to tibial compression including decreased endosteal osteoblasts and bone formation,and increased endosteal osteoclasts and bone resorption,contributing to the decreased bone area fraction and biomechanical properties,leading to an enlarged bone marrow area in cKO mice.Similar disruption of anabolic responses to mechanical loading was also detected in cKO trabecular bone.Moreover,integrinα5 deficiency impeded load-induced Cx43 hemichannel opening,and production and release of PGE2,an anabolic factor,resulting in attenuated effects of the loading on catabolic sclerostin(SOST)reduction and anabolicβ-catenin increase.Together,this study shows an indispensable role of integrinα5 in osteocytes in the anabolic action of mechanical loading on skeletal tissue through activation of hemichannels and PGE2-evoked gene expression.Integrinα5 could act as a potential new therapeutic target for bone loss,especially in the elderly population with impeded mechanical sensitivity.展开更多
Deformation behavior,temperature evolution and coupled effects have a significant influence on forming process and quality of component formed,which are very complex in forming process of aluminum alloy 7075 cross val...Deformation behavior,temperature evolution and coupled effects have a significant influence on forming process and quality of component formed,which are very complex in forming process of aluminum alloy 7075 cross valve under multi-way loading due to the complexity of loading path and the multiplicity of associated processing parameters.A model of the process was developed under DFEORM-3D environment based on the coupled thermo-mechanical finite element method.The comparison between two process models,the conventional isothermal process model and the non-isothermal process model developed in this study,was carried out,and the results indicate that the thermal events play an important role in the aluminum alloy forming process under multi-way loading.The distributions and evolutions of the temperature field and strain filed are obtained by non-isothermal process simulation.The plastic zone and its extension in forming process of cross valve were analyzed.The results may provide guidelines for the determination of multi-way loading forming scheme and loading conditions of the forming cross valve components.展开更多
The mass production of primed electronics can be achieved by roll-to-roll（R2R） printing system, so highly accurate web tension is required that can minimize the register error and keep the thickness and roughness of...The mass production of primed electronics can be achieved by roll-to-roll（R2R） printing system, so highly accurate web tension is required that can minimize the register error and keep the thickness and roughness of printed devices in limits. The web tension of a R2R system is regulated by the use of integrated load cells and active dancer system for printed electronics applications using decentralized multi-input-single-output（MISO） regularized variable learning rate backpropagation artificial neural networks. The active dancer system is used before printing system to reduce disturbances in the web tension of process span. The classical PID control result in tension spikes with the change in roll diameter of winder and unwinder rolls. The presence of dancer in R2R system shows that improved web tension control in printing span and the web tension can be enhanced from 3.75 N to 4.75 N. The overshoot of system is less than ±2.5 N and steady state error is within ± 1 N where load cells have a signal noise of ±0.7 N. The integration of load cells and active dancer with self-adapting neural network control provide a solution to the web tension control of multispan roll-to-roll system.展开更多
An active disturbance rejection controller （ADRC） is developed for load frequency control （LFC） and voltage regulation respectively in a power system. For LFC, the ADRC is constructed on a three-area interconnecte...An active disturbance rejection controller （ADRC） is developed for load frequency control （LFC） and voltage regulation respectively in a power system. For LFC, the ADRC is constructed on a three-area interconnected power system. The control goal is to maintain the frequency at nominal value （60Hz in North America） and keep tie-line power flow at scheduled value. For voltage regulation, the ADRC is applied to a static var compensator （SVC） as a supplementary controller. It is utilized to maintain the voltages at nearby buses within the ANSI C84.1 limits （or ＋5% tolerance）. Particularly, an alternative ADRC with smaller controller gains than classic ADRC is originally designed on the SVC system. From power generation and transmission to its distribution, both voltage and frequency regulating systems are subject to large and small disturbances caused by sudden load changes, transmission faults, and equipment loss/malfunction etc. The simulation results and theoretical analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of the ADRCs in compensating the disturbances and achieving the control goals.展开更多
With the expansion of distributed generation systems and demand response programs, the need to fully utilize distribution system capacity has increased. In addition, the potential bidirectional flow of power on distri...With the expansion of distributed generation systems and demand response programs, the need to fully utilize distribution system capacity has increased. In addition, the potential bidirectional flow of power on distribution networks demands voltage visibility and control at all voltage levels. Distribution system state estimations, however, have traditionally been less prioritized due to the lack of enough measurement points while being the major role player in knowing the real-time system states of active distribution networks. The advent of smart meters at LV loads, on the other hand, is giving relief to this shortcoming. This study explores the potential of bottom up load flow analysis based on customer level Automatic Meter Reading (AMRs) to compute short time forecasts of demands and distribution network system states. A state estimation frame-work, which makes use of available AMR data, is proposed and discussed.展开更多
The recently proposed mega-sub controlled structure （MSCS）, a new type of structure associated with the design and construction of super-tall buildings, has attracted the attention of designers for use in enhancing ...The recently proposed mega-sub controlled structure （MSCS）, a new type of structure associated with the design and construction of super-tall buildings, has attracted the attention of designers for use in enhancing the control effectiveness in mega-frame buildings. In this paper, a dynamic equation and method to assemble parameter matrixes for a mega-sub controlled structure under random wind loads is presented. Semi-active control using magnetorheological dampers for the MSCS under random wind loads is investigated, and is compared with a corresponding system without dampers. A parametric study of the relative stiffness ratio and relative mass ratio between the mega-frame and the substructures, as well as the additional column stiffness ratio that influences the response control effectiveness of the MSCS, is discussed. The studies reveal, for the first time, that different control mechanisms exist. The results indicate that the proposed structure employing semi-active control can offer an effective control mechanism. Guidelines for selecting parameters are provided based on the analytical study.展开更多
Biology is governed by macromolecular interactions,perturbation of which often lies at the heart of disease.Most therapeutic drugs,whether they are small molecules or biologics,exert their effects through impeding suc...Biology is governed by macromolecular interactions,perturbation of which often lies at the heart of disease.Most therapeutic drugs,whether they are small molecules or biologics,exert their effects through impeding such interactions,whether they are of an enzyme with its substrate or a ligand with its receptor.Conversely,a handful of approved drugs and a larger number of candidates in development have the opposite effect:They either activate or inhibit a biological output by stabilizing a preexisting complex through reducing the rate at which its components dissociate(koff).展开更多
Objective Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium(BKCa)channel modulates vascular smooth muscle tone.In the present study,we tested the hypothesis that salt,one of the factors which significantly influence blood...Objective Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium(BKCa)channel modulates vascular smooth muscle tone.In the present study,we tested the hypothesis that salt,one of the factors which significantly influence blood pressure(BP),can regulate BKCa activity and then elevate blood pressure.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were randomized into high salt diet group(HS)and control group,fed with high salt diet(containing 5% NaCl)and standard rat chow(containing 0.4% NaCl)respectively for 16 weeks.Tail systolic blood pressure(SBP),body weight(BW)and 24-hour urinary output were tested every 4 weeks.Content of urinary Na+ was detected using flame spectrophotometrical method.At the end of 16 weeks,all the rats were killed,the mesenteric arteries were obtained,and single mesenteric smooth muscle cells were isolated at once.The resting membrane potential(Em),the total potassium currents and the currents after perfusion with TEA solution of the cells were all recorded by whole cell patch clamp.The transcriptions of BKCa channel α and β1 subunits in mesenteric arterial vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC)of each group were calculated by real-time RT-PCR.Results There was no difference in SBP and BW at each stage between control group and HS group;the urinary Na+ level in HS animals was elevated significantly after 4 weeks.The negative values of Em in HS group VSMCs were reduced compared with those in the control group.Transcriptions of β1 subunit of BKCa channels were decreased in HS group,but α subunit transcriptions did not differ between the two groups.Whole cell potassium currents did not differ between HS and control groups,but BKCa currents of HS group VSMCs were lower than those of control group ones.Conclusion Even without elevating SBP,salt-loading can still modulate the expression and activity of BKCa channel in the mesenteric arterial VSMC and elevate vascular tone.展开更多
An obvious motivation of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the lateral vibration control of a jacket type offshore platform with an AMD control device, in conjunction with H-2 control algorithm, which is a...An obvious motivation of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the lateral vibration control of a jacket type offshore platform with an AMD control device, in conjunction with H-2 control algorithm, which is an optimal frequency domain control method based on minimization of H-2 norm of the system transfer function In this study, the offshore platform is modeled numerically by use of the finite element method, instead of a lumped mass model This structural model is later simplified to be single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system by extracting the first vibration mode of the structure. The corresponding 'generalized' wave force is determined based on an analytical approximation of the first mode shape function, the physical wave loading being calculated from the linearized Morison equation. This approach facilitates the filter design for the generalized force. Furthermore, the present paper also intends to make numerical comparison between H-2 active control and the corresponding passive control using a TMD with the same device parameters.展开更多
Nano-silver loaded montmorillonite （Ag-MMT） was prepared by ion-exchange and then a UV-photoreduction two-step approach was applied. The silver content in Ag-MMT determined by Volhard method was about 6.4 wt%. The m...Nano-silver loaded montmorillonite （Ag-MMT） was prepared by ion-exchange and then a UV-photoreduction two-step approach was applied. The silver content in Ag-MMT determined by Volhard method was about 6.4 wt%. The morphology and structure of as-synthesized Ag-MMT were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results showed that the Ag nanoparticles were spherical and their diameters were about 15-20 nm. Moreover, the structure of MMT did not change. The minimum inhibition concentration （MIC） of Ag-MMT was 100×10-6 and the sterilizing efficiency （SE） of Ag-MMT was approximately 100% against Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 （E. coli. In addition, the slow release property of silver in Ag-MMT was also demonstrated.展开更多
The boundary between the near and far fields is generally defined as the distance from the vibration source beyond which ground vibrations are mainly dominated by Rayleigh waves. It is closely related to the type of v...The boundary between the near and far fields is generally defined as the distance from the vibration source beyond which ground vibrations are mainly dominated by Rayleigh waves. It is closely related to the type of vibration source and the soil properties. Based on the solutions of the Lamb＇s problem, the boundary at the surface between the near and far fields of ground vibration was investigated for a harmonic vertical concentrated load and an infinite line load at the surface of a visco-elastic half-space. Particularly, the variation of the boundary with the material damping was investigated for both cases. The results indicate that the material damping slightly contributes to the attenuation of vibrations in the near-source region, but significantly reduces the vibrations in the region that is at some distance away from the source. When taking the material damping into consideration, the boundary between the near and far fields tends to move towards the vibration source. Compared with the vibrations caused by a concentrated load, the vibrations induced by an infinite line load can affect a larger range of the surrounding environment, and they attenuate more slowly. This means the boundary between the near field and far field should move fitrther away from the source. Finally, the boundaries are defined in terms of R-wave length （2R） and Poisson ratio of the ground （o）. For the case of a point load, the boundary is located at the distance of （5.0-6.0）2R for v≤0.30 and at the distance of （2.0--3.0）2R for v≥0.35. For the case of an infinite line load, the boundary is located at the distance （5.5-6.5）2rt for v≤0.30 and at the distance （2.5--3.5）2R for v≥0.35.展开更多
Aimed at the problem of instability in engine control caused by vector deflection in experiment of turbofan engines with Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle(AVEN),a vector deflection stability control method of aero...Aimed at the problem of instability in engine control caused by vector deflection in experiment of turbofan engines with Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle(AVEN),a vector deflection stability control method of aero-engine based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control(LADRC)is proposed.Firstly,based on CFD numerical simulation,aerodynamic performance model of AVEN is established,and the aerodynamic load change rule of the nozzle throat area actuator during vector deflection is revealed.Subsequently,the integrated model of AVEN/-turbofan engine is established by Simulink/AMESim co-simulation.Finally,the nozzle throat area control loop based on LADRC is designed.The simulation results show that the integrated model can reflect the influence of vector deflection on the stability of the control system.The accuracy comparison between the fan rotor speed and the test data during vector deflection is larger than 1%,indicating a high degree of confidence.Compared with the conventional PID control,the designed LADRC control loop reduces the speed of the low-pressure rotor during vector deflection by 70%,which effectively improves the control stability of the vector deflection.Meanwhile,the fuel flow ratechange during the vector deflection process is smaller and more economical,which provides an important reference for engineering applications.展开更多
In this paper a new Active Power Filter (APF) control method is proposed. Computation of the load harmonic compensation current is performed by the adaptive notch infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. Performance of...In this paper a new Active Power Filter (APF) control method is proposed. Computation of the load harmonic compensation current is performed by the adaptive notch infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. Performance of the proposed scheme has been verified by computer simulation. MATLAB/SIMULINK power system toolbox is used to simulate the proposed system. The simulation results are presented and confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Flexible reserve capacity support is im-portant for mitigating active power imbalance issues in asynchronous power systems.Electrolytic aluminum loads(EALs),owing to their large capacity and rapid response,are used as...Flexible reserve capacity support is im-portant for mitigating active power imbalance issues in asynchronous power systems.Electrolytic aluminum loads(EALs),owing to their large capacity and rapid response,are used as regulation resources in this study.Combining EALs with renewable energy generation units allows the sending power system to provide active power support to the receiving power system when a large power disturbance occurs.An active power support control strategy is proposed for a voltage source converter based high voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)asynchronous power system.The active power control method of the EAL is analyzed as the foundation,and the load fre-quency control models of the sending and receiving sys-tems are presented to promote the proposed control strategy.Active power controllers based on model pre-dictive control(MPC)theory are designed to manage power system uncertainties and external disturbances.The proposed active power support control strategy is realized by optimizing the regulation resources in the sending power system while maintaining a stable fre-quency when the reserve capacity of the receiving system is insufficient.An actual industrial power grid with re-newable energy is selected as the sending system and simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed active power support control strategy and MPC-based controllers.展开更多
The objective of the present research is to examine the effectiveness of the lateral vibration control of wave-excited response of offshore platforms with magneto-rheological (MR) damper. In this study, the offshore p...The objective of the present research is to examine the effectiveness of the lateral vibration control of wave-excited response of offshore platforms with magneto-rheological (MR) damper. In this study, the offshore platform is simplified to be a singled degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system by extracting the first vibration mode of the structure. The external 'generalized' wave force is determined with a white noise via a designed filter. A semi-active control method based on optimal control theory is proposed considering that the yield stress of the MR damper can he varied continuously within a certain range. The dynamics of SDOF structure coupled with the MR damper is investigated. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the MR damper with this control strategy can significantly reduce the maximum responses and the root-mean-square (RMS) values.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.51977012,No.52307080).
文摘This study proposes a method for analyzing the security distance of an Active Distribution Network(ADN)by incorporating the demand response of an Energy Hub(EH).Taking into account the impact of stochastic wind-solar power and flexible loads on the EH,an interactive power model was developed to represent the EH’s operation under these influences.Additionally,an ADN security distance model,integrating an EH with flexible loads,was constructed to evaluate the effect of flexible load variations on the ADN’s security distance.By considering scenarios such as air conditioning(AC)load reduction and base station(BS)load transfer,the security distances of phases A,B,and C increased by 17.1%,17.2%,and 17.7%,respectively.Furthermore,a multi-objective optimal power flow model was formulated and solved using the Forward-Backward Power Flow Algorithm,the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algo-rithm,and the maximum satisfaction method.The simulation results of the IEEE33 node system example demonstrate that after opti-mization,the total energy cost for one day is reduced by 0.026%,and the total security distance limit of the ADN’s three phases is improved by 0.1 MVA.This method effectively enhances the security distance,facilitates BS load transfer and AC load reduction,and contributes to the energy-saving,economical,and safe operation of the power system.
基金Project(2011ZX04016-081)supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China
文摘The deformation characteristic in the forming process of aluminum alloy 7075 cross valve under multi-way loading was investigated by numerical simulation method. The results indicate that there exist 4 deformation patterns in the multi-way loading forming process of cross valve, such as forward extrusion, backward extrusion, forward-lateral extrusion and backward-lateral extrusion; one or several patterns occur at different forming stages depending on loading path. In general, the main deformation pattern is forward extrusion or backward extrusion at the initial stage; the main deformation pattern is backward extrusion at the intermediate stage, and the backward extrusion and forward-lateral extrusion occur at the final stage. In order to improve the cavity fill and reduce the forming defects, the lateral extrusion deformation should be increased at the initial and intermediate stages, and the forward extrusion deformation at the final forging stage should be reduced or avoided.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFA1004703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62122083 and 62103014)Chinese Academy of Sciences Youth Innovation Promotion Association (No. 2021003)。
文摘In this paper, the attitude tracking and load relief control problems against wind disturbances and uncertain aerodynamics as well as the engine thrust of launch vehicles are studied.Firstly, a framework of Compensated Acceleration Feedback based Active Disturbance Rejection Control(CAF-ADRC) is established to achieve both desired attitude tracking and load relief performances. In particular, the total disturbance that includes the effects caused by both aerocoefficient perturbations and disturbances is estimated by constructing an Extended State Observer(ESO) to achieve attitude tracking. Furthermore, combined with the normal acceleration due to the engine thrust, the accelerometer measurement is also compensated to enhance the load relief effect.Secondly, the quantitative analysis of ESO and the entire closed-loop system are studied. It can be concluded that the desired attitude tracking and load relief performances can be achieved simultaneously under the proposed approach. Besides, tuning laws of the proposed approach are systematically given, which are divided into ESO, Proportional Derivative(PD) and Compensated Acceleration Feedback(CAF) modules. Moreover, the performances under CAF-ADRC approach can be better than those under CAF based PD(CAF-PD) approach by tuning load relief gain.Finally, the approach presented is applied to a typical control problem of launch vehicles with wind disturbances and parameter uncertainties.
基金supported by State Grid Corporation of China Project“Research and Application of Key Technologies for Active Power Control in Regional Power Grid with High Penetration of Distributed Renewable Generation”(5108-202316044A-1-1-ZN).
文摘With the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy,industrial flexible loads,as a kind of loadside resource with strong regulation ability,provide new opportunities for the research on renewable energy consumption problem in power systems.This paper proposes a two-layer active power optimization model based on industrial flexible loads for power grid partitioning,aiming at improving the line over-limit problem caused by renewable energy consumption in power grids with high proportion of renewable energy,and achieving the safe,stable and economical operation of power grids.Firstly,according to the evaluation index of renewable energy consumption characteristics of line active power,the power grid is divided into several partitions,and the interzone tie lines are taken as the optimization objects.Then,on the basis of partitioning,a two-layer active power optimization model considering the power constraints of industrial flexible loads is established.The upper-layer model optimizes the planned power of the inter-zone tie lines under the constraint of the minimum peak-valley difference within a day;the lower-layer model optimizes the regional source-load dispatching plan of each resource in each partition under the constraint of theminimumoperation cost of the partition,so as to reduce the line overlimit phenomenon caused by renewable energy consumption and save the electricity cost of industrial flexible loads.Finally,through simulation experiments,it is verified that the proposed model can effectively mobilize industrial flexible loads to participate in power grid operation and improve the economic stability of power grid.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)Grants:AR072020(to J.X.J.)Welch Foundation grant:AQ-1507(to J.X.J.).
文摘Physical mechanical stimulation can maintain and even increase bone mass.Here,we report an important role of osteocytic integrinα5 in regulating the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading using an Itga5 conditional gene knockout(cKO)mouse model.Integrinα5 gene deletion increased apoptotic osteocytes and reduced cortical anabolic responses to tibial compression including decreased endosteal osteoblasts and bone formation,and increased endosteal osteoclasts and bone resorption,contributing to the decreased bone area fraction and biomechanical properties,leading to an enlarged bone marrow area in cKO mice.Similar disruption of anabolic responses to mechanical loading was also detected in cKO trabecular bone.Moreover,integrinα5 deficiency impeded load-induced Cx43 hemichannel opening,and production and release of PGE2,an anabolic factor,resulting in attenuated effects of the loading on catabolic sclerostin(SOST)reduction and anabolicβ-catenin increase.Together,this study shows an indispensable role of integrinα5 in osteocytes in the anabolic action of mechanical loading on skeletal tissue through activation of hemichannels and PGE2-evoked gene expression.Integrinα5 could act as a potential new therapeutic target for bone loss,especially in the elderly population with impeded mechanical sensitivity.
基金Project(50735005) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Key Program of ChinaProject(2006AA04Z135) supported by the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China+1 种基金Project supported by the Foundational Research Program of National Defence, ChinaProject supported by Northwestern Polytechnical University Foundation for Fundamental Research, China
文摘Deformation behavior,temperature evolution and coupled effects have a significant influence on forming process and quality of component formed,which are very complex in forming process of aluminum alloy 7075 cross valve under multi-way loading due to the complexity of loading path and the multiplicity of associated processing parameters.A model of the process was developed under DFEORM-3D environment based on the coupled thermo-mechanical finite element method.The comparison between two process models,the conventional isothermal process model and the non-isothermal process model developed in this study,was carried out,and the results indicate that the thermal events play an important role in the aluminum alloy forming process under multi-way loading.The distributions and evolutions of the temperature field and strain filed are obtained by non-isothermal process simulation.The plastic zone and its extension in forming process of cross valve were analyzed.The results may provide guidelines for the determination of multi-way loading forming scheme and loading conditions of the forming cross valve components.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,Korea(Grant No.2010-0026163)Strategy Technology Development Project,Ministry of Knowledge Economy,Korea(Grant No.10032149)
文摘The mass production of primed electronics can be achieved by roll-to-roll（R2R） printing system, so highly accurate web tension is required that can minimize the register error and keep the thickness and roughness of printed devices in limits. The web tension of a R2R system is regulated by the use of integrated load cells and active dancer system for printed electronics applications using decentralized multi-input-single-output（MISO） regularized variable learning rate backpropagation artificial neural networks. The active dancer system is used before printing system to reduce disturbances in the web tension of process span. The classical PID control result in tension spikes with the change in roll diameter of winder and unwinder rolls. The presence of dancer in R2R system shows that improved web tension control in printing span and the web tension can be enhanced from 3.75 N to 4.75 N. The overshoot of system is less than ±2.5 N and steady state error is within ± 1 N where load cells have a signal noise of ±0.7 N. The integration of load cells and active dancer with self-adapting neural network control provide a solution to the web tension control of multispan roll-to-roll system.
文摘An active disturbance rejection controller （ADRC） is developed for load frequency control （LFC） and voltage regulation respectively in a power system. For LFC, the ADRC is constructed on a three-area interconnected power system. The control goal is to maintain the frequency at nominal value （60Hz in North America） and keep tie-line power flow at scheduled value. For voltage regulation, the ADRC is applied to a static var compensator （SVC） as a supplementary controller. It is utilized to maintain the voltages at nearby buses within the ANSI C84.1 limits （or ＋5% tolerance）. Particularly, an alternative ADRC with smaller controller gains than classic ADRC is originally designed on the SVC system. From power generation and transmission to its distribution, both voltage and frequency regulating systems are subject to large and small disturbances caused by sudden load changes, transmission faults, and equipment loss/malfunction etc. The simulation results and theoretical analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of the ADRCs in compensating the disturbances and achieving the control goals.
文摘With the expansion of distributed generation systems and demand response programs, the need to fully utilize distribution system capacity has increased. In addition, the potential bidirectional flow of power on distribution networks demands voltage visibility and control at all voltage levels. Distribution system state estimations, however, have traditionally been less prioritized due to the lack of enough measurement points while being the major role player in knowing the real-time system states of active distribution networks. The advent of smart meters at LV loads, on the other hand, is giving relief to this shortcoming. This study explores the potential of bottom up load flow analysis based on customer level Automatic Meter Reading (AMRs) to compute short time forecasts of demands and distribution network system states. A state estimation frame-work, which makes use of available AMR data, is proposed and discussed.
基金Science and Technology Fund of NWPU Under Grant No. M450211Seed Fund of NWPU Under Grant No. Z200534
文摘The recently proposed mega-sub controlled structure （MSCS）, a new type of structure associated with the design and construction of super-tall buildings, has attracted the attention of designers for use in enhancing the control effectiveness in mega-frame buildings. In this paper, a dynamic equation and method to assemble parameter matrixes for a mega-sub controlled structure under random wind loads is presented. Semi-active control using magnetorheological dampers for the MSCS under random wind loads is investigated, and is compared with a corresponding system without dampers. A parametric study of the relative stiffness ratio and relative mass ratio between the mega-frame and the substructures, as well as the additional column stiffness ratio that influences the response control effectiveness of the MSCS, is discussed. The studies reveal, for the first time, that different control mechanisms exist. The results indicate that the proposed structure employing semi-active control can offer an effective control mechanism. Guidelines for selecting parameters are provided based on the analytical study.
文摘Biology is governed by macromolecular interactions,perturbation of which often lies at the heart of disease.Most therapeutic drugs,whether they are small molecules or biologics,exert their effects through impeding such interactions,whether they are of an enzyme with its substrate or a ligand with its receptor.Conversely,a handful of approved drugs and a larger number of candidates in development have the opposite effect:They either activate or inhibit a biological output by stabilizing a preexisting complex through reducing the rate at which its components dissociate(koff).
文摘Objective Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium(BKCa)channel modulates vascular smooth muscle tone.In the present study,we tested the hypothesis that salt,one of the factors which significantly influence blood pressure(BP),can regulate BKCa activity and then elevate blood pressure.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were randomized into high salt diet group(HS)and control group,fed with high salt diet(containing 5% NaCl)and standard rat chow(containing 0.4% NaCl)respectively for 16 weeks.Tail systolic blood pressure(SBP),body weight(BW)and 24-hour urinary output were tested every 4 weeks.Content of urinary Na+ was detected using flame spectrophotometrical method.At the end of 16 weeks,all the rats were killed,the mesenteric arteries were obtained,and single mesenteric smooth muscle cells were isolated at once.The resting membrane potential(Em),the total potassium currents and the currents after perfusion with TEA solution of the cells were all recorded by whole cell patch clamp.The transcriptions of BKCa channel α and β1 subunits in mesenteric arterial vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC)of each group were calculated by real-time RT-PCR.Results There was no difference in SBP and BW at each stage between control group and HS group;the urinary Na+ level in HS animals was elevated significantly after 4 weeks.The negative values of Em in HS group VSMCs were reduced compared with those in the control group.Transcriptions of β1 subunit of BKCa channels were decreased in HS group,but α subunit transcriptions did not differ between the two groups.Whole cell potassium currents did not differ between HS and control groups,but BKCa currents of HS group VSMCs were lower than those of control group ones.Conclusion Even without elevating SBP,salt-loading can still modulate the expression and activity of BKCa channel in the mesenteric arterial VSMC and elevate vascular tone.
基金This work was partly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for RONPAKU program by Foundation for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education of China
文摘An obvious motivation of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the lateral vibration control of a jacket type offshore platform with an AMD control device, in conjunction with H-2 control algorithm, which is an optimal frequency domain control method based on minimization of H-2 norm of the system transfer function In this study, the offshore platform is modeled numerically by use of the finite element method, instead of a lumped mass model This structural model is later simplified to be single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system by extracting the first vibration mode of the structure. The corresponding 'generalized' wave force is determined based on an analytical approximation of the first mode shape function, the physical wave loading being calculated from the linearized Morison equation. This approach facilitates the filter design for the generalized force. Furthermore, the present paper also intends to make numerical comparison between H-2 active control and the corresponding passive control using a TMD with the same device parameters.
基金Huazhong University of Science and Technology,China, for the analytical support
文摘Nano-silver loaded montmorillonite （Ag-MMT） was prepared by ion-exchange and then a UV-photoreduction two-step approach was applied. The silver content in Ag-MMT determined by Volhard method was about 6.4 wt%. The morphology and structure of as-synthesized Ag-MMT were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results showed that the Ag nanoparticles were spherical and their diameters were about 15-20 nm. Moreover, the structure of MMT did not change. The minimum inhibition concentration （MIC） of Ag-MMT was 100×10-6 and the sterilizing efficiency （SE） of Ag-MMT was approximately 100% against Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 （E. coli. In addition, the slow release property of silver in Ag-MMT was also demonstrated.
基金Project(51178342)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(KLE-TJGE-C1301)supported by the Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education(Tongji University)under the International Cooperation and Exchange Program,China
文摘The boundary between the near and far fields is generally defined as the distance from the vibration source beyond which ground vibrations are mainly dominated by Rayleigh waves. It is closely related to the type of vibration source and the soil properties. Based on the solutions of the Lamb＇s problem, the boundary at the surface between the near and far fields of ground vibration was investigated for a harmonic vertical concentrated load and an infinite line load at the surface of a visco-elastic half-space. Particularly, the variation of the boundary with the material damping was investigated for both cases. The results indicate that the material damping slightly contributes to the attenuation of vibrations in the near-source region, but significantly reduces the vibrations in the region that is at some distance away from the source. When taking the material damping into consideration, the boundary between the near and far fields tends to move towards the vibration source. Compared with the vibrations caused by a concentrated load, the vibrations induced by an infinite line load can affect a larger range of the surrounding environment, and they attenuate more slowly. This means the boundary between the near field and far field should move fitrther away from the source. Finally, the boundaries are defined in terms of R-wave length （2R） and Poisson ratio of the ground （o）. For the case of a point load, the boundary is located at the distance of （5.0-6.0）2R for v≤0.30 and at the distance of （2.0--3.0）2R for v≥0.35. For the case of an infinite line load, the boundary is located at the distance （5.5-6.5）2rt for v≤0.30 and at the distance （2.5--3.5）2R for v≥0.35.
基金supported in part by the National Science and Technology Major Project,China(No.2017-V-0004-0054)in part by the Research on the Basic Problem of Intelligent Aeroengine,China(No.2017-JCJQ-ZD-047-21)+1 种基金in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.NZ2020002)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51906102)。
文摘Aimed at the problem of instability in engine control caused by vector deflection in experiment of turbofan engines with Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle(AVEN),a vector deflection stability control method of aero-engine based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control(LADRC)is proposed.Firstly,based on CFD numerical simulation,aerodynamic performance model of AVEN is established,and the aerodynamic load change rule of the nozzle throat area actuator during vector deflection is revealed.Subsequently,the integrated model of AVEN/-turbofan engine is established by Simulink/AMESim co-simulation.Finally,the nozzle throat area control loop based on LADRC is designed.The simulation results show that the integrated model can reflect the influence of vector deflection on the stability of the control system.The accuracy comparison between the fan rotor speed and the test data during vector deflection is larger than 1%,indicating a high degree of confidence.Compared with the conventional PID control,the designed LADRC control loop reduces the speed of the low-pressure rotor during vector deflection by 70%,which effectively improves the control stability of the vector deflection.Meanwhile,the fuel flow ratechange during the vector deflection process is smaller and more economical,which provides an important reference for engineering applications.
文摘In this paper a new Active Power Filter (APF) control method is proposed. Computation of the load harmonic compensation current is performed by the adaptive notch infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. Performance of the proposed scheme has been verified by computer simulation. MATLAB/SIMULINK power system toolbox is used to simulate the proposed system. The simulation results are presented and confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid(No.0500002022030301GH00163).
文摘Flexible reserve capacity support is im-portant for mitigating active power imbalance issues in asynchronous power systems.Electrolytic aluminum loads(EALs),owing to their large capacity and rapid response,are used as regulation resources in this study.Combining EALs with renewable energy generation units allows the sending power system to provide active power support to the receiving power system when a large power disturbance occurs.An active power support control strategy is proposed for a voltage source converter based high voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)asynchronous power system.The active power control method of the EAL is analyzed as the foundation,and the load fre-quency control models of the sending and receiving sys-tems are presented to promote the proposed control strategy.Active power controllers based on model pre-dictive control(MPC)theory are designed to manage power system uncertainties and external disturbances.The proposed active power support control strategy is realized by optimizing the regulation resources in the sending power system while maintaining a stable fre-quency when the reserve capacity of the receiving system is insufficient.An actual industrial power grid with re-newable energy is selected as the sending system and simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed active power support control strategy and MPC-based controllers.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.(Grant No.50179014)
文摘The objective of the present research is to examine the effectiveness of the lateral vibration control of wave-excited response of offshore platforms with magneto-rheological (MR) damper. In this study, the offshore platform is simplified to be a singled degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system by extracting the first vibration mode of the structure. The external 'generalized' wave force is determined with a white noise via a designed filter. A semi-active control method based on optimal control theory is proposed considering that the yield stress of the MR damper can he varied continuously within a certain range. The dynamics of SDOF structure coupled with the MR damper is investigated. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the MR damper with this control strategy can significantly reduce the maximum responses and the root-mean-square (RMS) values.
