This study presents a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on Batrachospermaceae based on key taxonomic identifiers(rbcL,psaA,psbA,and COI-5P)from some genera.To systematically explore the phylogenetic relationships an...This study presents a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on Batrachospermaceae based on key taxonomic identifiers(rbcL,psaA,psbA,and COI-5P)from some genera.To systematically explore the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy within Batrachospermaceae,we integrated molecular and morphological data,and explored the phylogeny,character evolution,and ancestral geographical origin and provided a theoretical support for the classification and geographic origination of Batrachospermaceae.Our findings reveal distinct relationships within the phylogenetic tree.Notably,10 genera(Sirodotia,Batrachospermum,Tuomeya,Volatus,Lympha,Nothocladus,Torularia,Sheathia,Nocturama,and Petrohua)are closely associated in the rbcL phylogenetic tree.Additionally,four genera(Kumanoa,Hoefkenia,Notohesperus,and Virescentia)exhibit high support ratios,indicating their close interrelations.Other genera,including Paludicola,Visia,Acarposporophycos,Macrosporophycos,Visioidea,Balliopsis,and Psilosiphon,exhibit clustering traits.Furthermore,the multigene sequences provide a robust support for Montagnia that forms a monophyletic group.Ancestral reconstruction of morphological characters identifies nine primitive character states,including whorl,fascicle length,cortical cells,secondary fascicles,the shape of carpogonical branch,spermatangia,carposporophyte,carpogonium and trichogyne,with Visia likely representing ancestral traits in Batrachospermaceae.Furthermore,geographical origin maps suggest a potential common ancestral of Batrachospermaceae origin in the American continent.Additional to conventional analyses,including evolutionary and ancestral reconstruction investigations into key morphological characters,we attempt to reconstruct the biogeography within the Batrachospermaceae,thus contributing to a nuanced understanding of its origin.展开更多
The effective density(ρ_(eff))is a key parameter of black carbon-containing(BCc)particles and is related to their morphologies,deposition processes,and optical properties.In this study,a tandem system was established...The effective density(ρ_(eff))is a key parameter of black carbon-containing(BCc)particles and is related to their morphologies,deposition processes,and optical properties.In this study,a tandem system was established and used to determine theρ_(eff)of ambient BCc particles.The results showed that theρ_(eff)distribution of ambient BCc particles exhibited a bimodal pattern with a left peak located at 0.69 g cm^(-3)and a right peak at 1.45 g cm^(-3).The averageρ_(eff)of BCc particles over the entire observation period was 1.38 g cm^(-3).Theρ_(eff)of BCc particles showed a clear diurnal pattern with a relatively stable distribution at night and large variations during the daytime.Theρ_(eff)value was demonstrated to be a good indicator of BCc particle morphology.BCc particles became more regular with increasingρ_(eff)related to the increasing coating thickness.More coating led to morphological restructuring of BCc particles.The restructuring could be more efficient under high relative humidity conditions.The observed data were further used in a dry deposition scheme,and it was found that the dry deposition velocity of fresh emitted BCc could be largely influenced by its irregular shape.This study reveals the presence of a significant amount of low-density/irregularly shaped black carbon in the environment with rapid morphological changes occurring during the daytime and highlights the need to consider morphological influences in future research on the physicochemical properties of BCc.展开更多
In the fast-paced living environment, changes in dietary patterns have led to a continuous increase in the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC), making it a prevalent malignant tumor of the digesti...In the fast-paced living environment, changes in dietary patterns have led to a continuous increase in the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC), making it a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive system worldwide. Currently, CRC clinical diagnosis and treatment face challenges such as high costs and persistently high recurrence rates. Traditional quantification of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) relies on manual analysis and judgment, resulting in low diagnostic efficiency and susceptibility to subjective factors, leading to missed or misdiagnosed cases. To enhance the efficiency and quality of CRC clinical diagnosis and treatment, this study explores domestic and international research on the automatic identification of CRC cells using machine learning strategies. It analyzes the morphological heterogeneity and prognostic value in the application of this strategy, aiming to deepen the understanding of intelligent tool applications in precise diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of colorectal cancer, comprehend the current research status and development trends, and provide references for addressing and addressing the gaps in related research.展开更多
The hydrogen reduction kinetics of tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))was investigated via non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis.Under the local gas-solid reduction conditions,the particle morphology of tungsten powders was...The hydrogen reduction kinetics of tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))was investigated via non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis.Under the local gas-solid reduction conditions,the particle morphology of tungsten powders was found to be consistent with that of raw material WO_(3).The removal of oxygen from tungsten oxide during hydrogen reduction led to the formation of porous structures between the reduced particles,which were obviously different from the polyhedral single-crystal configuration of tungsten powders obtained via chemical vapor deposition.Moreover,the two-stage hydrogen reduction mechanisms of WO_(3) under the local gas-solid reduction conditions can be described using the composite autocatalytic function.The activation energies of the first and second stages of the hydrogen reduction of WO_(3) were determined to be 121 and 135 kJ/mol,respectively.展开更多
The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated.The distribution,morphology,size,and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cool...The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated.The distribution,morphology,size,and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cooling rates.The relationship between shrinkage porosities and microstructure characteristics was discussed in terms of temperature conditions,feeding channel characteristics,and feeding capacity.Further,the feeding behavior of the residual liquid phase in the solid skeleton was quantified by introducing permeability.Results show a strong correlation between the solid microstructure skeleton and shrinkage porosity characteristics.An increase in permeability corresponds to a declining number density of shrinkage porosities.This study aims to provide a more complete understanding how to reduce shrinkage porosities by controlling microstructure characteristics.展开更多
Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological s...Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological stimuli.These functional states can be visualized using a combination of multi-omics techniques(e.g.,gene and protein expression,posttranslational modifications,mRNA profiling,and metabolomics),and,in the case of homeostatic microglia,are largely defined by the global(e.g.,genetic variations,organism’s age,sex,circadian rhythms,and gut microbiota)as well as local(specific area of the brain,immediate microglial surrounding,neuron-glia interactions and synaptic density/activity)signals(Paolicelli et al.,2022).While phenomics(i.e.,ultrastructural microglial morphology and motility)is also one of the key microglial state-defining parameters,it is known that cells with similar morphology can belong to different functional states.展开更多
Controlling the morphology of Al_(2) Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)has been of importance to enhance the properties of Al-based alloys.However,the quantification of Al_(2) Cu IMCs with diversified morphologies is st...Controlling the morphology of Al_(2) Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)has been of importance to enhance the properties of Al-based alloys.However,the quantification of Al_(2) Cu IMCs with diversified morphologies is still lacking,and the morphological evolution of Al_(2) Cu dendrites remains poorly understood.Using synchrotron X-ray tomography,we have directly quantified the morphological evolution of proeutectic Al_(2) Cu IMCs in directionally solidified Al-Cu alloys.The three-dimensional(3D)morphologies of Al_(2) Cu IMCs under different growth rates were quantified using volume,specific surface area,interconnectivity,tortuosity,and Gaussian curvature.The faceted morphology under slow growth rate was divided into three different types,including single hollow prism,irregular prism lacking partial faces,and coalesced prism consisting of two adjacent crystals.The morphological transition from faceted prism to non-faceted algae-like,irregular tree-like,and typically dendritic shapes with increasing growth rates was determined,reflecting the growth modes varied from lateral mode to intermediary and continuous modes.The non-faceted Al_(2) Cu dendrite had one primary stem,three groups of secondary arms,and a faceted tip.The angles between secondary arms were 120°,and the tip consisted of(011)and(011^(-))planes.This work provides a deep understanding of the formation and growth of complex IMCs in metallic alloys.展开更多
With the objective of investigating the basis of phosphorus(P)utilization efficiency(PUE),physiological and morphological traits,two P-efficient and two P-inefficient rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)cultivars were compared...With the objective of investigating the basis of phosphorus(P)utilization efficiency(PUE),physiological and morphological traits,two P-efficient and two P-inefficient rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)cultivars were compared at the seedling stage.P-efficient cultivars showed root morphological adaptation,high P uptake activity,and greater phospholipid degradation under low P stress.Improving root morphological adaptation and reducing lipid-P allocation could allow increasing PUE in rapeseed seedlings.展开更多
Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors suc...Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.展开更多
Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play p...Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play pivotal roles in flagellar bending and spermatozoal movement.Mammalian sperm-associated antigen 17(SPAG17)encodes a conserved axonemal protein of cilia and flagella,forming part of the C1a projection of the central apparatus,with functions related to ciliary/flagellar motility,skeletal growth,and male fertility.This study investigated two novel homozygous SPAG17 mutations(M1:NM_206996.2,c.829+1G>T,p.Asp212_Glu276del;and M2:c.2120del,p.Leu707*)identified in four infertile patients from two consanguineous Pakistani families.These patients displayed the MMAF phenotype confirmed by Papanicolaou staining and scanning electron microscopy assays of spermatozoa.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)of patients’spermatozoa also revealed a significant decrease in SPAG17 mRNA expression,and immunofluorescence staining showed the absence of SPAG17 protein signals along the flagella.However,no apparent ciliary-related symptoms or skeletal malformations were observed in the chest X-rays of any of the patients.Transmission electron microscopy of axoneme cross-sections from the patients showed incomplete C1a projection and a higher frequency of missing microtubule doublets 1 and 9 compared with those from fertile controls.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses of spermatogenesis-associated protein 17(SPATA17),a component of the C1a projection,and sperm-associated antigen 6(SPAG6),a marker of the spring layer,revealed disrupted expression of both proteins in the patients’spermatozoa.Altogether,these findings demonstrated that SPAG17 maintains the integrity of spermatozoal flagellar axoneme,expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SPAG17 mutations in humans.展开更多
The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xi...The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xiushanensis n.sp.infecting the gill filaments of Carassius auratus from Chongqing,China,as well as the associated pathological impacts.A multifaceted analysis at various levels and perspectives was carried out by the approach integrating morphology,molecular systematics,histopathology,combined host and habitat,as well as SSU rDNA data.The results indicated that its mature myxospores displayed a tapering anterior and a blunt-rounded posterior,with a dropshape in front view and melon-seed shape in sutural view in morphology.The outer surface was covered with a transparent membrane sheath in valve view.The dimensions of myxospores were average(19.2±1.1)(17.1-21.0)×(10.0±0.7)(8.7-12.1)×(9.7±0.5)(9.1-10.8)μm.An elliptical polar capsule,containing four to five turns of single polar filament,measures(8.0±0.6)(6.9-9.1)×(6.6±0.3)(6.1-7.1)μm.Its SSU rDNA sequence demonstrated the closest similarity(99.95%)with an actinosporean Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7.Histopathological results indicated that numerous myxoplasmodia of T.xiushanensis n.sp.were located in the tips of the gill filaments,resulting in deformation and rupture of partial gill filaments.Furthermore,severely infected gill lamellae exhibited hyperplasia and fusion,accompanied by infiltration of numerous eosinophils.In addition,regenerated gill filaments were observed at the bases of partially ruptured gill filaments,indicating that the host’s gill tissue has the innate capacity to shed diseased tissues and regenerate new ones.This study has proved the present species and Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7 belong to the same myxosporean species but corresponding to different developmental stage,designated as a new species.This novel species is a potential pathogen for the host,which should not be ignored.This study not only enriches myxobolid biodiversity and demonstrates a potentially pathogenic agent,but also provides a valid diagnosis for the gill myxoboliosis caused by the present pathogen in aquaculture.展开更多
In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of lo...In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of local species. Conducted in 6 localities in the Far North Region of Cameroon (Doukoula, Yagoua, Guidiguis, Dziguilao, Maroua 3rd and Méri), a population of 240 local chickens, including 172 hens and 68 cocks were characterized in family farms. The choice of localities was made on the basis of their strong potential local chicken flocks in the region. To this end, each animal was the subject of a qualitative description based on the identification of the sex of the animal, the description of the colorations of the plumage and extremities, and the description of the types of format, plumage and crests. All observations were made with the naked eye and in daylight and then photographed. The main results show that the plumage colors are multiple and dominated by the White-Pied-Black (21.7%) and the Mille-fleur (20.8%);the wattles are dominated by the red (60%) and the pink (35.4%);the tarsi are dominated by the white (43.8%) and the black (32.08%);the white skin (92.5%) dominates over the pink skin (7.5%);the “Smooth-uniform” feather is dominant (97.08%), followed by the smooth-crested type (2.08%) and the fries type (0.82%);the medium size of the chickens is dominant (86.66%), followed by the dwarf size (9.58%) and the large size (3.75%). The results of this study demonstrate that there is a strong phenotypic diversity within the local chicken population. This diversity can serve as a basis for the development of selection, conservation and genetic potential improvement programs based on rational exploitation of the local chicken.展开更多
This study investigates how English morphological awareness contributes to reading comprehension in beginner Chinese EFL learners.The research examines both derivational and compounding morphological awareness at mult...This study investigates how English morphological awareness contributes to reading comprehension in beginner Chinese EFL learners.The research examines both derivational and compounding morphological awareness at multiple levels(identification,discrimination,and manipulation)on English reading comprehension and explores whether their contributions are mediated by vocabulary knowledge.Data were collected from 71 Grade 9 students using various morphological awareness tasks,a vocabulary test,and a reading comprehension assessment.Mixed-effects regression and mediation analyses revealed that all components of morphological awareness,except derivational identification,significantly contributed to reading comprehension.Derivational manipulation was found to have both direct and indirect effects on reading comprehension,partially mediated by vocabulary knowledge.In contrast,compounding awareness influenced reading comprehension primarily through its effect on vocabulary.These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how different facets of morphological awareness impact reading comprehension in EFL contexts,offering valuable insights for vocabulary and reading instruction.展开更多
Based on morphological and molecular evidence,a new species in the genus Anthocoris,Anthocoris zhangi sp.nov.,in the A.chibi group,is described from Zhejiang,China.Illustrations of the adults and key diagnostic charac...Based on morphological and molecular evidence,a new species in the genus Anthocoris,Anthocoris zhangi sp.nov.,in the A.chibi group,is described from Zhejiang,China.Illustrations of the adults and key diagnostic characteristics including the paramere are provided.展开更多
This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Fi...This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Field surveys and statistical analyses reveal that these potholes exhibit diverse geometries(calibers:0.2-2.5 m;depths:0.03-1.98 m;depth-to-caliber ratios:0.08-1.63),predominantly elliptical and shallow,reflecting distinct developmental stages.These potholes show no spatial correlation with bedrock joints,and their long-axis orientations diverge from dominant joint trends.Instead,they exhibit consistent alignment with the river’s prevailing flow direction.Furthermore,pothole dimensions(e.g.,depth and diameter)strongly correlate with gravel size,indicating sediment-driven abrasion as the primary formation mechanism.The uplift of the Xuefeng Mountains relative to the Dongting Basin since the Late Quaternary,which drove the incision of the lower Zijiang River,transforming it from an alluvial channel to a bedrock-dominated channel,is the primary precondition enabling pothole development in this region.Additionally,the influence of climatic factors and human activities cannot be overlooked.The progressive formation,coalescence,and evolution of potholes into grooves constitute the primary mechanism driving riverbed erosion by the Zijiang River at Quanfengtan.展开更多
Tintinnid ciliates are suggested as model in plankton ecology and are traditionally identified based on lorica traits with ecological importance(e.g.,growth rate,prey selection,and energy transfer efficiency).However,...Tintinnid ciliates are suggested as model in plankton ecology and are traditionally identified based on lorica traits with ecological importance(e.g.,growth rate,prey selection,and energy transfer efficiency).However,statistical validation has been limited for this taxonomic system,which has been increasingly critiqued.Here,we compiled a global dataset of tintinnid lorica morphology from the literature and statistically tested the validity of lorica traits for classification at family and genus levels.A total of 840 species were selected from over 1000 documented species,and their distinctive lorica traits(lorica types,open ends,collar presence,and biogeographic distribution patterns)were extracted and linked to the established phylogenetic tree.Significant differences were revealed across family-and genus-level(but not at species-level)classifications and across multiple morphological parameters,including critically distinctive lorica traits,size metrics(lorica oral diameter,LOD,and equivalent spherical diameter,ESD),and individual carbon biomass.Our findings provide quantitative evidence for the validity of morphological taxonomy,and preliminary foundation for linking morphological taxonomy with molecular data.Moreover,our findings provide one of the first statistical foundations for future studies integrating morphology and ecology to elucidate plankton ecological functioning at a global scale.展开更多
Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for...Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for this phenomenon has still been under debate.Our results showed that temperature partly explained the changes in the morphology of U.prolifera,with a determining factor of 0.498.The ratio of highly branched thalli decreased as the temperature increased from around 25 to 30℃.Because morphological changes and physiological acclimation synergistically occurred in floating macroalgae,we hypothesized that if the morphology of U.prolifera is also determined by its development state,and the U.prolifea thalli with different development states should have distinct morphological and physiological traits even under the same environmental conditions.To test the hypothesis,we investigated the photosynthesis of U.prolifera and found a higher photosynthetic capacity but lower photoprotective capacity in algae that grew in the branched development state compared to those in the unbranched development state.Combined with other field observations and lab experiments,we suggest that both temperature and development state contribute to the morphological changes of U.prolifera.Given the varying trends of temperature during U.prolifera blooms in past eleven years and the initial occurrence of U.prolifera thalli in the branched development state in the source of algal bloom,we emphasize the need for source management of green tides.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was h...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was historically used as Hegu(LI4)in Japan,through morphological,biomechanical,and histological analyses.METHODS:We defined distally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-D and proximally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-P.The distance from the skin surface to the blood vessels as well as the biomechanical properties of the two Hegu(LI4)samples were measured using an ultrasound device and Myoton PRO(Myoton AS,Tallinn,Estonia),respectively,in 20 healthy adult volunteers.Sympathetic fibers under the two Hegu(LI4)samples were histologically observed using tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)immunostaining in 10 cadavers.RESULTS:Hegu(LI4)-D was classified into type 1 with blood vessels<4 mm away from the skin surface,and type 2 with blood vessels>10 mm away from the skin surface.In Hegu(LI4)-P,blood vessels were approximately 10 mm away from the surface.Further,Hegu(LI4)-P had significantly higher tone,stiffness,and elasticity than Hegu(LI4)-D(P<0.0001).TH-positive fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.CONCLUSION:Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P differed in terms of hardness and the distance between the skin surface and blood vessels.Furthermore,sympathetic nerve fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.Taken together,these results suggest that there is site specificity of morphological,biomechanical,and histological differences between the Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P.展开更多
Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the und...Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the understanding of their propagation mechanisms along the river and provide appropriate control measures.In this study,seven Ambrosia trifida populations along the Liaohe River were used as study subjects.The results showed that the seven A.trifida populations were closely related and exhibited a certain gene exchange,but the absence of evidence of directed gene flow among populations did not confirm that rivers were the medium of seed dispersal of A.trifida.Along the Liaohe River,from top to bottom,the positive view area,length,width,perimeter,and thousand seed weight of A.trifida seeds showed an increasing trend.The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the river water of the A.trifida population in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River were higher than those at the other sites.Furthermore,along the river,from top to bottom,the available nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,available potassium,and organic matter contents in the soil in which A.trifida populations grew showed significant increasing trends.River structure,water quality,and soil nutrients had direct and indirect effects on seed morphology.Soil total nitrogen,available potassium,and organic matter had significant positive effects on seed positive view area and perimeter,suggesting that the maternal effect played a critical role in shaping seed morphology.Our analysis showed that soil nutrients along the river may be the primary driver that governs changes in A.trifida seed traits.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32170204)。
文摘This study presents a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on Batrachospermaceae based on key taxonomic identifiers(rbcL,psaA,psbA,and COI-5P)from some genera.To systematically explore the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy within Batrachospermaceae,we integrated molecular and morphological data,and explored the phylogeny,character evolution,and ancestral geographical origin and provided a theoretical support for the classification and geographic origination of Batrachospermaceae.Our findings reveal distinct relationships within the phylogenetic tree.Notably,10 genera(Sirodotia,Batrachospermum,Tuomeya,Volatus,Lympha,Nothocladus,Torularia,Sheathia,Nocturama,and Petrohua)are closely associated in the rbcL phylogenetic tree.Additionally,four genera(Kumanoa,Hoefkenia,Notohesperus,and Virescentia)exhibit high support ratios,indicating their close interrelations.Other genera,including Paludicola,Visia,Acarposporophycos,Macrosporophycos,Visioidea,Balliopsis,and Psilosiphon,exhibit clustering traits.Furthermore,the multigene sequences provide a robust support for Montagnia that forms a monophyletic group.Ancestral reconstruction of morphological characters identifies nine primitive character states,including whorl,fascicle length,cortical cells,secondary fascicles,the shape of carpogonical branch,spermatangia,carposporophyte,carpogonium and trichogyne,with Visia likely representing ancestral traits in Batrachospermaceae.Furthermore,geographical origin maps suggest a potential common ancestral of Batrachospermaceae origin in the American continent.Additional to conventional analyses,including evolutionary and ancestral reconstruction investigations into key morphological characters,we attempt to reconstruct the biogeography within the Batrachospermaceae,thus contributing to a nuanced understanding of its origin.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3701000,Task 4)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42207126 and 41877314)。
文摘The effective density(ρ_(eff))is a key parameter of black carbon-containing(BCc)particles and is related to their morphologies,deposition processes,and optical properties.In this study,a tandem system was established and used to determine theρ_(eff)of ambient BCc particles.The results showed that theρ_(eff)distribution of ambient BCc particles exhibited a bimodal pattern with a left peak located at 0.69 g cm^(-3)and a right peak at 1.45 g cm^(-3).The averageρ_(eff)of BCc particles over the entire observation period was 1.38 g cm^(-3).Theρ_(eff)of BCc particles showed a clear diurnal pattern with a relatively stable distribution at night and large variations during the daytime.Theρ_(eff)value was demonstrated to be a good indicator of BCc particle morphology.BCc particles became more regular with increasingρ_(eff)related to the increasing coating thickness.More coating led to morphological restructuring of BCc particles.The restructuring could be more efficient under high relative humidity conditions.The observed data were further used in a dry deposition scheme,and it was found that the dry deposition velocity of fresh emitted BCc could be largely influenced by its irregular shape.This study reveals the presence of a significant amount of low-density/irregularly shaped black carbon in the environment with rapid morphological changes occurring during the daytime and highlights the need to consider morphological influences in future research on the physicochemical properties of BCc.
文摘In the fast-paced living environment, changes in dietary patterns have led to a continuous increase in the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC), making it a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive system worldwide. Currently, CRC clinical diagnosis and treatment face challenges such as high costs and persistently high recurrence rates. Traditional quantification of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) relies on manual analysis and judgment, resulting in low diagnostic efficiency and susceptibility to subjective factors, leading to missed or misdiagnosed cases. To enhance the efficiency and quality of CRC clinical diagnosis and treatment, this study explores domestic and international research on the automatic identification of CRC cells using machine learning strategies. It analyzes the morphological heterogeneity and prognostic value in the application of this strategy, aiming to deepen the understanding of intelligent tool applications in precise diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of colorectal cancer, comprehend the current research status and development trends, and provide references for addressing and addressing the gaps in related research.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2904905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274400)+1 种基金the Project of Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory,China(No.GJJSGFZD202302)the Science and Technology Project of Henan Province,China(No.232102230044)。
文摘The hydrogen reduction kinetics of tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))was investigated via non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis.Under the local gas-solid reduction conditions,the particle morphology of tungsten powders was found to be consistent with that of raw material WO_(3).The removal of oxygen from tungsten oxide during hydrogen reduction led to the formation of porous structures between the reduced particles,which were obviously different from the polyhedral single-crystal configuration of tungsten powders obtained via chemical vapor deposition.Moreover,the two-stage hydrogen reduction mechanisms of WO_(3) under the local gas-solid reduction conditions can be described using the composite autocatalytic function.The activation energies of the first and second stages of the hydrogen reduction of WO_(3) were determined to be 121 and 135 kJ/mol,respectively.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3701000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52471118,52101125,U2037601,and U21A2048)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST,China(No.2022QNRC001)。
文摘The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated.The distribution,morphology,size,and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cooling rates.The relationship between shrinkage porosities and microstructure characteristics was discussed in terms of temperature conditions,feeding channel characteristics,and feeding capacity.Further,the feeding behavior of the residual liquid phase in the solid skeleton was quantified by introducing permeability.Results show a strong correlation between the solid microstructure skeleton and shrinkage porosity characteristics.An increase in permeability corresponds to a declining number density of shrinkage porosities.This study aims to provide a more complete understanding how to reduce shrinkage porosities by controlling microstructure characteristics.
基金supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,German Research Foundation grant GA 654/13-2 to OG.
文摘Microglia,the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,exhibit a wide array of functional states,even in their so-called“homeostatic”condition,when they are not actively responding to overt pathological stimuli.These functional states can be visualized using a combination of multi-omics techniques(e.g.,gene and protein expression,posttranslational modifications,mRNA profiling,and metabolomics),and,in the case of homeostatic microglia,are largely defined by the global(e.g.,genetic variations,organism’s age,sex,circadian rhythms,and gut microbiota)as well as local(specific area of the brain,immediate microglial surrounding,neuron-glia interactions and synaptic density/activity)signals(Paolicelli et al.,2022).While phenomics(i.e.,ultrastructural microglial morphology and motility)is also one of the key microglial state-defining parameters,it is known that cells with similar morphology can belong to different functional states.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Outstanding Young Scholars(No.52325407)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904187)+1 种基金the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M712919)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515140124).
文摘Controlling the morphology of Al_(2) Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)has been of importance to enhance the properties of Al-based alloys.However,the quantification of Al_(2) Cu IMCs with diversified morphologies is still lacking,and the morphological evolution of Al_(2) Cu dendrites remains poorly understood.Using synchrotron X-ray tomography,we have directly quantified the morphological evolution of proeutectic Al_(2) Cu IMCs in directionally solidified Al-Cu alloys.The three-dimensional(3D)morphologies of Al_(2) Cu IMCs under different growth rates were quantified using volume,specific surface area,interconnectivity,tortuosity,and Gaussian curvature.The faceted morphology under slow growth rate was divided into three different types,including single hollow prism,irregular prism lacking partial faces,and coalesced prism consisting of two adjacent crystals.The morphological transition from faceted prism to non-faceted algae-like,irregular tree-like,and typically dendritic shapes with increasing growth rates was determined,reflecting the growth modes varied from lateral mode to intermediary and continuous modes.The non-faceted Al_(2) Cu dendrite had one primary stem,three groups of secondary arms,and a faceted tip.The angles between secondary arms were 120°,and the tip consisted of(011)and(011^(-))planes.This work provides a deep understanding of the formation and growth of complex IMCs in metallic alloys.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD2301200)National Nature Science Foundation of China(32172662).
文摘With the objective of investigating the basis of phosphorus(P)utilization efficiency(PUE),physiological and morphological traits,two P-efficient and two P-inefficient rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)cultivars were compared at the seedling stage.P-efficient cultivars showed root morphological adaptation,high P uptake activity,and greater phospholipid degradation under low P stress.Improving root morphological adaptation and reducing lipid-P allocation could allow increasing PUE in rapeseed seedlings.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP,2019QZKK0402)Science and Technology Plan Project of Xizang Autonomous Region to Y.Q. (XZ202201ZY0030G)National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201424 to Z.Y.L.and 31872233 to Y.Q.)。
文摘Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82171599 and No.32270901)the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2022YFC2702601 and 2022YFA0806303)the Global Select Project(DJKLX-2022010)of the Institute of Health and Medicine,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center.
文摘Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play pivotal roles in flagellar bending and spermatozoal movement.Mammalian sperm-associated antigen 17(SPAG17)encodes a conserved axonemal protein of cilia and flagella,forming part of the C1a projection of the central apparatus,with functions related to ciliary/flagellar motility,skeletal growth,and male fertility.This study investigated two novel homozygous SPAG17 mutations(M1:NM_206996.2,c.829+1G>T,p.Asp212_Glu276del;and M2:c.2120del,p.Leu707*)identified in four infertile patients from two consanguineous Pakistani families.These patients displayed the MMAF phenotype confirmed by Papanicolaou staining and scanning electron microscopy assays of spermatozoa.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)of patients’spermatozoa also revealed a significant decrease in SPAG17 mRNA expression,and immunofluorescence staining showed the absence of SPAG17 protein signals along the flagella.However,no apparent ciliary-related symptoms or skeletal malformations were observed in the chest X-rays of any of the patients.Transmission electron microscopy of axoneme cross-sections from the patients showed incomplete C1a projection and a higher frequency of missing microtubule doublets 1 and 9 compared with those from fertile controls.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses of spermatogenesis-associated protein 17(SPATA17),a component of the C1a projection,and sperm-associated antigen 6(SPAG6),a marker of the spring layer,revealed disrupted expression of both proteins in the patients’spermatozoa.Altogether,these findings demonstrated that SPAG17 maintains the integrity of spermatozoal flagellar axoneme,expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SPAG17 mutations in humans.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970409)Projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0731)。
文摘The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xiushanensis n.sp.infecting the gill filaments of Carassius auratus from Chongqing,China,as well as the associated pathological impacts.A multifaceted analysis at various levels and perspectives was carried out by the approach integrating morphology,molecular systematics,histopathology,combined host and habitat,as well as SSU rDNA data.The results indicated that its mature myxospores displayed a tapering anterior and a blunt-rounded posterior,with a dropshape in front view and melon-seed shape in sutural view in morphology.The outer surface was covered with a transparent membrane sheath in valve view.The dimensions of myxospores were average(19.2±1.1)(17.1-21.0)×(10.0±0.7)(8.7-12.1)×(9.7±0.5)(9.1-10.8)μm.An elliptical polar capsule,containing four to five turns of single polar filament,measures(8.0±0.6)(6.9-9.1)×(6.6±0.3)(6.1-7.1)μm.Its SSU rDNA sequence demonstrated the closest similarity(99.95%)with an actinosporean Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7.Histopathological results indicated that numerous myxoplasmodia of T.xiushanensis n.sp.were located in the tips of the gill filaments,resulting in deformation and rupture of partial gill filaments.Furthermore,severely infected gill lamellae exhibited hyperplasia and fusion,accompanied by infiltration of numerous eosinophils.In addition,regenerated gill filaments were observed at the bases of partially ruptured gill filaments,indicating that the host’s gill tissue has the innate capacity to shed diseased tissues and regenerate new ones.This study has proved the present species and Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7 belong to the same myxosporean species but corresponding to different developmental stage,designated as a new species.This novel species is a potential pathogen for the host,which should not be ignored.This study not only enriches myxobolid biodiversity and demonstrates a potentially pathogenic agent,but also provides a valid diagnosis for the gill myxoboliosis caused by the present pathogen in aquaculture.
文摘In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of local species. Conducted in 6 localities in the Far North Region of Cameroon (Doukoula, Yagoua, Guidiguis, Dziguilao, Maroua 3rd and Méri), a population of 240 local chickens, including 172 hens and 68 cocks were characterized in family farms. The choice of localities was made on the basis of their strong potential local chicken flocks in the region. To this end, each animal was the subject of a qualitative description based on the identification of the sex of the animal, the description of the colorations of the plumage and extremities, and the description of the types of format, plumage and crests. All observations were made with the naked eye and in daylight and then photographed. The main results show that the plumage colors are multiple and dominated by the White-Pied-Black (21.7%) and the Mille-fleur (20.8%);the wattles are dominated by the red (60%) and the pink (35.4%);the tarsi are dominated by the white (43.8%) and the black (32.08%);the white skin (92.5%) dominates over the pink skin (7.5%);the “Smooth-uniform” feather is dominant (97.08%), followed by the smooth-crested type (2.08%) and the fries type (0.82%);the medium size of the chickens is dominant (86.66%), followed by the dwarf size (9.58%) and the large size (3.75%). The results of this study demonstrate that there is a strong phenotypic diversity within the local chicken population. This diversity can serve as a basis for the development of selection, conservation and genetic potential improvement programs based on rational exploitation of the local chicken.
文摘This study investigates how English morphological awareness contributes to reading comprehension in beginner Chinese EFL learners.The research examines both derivational and compounding morphological awareness at multiple levels(identification,discrimination,and manipulation)on English reading comprehension and explores whether their contributions are mediated by vocabulary knowledge.Data were collected from 71 Grade 9 students using various morphological awareness tasks,a vocabulary test,and a reading comprehension assessment.Mixed-effects regression and mediation analyses revealed that all components of morphological awareness,except derivational identification,significantly contributed to reading comprehension.Derivational manipulation was found to have both direct and indirect effects on reading comprehension,partially mediated by vocabulary knowledge.In contrast,compounding awareness influenced reading comprehension primarily through its effect on vocabulary.These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how different facets of morphological awareness impact reading comprehension in EFL contexts,offering valuable insights for vocabulary and reading instruction.
基金supported by the Basic Research Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300377,32130014,32400359).
文摘Based on morphological and molecular evidence,a new species in the genus Anthocoris,Anthocoris zhangi sp.nov.,in the A.chibi group,is described from Zhejiang,China.Illustrations of the adults and key diagnostic characteristics including the paramere are provided.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42101005)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2025JJ50182)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant No.24A0582).
文摘This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Field surveys and statistical analyses reveal that these potholes exhibit diverse geometries(calibers:0.2-2.5 m;depths:0.03-1.98 m;depth-to-caliber ratios:0.08-1.63),predominantly elliptical and shallow,reflecting distinct developmental stages.These potholes show no spatial correlation with bedrock joints,and their long-axis orientations diverge from dominant joint trends.Instead,they exhibit consistent alignment with the river’s prevailing flow direction.Furthermore,pothole dimensions(e.g.,depth and diameter)strongly correlate with gravel size,indicating sediment-driven abrasion as the primary formation mechanism.The uplift of the Xuefeng Mountains relative to the Dongting Basin since the Late Quaternary,which drove the incision of the lower Zijiang River,transforming it from an alluvial channel to a bedrock-dominated channel,is the primary precondition enabling pothole development in this region.Additionally,the influence of climatic factors and human activities cannot be overlooked.The progressive formation,coalescence,and evolution of potholes into grooves constitute the primary mechanism driving riverbed erosion by the Zijiang River at Quanfengtan.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42576134the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2023YFD2401901the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under contract No.ZR2024QD183.
文摘Tintinnid ciliates are suggested as model in plankton ecology and are traditionally identified based on lorica traits with ecological importance(e.g.,growth rate,prey selection,and energy transfer efficiency).However,statistical validation has been limited for this taxonomic system,which has been increasingly critiqued.Here,we compiled a global dataset of tintinnid lorica morphology from the literature and statistically tested the validity of lorica traits for classification at family and genus levels.A total of 840 species were selected from over 1000 documented species,and their distinctive lorica traits(lorica types,open ends,collar presence,and biogeographic distribution patterns)were extracted and linked to the established phylogenetic tree.Significant differences were revealed across family-and genus-level(but not at species-level)classifications and across multiple morphological parameters,including critically distinctive lorica traits,size metrics(lorica oral diameter,LOD,and equivalent spherical diameter,ESD),and individual carbon biomass.Our findings provide quantitative evidence for the validity of morphological taxonomy,and preliminary foundation for linking morphological taxonomy with molecular data.Moreover,our findings provide one of the first statistical foundations for future studies integrating morphology and ecology to elucidate plankton ecological functioning at a global scale.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3106000)the major innovation project for the science education industry integration pilot project of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences)(No.2023JBZ03)+1 种基金the talent research projects of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Science)(No.2023RCKY039)the open funding project of Key Laboratory of Marine ecological monitoring and restoration technologies,MNR,China(No.MEMRT202301)。
文摘Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for this phenomenon has still been under debate.Our results showed that temperature partly explained the changes in the morphology of U.prolifera,with a determining factor of 0.498.The ratio of highly branched thalli decreased as the temperature increased from around 25 to 30℃.Because morphological changes and physiological acclimation synergistically occurred in floating macroalgae,we hypothesized that if the morphology of U.prolifera is also determined by its development state,and the U.prolifea thalli with different development states should have distinct morphological and physiological traits even under the same environmental conditions.To test the hypothesis,we investigated the photosynthesis of U.prolifera and found a higher photosynthetic capacity but lower photoprotective capacity in algae that grew in the branched development state compared to those in the unbranched development state.Combined with other field observations and lab experiments,we suggest that both temperature and development state contribute to the morphological changes of U.prolifera.Given the varying trends of temperature during U.prolifera blooms in past eleven years and the initial occurrence of U.prolifera thalli in the branched development state in the source of algal bloom,we emphasize the need for source management of green tides.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was historically used as Hegu(LI4)in Japan,through morphological,biomechanical,and histological analyses.METHODS:We defined distally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-D and proximally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-P.The distance from the skin surface to the blood vessels as well as the biomechanical properties of the two Hegu(LI4)samples were measured using an ultrasound device and Myoton PRO(Myoton AS,Tallinn,Estonia),respectively,in 20 healthy adult volunteers.Sympathetic fibers under the two Hegu(LI4)samples were histologically observed using tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)immunostaining in 10 cadavers.RESULTS:Hegu(LI4)-D was classified into type 1 with blood vessels<4 mm away from the skin surface,and type 2 with blood vessels>10 mm away from the skin surface.In Hegu(LI4)-P,blood vessels were approximately 10 mm away from the surface.Further,Hegu(LI4)-P had significantly higher tone,stiffness,and elasticity than Hegu(LI4)-D(P<0.0001).TH-positive fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.CONCLUSION:Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P differed in terms of hardness and the distance between the skin surface and blood vessels.Furthermore,sympathetic nerve fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.Taken together,these results suggest that there is site specificity of morphological,biomechanical,and histological differences between the Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1301004)the National Key R&D Program(2023YFC2604500).
文摘Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the understanding of their propagation mechanisms along the river and provide appropriate control measures.In this study,seven Ambrosia trifida populations along the Liaohe River were used as study subjects.The results showed that the seven A.trifida populations were closely related and exhibited a certain gene exchange,but the absence of evidence of directed gene flow among populations did not confirm that rivers were the medium of seed dispersal of A.trifida.Along the Liaohe River,from top to bottom,the positive view area,length,width,perimeter,and thousand seed weight of A.trifida seeds showed an increasing trend.The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the river water of the A.trifida population in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River were higher than those at the other sites.Furthermore,along the river,from top to bottom,the available nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,available potassium,and organic matter contents in the soil in which A.trifida populations grew showed significant increasing trends.River structure,water quality,and soil nutrients had direct and indirect effects on seed morphology.Soil total nitrogen,available potassium,and organic matter had significant positive effects on seed positive view area and perimeter,suggesting that the maternal effect played a critical role in shaping seed morphology.Our analysis showed that soil nutrients along the river may be the primary driver that governs changes in A.trifida seed traits.
