Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a ...Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)is proposed under the consideration of load optimization.First,load optimization is achieved by controlling the charging time of electric vehicles as well as adjusting the air conditioning operation temperature,and the photovoltaic energy storage building system model is constructed to propose a day-ahead scheduling strategy with the lowest daily operation cost.Second,considering inter-day to intra-day source-load prediction error,an intraday rolling optimal scheduling strategy based on MPC is proposed that dynamically corrects the day-ahead dispatch results to stabilize system power fluctuations and promote photovoltaic consumption.Finally,taking an office building on a summer work day as an example,the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is verified.The results of the example show that the strategy reduces the total operating cost of the photovoltaic energy storage building system by 17.11%,improves the carbon emission reduction by 7.99%,and the photovoltaic consumption rate reaches 98.57%,improving the system’s low-carbon and economic performance.展开更多
Due to the impact of source-load prediction power errors and uncertainties,the actual operation of the park will have a wide range of fluctuations compared with the expected state,resulting in its inability to achieve...Due to the impact of source-load prediction power errors and uncertainties,the actual operation of the park will have a wide range of fluctuations compared with the expected state,resulting in its inability to achieve the expected economy.This paper constructs an operating simulation model of the park power grid operation considering demand response and proposes a multi-time scale operating simulation method that combines day-ahead optimization and model predictive control(MPC).In the day-ahead stage,an operating simulation plan that comprehensively considers the user’s side comfort and operating costs is proposed with a long-term time scale of 15 min.In order to cope with power fluctuations of photovoltaic,wind turbine and conventional load,MPC is used to track and roll correct the day-ahead operating simulation plan in the intra-day stage to meet the actual operating operation status of the park.Finally,the validity and economy of the operating simulation strategy are verified through the analysis of arithmetic examples.展开更多
Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of thr...Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of three actions:fast(errorcorrection),medium(negative feedback for expanded proportional band)and slow(reset for zero steady-state error).The focus of the paper is on the reset action,generated from a positive feedback loop,and its underlying principles with profound implications to our understanding and practice of automatic control,both basic and advanced.For example,we note that reset control and integral control,contrary to common belief,differ fundamentally in design principle and in practicality.Such difference comes to a head in the event of integrator windup:while reset windup is a problem of actuator saturation,the integrator windup is a runaway situation due to controller instability.In fact,there is no advantage gained in replacing MR with an integrator.In other words,one should not integrate the error directly as in standard PID,since doing so makes the closed-loop system internally unstable.With MR-based control formulated in this paper,there is no such threat of instability and,therefore,no need for any anti-windup mechanisms.Furthermore,the integral control is made scalable in this framework as a tradeoff between the steady-state accuracy and the controller stability.This leads to a novel MR-based control design,scalable in gain and in time to accommodate various process characteristics and design specifications.Simple in construction and transparent in principle,this MR-based control,as a basic framework of design,is readily deployable in scale.展开更多
Liquid cooling through a cold plate offers an efficient solution for battery thermal management.Excellent flow and heat transfer performance can be obtained by optimizing the flow channel structure of the cold plate u...Liquid cooling through a cold plate offers an efficient solution for battery thermal management.Excellent flow and heat transfer performance can be obtained by optimizing the flow channel structure of the cold plate using the topology optimization method.However,due to the uneven channel width of the optimized cold plate,there are some difficulties in processing,which affect its practical application in battery thermal management.In this study,the length scale control method is applied to a topology-optimized cold plate.An optimized cold plate considering length scale control is designed and processed,and its experimental results of flow and heat transfer are compared with those of a traditional cold plate and an optimized cold plate without length scale control.Results show that the relative deviations between the numerical and experimental results with length scale control are within 5%and 8%for temperature and pressure drop,respectively.The flow channel structure of the cold plate with length scale control is simpler and easier to process than that of the cold plate without length scale control.When the inlet velocity is 0.23 m/s,the maximum temperature,maximum temperature difference,and pressure drop of the cold plate with length scale control are 5.7 K,4.4 K,and 0.56 Pa lower than those of the traditional cold plate,respectively.This study provides valuable insights and practical guidance for the manufacturing and implementation of topology-optimized cold plates in battery thermal management systems.展开更多
In response to concerns over the recent expansion of the scope and content of urban design and the potential for“loss of focus”,this study uses the comprehensive urban design of Pudong New Area as a case study,empha...In response to concerns over the recent expansion of the scope and content of urban design and the potential for“loss of focus”,this study uses the comprehensive urban design of Pudong New Area as a case study,emphasizing a need to“refocus”urban design efforts.It traces the spatial evolution of Pudong New Area under national strategic guidance,addressing two primary issues from a“strategy-problem”perspective.Building on the link between municipal urban design and district-level master planning,the study proposes a key element system that integrates“significance,publicness,cultural relevance,and connectivity”and a control strategy based on unit typology and policy-guided zoning.By establishing a clear and concise district-level control framework focused on“element+scale”,the study aims to enhance Pudong’s modern spatial image and its holistic spatial order,reinforcing Pudong’s role as a“leading area for socialist modernization”.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid population growth and the accelerated urbanization process,the contradiction between the demand for expanding ground space and the limited available land scale is becoming increasingly ...0 INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid population growth and the accelerated urbanization process,the contradiction between the demand for expanding ground space and the limited available land scale is becoming increasingly prominent.China has implemented and completed several largescale land infilling and excavation projects(Figure 1),which have become the main way to increase land resources and expand construction land.展开更多
This paper studies the fault tolerant control, adaptive approach, for linear time-invariant two-time-scale and three-time-scale singularly perturbed systems in presence of actuator faults and external disturbances. Fi...This paper studies the fault tolerant control, adaptive approach, for linear time-invariant two-time-scale and three-time-scale singularly perturbed systems in presence of actuator faults and external disturbances. First, the full order system will be controlled using v-dependent control law. The corresponding Lyapunov equation is ill-conditioned due to the presence of slow and fast phenomena. Secondly, a time-scale decomposition of the Lyapunov equation is carried out using singular perturbation method to avoid the numerical stiffness. A composite control law based on local controllers of the slow and fast subsystems is also used to make the control law ε-independent. The designed fault tolerant control guarantees the robust stability of the global closed-loop singularly perturbed system despite loss of effectiveness of actuators. The stability is proved based on the Lyapunov stability theory in the case where the singular perturbation parameter is sufficiently small. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed method.展开更多
With the development of carbon electricity,achieving a low-carbon economy has become a prevailing and inevitable trend.Improving low-carbon expansion generation planning is critical for carbon emission mitigation and ...With the development of carbon electricity,achieving a low-carbon economy has become a prevailing and inevitable trend.Improving low-carbon expansion generation planning is critical for carbon emission mitigation and a lowcarbon economy.In this paper,a two-layer low-carbon expansion generation planning approach considering the uncertainty of renewable energy at multiple time scales is proposed.First,renewable energy sequences considering the uncertainty in multiple time scales are generated based on the Copula function and the probability distribution of renewable energy.Second,a two-layer generation planning model considering carbon trading and carbon capture technology is established.Specifically,the upper layer model optimizes the investment decision considering the uncertainty at a monthly scale,and the lower layer one optimizes the scheduling considering the peak shaving at an hourly scale and the flexibility at a 15-minute scale.Finally,the results of different influence factors on low-carbon generation expansion planning are compared in a provincial power grid,which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.展开更多
Bio-inspired computer modelling brings solutions fromthe living phenomena or biological systems to engineering domains.To overcome the obstruction problem of large-scale wind power consumption in Northwest China,this ...Bio-inspired computer modelling brings solutions fromthe living phenomena or biological systems to engineering domains.To overcome the obstruction problem of large-scale wind power consumption in Northwest China,this paper constructs a bio-inspired computer model.It is an optimal wind power consumption dispatching model of multi-time scale demand response that takes into account the involved high-energy load.First,the principle of wind power obstruction with the involvement of a high-energy load is examined in this work.In this step,highenergy load model with different regulation characteristics is established.Then,considering the multi-time scale characteristics of high-energy load and other demand-side resources response speed,a multi-time scale model of coordination optimization is built.An improved bio-inspired model incorporating particle swarm optimization is applied to minimize system operation and wind curtailment costs,as well as to find the most optimal energy configurationwithin the system.Lastly,we take an example of regional power grid in Gansu Province for simulation analysis.Results demonstrate that the suggested scheduling strategy can significantly enhance the wind power consumption level and minimize the system’s operational cost.展开更多
Morlet wavelet transformation is used in this paper to analyze the multi time scale characteristics of pre cipitation data series from 1957 to 2005 in Guyuan region.The results showed that(1) the annual precipitation ...Morlet wavelet transformation is used in this paper to analyze the multi time scale characteristics of pre cipitation data series from 1957 to 2005 in Guyuan region.The results showed that(1) the annual precipitation evo lution process had obvious multi time scale variation characteristics of 15 25 years,7 12 years and 3 6 years,and different time scales had different oscillation energy densities;(2) the periods at smaller time scales changed more frequently,which often nested in a biggish quasi periodic oscillations,so the concrete time domain should be ana lyzed if necessary;(3) the precipitation had three main periods(22 year,9 year and 4 year) and the 22 year period was especially outstanding,and the analysis of this main period reveals that the precipitation would be in a relative high water period until about 2012.展开更多
The study revised the Parental Psychological Control Scale(PPCS)among Chinese college students(N=604)and analyzed its construct validity,criterion-related validity,internal reliability,and test-retest reliability usin...The study revised the Parental Psychological Control Scale(PPCS)among Chinese college students(N=604)and analyzed its construct validity,criterion-related validity,internal reliability,and test-retest reliability using an exploratory structural equation modeling(ESEM)approach.Results showed that the revised PPCS contained three factors,including nine items.Notably,the three-factor ESEM solution fits the data better than the classical confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)approach.Measurement invariance of the scale was confirmed across gender groups based on ESEM.The criterion-related validity of the PPCS was also investigated within the ESEM approach using self-esteem as a validity criterion.The internal consistency and the test-retest reliability were also examined.Findings showed that the psychometric characteristics of the PPCS were favorable for its use as an assessment tool for parental psychological control of Chinese college students.展开更多
To solve the different time delays that exist in the control device installed on spatial structures, in this study, discrete analysis using a 2N precise algorithm was selected to solve the multi-time-delay issue for l...To solve the different time delays that exist in the control device installed on spatial structures, in this study, discrete analysis using a 2N precise algorithm was selected to solve the multi-time-delay issue for long-span structures based on the market-based control （MBC） method. The concept of interval mixed energy was introduced from computational structural mechanics and optimal control research areas, and it translates the design of the MBC multi-time-delay controller into a solution for the segment matrix. This approach transforms the serial algorithm in time to parallel computing in space, greatly improving the solving efficiency and numerical stability. The designed controller is able to consider the issue of time delay with a linear controlling force combination and is especially effective for large time-delay conditions. A numerical example of a long-span structure was selected to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented controller, and the time delay was found to have a significant impact on the results.展开更多
As the proportion of renewable energy increases, the interaction between renewable energy devices and the grid continues to enhance. Therefore, the renewable energy dynamic test in a power system has become more and m...As the proportion of renewable energy increases, the interaction between renewable energy devices and the grid continues to enhance. Therefore, the renewable energy dynamic test in a power system has become more and more important. Traditional dynamic simulation systems and digital-analog hybrid simulation systems are difficult to compromise on the economy, flexibility and accuracy. A multi-time scale test system of doubly fed induction generator based on FPGA+ CPU heterogeneous calculation is proposed in this paper. The proposed test system is based on the ADPSS simulation platform. The power circuit part of the test system is setup up using the EMT(electromagnetic transient simulation) simulation, and the control part uses the actual physical devices. In order to realize the close-loop testing for the physical devices, the power circuit must be simulated in real-time. This paper proposes a multi-time scale simulation algorithm, in which the decoupling component divides the power circuit into a large time scale system and a small time scale system in order to reduce computing effort. This paper also proposes the FPGA+CPU heterogeneous computing architecture for implementing this multitime scale simulation. In FPGA, there is a complete small time-scale EMT engine, which support the flexibly circuit modeling with any topology. Finally, the test system is connected to an DFIG controller based on Labview to verify the feasibility of the test system.展开更多
This paper focuses on the problem of traffic flow forecasting,with the aim of forecasting future traffic conditions based on historical traffic data.This problem is typically tackled by utilizing spatio-temporal graph...This paper focuses on the problem of traffic flow forecasting,with the aim of forecasting future traffic conditions based on historical traffic data.This problem is typically tackled by utilizing spatio-temporal graph neural networks to model the intricate spatio-temporal correlations among traffic data.Although these methods have achieved performance improvements,they often suffer from the following limitations:These methods face challenges in modeling high-order correlations between nodes.These methods overlook the interactions between nodes at different scales.To tackle these issues,in this paper,we propose a novel model named multi-scale dynamic hypergraph convolutional network(MSDHGCN)for traffic flow forecasting.Our MSDHGCN can effectively model the dynamic higher-order relationships between nodes at multiple time scales,thereby enhancing the capability for traffic forecasting.Experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)present a significant healthcare challenge attributable to their high rates of disability and the limitations of applied traditional nursing approaches.Effective management is crit...BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)present a significant healthcare challenge attributable to their high rates of disability and the limitations of applied traditional nursing approaches.Effective management is critical for uneventful health outcomes.AIM To investigate the effects of multidisciplinary team(MDT)nursing interventions and blood glucose control on the negative emotions and satisfaction of DFUhealing patients.METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 115 patients with DFUs,divided into MDT and blood glucose control intervention group(n=60)and standard care control group(n=55).The comparison factors were wound area,new granulation tissue coverage area,wound healing rate,2-hour postprandial blood glucose level,fasting plasma glucose level,Hamilton Anxiety Scale score,Hamilton Depression Scale score,and nursing satisfaction.RESULTS After 4 weeks,the average wound area reduced from 22.04±6.48 cm^(2)to 11.96±3.63 cm^(2)(P<0.05).New granulation tissue coverage area reached 52.85±18.39 cm^(2) for the intervention group and 28.39±9.94 cm^(2)(P<0.05)in the control group,respectively.The healing rate was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group(91.7%vs 76.4%,P<0.05).Fasting plasma glucose decreased more sharply in the intervention group(from 8.36±0.98 mmol/L to 6.91±1.23 mmol/L)than in the control group(8.41±1.05 mmol/L to 7.81±1.27 mmol/L),with the intervention group maintaining significantly lower levels(P<0.05).The intervention group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in 2-hour postprandial blood glucose levels(11.35±2.67 mmol/L to 7.52±1.38 mmol/L)compared to the control group(11.61±3.01 mmol/L to 8.72±1.63 mmol/L;P<0.05).Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale scores were significantly lower in the intervention group(P<0.05).Patient satisfaction with nursing was 93.33%and 74.55%in the intervention and control groups,respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION MDT combined with blood glucose control enhanced healing rates and positively influenced emotional well-being and satisfaction among patients.This strategy holds potential for application in clinical practice.展开更多
Objective To report the development,validation,and findings of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale(MARS),a self-report tool crafted to evaluate six-dimension attention levels.Methods The MARS was developed ba...Objective To report the development,validation,and findings of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale(MARS),a self-report tool crafted to evaluate six-dimension attention levels.Methods The MARS was developed based on Classical Test Theory(CTT).Totally 202 highly educated healthy adult participants were recruited for reliability and validity tests.Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability.Structural validity was explored using principal component analysis.Criterion validity was analyzed by correlating MARS scores with the Toronto Hospital Alertness Test(THAT),the Attentional Control Scale(ACS),and the Attention Network Test(ANT).Results The MARS comprises 12 items spanning six distinct dimensions of attention:focused attention,sustained attention,shifting attention,selective attention,divided attention,and response inhibition.As assessed by six experts,the content validation index(CVI)was 0.95,the Cronbach's alpha for the MARS was 0.78,and the test-retest reliability was 0.81.Four factors were identified(cumulative variance contribution rate 68.79%).The total score of MARS was correlated positively with THAT(r=0.60,P<0.01)and ACS(r=0.78,P<0.01)and negatively with ANT's reaction time for alerting(r=−0.31,P=0.049).Conclusion The MARS can reliably and validly assess six-dimension attention levels in real-world settings and is expected to be a new tool for assessing multi-dimensional attention impairments in different mental disorders.展开更多
A model helicopter is more difficult to control than its full scale counterpart. This is due to its greater sensitivity to control inputs and disturbances as well as higher bandwidth of dynamics. This work is focused ...A model helicopter is more difficult to control than its full scale counterpart. This is due to its greater sensitivity to control inputs and disturbances as well as higher bandwidth of dynamics. This work is focused on designing practical tracking controller for a small scale helicopter following predefined trajectories. A tracking controller based on optimal control theory is synthesized as a part of the development of an autonomous helicopter. Some issues with regards to control constraints are addressed. The weighting between state tracking performance and control power expenditure is analyzed. Overall performance of the control design is evaluated based on its time domain histories of trajectories as well as control inputs.展开更多
Active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) has good performance in induction motor (IM) control system, but controller parameter is difficult to tune. A method of tuning ADRC parameter by time scale is analyzed. T...Active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) has good performance in induction motor (IM) control system, but controller parameter is difficult to tune. A method of tuning ADRC parameter by time scale is analyzed. The IM time scale is obtained by theoretical analysis. Combining the relations between scale time and ADRC parameters, ADRC parameter tuning in IM vector control based stator flux oriented is obtained. This parameter tuning method is validated by simulations and it provides a new technique for tuning of ADRC parameters of IM.展开更多
Physical testing of large-scale ship models at sea is a new experimental method.It is a cheap and reliable way to research the environment adaptability of a ship in complex and extreme wave conditions.It is necessary ...Physical testing of large-scale ship models at sea is a new experimental method.It is a cheap and reliable way to research the environment adaptability of a ship in complex and extreme wave conditions.It is necessary to have a stable experimental system for the test.Since the experimental area is large, a remote control system and a telemetry system are essential, and were designed by the authors.An experiment was conducted on the Songhuajiang River to test the systems.The relationship between the model's speed and its electromotor's revolutions was also measured during the model test.The results showed that the two systems make it possible to carry out large-scale model tests at sea.展开更多
High-precision detection in fundamental space physics,such as space gravitational wave detection,high-precision earth gravity field measurement,and reference frame drag effect measurement,is the key to achieving impor...High-precision detection in fundamental space physics,such as space gravitational wave detection,high-precision earth gravity field measurement,and reference frame drag effect measurement,is the key to achieving important breakthroughs in the scientific study of fundamental space physics.Acquiring high-precision measurements requires high-performance satellite platforms to achieve“drag-free control”in a near“pure gravity”flight environment.The critical technology for drag-free control is variable thrust control at the micro-Newton scale.Thrust noise is the most important technical indicator for achieving drag-free flight.However,there is no literature about the current status and future prospects of variable thrust control based on thrust noise.Therefore,the micro-Newton variable thrust control technology and the thrust noise of the drag-free satellite platform are reviewed in this work.Firstly,the research status of micro-Newton scale variable thrust control technology and its applications to drag-free satellite platforms are introduced.Then,the noise problem is analyzed in detail and its solution is theoretically investigated in three aspects:“cross-basin flow problem,”“control problem,”and“system instability and multiple-coupled problem.”Finally,a systematic overview is presented and the corresponding suggested directions of research are discussed.This work provides detailed understanding and support for realizing low-noise variable thrust control in the next generation of drag-free satellites.展开更多
文摘Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)is proposed under the consideration of load optimization.First,load optimization is achieved by controlling the charging time of electric vehicles as well as adjusting the air conditioning operation temperature,and the photovoltaic energy storage building system model is constructed to propose a day-ahead scheduling strategy with the lowest daily operation cost.Second,considering inter-day to intra-day source-load prediction error,an intraday rolling optimal scheduling strategy based on MPC is proposed that dynamically corrects the day-ahead dispatch results to stabilize system power fluctuations and promote photovoltaic consumption.Finally,taking an office building on a summer work day as an example,the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is verified.The results of the example show that the strategy reduces the total operating cost of the photovoltaic energy storage building system by 17.11%,improves the carbon emission reduction by 7.99%,and the photovoltaic consumption rate reaches 98.57%,improving the system’s low-carbon and economic performance.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute:Research on Data-Driven New Power System Operation Simulation and Multi Agent Control Strategy(52053022000F).
文摘Due to the impact of source-load prediction power errors and uncertainties,the actual operation of the park will have a wide range of fluctuations compared with the expected state,resulting in its inability to achieve the expected economy.This paper constructs an operating simulation model of the park power grid operation considering demand response and proposes a multi-time scale operating simulation method that combines day-ahead optimization and model predictive control(MPC).In the day-ahead stage,an operating simulation plan that comprehensively considers the user’s side comfort and operating costs is proposed with a long-term time scale of 15 min.In order to cope with power fluctuations of photovoltaic,wind turbine and conventional load,MPC is used to track and roll correct the day-ahead operating simulation plan in the intra-day stage to meet the actual operating operation status of the park.Finally,the validity and economy of the operating simulation strategy are verified through the analysis of arithmetic examples.
文摘Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of three actions:fast(errorcorrection),medium(negative feedback for expanded proportional band)and slow(reset for zero steady-state error).The focus of the paper is on the reset action,generated from a positive feedback loop,and its underlying principles with profound implications to our understanding and practice of automatic control,both basic and advanced.For example,we note that reset control and integral control,contrary to common belief,differ fundamentally in design principle and in practicality.Such difference comes to a head in the event of integrator windup:while reset windup is a problem of actuator saturation,the integrator windup is a runaway situation due to controller instability.In fact,there is no advantage gained in replacing MR with an integrator.In other words,one should not integrate the error directly as in standard PID,since doing so makes the closed-loop system internally unstable.With MR-based control formulated in this paper,there is no such threat of instability and,therefore,no need for any anti-windup mechanisms.Furthermore,the integral control is made scalable in this framework as a tradeoff between the steady-state accuracy and the controller stability.This leads to a novel MR-based control design,scalable in gain and in time to accommodate various process characteristics and design specifications.Simple in construction and transparent in principle,this MR-based control,as a basic framework of design,is readily deployable in scale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52206271)Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(GK-AA23062070)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52306266)the Key Project of Natural Science Funds of Tianjin City(No.24JCZDJC01060)funded by the Key Laboratory of Shallow Geothermal Energy,Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China(No.KLSGE202401-04).
文摘Liquid cooling through a cold plate offers an efficient solution for battery thermal management.Excellent flow and heat transfer performance can be obtained by optimizing the flow channel structure of the cold plate using the topology optimization method.However,due to the uneven channel width of the optimized cold plate,there are some difficulties in processing,which affect its practical application in battery thermal management.In this study,the length scale control method is applied to a topology-optimized cold plate.An optimized cold plate considering length scale control is designed and processed,and its experimental results of flow and heat transfer are compared with those of a traditional cold plate and an optimized cold plate without length scale control.Results show that the relative deviations between the numerical and experimental results with length scale control are within 5%and 8%for temperature and pressure drop,respectively.The flow channel structure of the cold plate with length scale control is simpler and easier to process than that of the cold plate without length scale control.When the inlet velocity is 0.23 m/s,the maximum temperature,maximum temperature difference,and pressure drop of the cold plate with length scale control are 5.7 K,4.4 K,and 0.56 Pa lower than those of the traditional cold plate,respectively.This study provides valuable insights and practical guidance for the manufacturing and implementation of topology-optimized cold plates in battery thermal management systems.
基金Sponsored by National Key R&D Projects in the“14th Five-year Plan”(2022YFC3800205)Shanghai Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project(2024VSJ034).
文摘In response to concerns over the recent expansion of the scope and content of urban design and the potential for“loss of focus”,this study uses the comprehensive urban design of Pudong New Area as a case study,emphasizing a need to“refocus”urban design efforts.It traces the spatial evolution of Pudong New Area under national strategic guidance,addressing two primary issues from a“strategy-problem”perspective.Building on the link between municipal urban design and district-level master planning,the study proposes a key element system that integrates“significance,publicness,cultural relevance,and connectivity”and a control strategy based on unit typology and policy-guided zoning.By establishing a clear and concise district-level control framework focused on“element+scale”,the study aims to enhance Pudong’s modern spatial image and its holistic spatial order,reinforcing Pudong’s role as a“leading area for socialist modernization”.
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2024SFYBXM-669)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42271078)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid population growth and the accelerated urbanization process,the contradiction between the demand for expanding ground space and the limited available land scale is becoming increasingly prominent.China has implemented and completed several largescale land infilling and excavation projects(Figure 1),which have become the main way to increase land resources and expand construction land.
文摘This paper studies the fault tolerant control, adaptive approach, for linear time-invariant two-time-scale and three-time-scale singularly perturbed systems in presence of actuator faults and external disturbances. First, the full order system will be controlled using v-dependent control law. The corresponding Lyapunov equation is ill-conditioned due to the presence of slow and fast phenomena. Secondly, a time-scale decomposition of the Lyapunov equation is carried out using singular perturbation method to avoid the numerical stiffness. A composite control law based on local controllers of the slow and fast subsystems is also used to make the control law ε-independent. The designed fault tolerant control guarantees the robust stability of the global closed-loop singularly perturbed system despite loss of effectiveness of actuators. The stability is proved based on the Lyapunov stability theory in the case where the singular perturbation parameter is sufficiently small. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed method.
基金supported partly by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0702200)the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company(520604190002)。
文摘With the development of carbon electricity,achieving a low-carbon economy has become a prevailing and inevitable trend.Improving low-carbon expansion generation planning is critical for carbon emission mitigation and a lowcarbon economy.In this paper,a two-layer low-carbon expansion generation planning approach considering the uncertainty of renewable energy at multiple time scales is proposed.First,renewable energy sequences considering the uncertainty in multiple time scales are generated based on the Copula function and the probability distribution of renewable energy.Second,a two-layer generation planning model considering carbon trading and carbon capture technology is established.Specifically,the upper layer model optimizes the investment decision considering the uncertainty at a monthly scale,and the lower layer one optimizes the scheduling considering the peak shaving at an hourly scale and the flexibility at a 15-minute scale.Finally,the results of different influence factors on low-carbon generation expansion planning are compared in a provincial power grid,which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
基金supported by the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province(No.22IRTSTHN016)the Hubei Natural Science Foundation(No.2021CFB156)the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(KAKENHI)(No.JP21K17737).
文摘Bio-inspired computer modelling brings solutions fromthe living phenomena or biological systems to engineering domains.To overcome the obstruction problem of large-scale wind power consumption in Northwest China,this paper constructs a bio-inspired computer model.It is an optimal wind power consumption dispatching model of multi-time scale demand response that takes into account the involved high-energy load.First,the principle of wind power obstruction with the involvement of a high-energy load is examined in this work.In this step,highenergy load model with different regulation characteristics is established.Then,considering the multi-time scale characteristics of high-energy load and other demand-side resources response speed,a multi-time scale model of coordination optimization is built.An improved bio-inspired model incorporating particle swarm optimization is applied to minimize system operation and wind curtailment costs,as well as to find the most optimal energy configurationwithin the system.Lastly,we take an example of regional power grid in Gansu Province for simulation analysis.Results demonstrate that the suggested scheduling strategy can significantly enhance the wind power consumption level and minimize the system’s operational cost.
基金National Key Project of ScientificTechnical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period (Grant No. 2006BCA01A07-2).
文摘Morlet wavelet transformation is used in this paper to analyze the multi time scale characteristics of pre cipitation data series from 1957 to 2005 in Guyuan region.The results showed that(1) the annual precipitation evo lution process had obvious multi time scale variation characteristics of 15 25 years,7 12 years and 3 6 years,and different time scales had different oscillation energy densities;(2) the periods at smaller time scales changed more frequently,which often nested in a biggish quasi periodic oscillations,so the concrete time domain should be ana lyzed if necessary;(3) the precipitation had three main periods(22 year,9 year and 4 year) and the 22 year period was especially outstanding,and the analysis of this main period reveals that the precipitation would be in a relative high water period until about 2012.
基金Supported by the Young Innovative Talents Foundation in Guangdong Universities(2024WQNCX007).
文摘The study revised the Parental Psychological Control Scale(PPCS)among Chinese college students(N=604)and analyzed its construct validity,criterion-related validity,internal reliability,and test-retest reliability using an exploratory structural equation modeling(ESEM)approach.Results showed that the revised PPCS contained three factors,including nine items.Notably,the three-factor ESEM solution fits the data better than the classical confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)approach.Measurement invariance of the scale was confirmed across gender groups based on ESEM.The criterion-related validity of the PPCS was also investigated within the ESEM approach using self-esteem as a validity criterion.The internal consistency and the test-retest reliability were also examined.Findings showed that the psychometric characteristics of the PPCS were favorable for its use as an assessment tool for parental psychological control of Chinese college students.
基金provided by the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51261120375 and 51421064
文摘To solve the different time delays that exist in the control device installed on spatial structures, in this study, discrete analysis using a 2N precise algorithm was selected to solve the multi-time-delay issue for long-span structures based on the market-based control （MBC） method. The concept of interval mixed energy was introduced from computational structural mechanics and optimal control research areas, and it translates the design of the MBC multi-time-delay controller into a solution for the segment matrix. This approach transforms the serial algorithm in time to parallel computing in space, greatly improving the solving efficiency and numerical stability. The designed controller is able to consider the issue of time delay with a linear controlling force combination and is especially effective for large time-delay conditions. A numerical example of a long-span structure was selected to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented controller, and the time delay was found to have a significant impact on the results.
基金supported by the State Grid Science and Technology Project (Title: Technology Research On Large Scale EMT Real-time simulation customized platform, FX71-17-001)
文摘As the proportion of renewable energy increases, the interaction between renewable energy devices and the grid continues to enhance. Therefore, the renewable energy dynamic test in a power system has become more and more important. Traditional dynamic simulation systems and digital-analog hybrid simulation systems are difficult to compromise on the economy, flexibility and accuracy. A multi-time scale test system of doubly fed induction generator based on FPGA+ CPU heterogeneous calculation is proposed in this paper. The proposed test system is based on the ADPSS simulation platform. The power circuit part of the test system is setup up using the EMT(electromagnetic transient simulation) simulation, and the control part uses the actual physical devices. In order to realize the close-loop testing for the physical devices, the power circuit must be simulated in real-time. This paper proposes a multi-time scale simulation algorithm, in which the decoupling component divides the power circuit into a large time scale system and a small time scale system in order to reduce computing effort. This paper also proposes the FPGA+CPU heterogeneous computing architecture for implementing this multitime scale simulation. In FPGA, there is a complete small time-scale EMT engine, which support the flexibly circuit modeling with any topology. Finally, the test system is connected to an DFIG controller based on Labview to verify the feasibility of the test system.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021ZD0112400)。
文摘This paper focuses on the problem of traffic flow forecasting,with the aim of forecasting future traffic conditions based on historical traffic data.This problem is typically tackled by utilizing spatio-temporal graph neural networks to model the intricate spatio-temporal correlations among traffic data.Although these methods have achieved performance improvements,they often suffer from the following limitations:These methods face challenges in modeling high-order correlations between nodes.These methods overlook the interactions between nodes at different scales.To tackle these issues,in this paper,we propose a novel model named multi-scale dynamic hypergraph convolutional network(MSDHGCN)for traffic flow forecasting.Our MSDHGCN can effectively model the dynamic higher-order relationships between nodes at multiple time scales,thereby enhancing the capability for traffic forecasting.Experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Plan for Traditional Chinese Medicine,No.2025ZL594Municipal-Level Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province,No.2023ZD039.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)present a significant healthcare challenge attributable to their high rates of disability and the limitations of applied traditional nursing approaches.Effective management is critical for uneventful health outcomes.AIM To investigate the effects of multidisciplinary team(MDT)nursing interventions and blood glucose control on the negative emotions and satisfaction of DFUhealing patients.METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 115 patients with DFUs,divided into MDT and blood glucose control intervention group(n=60)and standard care control group(n=55).The comparison factors were wound area,new granulation tissue coverage area,wound healing rate,2-hour postprandial blood glucose level,fasting plasma glucose level,Hamilton Anxiety Scale score,Hamilton Depression Scale score,and nursing satisfaction.RESULTS After 4 weeks,the average wound area reduced from 22.04±6.48 cm^(2)to 11.96±3.63 cm^(2)(P<0.05).New granulation tissue coverage area reached 52.85±18.39 cm^(2) for the intervention group and 28.39±9.94 cm^(2)(P<0.05)in the control group,respectively.The healing rate was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group(91.7%vs 76.4%,P<0.05).Fasting plasma glucose decreased more sharply in the intervention group(from 8.36±0.98 mmol/L to 6.91±1.23 mmol/L)than in the control group(8.41±1.05 mmol/L to 7.81±1.27 mmol/L),with the intervention group maintaining significantly lower levels(P<0.05).The intervention group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in 2-hour postprandial blood glucose levels(11.35±2.67 mmol/L to 7.52±1.38 mmol/L)compared to the control group(11.61±3.01 mmol/L to 8.72±1.63 mmol/L;P<0.05).Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale scores were significantly lower in the intervention group(P<0.05).Patient satisfaction with nursing was 93.33%and 74.55%in the intervention and control groups,respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION MDT combined with blood glucose control enhanced healing rates and positively influenced emotional well-being and satisfaction among patients.This strategy holds potential for application in clinical practice.
文摘Objective To report the development,validation,and findings of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale(MARS),a self-report tool crafted to evaluate six-dimension attention levels.Methods The MARS was developed based on Classical Test Theory(CTT).Totally 202 highly educated healthy adult participants were recruited for reliability and validity tests.Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability.Structural validity was explored using principal component analysis.Criterion validity was analyzed by correlating MARS scores with the Toronto Hospital Alertness Test(THAT),the Attentional Control Scale(ACS),and the Attention Network Test(ANT).Results The MARS comprises 12 items spanning six distinct dimensions of attention:focused attention,sustained attention,shifting attention,selective attention,divided attention,and response inhibition.As assessed by six experts,the content validation index(CVI)was 0.95,the Cronbach's alpha for the MARS was 0.78,and the test-retest reliability was 0.81.Four factors were identified(cumulative variance contribution rate 68.79%).The total score of MARS was correlated positively with THAT(r=0.60,P<0.01)and ACS(r=0.78,P<0.01)and negatively with ANT's reaction time for alerting(r=−0.31,P=0.049).Conclusion The MARS can reliably and validly assess six-dimension attention levels in real-world settings and is expected to be a new tool for assessing multi-dimensional attention impairments in different mental disorders.
文摘A model helicopter is more difficult to control than its full scale counterpart. This is due to its greater sensitivity to control inputs and disturbances as well as higher bandwidth of dynamics. This work is focused on designing practical tracking controller for a small scale helicopter following predefined trajectories. A tracking controller based on optimal control theory is synthesized as a part of the development of an autonomous helicopter. Some issues with regards to control constraints are addressed. The weighting between state tracking performance and control power expenditure is analyzed. Overall performance of the control design is evaluated based on its time domain histories of trajectories as well as control inputs.
文摘Active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) has good performance in induction motor (IM) control system, but controller parameter is difficult to tune. A method of tuning ADRC parameter by time scale is analyzed. The IM time scale is obtained by theoretical analysis. Combining the relations between scale time and ADRC parameters, ADRC parameter tuning in IM vector control based stator flux oriented is obtained. This parameter tuning method is validated by simulations and it provides a new technique for tuning of ADRC parameters of IM.
基金Supported by the National Defense Foundation under Grant No.51414030204CB0109
文摘Physical testing of large-scale ship models at sea is a new experimental method.It is a cheap and reliable way to research the environment adaptability of a ship in complex and extreme wave conditions.It is necessary to have a stable experimental system for the test.Since the experimental area is large, a remote control system and a telemetry system are essential, and were designed by the authors.An experiment was conducted on the Songhuajiang River to test the systems.The relationship between the model's speed and its electromotor's revolutions was also measured during the model test.The results showed that the two systems make it possible to carry out large-scale model tests at sea.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52105070 and U21B2074).
文摘High-precision detection in fundamental space physics,such as space gravitational wave detection,high-precision earth gravity field measurement,and reference frame drag effect measurement,is the key to achieving important breakthroughs in the scientific study of fundamental space physics.Acquiring high-precision measurements requires high-performance satellite platforms to achieve“drag-free control”in a near“pure gravity”flight environment.The critical technology for drag-free control is variable thrust control at the micro-Newton scale.Thrust noise is the most important technical indicator for achieving drag-free flight.However,there is no literature about the current status and future prospects of variable thrust control based on thrust noise.Therefore,the micro-Newton variable thrust control technology and the thrust noise of the drag-free satellite platform are reviewed in this work.Firstly,the research status of micro-Newton scale variable thrust control technology and its applications to drag-free satellite platforms are introduced.Then,the noise problem is analyzed in detail and its solution is theoretically investigated in three aspects:“cross-basin flow problem,”“control problem,”and“system instability and multiple-coupled problem.”Finally,a systematic overview is presented and the corresponding suggested directions of research are discussed.This work provides detailed understanding and support for realizing low-noise variable thrust control in the next generation of drag-free satellites.
