Maize yield is critically endangered by diseases throughout its growth cycle,posing significant risks to food security.The spatial and temporal dynamics of maize yield loss and the rate of yield loss attributable to t...Maize yield is critically endangered by diseases throughout its growth cycle,posing significant risks to food security.The spatial and temporal dynamics of maize yield loss and the rate of yield loss attributable to these threats on a regional scale have been challenging to ascertain due to scarce continuous observation data.This study compiled county-level data on maize yield and yield loss across China's six primary cropping regions over twenty years from 1999 to 2018.These include the Spring-sown area of Northern China(1-NC),the Summer-sown Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(2-HHP),the Southwest Mountain(3-SM),the Southern Hilly(4-SH),the Northwest Irrigated(5-NI),and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Maize Regions(6-QTP).We identified 15 major diseases affecting these regions.The annual average yield loss due to maize diseases in the regions 1-NC,2-HHP,3-SM,4-SH,5-NI,and 6-QTP were 0.40,0.58,0.12,0.05,0.04 and<0.01 million tons,respectively,and the corresponding average yield loss rate(the ratio of yield loss to total yield)in these regions was 0.63,0.90,0.65,0.63,0.44,and 0.05.The yield loss due to all diseases increased for three regions in 3-SM,4-SH and 5-NI.The yield loss rate due to diseases significantly increased in region 4-SH and 5-NI.Predominantly,maize leaf blight has become the most significant threats.In region 1-NC,maize head smut(D1)and maize leaf blight(D2)were the primary diseases.In region 2-HHP,maize leaf blight(D2),maize rust(D3),maize brown spot(D5),Curvularia leaf spot(D7),and maize virus disease(D14)were the key pathogens.Bivariate trend analysis(joint analysis of yield loss and loss rate trends)indicated that maize head smut(D1)decreased significantly in 1-NC,while in 2-HHP,six diseases showed a significant decrease in both yield loss and loss rate,namely sheath blight(D4),brown spot(D5),root rot(D11),downy mildew(D12)and virus disease(D14).By providing a long-term,national-scale perspective,this study not only supports the development of broad management strategies but also guides the creation of precise,region-specific control protocols to safeguard maize production.展开更多
Underground engineering projects such as deep tunnel excavation often encounter rockburst disasters accompanied by numerous microseismic events.Rapid interpretation of microseismic signals is crucial for the timely id...Underground engineering projects such as deep tunnel excavation often encounter rockburst disasters accompanied by numerous microseismic events.Rapid interpretation of microseismic signals is crucial for the timely identification of rockbursts.However,conventional processing encompasses multi-step workflows,including classification,denoising,picking,locating,and computational analysis,coupled with manual intervention,which collectively compromise the reliability of early warnings.To address these challenges,this study innovatively proposes the“microseismic stethoscope"-a multi-task machine learning and deep learning model designed for the automated processing of massive microseismic signals.This model efficiently extracts three key parameters that are necessary for recognizing rockburst disasters:rupture location,microseismic energy,and moment magnitude.Specifically,the model extracts raw waveform features from three dedicated sub-networks:a classifier for source zone classification,and two regressors for microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation.This model demonstrates superior efficiency compared to traditional processing and semi-automated processing,reducing per-event processing time from 0.71 s to 0.49 s to merely 0.036 s.It concurrently achieves 98%accuracy in source zone classification,with microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation errors of 0.13 and 0.05,respectively.This model has been well applied and validated in the Daxiagu Tunnel case in Sichuan,China.The application results indicate that the model is as accurate as traditional methods in determining source parameters,and thus can be used to identify potential geomechanical processes of rockburst disasters.By enhancing the signal processing reliability of microseismic events,the proposed model in this study presents a significant advancement in the identification of rockburst disasters.展开更多
Knowledge distillation has become a standard technique for compressing large language models into efficient student models,but existing methods often struggle to balance prediction accuracy with explanation quality.Re...Knowledge distillation has become a standard technique for compressing large language models into efficient student models,but existing methods often struggle to balance prediction accuracy with explanation quality.Recent approaches such as Distilling Step-by-Step(DSbS)introduce explanation supervision,yet they apply it in a uniform manner that may not fully exploit the different learning dynamics of prediction and explanation.In this work,we propose a task-structured curriculum learning(TSCL)framework that structures training into three sequential phases:(i)prediction-only,to establish stable feature representations;(ii)joint prediction-explanation,to align task outputs with rationale generation;and(iii)explanation-only,to refine the quality of rationales.This design provides a simple but effective modification to DSbS,requiring no architectural changes and adding negligible training cost.We justify the phase scheduling with ablation studies and convergence analysis,showing that an initial prediction-heavy stage followed by a balanced joint phase improves both stability and explanation alignment.Extensive experiments on five datasets(e-SNLI,ANLI,CommonsenseQA,SVAMP,and MedNLI)demonstrate that TSCL consistently outperforms strong baselines,achieving gains of+1.7-2.6 points in accuracy and 0.8-1.2 in ROUGE-L,corresponding to relative error reductions of up to 21%.Beyond lexical metrics,human evaluation and ERASERstyle faithfulness diagnostics confirm that TSCL produces more faithful and informative explanations.Comparative training curves further reveal faster convergence and lower variance across seeds.Efficiency analysis shows less than 3%overhead in wall-clock training time and no additional inference cost,making the approach practical for realworld deployment.This study demonstrates that a simple task-structured curriculum can significantly improve the effectiveness of knowledge distillation.By separating and sequencing objectives,TSCL achieves a better balance between accuracy,stability,and explanation quality.The framework generalizes across domains,including medical NLI,and offers a principled recipe for future applications in multimodal reasoning and reinforcement learning.展开更多
Tinnitus:the hearing of a sound that has not been produced by any external or internal source,is a rather heterogeneous hearing disorder.Background/Objectives:Hearing loss has been shown to be the main risk factor for...Tinnitus:the hearing of a sound that has not been produced by any external or internal source,is a rather heterogeneous hearing disorder.Background/Objectives:Hearing loss has been shown to be the main risk factor for tinnitus while emotional disorders are risk factors for developing intrusive or bothersome tinnitus.Moreover,aging has also been identified as another risk factor.The aim of this paper was to analyse the correlation between hearing loss,age and tinnitus severity in a cohort of 610 tinnitus sufferers.Methods:Age,audiometric(hearing condition)and tinnitus(time duration and severity)data were assessed and analysed for all subjects just after recruiting(baseline).Furthermore,the average hearing loss(HL)curves of the participants for age groups were compared to these with the corresponding Age Related HL(ARHL).Results:For most of the age groups,the measured HL curves exceeded in 10-20 dB those of the ARHL.The average age of tinnitus onset(age minus tinnitus duration)was found to be 44-46 years in both men and women.Weak correlation between audiometric feature and tinnitus distress was observed.Conclusions:Hearing loss has been shown to be a clear risk factor for triggering tinnitus(86%of participants were hearing impaired).In this cohort,average measures of hearing loss showed,at most,weak associations with tinnitus-related distress,suggesting that non-audiological factors may play a predominant role.展开更多
Background:Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection common in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East.Neurological involvement,although rare,can lead to severe complications,including sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).T...Background:Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection common in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East.Neurological involvement,although rare,can lead to severe complications,including sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).This case is particularly noteworthy as it highlights irreversible auditory nerve damage in brucellosis,emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent neurological consequences.The novelty of this case lies in the severity of auditory involvement despite timely treatment.Case Presentation:A 43-year-old male farmer of Maghrebi origin presented with neurobrucellosis complicated by severe,irreversible bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.The patient initially reported symptoms of hearing loss and dizziness,which were confirmed to be associated with auditory nerve involvement.Wright's serology and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)testing confirmed brucellosis.Despite appropriate and prolonged antibiotic therapy,including drugs that penetrate the meningeal barrier and act intracellularly,the patient's auditory impairment remained permanent.The patient is currently a candidate for cochlear implantation to manage his severe hearing loss.Neurological symptoms did not improve with treatment,but cochlear implantation may offer a potential solution to his hearing deficit.Conclusions:This case highlights the importance of early recognition and intervention in brucellosis cases,particularly those with neurological involvement.Delayed diagnosis and treatment can result in irreversible neurological damage.It also underscores the potential for cochlear implantation in patients with severe,irreversible sensorineural hearing loss caused by neurobrucellosis.Cochlear implantation offers an important solution for patients with brucellosis-related hearing deficits,improving their quality of life despite the neurological damage caused by the infection.展开更多
Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)have been cast as a promising alternative to alleviate blockage vulnerability and enhance coverage capability for terahertz(THz)communications.Owing to large-scale array elements...Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)have been cast as a promising alternative to alleviate blockage vulnerability and enhance coverage capability for terahertz(THz)communications.Owing to large-scale array elements at transceivers and RIS,the codebook based beamforming can be utilized in a computationally efficient manner.However,the codeword selection for analog beamforming is an intractable combinatorial optimization(CO)problem.To this end,by taking the CO problem as a classification problem,a multi-task learning based analog beam selection(MTL-ABS)framework is developed to implement cooperative beam selection concurrently at transceivers and RIS.In addition,residual network and self-attention mechanism are used to combat the network degradation and mine intrinsic THz channel features.Finally,the network convergence is analyzed from a blockwise perspective,and numerical results demonstrate that the MTL-ABS framework greatly decreases the beam selection overhead and achieves near optimal sum-rate compared with heuristic search based counterparts.展开更多
Recurrent pregnancy loss(RPL)affects 2%-5%of couples attempting to conceive.It is a highly heterogenous condition attributed to several factors including endocrine dysfunction,auto immune disorders,thrombophilia,genet...Recurrent pregnancy loss(RPL)affects 2%-5%of couples attempting to conceive.It is a highly heterogenous condition attributed to several factors including endocrine dysfunction,auto immune disorders,thrombophilia,genetic abnormalities,infectious diseases,uterine anomalies,sperm DNA fragmentation,and epigenetics.Among genetic causes,chromosomal abnormalities are the most frequent etiological factor of early miscarriage,accounting for 50%–60%of first trimester abortions.Numerical or structural chromosomal changes may result in spontaneous miscarriages.These anomalies arise as a result of chromosomal translocation,non-disjunction,or mutations[1].Transmission of parental chromosomal abnormalities may be one of the chances for a recurrence of miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy,albeit the cause is unknown[2,3].展开更多
With the increasing penetration of renewable energy,the coordination of energy storage with thermal power for frequency regulation has become an effective means to enhance grid frequency security.Addressing the challe...With the increasing penetration of renewable energy,the coordination of energy storage with thermal power for frequency regulation has become an effective means to enhance grid frequency security.Addressing the challenge of improving the frequency regulation performance of a thermal-storage primary frequency regulation system while reducing its associated losses,this paper proposes a multi-dimensional cooperative optimization strategy for the control parameters of a combined thermal-storage system,considering regulation losses.First,the frequency regulation losses of various components within the thermal power unit are quantified,and a calculation method for energy storage regulation loss is proposed,based on Depth of Discharge(DOD)and C-rate.Second,a thermal-storage cooperative control method based on series compensation is developed to improve the system’s frequency regulation performance.Third,targeting system regulation loss cost and regulation output,and considering constraints on output overshoot and system parameters,an improved Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm is employed to tune the parameters of the low-pass filter and the series compensator,thereby reducing regulation losses while enhancing performance.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the total loss cost of the proposed control strategy is comparable to that of a system with only thermal power participation.However,the thermal power loss cost is reduced by 42.16%compared to the thermal-only case,while simultaneously improving system frequency stability.Thus,the proposed strategy effectively balances system frequency stability and economic efficiency.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the potential link between chromosomal polymorphisms in couples who had a medical history of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.Methods:Cytogenetic investigation was conducted with mitogen(Ph...Objective:To investigate the potential link between chromosomal polymorphisms in couples who had a medical history of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.Methods:Cytogenetic investigation was conducted with mitogen(Phytohemagglutinin-M,Gibco)stimulated blood T lymphocytes by Giemsa trypsin Giemsa banding and Ag-NOR banding on 580 couples with a history of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss and 240 couples from the general population.Thirty good chromosomal spreads were captured,karyotyped,and analyzed.The karyotypes were designated using the International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature 2024.Pearson Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of chromosomal polymorphism variations in the idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss group with the general population group.Results:A conventional cytogenetic investigation revealed that 45.43%of couples experiencing idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss presented with various types of chromosomal polymorphic variants,compared to 11.88%in the general population.The overall frequency of these chromosomal polymorphic variants was significantly higher in the idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss group compared to the general population group(OR 9.97,95%CI 6.99-14.21;P<0.05).Additionally,the prevalence of polymorphic variants was higher among males(49.14%)than females(41.72%)(P=0.01).Conclusions:Chromosomal polymorphic analysis may play a crucial role in the assessment and careful clinical management of cases with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss,especially when no other conclusive reasons are identified during the initial evaluation.Therefore,heteromorphism should not be overlooked while investigating the causes of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.展开更多
Circadian sensitivity significantly influences the severity of noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL),but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 97,043 cochlear cells,identify...Circadian sensitivity significantly influences the severity of noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL),but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 97,043 cochlear cells,identifying macrophages as the primary immune responders to acoustic trauma,with a notable increase in their proportion in the cochlea.Immunofluorescence confirmed significant recruitment and activation of cochlear macrophages following noise exposure,while in vivo macrophage depletion resulted in the recovery of hearing.Furthermore,analyses of differentially-expressed genes and pathways revealed pronounced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in macrophages during night-time noise exposure.Measurements of elevated IL-1βand IL-18 expression in cochlear macrophages by multiplex immunohistochemistry correlated with heightened inflammation in the night-time exposure group.These findings were further confirmed by the administration of the selective NLRP3 inhibitor CY-09,which mitigated inflammasome activation,preserved synaptic integrity,and protect against hearing loss.In conclusion,our findings underscore the role of macrophage-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mediating circadian variations in cochlear damage,offering a potential therapeutic target for mitigating NIHL.展开更多
Designing appropriate loss functions is critical to the success of supervised learning models.However,most conventional losses are fixed and manually designed,making them suboptimal for diverse and dynamic learning sc...Designing appropriate loss functions is critical to the success of supervised learning models.However,most conventional losses are fixed and manually designed,making them suboptimal for diverse and dynamic learning scenarios.In this work,we propose an Adaptive Meta-Loss Network(Adaptive-MLN)that learns to generate taskagnostic loss functions tailored to evolving classification problems.Unlike traditional methods that rely on static objectives,Adaptive-MLN treats the loss function itself as a trainable component,parameterized by a shallow neural network.To enable flexible,gradient-free optimization,we introduce a hybrid evolutionary approach that combines GeneticAlgorithms(GA)for global exploration and Evolution Strategies(ES)for local refinement.This co-evolutionary process dynamically adjusts the loss landscape,improvingmodel generalization without relying on analytic gradients or handcrafted heuristics.Experimental evaluations on synthetic tasks and the CIFAR-10 andMNIST datasets demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms standard losses such as Cross-Entropy and Mean Squared Error in terms of accuracy,convergence,and adaptability.展开更多
The micro-riblet structures have been demonstrated effective in controlling the Total Pressure Loss(TPL)of aero-engine blades.However,due to the considerable scale gap between micro-texture and an actual aero-engine b...The micro-riblet structures have been demonstrated effective in controlling the Total Pressure Loss(TPL)of aero-engine blades.However,due to the considerable scale gap between micro-texture and an actual aero-engine blade,wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations with massive grids directly describing the global flow field are costly for aerodynamic evaluation.Furthermore,the fine micro surface structure brings unavoidable manufacturing errors,and the probability prediction contributes to gaining the confidence interval of the results.Therefore,a novel relay-based probabilistic model for multi-fidelity scenarios in the TPL prediction of a compressor cascade with micro-riblet surfaces is proposed to trade off accuracy and efficiency.Combined with the low-fidelity flow data generated by an aerodynamic solution strategy using the boundary surrogate model and the high-fidelity flow data from the experiment,the relay-based modeling has been achieved through knowledge transferring,and the confidence interval can be provided by the Gaussian Process Regression(GPR)model.The TPL of compressor cascades with micro-riblet surfaces under different surface structures at March number Ma=0.64,0.74,0.84 have been evaluated using the Relay-Based Probabilistic(RBP)model.The results illustrate that the RBP model could provide higher accuracy than the Single-Fidelity-Data-Driven(SFDD)prediction model,which show the promising potential of multi-fidelity scenarios data fusion in the aerodynamic evaluation of multi-scale configurations.展开更多
The lateral transport of labile organic carbon represents a critical pathway for soil organic carbon(SOC) loss,reducing organic carbon sequestration and increasing the risk of waterbody pollution.Livestock manure appl...The lateral transport of labile organic carbon represents a critical pathway for soil organic carbon(SOC) loss,reducing organic carbon sequestration and increasing the risk of waterbody pollution.Livestock manure application on croplands serves as a common fertilizer reduction practice to sustain crop yields,enhance SOC sequestration,and reduce water erosion.However,limited quantitative assessments have examined the effects of livestock manure substitution on labile organic carbon lateral loss and fluxes in long-term experiments.This study conducted a three-year field investigation on subtropical sloping croplands to assess the impact of livestock manure substitution on dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and particulate organic carbon(POC) loss via surface runoff,interflow and eroded sediments.There are four treatments:no fertilization(CK);chemical nitrogen fertilizer(SF),40% nitrogen substitution with pig manure(PMF),and 100% nitrogen substitution from pig manure(PM).Compared to SF treatment,long-term livestock manure substitution in PMF and PM treatments significantly(P<0.05) reduced annual cumulative surface runoff fluxes by 13.5 and 21.6%,respectively.Manure applications decreased annual sediment fluxes by 12.9 and 19.1%,respectively.Soil water stable aggregates for mean weight diameter(MWD) increased significantly by 37.7 and 73.6%.Annual cumulative POC loss flux via eroded sediment under PMF and PM treatments increased significantly(P<0.05) by 61.1 and 47.9%,respectively.The labile organic carbon loss fluxes,including DOC and POC losses,under PMF and PM treatments increased significantly(P<0.05) by 11.9 and 31.4%,respectively.These results demonstrate that while water erosion intensity decreases due to enhanced soil aggregate stability,the risk of labile organic carbon loss increases after long-term livestock manure substitution in subtropical sloping croplands.Future research should examine labile organic carbon lateral migration under various soil types and slope gradients for livestock manure application in subtropical agricultural ecosystem croplands to better understand extreme rainfall effects.展开更多
Cisplatin is a widely-used chemotherapeutic agent,but its dose-limiting ototoxicity often results in irreversible hearing loss.The pathogenesis involves oxidative stress,apoptosis,DNA damage,and inflammatory responses...Cisplatin is a widely-used chemotherapeutic agent,but its dose-limiting ototoxicity often results in irreversible hearing loss.The pathogenesis involves oxidative stress,apoptosis,DNA damage,and inflammatory responses,yet effective preventive strategies remain limited.Here,we demonstrate that magnesium hydride(MgH_(2)),a hydrogen-releasing compound,provides robust protection against cisplatin-induced hearing loss.Our results showed that MgH_(2)protected auditory function and preserved cochlear hair cells in vivo.Furthermore,it significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured HEI-OC1(House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1)cells and cochlear explants.Notably,MgH_(2)suppressed NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory cascades,thereby limiting downstream inflammatory damage.These findings revealed that MgH_(2)alleviated cisplatin-induced hearing loss through integrated antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anti-apoptotic pathways,with NLRP3 identified as a critical regulatory molecule.Collectively,our study provides compelling evidence for MgH_(2)as a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss.展开更多
Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to h...Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).展开更多
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)plays a vital role in the global nitrogen cycle by mitigating reactive nitrogen.In recent years,its ecological importance has drawn increasing attention.Despite its widespread occu...Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)plays a vital role in the global nitrogen cycle by mitigating reactive nitrogen.In recent years,its ecological importance has drawn increasing attention.Despite its widespread occurrence,the distribution and quantitative contribution of anammox to global nitrogen loss remain unclear.We collected 390 reported anammox activity measurements which were obtained using 15N isotope tracing techniques and analyzed anammox rate and environmental factors including soil/sediment and water property using generalized additive models(GAMs).Moreover,based on the division of the anammox activity region,we estimated anammox-driven nitrogen loss across different ecosystems including wetlands and oxygen minimum zones(OMZs)ecosystems.Our findings revealed that soil moisture content was the most significant predictor of anammox activity in wetlands ecosystems.Paddy fields contributed 51%of anammox-driven nitrogen loss(32.0 Tg N/yr),followed by rivers/lakes(29%)and wetlands(20%).Asia emerged as the dominant region for anammoxdriven nitrogen loss(30.7 Tg N/yr),with paddy fields making a substantial contribution.North America was the second-largest contributor(25.4 Tg N/yr),with rivers/lakes being the main sources of nitrogen loss.In OMZs ecosystems,nitrate and dissolved oxygen were key factors influencing anammox rates.OMZs were hotspots for anammox,with peak activity at 300 m depth and nitrogen loss totaling 68.6 Tg N/yr,mostly between 100 and 500 m depths.This study underscores the critical role of anammox in global nitrogen cycling and offers a basis for environmental nitrogen management through predictive anammox modeling.展开更多
Neurodegeneration shows regional and cell-type-specific patterns in ageing and disease1,but the underlying mechanisms for cell-type-specific neuronal losses remain poorly understood.Previous studies have shown that up...Neurodegeneration shows regional and cell-type-specific patterns in ageing and disease1,but the underlying mechanisms for cell-type-specific neuronal losses remain poorly understood.Previous studies have shown that upper cortical layer thinning occurs in progressive human multiple sclerosis(MS)and that cortical layer 2 and layer 3(L2/3)excitatory neurons(L2/3ENs)that express CUT-like homeobox 2(CUX2)are selectively vulnerable to degeneration2.展开更多
Amphibious vehicles are more prone to attitude instability compared to ships,making it crucial to develop effective methods for monitoring instability risks.However,large inclination events,which can lead to instabili...Amphibious vehicles are more prone to attitude instability compared to ships,making it crucial to develop effective methods for monitoring instability risks.However,large inclination events,which can lead to instability,occur frequently in both experimental and operational data.This infrequency causes events to be overlooked by existing prediction models,which lack the precision to accurately predict inclination attitudes in amphibious vehicles.To address this gap in predicting attitudes near extreme inclination points,this study introduces a novel loss function,termed generalized extreme value loss.Subsequently,a deep learning model for improved waterborne attitude prediction,termed iInformer,was developed using a Transformer-based approach.During the embedding phase,a text prototype is created based on the vehicle’s operation log data is constructed to help the model better understand the vehicle’s operating environment.Data segmentation techniques are used to highlight local data variation features.Furthermore,to mitigate issues related to poor convergence and slow training speeds caused by the extreme value loss function,a teacher forcing mechanism is integrated into the model,enhancing its convergence capabilities.Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method,demonstrating its ability to handle data imbalance challenges.Specifically,the model achieves over a 60%improvement in root mean square error under extreme value conditions,with significant improvements observed across additional metrics.展开更多
Silicon(Si)is a promising high-capacity anode in lithium-ion batteries but suffers from chronic chemical degradation and capacity fading during calendar aging,greatly hindering its automobile applications.Electrolyte ...Silicon(Si)is a promising high-capacity anode in lithium-ion batteries but suffers from chronic chemical degradation and capacity fading during calendar aging,greatly hindering its automobile applications.Electrolyte engineering currently relies on conventional evaluation criteria of reducing coulombic consumption,which implicitly presume its equivalence to irreversible capacity loss and complicates battery development.We introduce the detrimental ratioρto quantify the fraction of parasitic species that permanently degrades active material.This metric is independent and crucially complements total coulombic consumption for accurate performance evaluation.We systematically investigate multiple electrolyte formulations using high-precision leakage current measurements,open-circuit-voltage experiments,and post-mortem characterizations.Although some electrolytes exhibit similarly low coulombic consumption,they diverge significantly in capacity retention andρ.Especially,dimethyl-carbonate-based localized-high concentration electrolyte can synergically achieve low coulombic consumption and detrimental ratioρduring calendar aging,owing to its chemically inert and structurally resilient solidelectrolyte interface with minimal isolated Si material.By contrast,increasing fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)additive content suppresses electrolyte breakdown but suffers aggravated chemical degradation of more LixSi isolation for irreversible capacity loss with a risingρ.This study critically reveals that the chemistry-characteristic detrimental ratioρestablishes physically informed performance evaluation to pave the way for accelerating battery development.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,China(2022YFF1301801)Agricultural scientific and technological innovation project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(333 Project)(06202214442066)+1 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(5232018)Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(06202214442062).
文摘Maize yield is critically endangered by diseases throughout its growth cycle,posing significant risks to food security.The spatial and temporal dynamics of maize yield loss and the rate of yield loss attributable to these threats on a regional scale have been challenging to ascertain due to scarce continuous observation data.This study compiled county-level data on maize yield and yield loss across China's six primary cropping regions over twenty years from 1999 to 2018.These include the Spring-sown area of Northern China(1-NC),the Summer-sown Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(2-HHP),the Southwest Mountain(3-SM),the Southern Hilly(4-SH),the Northwest Irrigated(5-NI),and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Maize Regions(6-QTP).We identified 15 major diseases affecting these regions.The annual average yield loss due to maize diseases in the regions 1-NC,2-HHP,3-SM,4-SH,5-NI,and 6-QTP were 0.40,0.58,0.12,0.05,0.04 and<0.01 million tons,respectively,and the corresponding average yield loss rate(the ratio of yield loss to total yield)in these regions was 0.63,0.90,0.65,0.63,0.44,and 0.05.The yield loss due to all diseases increased for three regions in 3-SM,4-SH and 5-NI.The yield loss rate due to diseases significantly increased in region 4-SH and 5-NI.Predominantly,maize leaf blight has become the most significant threats.In region 1-NC,maize head smut(D1)and maize leaf blight(D2)were the primary diseases.In region 2-HHP,maize leaf blight(D2),maize rust(D3),maize brown spot(D5),Curvularia leaf spot(D7),and maize virus disease(D14)were the key pathogens.Bivariate trend analysis(joint analysis of yield loss and loss rate trends)indicated that maize head smut(D1)decreased significantly in 1-NC,while in 2-HHP,six diseases showed a significant decrease in both yield loss and loss rate,namely sheath blight(D4),brown spot(D5),root rot(D11),downy mildew(D12)and virus disease(D14).By providing a long-term,national-scale perspective,this study not only supports the development of broad management strategies but also guides the creation of precise,region-specific control protocols to safeguard maize production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42130719 and 42177173)the Doctoral Direct Train Project of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.CSTB2023NSCQ-BSX0029).
文摘Underground engineering projects such as deep tunnel excavation often encounter rockburst disasters accompanied by numerous microseismic events.Rapid interpretation of microseismic signals is crucial for the timely identification of rockbursts.However,conventional processing encompasses multi-step workflows,including classification,denoising,picking,locating,and computational analysis,coupled with manual intervention,which collectively compromise the reliability of early warnings.To address these challenges,this study innovatively proposes the“microseismic stethoscope"-a multi-task machine learning and deep learning model designed for the automated processing of massive microseismic signals.This model efficiently extracts three key parameters that are necessary for recognizing rockburst disasters:rupture location,microseismic energy,and moment magnitude.Specifically,the model extracts raw waveform features from three dedicated sub-networks:a classifier for source zone classification,and two regressors for microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation.This model demonstrates superior efficiency compared to traditional processing and semi-automated processing,reducing per-event processing time from 0.71 s to 0.49 s to merely 0.036 s.It concurrently achieves 98%accuracy in source zone classification,with microseismic energy and moment magnitude estimation errors of 0.13 and 0.05,respectively.This model has been well applied and validated in the Daxiagu Tunnel case in Sichuan,China.The application results indicate that the model is as accurate as traditional methods in determining source parameters,and thus can be used to identify potential geomechanical processes of rockburst disasters.By enhancing the signal processing reliability of microseismic events,the proposed model in this study presents a significant advancement in the identification of rockburst disasters.
文摘Knowledge distillation has become a standard technique for compressing large language models into efficient student models,but existing methods often struggle to balance prediction accuracy with explanation quality.Recent approaches such as Distilling Step-by-Step(DSbS)introduce explanation supervision,yet they apply it in a uniform manner that may not fully exploit the different learning dynamics of prediction and explanation.In this work,we propose a task-structured curriculum learning(TSCL)framework that structures training into three sequential phases:(i)prediction-only,to establish stable feature representations;(ii)joint prediction-explanation,to align task outputs with rationale generation;and(iii)explanation-only,to refine the quality of rationales.This design provides a simple but effective modification to DSbS,requiring no architectural changes and adding negligible training cost.We justify the phase scheduling with ablation studies and convergence analysis,showing that an initial prediction-heavy stage followed by a balanced joint phase improves both stability and explanation alignment.Extensive experiments on five datasets(e-SNLI,ANLI,CommonsenseQA,SVAMP,and MedNLI)demonstrate that TSCL consistently outperforms strong baselines,achieving gains of+1.7-2.6 points in accuracy and 0.8-1.2 in ROUGE-L,corresponding to relative error reductions of up to 21%.Beyond lexical metrics,human evaluation and ERASERstyle faithfulness diagnostics confirm that TSCL produces more faithful and informative explanations.Comparative training curves further reveal faster convergence and lower variance across seeds.Efficiency analysis shows less than 3%overhead in wall-clock training time and no additional inference cost,making the approach practical for realworld deployment.This study demonstrates that a simple task-structured curriculum can significantly improve the effectiveness of knowledge distillation.By separating and sequencing objectives,TSCL achieves a better balance between accuracy,stability,and explanation quality.The framework generalizes across domains,including medical NLI,and offers a principled recipe for future applications in multimodal reasoning and reinforcement learning.
文摘Tinnitus:the hearing of a sound that has not been produced by any external or internal source,is a rather heterogeneous hearing disorder.Background/Objectives:Hearing loss has been shown to be the main risk factor for tinnitus while emotional disorders are risk factors for developing intrusive or bothersome tinnitus.Moreover,aging has also been identified as another risk factor.The aim of this paper was to analyse the correlation between hearing loss,age and tinnitus severity in a cohort of 610 tinnitus sufferers.Methods:Age,audiometric(hearing condition)and tinnitus(time duration and severity)data were assessed and analysed for all subjects just after recruiting(baseline).Furthermore,the average hearing loss(HL)curves of the participants for age groups were compared to these with the corresponding Age Related HL(ARHL).Results:For most of the age groups,the measured HL curves exceeded in 10-20 dB those of the ARHL.The average age of tinnitus onset(age minus tinnitus duration)was found to be 44-46 years in both men and women.Weak correlation between audiometric feature and tinnitus distress was observed.Conclusions:Hearing loss has been shown to be a clear risk factor for triggering tinnitus(86%of participants were hearing impaired).In this cohort,average measures of hearing loss showed,at most,weak associations with tinnitus-related distress,suggesting that non-audiological factors may play a predominant role.
文摘Background:Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection common in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East.Neurological involvement,although rare,can lead to severe complications,including sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).This case is particularly noteworthy as it highlights irreversible auditory nerve damage in brucellosis,emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent neurological consequences.The novelty of this case lies in the severity of auditory involvement despite timely treatment.Case Presentation:A 43-year-old male farmer of Maghrebi origin presented with neurobrucellosis complicated by severe,irreversible bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.The patient initially reported symptoms of hearing loss and dizziness,which were confirmed to be associated with auditory nerve involvement.Wright's serology and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)testing confirmed brucellosis.Despite appropriate and prolonged antibiotic therapy,including drugs that penetrate the meningeal barrier and act intracellularly,the patient's auditory impairment remained permanent.The patient is currently a candidate for cochlear implantation to manage his severe hearing loss.Neurological symptoms did not improve with treatment,but cochlear implantation may offer a potential solution to his hearing deficit.Conclusions:This case highlights the importance of early recognition and intervention in brucellosis cases,particularly those with neurological involvement.Delayed diagnosis and treatment can result in irreversible neurological damage.It also underscores the potential for cochlear implantation in patients with severe,irreversible sensorineural hearing loss caused by neurobrucellosis.Cochlear implantation offers an important solution for patients with brucellosis-related hearing deficits,improving their quality of life despite the neurological damage caused by the infection.
文摘Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)have been cast as a promising alternative to alleviate blockage vulnerability and enhance coverage capability for terahertz(THz)communications.Owing to large-scale array elements at transceivers and RIS,the codebook based beamforming can be utilized in a computationally efficient manner.However,the codeword selection for analog beamforming is an intractable combinatorial optimization(CO)problem.To this end,by taking the CO problem as a classification problem,a multi-task learning based analog beam selection(MTL-ABS)framework is developed to implement cooperative beam selection concurrently at transceivers and RIS.In addition,residual network and self-attention mechanism are used to combat the network degradation and mine intrinsic THz channel features.Finally,the network convergence is analyzed from a blockwise perspective,and numerical results demonstrate that the MTL-ABS framework greatly decreases the beam selection overhead and achieves near optimal sum-rate compared with heuristic search based counterparts.
文摘Recurrent pregnancy loss(RPL)affects 2%-5%of couples attempting to conceive.It is a highly heterogenous condition attributed to several factors including endocrine dysfunction,auto immune disorders,thrombophilia,genetic abnormalities,infectious diseases,uterine anomalies,sperm DNA fragmentation,and epigenetics.Among genetic causes,chromosomal abnormalities are the most frequent etiological factor of early miscarriage,accounting for 50%–60%of first trimester abortions.Numerical or structural chromosomal changes may result in spontaneous miscarriages.These anomalies arise as a result of chromosomal translocation,non-disjunction,or mutations[1].Transmission of parental chromosomal abnormalities may be one of the chances for a recurrence of miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy,albeit the cause is unknown[2,3].
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(Project No.YDZJ202301ZYTS284).
文摘With the increasing penetration of renewable energy,the coordination of energy storage with thermal power for frequency regulation has become an effective means to enhance grid frequency security.Addressing the challenge of improving the frequency regulation performance of a thermal-storage primary frequency regulation system while reducing its associated losses,this paper proposes a multi-dimensional cooperative optimization strategy for the control parameters of a combined thermal-storage system,considering regulation losses.First,the frequency regulation losses of various components within the thermal power unit are quantified,and a calculation method for energy storage regulation loss is proposed,based on Depth of Discharge(DOD)and C-rate.Second,a thermal-storage cooperative control method based on series compensation is developed to improve the system’s frequency regulation performance.Third,targeting system regulation loss cost and regulation output,and considering constraints on output overshoot and system parameters,an improved Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm is employed to tune the parameters of the low-pass filter and the series compensator,thereby reducing regulation losses while enhancing performance.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the total loss cost of the proposed control strategy is comparable to that of a system with only thermal power participation.However,the thermal power loss cost is reduced by 42.16%compared to the thermal-only case,while simultaneously improving system frequency stability.Thus,the proposed strategy effectively balances system frequency stability and economic efficiency.
基金funded by the Technology Development Board(TDB)of India's Ministry of Science and Technology(TDB/M-25/2018-19).
文摘Objective:To investigate the potential link between chromosomal polymorphisms in couples who had a medical history of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.Methods:Cytogenetic investigation was conducted with mitogen(Phytohemagglutinin-M,Gibco)stimulated blood T lymphocytes by Giemsa trypsin Giemsa banding and Ag-NOR banding on 580 couples with a history of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss and 240 couples from the general population.Thirty good chromosomal spreads were captured,karyotyped,and analyzed.The karyotypes were designated using the International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature 2024.Pearson Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of chromosomal polymorphism variations in the idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss group with the general population group.Results:A conventional cytogenetic investigation revealed that 45.43%of couples experiencing idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss presented with various types of chromosomal polymorphic variants,compared to 11.88%in the general population.The overall frequency of these chromosomal polymorphic variants was significantly higher in the idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss group compared to the general population group(OR 9.97,95%CI 6.99-14.21;P<0.05).Additionally,the prevalence of polymorphic variants was higher among males(49.14%)than females(41.72%)(P=0.01).Conclusions:Chromosomal polymorphic analysis may play a crucial role in the assessment and careful clinical management of cases with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss,especially when no other conclusive reasons are identified during the initial evaluation.Therefore,heteromorphism should not be overlooked while investigating the causes of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.
基金supported by the Scientific and Innovative Action Plan of Shanghai(CN)(22Y11902000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82371144 and 82201273)+2 种基金the Cross-Disciplinary Research Fund of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(JYJC202231)the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases(14DZ2260300)We extend our gratitude to Prof.Hao Wu and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases for providing essential resources and laboratory facilities,and to Prof.Lei Song and Prof.Zhiyong Liu for valuable insights and guidance.
文摘Circadian sensitivity significantly influences the severity of noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL),but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 97,043 cochlear cells,identifying macrophages as the primary immune responders to acoustic trauma,with a notable increase in their proportion in the cochlea.Immunofluorescence confirmed significant recruitment and activation of cochlear macrophages following noise exposure,while in vivo macrophage depletion resulted in the recovery of hearing.Furthermore,analyses of differentially-expressed genes and pathways revealed pronounced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in macrophages during night-time noise exposure.Measurements of elevated IL-1βand IL-18 expression in cochlear macrophages by multiplex immunohistochemistry correlated with heightened inflammation in the night-time exposure group.These findings were further confirmed by the administration of the selective NLRP3 inhibitor CY-09,which mitigated inflammasome activation,preserved synaptic integrity,and protect against hearing loss.In conclusion,our findings underscore the role of macrophage-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mediating circadian variations in cochlear damage,offering a potential therapeutic target for mitigating NIHL.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant number:82171965.
文摘Designing appropriate loss functions is critical to the success of supervised learning models.However,most conventional losses are fixed and manually designed,making them suboptimal for diverse and dynamic learning scenarios.In this work,we propose an Adaptive Meta-Loss Network(Adaptive-MLN)that learns to generate taskagnostic loss functions tailored to evolving classification problems.Unlike traditional methods that rely on static objectives,Adaptive-MLN treats the loss function itself as a trainable component,parameterized by a shallow neural network.To enable flexible,gradient-free optimization,we introduce a hybrid evolutionary approach that combines GeneticAlgorithms(GA)for global exploration and Evolution Strategies(ES)for local refinement.This co-evolutionary process dynamically adjusts the loss landscape,improvingmodel generalization without relying on analytic gradients or handcrafted heuristics.Experimental evaluations on synthetic tasks and the CIFAR-10 andMNIST datasets demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms standard losses such as Cross-Entropy and Mean Squared Error in terms of accuracy,convergence,and adaptability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12301672)the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(Yangfan Special Project),China(No.23YF1401300)。
文摘The micro-riblet structures have been demonstrated effective in controlling the Total Pressure Loss(TPL)of aero-engine blades.However,due to the considerable scale gap between micro-texture and an actual aero-engine blade,wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations with massive grids directly describing the global flow field are costly for aerodynamic evaluation.Furthermore,the fine micro surface structure brings unavoidable manufacturing errors,and the probability prediction contributes to gaining the confidence interval of the results.Therefore,a novel relay-based probabilistic model for multi-fidelity scenarios in the TPL prediction of a compressor cascade with micro-riblet surfaces is proposed to trade off accuracy and efficiency.Combined with the low-fidelity flow data generated by an aerodynamic solution strategy using the boundary surrogate model and the high-fidelity flow data from the experiment,the relay-based modeling has been achieved through knowledge transferring,and the confidence interval can be provided by the Gaussian Process Regression(GPR)model.The TPL of compressor cascades with micro-riblet surfaces under different surface structures at March number Ma=0.64,0.74,0.84 have been evaluated using the Relay-Based Probabilistic(RBP)model.The results illustrate that the RBP model could provide higher accuracy than the Single-Fidelity-Data-Driven(SFDD)prediction model,which show the promising potential of multi-fidelity scenarios data fusion in the aerodynamic evaluation of multi-scale configurations.
基金funded by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20107 and U22A20562)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1900201-3)the International Cooperation Project,Ministry of Science and Technology of China (G2023019005L)。
文摘The lateral transport of labile organic carbon represents a critical pathway for soil organic carbon(SOC) loss,reducing organic carbon sequestration and increasing the risk of waterbody pollution.Livestock manure application on croplands serves as a common fertilizer reduction practice to sustain crop yields,enhance SOC sequestration,and reduce water erosion.However,limited quantitative assessments have examined the effects of livestock manure substitution on labile organic carbon lateral loss and fluxes in long-term experiments.This study conducted a three-year field investigation on subtropical sloping croplands to assess the impact of livestock manure substitution on dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and particulate organic carbon(POC) loss via surface runoff,interflow and eroded sediments.There are four treatments:no fertilization(CK);chemical nitrogen fertilizer(SF),40% nitrogen substitution with pig manure(PMF),and 100% nitrogen substitution from pig manure(PM).Compared to SF treatment,long-term livestock manure substitution in PMF and PM treatments significantly(P<0.05) reduced annual cumulative surface runoff fluxes by 13.5 and 21.6%,respectively.Manure applications decreased annual sediment fluxes by 12.9 and 19.1%,respectively.Soil water stable aggregates for mean weight diameter(MWD) increased significantly by 37.7 and 73.6%.Annual cumulative POC loss flux via eroded sediment under PMF and PM treatments increased significantly(P<0.05) by 61.1 and 47.9%,respectively.The labile organic carbon loss fluxes,including DOC and POC losses,under PMF and PM treatments increased significantly(P<0.05) by 11.9 and 31.4%,respectively.These results demonstrate that while water erosion intensity decreases due to enhanced soil aggregate stability,the risk of labile organic carbon loss increases after long-term livestock manure substitution in subtropical sloping croplands.Future research should examine labile organic carbon lateral migration under various soil types and slope gradients for livestock manure application in subtropical agricultural ecosystem croplands to better understand extreme rainfall effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471166 and 82071040)the Medical-Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Foundation of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(YG2025QNB28)the Basic Science Research Foundation of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital(ynms202302).
文摘Cisplatin is a widely-used chemotherapeutic agent,but its dose-limiting ototoxicity often results in irreversible hearing loss.The pathogenesis involves oxidative stress,apoptosis,DNA damage,and inflammatory responses,yet effective preventive strategies remain limited.Here,we demonstrate that magnesium hydride(MgH_(2)),a hydrogen-releasing compound,provides robust protection against cisplatin-induced hearing loss.Our results showed that MgH_(2)protected auditory function and preserved cochlear hair cells in vivo.Furthermore,it significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured HEI-OC1(House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1)cells and cochlear explants.Notably,MgH_(2)suppressed NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory cascades,thereby limiting downstream inflammatory damage.These findings revealed that MgH_(2)alleviated cisplatin-induced hearing loss through integrated antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anti-apoptotic pathways,with NLRP3 identified as a critical regulatory molecule.Collectively,our study provides compelling evidence for MgH_(2)as a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200800)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(2024A1515030094)。
文摘Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91851204,42177063,and 52370185)+1 种基金the Special project of eco-environmental technology for peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(No.RCEES-TDZ-2021-20)the State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control(Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences)(No.24Z01ESPCR).
文摘Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)plays a vital role in the global nitrogen cycle by mitigating reactive nitrogen.In recent years,its ecological importance has drawn increasing attention.Despite its widespread occurrence,the distribution and quantitative contribution of anammox to global nitrogen loss remain unclear.We collected 390 reported anammox activity measurements which were obtained using 15N isotope tracing techniques and analyzed anammox rate and environmental factors including soil/sediment and water property using generalized additive models(GAMs).Moreover,based on the division of the anammox activity region,we estimated anammox-driven nitrogen loss across different ecosystems including wetlands and oxygen minimum zones(OMZs)ecosystems.Our findings revealed that soil moisture content was the most significant predictor of anammox activity in wetlands ecosystems.Paddy fields contributed 51%of anammox-driven nitrogen loss(32.0 Tg N/yr),followed by rivers/lakes(29%)and wetlands(20%).Asia emerged as the dominant region for anammoxdriven nitrogen loss(30.7 Tg N/yr),with paddy fields making a substantial contribution.North America was the second-largest contributor(25.4 Tg N/yr),with rivers/lakes being the main sources of nitrogen loss.In OMZs ecosystems,nitrate and dissolved oxygen were key factors influencing anammox rates.OMZs were hotspots for anammox,with peak activity at 300 m depth and nitrogen loss totaling 68.6 Tg N/yr,mostly between 100 and 500 m depths.This study underscores the critical role of anammox in global nitrogen cycling and offers a basis for environmental nitrogen management through predictive anammox modeling.
文摘Neurodegeneration shows regional and cell-type-specific patterns in ageing and disease1,but the underlying mechanisms for cell-type-specific neuronal losses remain poorly understood.Previous studies have shown that upper cortical layer thinning occurs in progressive human multiple sclerosis(MS)and that cortical layer 2 and layer 3(L2/3)excitatory neurons(L2/3ENs)that express CUT-like homeobox 2(CUX2)are selectively vulnerable to degeneration2.
基金Supported by the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China.
文摘Amphibious vehicles are more prone to attitude instability compared to ships,making it crucial to develop effective methods for monitoring instability risks.However,large inclination events,which can lead to instability,occur frequently in both experimental and operational data.This infrequency causes events to be overlooked by existing prediction models,which lack the precision to accurately predict inclination attitudes in amphibious vehicles.To address this gap in predicting attitudes near extreme inclination points,this study introduces a novel loss function,termed generalized extreme value loss.Subsequently,a deep learning model for improved waterborne attitude prediction,termed iInformer,was developed using a Transformer-based approach.During the embedding phase,a text prototype is created based on the vehicle’s operation log data is constructed to help the model better understand the vehicle’s operating environment.Data segmentation techniques are used to highlight local data variation features.Furthermore,to mitigate issues related to poor convergence and slow training speeds caused by the extreme value loss function,a teacher forcing mechanism is integrated into the model,enhancing its convergence capabilities.Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method,demonstrating its ability to handle data imbalance challenges.Specifically,the model achieves over a 60%improvement in root mean square error under extreme value conditions,with significant improvements observed across additional metrics.
基金supported by the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE),Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE),Vehicle Technologies Office(VTO)under the Silicon Consortium Seedling project received by Z.H.Coperated for the DOE Office of Science by UChicago Argonne,LLC,under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357+2 种基金Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(PNNL)was supported by the U.S.DOE,Office of Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy(ARPA-E)under the EVs4ALL Program with the contract number DE-AC05-76RL01830operated by Battelle for the DOE under Contract DE-AC0576RL01830performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory(GMV)and supported by U.S.DOE’s VTO under the Silicon Consortium Program received by G.M.V.and directed by Carine Steinway,Nicolas Eidson Thomas,Thomas Do。
文摘Silicon(Si)is a promising high-capacity anode in lithium-ion batteries but suffers from chronic chemical degradation and capacity fading during calendar aging,greatly hindering its automobile applications.Electrolyte engineering currently relies on conventional evaluation criteria of reducing coulombic consumption,which implicitly presume its equivalence to irreversible capacity loss and complicates battery development.We introduce the detrimental ratioρto quantify the fraction of parasitic species that permanently degrades active material.This metric is independent and crucially complements total coulombic consumption for accurate performance evaluation.We systematically investigate multiple electrolyte formulations using high-precision leakage current measurements,open-circuit-voltage experiments,and post-mortem characterizations.Although some electrolytes exhibit similarly low coulombic consumption,they diverge significantly in capacity retention andρ.Especially,dimethyl-carbonate-based localized-high concentration electrolyte can synergically achieve low coulombic consumption and detrimental ratioρduring calendar aging,owing to its chemically inert and structurally resilient solidelectrolyte interface with minimal isolated Si material.By contrast,increasing fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)additive content suppresses electrolyte breakdown but suffers aggravated chemical degradation of more LixSi isolation for irreversible capacity loss with a risingρ.This study critically reveals that the chemistry-characteristic detrimental ratioρestablishes physically informed performance evaluation to pave the way for accelerating battery development.
