Reliable production of biofuels and specifically bioethanol has attracted a significant amount of re-search recently.Within this context,this study deals with dynamic simulation of bioethanol production processes and ...Reliable production of biofuels and specifically bioethanol has attracted a significant amount of re-search recently.Within this context,this study deals with dynamic simulation of bioethanol production processes and in particular aims at developing a mathematical model for describing simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation （SSCF） of C6 and C5 sugars.The model is constructed by combining existing mathematical mod-els for enzymatic hydrolysis and co-fermentation.An inhibition of ethanol on cellulose conversion is introduced in order to increase the reliability.The mathematical model for the SSCF is verified by comparing the model predic-tions with experimental data obtained from the ethanol production based on kraft paper mill sludge.When fitting the model to the data,only the yield coefficients for glucose and xylose metabolism were fine-tuned,which were found to be 0.43 g·g-1 （ethanol/glucose） and 0.35 g·g-1 （ethanol/xylose） respectively.These promising validation results encourage further model application to evaluate different process configurations for lignocellulosic bioetha-nol technology.展开更多
Anaerobic fermentation is an efficient method to extract phosphorus from excess sludge,thereby facilitating its recovery and mitigating the phosphorus resource shortage.However,the prevalent metal-bound phosphorus spe...Anaerobic fermentation is an efficient method to extract phosphorus from excess sludge,thereby facilitating its recovery and mitigating the phosphorus resource shortage.However,the prevalent metal-bound phosphorus species within sludge was difficult to release into the fermentation liquor.To address this,this study evaluated the enhanced phosphorus release performance from sludge containing iron-phosphorus compounds(Fe-P)via co-fermenting it with agriculture wastes.Specifically,protein-rich feather(Feather Group)and polysaccharide-rich tea residue(Tea Group)was respectively dosed into batch-scale fermentation jar.Results showed that the Feather Group exhibited significantly higher levels of released soluble phosphorus(2.1 folds)and volatile fatty acids(41.4 folds)compared to the Control Group,with concentrations reaching up to 280 mg/L and 9366 mg chemical oxygen demand/L,respectively.The activities ofα-glucosidase,neutral protease and acetate kinase in the Feather group were increased by 11.1%,92.3%and 37.6%,respectively,compared with the Control group.Methanogen abundance decreased while hydrolytic acid-producing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria increased significantly after supplying agricultural wastes.Metagenomic analysis demonstrated a significant increase in genes related to acetic acid synthesis.Mechanism elucidation suggested that increased iron-reducing bacteria abundance promoted Fe3+reduction into Fe2+,thus enhancing phosphorus release from Fe-P compounds.This work may provide valuable information for developing effective strategy to extract phosphorus resource from complex environmental wastes.展开更多
Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The singl...Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.展开更多
In this paper, to complete the global dynamics of a multi-strains SIS epidemic model, we establish a precise result on coexistence for the cases of the partial and complete duplicated multiple largest reproduction rat...In this paper, to complete the global dynamics of a multi-strains SIS epidemic model, we establish a precise result on coexistence for the cases of the partial and complete duplicated multiple largest reproduction ratios for this model.展开更多
In recent years,volatile fatty acid(VFA)production through anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge,instead of methane production,has been regarded as a high-value and promising roadmap for sludge stabilization and res...In recent years,volatile fatty acid(VFA)production through anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge,instead of methane production,has been regarded as a high-value and promising roadmap for sludge stabilization and resource recovery.This review first presents the effects of some essential factors that influence VFA production and composition.In the second part,we present an extensive analysis of conventional pretreatment and co-fermentation strategies ultimately addressed to improving VFA production and composition.Also,the effectiveness of these approaches is summarized in terms of sludge degradation,hydrolysis rate,and VFA production and composition.According to published studies,it is concluded that some pretreatments such as alkaline and thermal pretreatment are the most effective ways to enhance VFA production from sewage sludge.The possible reasons for the improvement of VFA production by different methods are also discussed.Finally,this review also highlights several current technical challenges and opportunities in VFA production with spectrum control,and further related research is proposed.展开更多
Ge/SiGe heterostructure quantum wells play a pivotal role in the pursuit of scalable silicon-based qubits.The varying compressive strains within these quantum wells profoundly influence the physical characteristics of...Ge/SiGe heterostructure quantum wells play a pivotal role in the pursuit of scalable silicon-based qubits.The varying compressive strains within these quantum wells profoundly influence the physical characteristics of the qubits,yet this factor remains largely unexplored,driving our research endeavor.In this study,we utilized RP-CVD(Reduced Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition)to grow Ge quantum wells with varied compressive strain,proposing growth schemes for lightly-strained(ε∥=-0.43%)QW(quantum well),standard-strained(ε∥=-0.61%)QW,and heavily-strained(ε∥=-1.19%)QW.Through comprehensive material characterization,particularly employing the low-temperature magneto-transport measurements,we derived the percolation densities ranging from 4.7×10^(10) to 14.2×10^(10) cm^(-2) and mobilities from 3.382×10^(5) to 7.301×10^(5) cm^(2)∙V^(-1)∙s^(-1).Combined with the first-principles calculations,our analysis delves into the trends in effective mass and percolation density at low temperatures,shedding light on the impact of quantum effects on band structures and the interplay between structural components and wave functions.This research offers a comprehensive investigation into the intrinsic mechanisms governing complex multi-strained quantum wells,spanning growth,characterization,and computational perspectives,thereby establishing a strategy for the growth of high-quality strained quantum wells.展开更多
The widespread use of polymers has made our lives increasingly convenient by offering a more convenient and dependable material.However,the challenge of efficiently decomposing these materials has resulted in a surge ...The widespread use of polymers has made our lives increasingly convenient by offering a more convenient and dependable material.However,the challenge of efficiently decomposing these materials has resulted in a surge of polymer waste,posing environment and health risk.Currently,landfill and incineration treatment approaches have notable shortcomings,prompting a shift towards more eco-friendly and sustainable biodegradation approaches.Biodegradation primarily relies on microorganisms,with research focusing on both solitary bacterial strain and multi-strain communities for polymer biodegradation.Furthermore,directed evolution and rational design of enzyme have significantly contributed to the polymer biodegradation process.However,previous reviews often undervaluing the role of multi-strain communities.In this review,we assess the current state of these three significant fields of research,provide practical solutions to issues with polymer biodegradation,and outline potential future directions for the subject.Ultimately,biodegradation,whether facilitated by single bacteria,multi-strain communities,or engineered enzymes,now represents the most effective method for managing waste polymers.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of milk or molasses kefir as a probiotic on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens. A total of 192 ...This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of milk or molasses kefir as a probiotic on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens. A total of 192 one-d-old as hatched broiler chicks(Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, each with 4 replicate pens of 12 chicks. The following treatments were applied: 1) a basal diet(C) and normal drinking water, 2) 2% milk kefir in drinking water, 3) 2% molasses kefir in drinking water, and 4) the diet C supplemented with commercial probiotic. At d 42, eight birds per treatment were killed for determination of carcass traits. Broilers at 28 days of age were bled for measuring antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus(NDV) and avian influenza virus(AIV), at 30 days of age for antibody titers against sheep red blood cell(SRBC), and at 42 days of age for biochemical analysis. Supplementing 2%milk kefir increased body weight of broilers at 28 and 42 days of age(P < 0.05). Supplementing 2%molasses kefir improved feed conversation ratio(FCR) of broilers during growth period(P < 0.05), but FCR of broilers in other periods was not affected. Daily feed intake, internal organ weights, and carcass traits were not influenced by the treatments except for small intestine and ceca length. Small intestinal length significantly decreased in broilers supplemented with milk and molasses kefir(P < 0.05). Molasses kefir supplementation significantly(P < 0.05) increased antibody titer against SRBC at 31 days of age but other immune related parameters were not statistically different among treatments. Biochemical parameters including serum protein, albumin, and triglyceride concentrations were not statistically(P> 0.05) influenced. Broilers supplemented with molasses kefir, had a significantly lower concentration of serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol at 42 days of age(P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that inclusion of 2% milk kefir in drinking water would improve growth performance of broiler chickens.展开更多
In this paper,we study a multi-strain SEIR epidemic model with both bilinear and nonmonotone incidence functions.Under biologically motivated assumptions,we show that the model has two basic reproduction numbers that ...In this paper,we study a multi-strain SEIR epidemic model with both bilinear and nonmonotone incidence functions.Under biologically motivated assumptions,we show that the model has two basic reproduction numbers that we noted R0,1 and R0,2;and four equilibrium points.Using the Lyapunov method,we prove that if R0,1 and R0,2 are less than one then the disease-free equilibrium is Globally Asymptotically Stable,thus the disease will be eradicated.However,if one of the two basic reproduction numbers is greater than one,then the strain that persists is that with the larger basic reproduction number.And finally if both of the two basic reproduction numbers are equal or greater than one then the total endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.A numerical simulation is also presented to illustrate the influence of the psychological effect,of people to infection,on the spread of the disease in the population.This simulation can be used to determine the status of different diseases in a region using the corresponding data and infectious disease parameters.展开更多
A vaccine breakthrough infection and a rebound infection cases of COVID-19 are studied and analyzed for the ten U.S.Department of Health and Human Services(HHS)regions and the United States as a nation in this work.An...A vaccine breakthrough infection and a rebound infection cases of COVID-19 are studied and analyzed for the ten U.S.Department of Health and Human Services(HHS)regions and the United States as a nation in this work.An innovative multi-strain susceptible-vacci-nated-exposed-asymptomatic-symptomatic-recovered(SVEAIR)epidemic model is devel-oped for this purpose for a population assumed to be susceptible to n-different variants of the disease,and those who are vaccinated and recovered from a specific strain k(kn)of the disease are immune to present strain and its predecessors j=1,2,…,k,but can still be infected by newer emerging strains j=k+1,k+2,…,n.The model is used to estimate epidemiological parameters,namely,the latent and infectious periods,the transmission rates,vaccination rates,recovery rates for each of the Delta B.1.617.2,Omicron B.1.1.529,and lineages BA.2,BA.2.12.1,BA.4,BA.5,BA.1.1,BA.4.6,and BA.5.2.6 for the United States and for each of the ten HHS regions.The transmission rate is estimated for both the asymptomatic and symptomatic cases.The effect of vaccines on each strain is analyzed.Condition that guarantees existence of an endemic with certain number of strains is derived and used to describe the endemic state of the population.展开更多
The tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(L.plantarum)to iso-α-acid is critical to sour beer production,and the mechanism of its tolerance to iso-α-acid on cell phenotype is still uncovered.In current study,the...The tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(L.plantarum)to iso-α-acid is critical to sour beer production,and the mechanism of its tolerance to iso-α-acid on cell phenotype is still uncovered.In current study,the tolerance of L.plantarum J6 was enhanced by adaptive laboratory evolution(ALE).And the stress response of L.plantarum J6-6 was analyzed by the changes of intracellular protein,cell membrane fatty acid composition and permeability.The strain J6-6 with iso-α-acid(25 mg/L)displayed an increased unsaturation of fatty acids.The protein involved in glycolysis pathway,nucleotide,amino acid and energy metabolism,would enhance the tolerance of J6-6.In addition,ALE can reduce the damage and improve the viability of iso-α-acid.The application of J6-6 in sour beer can easily control the entire fermentation,with more sweet-sour taste and better flavor.This study provides a well-defined target of easy-to-control sour beer.展开更多
基金Supported by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT# 118903)the Danish Research Council for Technology and Production Sciences (FTP# 274-07-0339)
文摘Reliable production of biofuels and specifically bioethanol has attracted a significant amount of re-search recently.Within this context,this study deals with dynamic simulation of bioethanol production processes and in particular aims at developing a mathematical model for describing simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation （SSCF） of C6 and C5 sugars.The model is constructed by combining existing mathematical mod-els for enzymatic hydrolysis and co-fermentation.An inhibition of ethanol on cellulose conversion is introduced in order to increase the reliability.The mathematical model for the SSCF is verified by comparing the model predic-tions with experimental data obtained from the ethanol production based on kraft paper mill sludge.When fitting the model to the data,only the yield coefficients for glucose and xylose metabolism were fine-tuned,which were found to be 0.43 g·g-1 （ethanol/glucose） and 0.35 g·g-1 （ethanol/xylose） respectively.These promising validation results encourage further model application to evaluate different process configurations for lignocellulosic bioetha-nol technology.
基金supported by the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2023C03149).
文摘Anaerobic fermentation is an efficient method to extract phosphorus from excess sludge,thereby facilitating its recovery and mitigating the phosphorus resource shortage.However,the prevalent metal-bound phosphorus species within sludge was difficult to release into the fermentation liquor.To address this,this study evaluated the enhanced phosphorus release performance from sludge containing iron-phosphorus compounds(Fe-P)via co-fermenting it with agriculture wastes.Specifically,protein-rich feather(Feather Group)and polysaccharide-rich tea residue(Tea Group)was respectively dosed into batch-scale fermentation jar.Results showed that the Feather Group exhibited significantly higher levels of released soluble phosphorus(2.1 folds)and volatile fatty acids(41.4 folds)compared to the Control Group,with concentrations reaching up to 280 mg/L and 9366 mg chemical oxygen demand/L,respectively.The activities ofα-glucosidase,neutral protease and acetate kinase in the Feather group were increased by 11.1%,92.3%and 37.6%,respectively,compared with the Control group.Methanogen abundance decreased while hydrolytic acid-producing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria increased significantly after supplying agricultural wastes.Metagenomic analysis demonstrated a significant increase in genes related to acetic acid synthesis.Mechanism elucidation suggested that increased iron-reducing bacteria abundance promoted Fe3+reduction into Fe2+,thus enhancing phosphorus release from Fe-P compounds.This work may provide valuable information for developing effective strategy to extract phosphorus resource from complex environmental wastes.
基金Project(10A110) supported by Hunan Provincial Education Department of ChinaProject(2010JT4055) supported by Hunan Provincial Science & Technology Department of China
文摘Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.
文摘In this paper, to complete the global dynamics of a multi-strains SIS epidemic model, we establish a precise result on coexistence for the cases of the partial and complete duplicated multiple largest reproduction ratios for this model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51578068)"One Thousand Talent Plan" Youth Program
文摘In recent years,volatile fatty acid(VFA)production through anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge,instead of methane production,has been regarded as a high-value and promising roadmap for sludge stabilization and resource recovery.This review first presents the effects of some essential factors that influence VFA production and composition.In the second part,we present an extensive analysis of conventional pretreatment and co-fermentation strategies ultimately addressed to improving VFA production and composition.Also,the effectiveness of these approaches is summarized in terms of sludge degradation,hydrolysis rate,and VFA production and composition.According to published studies,it is concluded that some pretreatments such as alkaline and thermal pretreatment are the most effective ways to enhance VFA production from sewage sludge.The possible reasons for the improvement of VFA production by different methods are also discussed.Finally,this review also highlights several current technical challenges and opportunities in VFA production with spectrum control,and further related research is proposed.
基金supported by the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Project ID.2021ZD0302301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.6240033549).
文摘Ge/SiGe heterostructure quantum wells play a pivotal role in the pursuit of scalable silicon-based qubits.The varying compressive strains within these quantum wells profoundly influence the physical characteristics of the qubits,yet this factor remains largely unexplored,driving our research endeavor.In this study,we utilized RP-CVD(Reduced Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition)to grow Ge quantum wells with varied compressive strain,proposing growth schemes for lightly-strained(ε∥=-0.43%)QW(quantum well),standard-strained(ε∥=-0.61%)QW,and heavily-strained(ε∥=-1.19%)QW.Through comprehensive material characterization,particularly employing the low-temperature magneto-transport measurements,we derived the percolation densities ranging from 4.7×10^(10) to 14.2×10^(10) cm^(-2) and mobilities from 3.382×10^(5) to 7.301×10^(5) cm^(2)∙V^(-1)∙s^(-1).Combined with the first-principles calculations,our analysis delves into the trends in effective mass and percolation density at low temperatures,shedding light on the impact of quantum effects on band structures and the interplay between structural components and wave functions.This research offers a comprehensive investigation into the intrinsic mechanisms governing complex multi-strained quantum wells,spanning growth,characterization,and computational perspectives,thereby establishing a strategy for the growth of high-quality strained quantum wells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078011,21908003,and 32022002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2100600)+1 种基金the seed funding of China Petrochemical Corporation(Sinopec Group)(223260)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(QNTD2023-01).
文摘The widespread use of polymers has made our lives increasingly convenient by offering a more convenient and dependable material.However,the challenge of efficiently decomposing these materials has resulted in a surge of polymer waste,posing environment and health risk.Currently,landfill and incineration treatment approaches have notable shortcomings,prompting a shift towards more eco-friendly and sustainable biodegradation approaches.Biodegradation primarily relies on microorganisms,with research focusing on both solitary bacterial strain and multi-strain communities for polymer biodegradation.Furthermore,directed evolution and rational design of enzyme have significantly contributed to the polymer biodegradation process.However,previous reviews often undervaluing the role of multi-strain communities.In this review,we assess the current state of these three significant fields of research,provide practical solutions to issues with polymer biodegradation,and outline potential future directions for the subject.Ultimately,biodegradation,whether facilitated by single bacteria,multi-strain communities,or engineered enzymes,now represents the most effective method for managing waste polymers.
文摘This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of milk or molasses kefir as a probiotic on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens. A total of 192 one-d-old as hatched broiler chicks(Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, each with 4 replicate pens of 12 chicks. The following treatments were applied: 1) a basal diet(C) and normal drinking water, 2) 2% milk kefir in drinking water, 3) 2% molasses kefir in drinking water, and 4) the diet C supplemented with commercial probiotic. At d 42, eight birds per treatment were killed for determination of carcass traits. Broilers at 28 days of age were bled for measuring antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus(NDV) and avian influenza virus(AIV), at 30 days of age for antibody titers against sheep red blood cell(SRBC), and at 42 days of age for biochemical analysis. Supplementing 2%milk kefir increased body weight of broilers at 28 and 42 days of age(P < 0.05). Supplementing 2%molasses kefir improved feed conversation ratio(FCR) of broilers during growth period(P < 0.05), but FCR of broilers in other periods was not affected. Daily feed intake, internal organ weights, and carcass traits were not influenced by the treatments except for small intestine and ceca length. Small intestinal length significantly decreased in broilers supplemented with milk and molasses kefir(P < 0.05). Molasses kefir supplementation significantly(P < 0.05) increased antibody titer against SRBC at 31 days of age but other immune related parameters were not statistically different among treatments. Biochemical parameters including serum protein, albumin, and triglyceride concentrations were not statistically(P> 0.05) influenced. Broilers supplemented with molasses kefir, had a significantly lower concentration of serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol at 42 days of age(P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that inclusion of 2% milk kefir in drinking water would improve growth performance of broiler chickens.
文摘In this paper,we study a multi-strain SEIR epidemic model with both bilinear and nonmonotone incidence functions.Under biologically motivated assumptions,we show that the model has two basic reproduction numbers that we noted R0,1 and R0,2;and four equilibrium points.Using the Lyapunov method,we prove that if R0,1 and R0,2 are less than one then the disease-free equilibrium is Globally Asymptotically Stable,thus the disease will be eradicated.However,if one of the two basic reproduction numbers is greater than one,then the strain that persists is that with the larger basic reproduction number.And finally if both of the two basic reproduction numbers are equal or greater than one then the total endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.A numerical simulation is also presented to illustrate the influence of the psychological effect,of people to infection,on the spread of the disease in the population.This simulation can be used to determine the status of different diseases in a region using the corresponding data and infectious disease parameters.
文摘A vaccine breakthrough infection and a rebound infection cases of COVID-19 are studied and analyzed for the ten U.S.Department of Health and Human Services(HHS)regions and the United States as a nation in this work.An innovative multi-strain susceptible-vacci-nated-exposed-asymptomatic-symptomatic-recovered(SVEAIR)epidemic model is devel-oped for this purpose for a population assumed to be susceptible to n-different variants of the disease,and those who are vaccinated and recovered from a specific strain k(kn)of the disease are immune to present strain and its predecessors j=1,2,…,k,but can still be infected by newer emerging strains j=k+1,k+2,…,n.The model is used to estimate epidemiological parameters,namely,the latent and infectious periods,the transmission rates,vaccination rates,recovery rates for each of the Delta B.1.617.2,Omicron B.1.1.529,and lineages BA.2,BA.2.12.1,BA.4,BA.5,BA.1.1,BA.4.6,and BA.5.2.6 for the United States and for each of the ten HHS regions.The transmission rate is estimated for both the asymptomatic and symptomatic cases.The effect of vaccines on each strain is analyzed.Condition that guarantees existence of an endemic with certain number of strains is derived and used to describe the endemic state of the population.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871785)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(111 Project)(111-2-06).
文摘The tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(L.plantarum)to iso-α-acid is critical to sour beer production,and the mechanism of its tolerance to iso-α-acid on cell phenotype is still uncovered.In current study,the tolerance of L.plantarum J6 was enhanced by adaptive laboratory evolution(ALE).And the stress response of L.plantarum J6-6 was analyzed by the changes of intracellular protein,cell membrane fatty acid composition and permeability.The strain J6-6 with iso-α-acid(25 mg/L)displayed an increased unsaturation of fatty acids.The protein involved in glycolysis pathway,nucleotide,amino acid and energy metabolism,would enhance the tolerance of J6-6.In addition,ALE can reduce the damage and improve the viability of iso-α-acid.The application of J6-6 in sour beer can easily control the entire fermentation,with more sweet-sour taste and better flavor.This study provides a well-defined target of easy-to-control sour beer.
