Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated s...Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.展开更多
This paper is aimed at detecting the neutron spectrum of^(241)Am–Be, a widely used neutron source, with the SP9 ~3He proportional counter, which is a multi-sphere spectrometer system of eight thermal neutron detector...This paper is aimed at detecting the neutron spectrum of^(241)Am–Be, a widely used neutron source, with the SP9 ~3He proportional counter, which is a multi-sphere spectrometer system of eight thermal neutron detectors embedded in eight polyethylene(PE) spheres of varying diameters. The transport processes of a neutron in the multi-sphere spectrometer are simulated using the Geant4 code. Two sets of response functions of the PE spheres are obtained for calculating the^(241)Am–Be neutron spectrum.Response Function 1 utilizes the thermal neutron scattering model G4 Neutron HPThermal Scattering for neutron energies of ≤4 eV, and Response Function 2 has no thermal treatment. Neutron spectra of an^(241)Am–Be neutron source are measured and compared to those calculated by using the response functions. The results show that response function with thermal treatment is more accurate and closer to the real spectrum.展开更多
Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petr...Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China have been elaborated.By discussing the development of“source-reservoir-seal”controlled by the breakup and assembly of supercontinents and regional tectonic movements,and the mechanisms of petroleum generation and accumulation controlled by temperature-pressure system and fault conduit system,Both the South China and Tarim blocks passed through the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)of the low-latitude Hadley Cell twice during their drifts,and formed hydrocarbon source rocks with high quality.It is proposed that deep tectonic activities and surface climate evolution jointly controlled the types and stratigraphic positions of ultra-deep hydrocarbon source rocks,reservoirs,and seals in the Sichuan and Tarim basins,forming multiple petroleum systems in the Ediacaran-Cambrian,Cambrian-Ordovician,Cambrian-Permian and Permian-Triassic strata.The matching degree of source-reservoir-seal,the type of organic matter in source rocks,the deep thermal regime of basin,and the burial-uplift process across tectonic periods collectively control the entire process from the generation to the accumulation of oil and gas.Three types of oil and gas enrichment models are formed,including near-source accumulation in platform marginal zones,distant-source accumulation in high-energy beaches through faults,and three-dimensional accumulation in strike-slip fault zones,which ultimately result in the multi-layered natural gas enrichment in ultra-deep layers of the Sichuan Basin and co-enrichment of oil and gas in the ultra-deep layers of the Tarim Basin.展开更多
Three typical polluted dust particles （i.e., single coated dust, two-sphere/spheroid system, and coated dust with ag- gregate） including internal and semi-external mixtures are modeled, and their scattering properti...Three typical polluted dust particles （i.e., single coated dust, two-sphere/spheroid system, and coated dust with ag- gregate） including internal and semi-external mixtures are modeled, and their scattering properties at 1.6-μm wavelength are calculated by using the generalized multi-sphere Mie-solution （GMM） method. We investigate the influences of par- ticle size, morphology, and chemical composition on the scattering parameters of polluted dust particles. The analysis results demonstrate that the single scattering albedo of coated dust is much smaller than that of pure dust, especially for the spheroidal black carbon （BC） coated dust. When a dust particle semi-mixes with another aerosol particle to form a two-sphere/spheroid system, its scattering properties are much more sensitive to the size and species of monomers than the monomer shape. If an aggregated BC attaches to the coated dust, the scattering properties of whole particle mainly depend on the host particle （coated dust）.展开更多
The Anthropocene era is characterized by the escalating impact of human activities on the environment,as well as the increasingly complex interactions among various components of the Earth system.These factors greatly...The Anthropocene era is characterized by the escalating impact of human activities on the environment,as well as the increasingly complex interactions among various components of the Earth system.These factors greatly affect the Earth's evolutionary trajectory.Despite notable strides in sustainable development practices worldwide,it remains unclear to what extent we have achieved Earth sustainability.Consequently,there is a pressing need to enhance conceptual and methodological frameworks to measure sustainability progress accurately.To address this need,we developed an Earth Vitality Framework that aids in tracking the Earth sustainability progress by considering interactions between spheres,recognizing the equal relationship between humans and nature,and presenting a threshold scheme for all measures.We applied this framework at global and national scales to demonstrate its usefulness.Our findings reveal that the current Earth Vitality Index is 63.74,indicating that the Earth is in a"weak"vitality.Irrational social institutions,unsatisfactory life experiences and the poor state of the biosphere and hydrosphere have remarkably affected the Earth vitality.Additionally,inequality exists between high-income and low-income countries.Although most of the former exhibit poor human-nature interaction,all of them enjoy good human well-being,while the opposite is true for the latter.Finally,we summarize the challenges and possible options for enhancing the Earth vitality in terms of coping with spillover effects,tipping cascades,feedback,and heterogeneity.展开更多
In order to make further studies on fusion neutron diagnosis on HL-2A /HL-2M,we have developed and succeeded in the calculation of the Response Function for a Bonner sphere spectrometer,which consists of eight polyeth...In order to make further studies on fusion neutron diagnosis on HL-2A /HL-2M,we have developed and succeeded in the calculation of the Response Function for a Bonner sphere spectrometer,which consists of eight polyethylene spheres with ^3He proportional counters inside.The response function of the Bonner spectrometer to neutrons is of fundamental importance for its neutron spectrum unfolding procedure and is directly related to the quality of the unfolded spectrum.In this paper,we calculated the response function to neutrons from 10^-9 MeV to100 MeV by Geant4.In order to test the accuracy of the Geant4 simulation,we apply it to measure an ^241Am-Be neutron source,and the measured neutron counts of the spectrometer and simulated counts are found to be highly consistent,with a relative error up to 9.3%.This has proven the calculation of the neutron response of the Bonner sphere spectrometer by Geant4 to be quite accurate.展开更多
In the present study,a combined bonded multi-sphere model was developed,validated,and applied to simulate the motion and breakage behavior of wet fibers in a fluidized bed.The effects of particle resolution,bond numbe...In the present study,a combined bonded multi-sphere model was developed,validated,and applied to simulate the motion and breakage behavior of wet fibers in a fluidized bed.The effects of particle resolution,bond number,and humidity coefficient(γ)on fiber breakage rate,breakage location,and fragment size distribution were systematically investigated.Results show that increasing particle resolution from 3 to 6 generally reduces fiber breakage.While a higher bond number lowers the probability of breakage.Two different breakage modes are identified under varyingγvalues:Mode 1,characterized by breakage due to collisions between rapidly falling individual fibers and fiber clusters,and Mode 2,arising from impacts between fiber clusters and the bed bottom.Asγincreases within a certain range,the dominant breakage mechanism transitions from Mode 1 to a mixed mode involving both Modes 1 and 2,accompanied by a shift in the primary breakage location from the corner region toward the center region of the bed.All these findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of wet fiber fluidization and offer guidance for optimizing wet fiber breakage behavior in real applications.展开更多
Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for a...Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for advancing the energy revolution.Building on a systematic review of the formation and evolution of classical petroleum geology,this paper proposes a new theoretical content and research framework of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment through in-depth analyses of the Earth's multi-spheric coupling mechanisms and cross-spheric cycling processes of volatiles.The core concept of this new theory lies in the principles of Earth system science and multi-spheric interactions,and the aim is to unravel the interplay between Earth system materials and energy cycles and dynamic processes in controlling hydrocarbon formation and enrichment.We reassess the global oil and gas resource potential and identify future exploration priorities and frontier domains for petroleum geology.By focusing on volatile-mediated multi-spheric exchange processes and setting them as a breakthrough,this framework aims to examine the genetic linkages among deep Earth processes,climatic environments,basin evolution,biological activities,and petroleum systems.The additional goals of this research are to decode the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrocarbon resources across diverse scales and types and to establish a novel theoretical paradigm for optimizing target prioritization of both mature field revitalization and frontier play assessment.By integrating the theory of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment with the artificial intelligence powered large-scale model tailored to the petroleum exploration and production industry,this initiative provides transformative scientific and technological underpinning for advancing the ongoing global energy revolution.展开更多
Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past decade.In the context of climat...Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past decade.In the context of climate change,many compound extremes have exhibited increasing frequency and intensity,and shown novel fashions of combinations,posing more pressing demands and tougher challenges to scientific research and disaster prevention and response.This article,via a perspective of multi-sphere interactions within the Earth System,systematically reviews the status quo,new scientific understanding,and deficiencies regarding the definition,mechanism,change,attribution,and projection of compound extremes.This study also sorts out existing challenges and outlines a potential roadmap in advancing the study on compound extremes with respect to data requirement,mechanistic diagnosis,numerical modeling,attribution and projection,risk assessment,and adaptive response.Further directions of compound extremes studies and key research topics that warrant multi-disciplinary and multisectoral coordinated efforts are also proposed.Given that climate change has reshaped the type of extremes,a transformation from the traditional single-event perspective to a compound-event perspective is needed for scientific research,disaster prevention and mitigation,and climate change adaptation,calling for bottom-up innovation in research objects,ideas,and methods.This article will add value to promoting the research on compound extremes and interdisciplinary cooperations.展开更多
The North Sea Basin is the most important oil and gas producing area in Europe and the birthplace of many classic petroleum geological theories. From the perspective of multi-spheric interactions in the Earth, this st...The North Sea Basin is the most important oil and gas producing area in Europe and the birthplace of many classic petroleum geological theories. From the perspective of multi-spheric interactions in the Earth, this study investigated the riftforeland-rift evolution process of the North Sea Basin, which was controlled by the deep dynamic driving forces of the continental collision orogeny, mantle plume uplift, and intraplate deformation. The North Sea Basin was found to have drifted northward since the Carboniferous and passed through the low-latitude Hadley and the mid-latitude Ferrel cells. Two sets of main hydrocarbon source rocks have formed, the coals and coal measures of the Upper Carboniferous Westphalian and the marine shale of the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation. We propose that the deep processes, tectonic activity, and transgression-climate evolution jointly controlled the types and horizons of the source rocks, reservoirs, and seals in different regions of the North Sea Basin. In the southern North Sea Basin, a Carboniferous-Lower Triassic gas-rich petroleum system was formed,which is characterized by transitional coal measure source rocks, desert aeolian sandstone reservoirs, and evaporite cap rocks. In the northern North Sea Basin, an Upper Triassic-Paleogene oil-rich petroleum system was formed, which is characterized by marine graben-type source rocks, deltaic sandstone and marine limestone reservoirs, and marine tight marl and shale cap rocks.The late tectonic burial and uplift in the North Sea Basin further controlled the processes of oil and gas generation and accumulation, ultimately leading to a differential distribution pattern which is oil rich in the northern part and gas rich in the southern part of the basin. In the future, there is an urgent need to re-examine the mechanisms for the petroleum generation and accumulation in large mature exploration areas(e.g., super basins such as the North Sea) and low exploration areas(e.g., the Okhotsk Sea and Arctic regions) from the perspective of multi-spheric interactions in the Earth in order to provide new theoretical support for increasing the identification of oil and gas reserves globally. The development of artificial intelligence in the petroleum industry should focus on the massive amount of exploration and geological data collected in the North Sea Basin.Through digital geological innovation, carbon neutral comprehensive utilization of oil, gas, and associated resources(e.g.,helium and hydrogen) can be achieved, providing a new paradigm for global oil and gas exploration and development.展开更多
The material and energy cycle crossing Earth's interior and surface spheres is a cutting-edge hotspot in Earth science research,and a quantitative dynamic model serves as the foundation for analyzing multi-spheric...The material and energy cycle crossing Earth's interior and surface spheres is a cutting-edge hotspot in Earth science research,and a quantitative dynamic model serves as the foundation for analyzing multi-spheric interactions.Since the MesoCenozoic,the Caribbean and its adjacent regions have been sandwiched between the Pacific subduction and Atlantic extension systems,experiencing large-scale oceanic subduction,plate boundary reshaping,slab tearing,and massive magmatic events.These tectonic processes have modified the distribution of land and sea,created dynamic topography,altered the opening and closing of surface seaways,ocean circulation,weathering,and sedimentation patterns,and further influenced regional basin evolution.Thus,the Caribbean and its adjacent regions are ideal sites for studying multi-spheric interactions.In the context of multi-spheric interactions,what are the driving factors in the Meso-Cenozoic Caribbean region?How do they trigger surface effects?To address these key questions,this study reconstructs,for the first time,a time-varying subduction slab sinking rate model and subduction slab flux curve for the Caribbean region,providing a first-order kinematic model.It implies that the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic were periods of the most intense regional subduction and the highest subduction carbon flux.Based on the kinematic model,further dynamic simulations are employed to calculate the land-sea distribution and dynamic topography changes induced by subduction processes since the Cenozoic.The results suggest that the high-buoyancy topography and east-west-aligned dynamic topography variations caused by Pacific plate subduction are primary features,which can well explain regional crust-mantle geophysical observations.These findings thus validate,from a dynamic process perspective,that the deep processes of multi-subduction systems since the Cenozoic have controlled surface effects such as land-sea distribution and topographic evolution in this region.Building on the dynamic model,this study assimilates surface sedimentary layer distribution data.We propose conducting three-dimensional interior-surface carbon cycle simulations as a dynamic framework for quantitatively assessing how regional deep processes influence surface evolution in the future.This would further merge paleoclimate,ocean currents,weathering,and sedimentation modules to simulate the enrichment processes of hydrocarbon resources in basins quantitatively.This represents a new direction in applied research on hydrocarbon enrichment theory under multi-spheric interactions.展开更多
Under global warming,extreme weather events and air pollution are becoming increasingly critical challenges.Both pose serious risks to human health,economies,and societal stability,and their complex interactions can f...Under global warming,extreme weather events and air pollution are becoming increasingly critical challenges.Both pose serious risks to human health,economies,and societal stability,and their complex interactions can further amplify these impacts.Numerical models are essential tools for studying these phenomena;however,traditional low-resolution Earth system models often fail to accurately capture the dynamics of extreme weather and air pollution.This limitation hinders our mechanistic understanding,reduces the reliability of future projections,and constrains the development of effective adaptation strategies.Dynamical downscaling—an approach that uses highresolution regional models nested within global models—offers a partial solution.However,this method inherits biases from the parent global models and often fails to adequately represent multi-scale and cross-sphere interactions involving the atmosphere,land,and oceans.These shortcomings underscore the growing need for developing and applying high-resolution Earth system models that can more comprehensively and accurately depict land-sea-atmosphere interactions,including heat and material exchanges and their spatial heterogeneity.This article explores the current challenges,recent advances,and future opportunities in understanding the interplay between extreme weather events and air pollution,with a focus on the critical role of high-resolution modeling.展开更多
The greatest Phanerozoic mass extinction happened at the end-Permian to earliest Triassic. About 95% species, 82% genera, and more than half families became extinct, constituting the sole macro-mass extinction in geol...The greatest Phanerozoic mass extinction happened at the end-Permian to earliest Triassic. About 95% species, 82% genera, and more than half families became extinct, constituting the sole macro-mass extinction in geological history. This event not only caused the great extinction but also destroyed the 200 Myr-long Paleozoic marine ecosystem, prompted its transition to Mesozoic ecosystem, and induced coal gap on land as well as reef gap and chert gap in ocean. The biotic crisis during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition was a long process of co-evolution between geospheres and biosphere. The event sequence at the Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） reveals two-episodic pattern of rapidly deteriorating global changes and biotic mass ex- tinction and the intimate relationship between them. The severe global changes coupling multiple geospheres may have affect- ed the Pangea integration on the Earth＇s surface spheres, which include： the Pangea integration→enhanced mountain height and basin depth, changes of wind and ocean current systems; enhanced ocean basin depth→the greatest Phanerozoic regression at PTB, disappearance of epeiric seas and subsequent rapid transgression; the Pangea integration→thermal isolation effect of continental lithosphere and decrease of mid-ocean ridges→development of continental volcanism; two-episode volcanism causing LIPs of the Emeishan Basalt and the Siberian Trap （25%251 Ma）→global warming and mass extinction; continental aridification and replacement of monsoon system by latitudinal wind system→destruction of vegetation; enhanced weathering and CH4 emission→negative excursion of δ^13C; mantle plume→crust doming→regression; possible relation between the Illawarra magnetic reversal and the PTB extinction, and so on. Mantle plume produced the Late Permian LIPs and mantle convection may have caused the process of the Pangea integration. Subduction, delamination, and accumulation of the earth＇s cool lithospheric material at the ＂D＂ layer of CMB started mantle plume by heat compensation and disturbed the outer core ther- too-convection, and the latter in turn would generate the mid-Permian geomagnetic reversal. These core and mantle perturbations may have caused the Pangea integration and two successive LIPs in the Permian, and probably finally the mass extinction at the PTB.展开更多
In discrete element method(DEM)simulations,multi-sphere(MS)clumped and convex particles are two main particle models that are used to study the mechanical behaviours of granular materials.Of interest is the evaluation...In discrete element method(DEM)simulations,multi-sphere(MS)clumped and convex particles are two main particle models that are used to study the mechanical behaviours of granular materials.Of interest is the evaluation of the effect of multiple contacts between clumped particles or single contacts between convex particles on the mechanical behaviours of granular materials.In this context,a series of drained triaxial compression tests were conducted on convex true(CT)ellipsoids and MS ellipsoids with aspect ratios(ARs)ranging from 1.0-2.0.The microscale results indicate that at a given AR,the critical friction angleφ_(c)changes with the particle type,whereas the peak friction angleφ_(p)is nearly independent of the particle type.The anisotropic analysis provides underlying mechanisms of the shear strength evolution from two perspectives.First,the anisotropies of granular materials are essential to shear strength as the deviatoric(q)-to-effective mean(p′)stress ratio can be expressed as the sum of the anisotropies,i.e.,q/p'≈0.4a_(c)+0.4a_(n)+0.6a_(t),where ac,an and at are the normal contact anisotropy,normal contact force anisotropy and tangential contact force anisotropy,respectively.For all samples,a_(c)and a_(n)underpin the shear strength and are influenced by the particle type.The similarφ_(p)displayed by the CT and MS ellipsoids does not translate to similar a_(n)and a_(c)but similar a_(c)+a_(n)for the two particle types.In addition,owing to their larger a_(c)+a_(n),the CT ellipsoids have a higherφ_(c)than the MS ellipsoids.Second,there is a satisfactory linear relationship between q/p'and ac within strong and non-sliding(sn)contacts a_(c)^(sn)(i.e.,q/p′=ka_(c)^(sn)),where k is the fitting parameter.Accordingly,in the peak state,the subtle difference in shear strength is attributed to the greater acsn in the CT ellipsoids than in the MS ellipsoids that is counteracted by the smaller k.However,in the critical state,the greater difference in a_(c)^(sn)between the CT and MS ellipsoids is partially offset by the smaller difference in k,causing a higherφ_(c)in the CT ellipsoids than in the MS ellipsoids.展开更多
Multi-sphere clumps are commonly used to simulate non-spherical particles in discrete element method simulations.It is of interest whether the degree of local non-convexity λ affects the mechanical behaviour of granu...Multi-sphere clumps are commonly used to simulate non-spherical particles in discrete element method simulations.It is of interest whether the degree of local non-convexity λ affects the mechanical behaviour of granular materials with the same non-convexity η.A series of discrete-element-method biaxial shear tests are conducted on rough particle packings with rη=0.075 and different λ values(ranging from 0.134 to 0.770).The microscale results show that the contact type changes with an increase in λ.However,the critical strength is independent of λ.The evaluation of the contributions of different contact types to the critical shear strength and a detailed analysis of the anisotropies help clarify the microscopic mechanisms that result in the independence of the critical shear strength from λ.展开更多
A resolved CFD-DEM method is proposed to simulate the fluid-particle interaction for large complex granules.The airflow in a vertical sinter fixed bed is numerically studied using this method.The multi-sphere clumped ...A resolved CFD-DEM method is proposed to simulate the fluid-particle interaction for large complex granules.The airflow in a vertical sinter fixed bed is numerically studied using this method.The multi-sphere clumped method is used to create irregular sinter particles in DEM.The immersed boundary method and dynamic cell refinement are applied to describe the fluid flow around particles with higher resolution,by which the fluid-particle interaction can be simulated more accurately.The simulation results presented the packing voidage distributions and the airflow fields in the sinter beds of different single and mixed particle size ranges.The bed pressure drops were simulated and the results were compared with the corresponding experimental ones.The good agreement indicated that the proposed resolved CFD-DEM method is an effective tool to model the fluid-particle interaction for irregular large granules in the gas-solid multi-phase systems.展开更多
In order to realize real-time fusion neutron spectrum diagnosis for the HL_2A Tokamak, a Bonner Sphere Spectrometer （BSS） array has been developed, consisting of eight polyethylene spheres （PS） with embedded aHe p...In order to realize real-time fusion neutron spectrum diagnosis for the HL_2A Tokamak, a Bonner Sphere Spectrometer （BSS） array has been developed, consisting of eight polyethylene spheres （PS） with embedded aHe proportional counters. To validate its spectrometric capability, spectrum measurement of an 241Am-Be neutron source was carried out and is described. The Monte Carlo code Geant4 was used to calculate the response functions, taking this interference into consideration. Finally, the neutron spectrum was unfolded in the energy range from 10-9 MeV to 20 MeV. The unfolded spectrum has remarkable consistency with the ISO 8529-1 standard 2alAm-Be neutron spectrum which is a preliminary demonstration that this BSS is reliable and practical.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Meteorological Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2142211)by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608002)+4 种基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42075141 and 42341202)by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20230071)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Youth(Grant No.42205191)by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2021SHZDZX0100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.
基金supported by ITER Plan National Major Project(No.2008GB109000)the Introduces Talents Scientific Research Project of Guizhou University(2014,No.32)
文摘This paper is aimed at detecting the neutron spectrum of^(241)Am–Be, a widely used neutron source, with the SP9 ~3He proportional counter, which is a multi-sphere spectrometer system of eight thermal neutron detectors embedded in eight polyethylene(PE) spheres of varying diameters. The transport processes of a neutron in the multi-sphere spectrometer are simulated using the Geant4 code. Two sets of response functions of the PE spheres are obtained for calculating the^(241)Am–Be neutron spectrum.Response Function 1 utilizes the thermal neutron scattering model G4 Neutron HPThermal Scattering for neutron energies of ≤4 eV, and Response Function 2 has no thermal treatment. Neutron spectra of an^(241)Am–Be neutron source are measured and compared to those calculated by using the response functions. The results show that response function with thermal treatment is more accurate and closer to the real spectrum.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0603101)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42225303,42372162,42102146)+1 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA14010101)Basic and Forward-Looking Major Technology Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(2023ZZ0203)。
文摘Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China have been elaborated.By discussing the development of“source-reservoir-seal”controlled by the breakup and assembly of supercontinents and regional tectonic movements,and the mechanisms of petroleum generation and accumulation controlled by temperature-pressure system and fault conduit system,Both the South China and Tarim blocks passed through the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)of the low-latitude Hadley Cell twice during their drifts,and formed hydrocarbon source rocks with high quality.It is proposed that deep tectonic activities and surface climate evolution jointly controlled the types and stratigraphic positions of ultra-deep hydrocarbon source rocks,reservoirs,and seals in the Sichuan and Tarim basins,forming multiple petroleum systems in the Ediacaran-Cambrian,Cambrian-Ordovician,Cambrian-Permian and Permian-Triassic strata.The matching degree of source-reservoir-seal,the type of organic matter in source rocks,the deep thermal regime of basin,and the burial-uplift process across tectonic periods collectively control the entire process from the generation to the accumulation of oil and gas.Three types of oil and gas enrichment models are formed,including near-source accumulation in platform marginal zones,distant-source accumulation in high-energy beaches through faults,and three-dimensional accumulation in strike-slip fault zones,which ultimately result in the multi-layered natural gas enrichment in ultra-deep layers of the Sichuan Basin and co-enrichment of oil and gas in the ultra-deep layers of the Tarim Basin.
基金Project supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41130528)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB950801)
文摘Three typical polluted dust particles （i.e., single coated dust, two-sphere/spheroid system, and coated dust with ag- gregate） including internal and semi-external mixtures are modeled, and their scattering properties at 1.6-μm wavelength are calculated by using the generalized multi-sphere Mie-solution （GMM） method. We investigate the influences of par- ticle size, morphology, and chemical composition on the scattering parameters of polluted dust particles. The analysis results demonstrate that the single scattering albedo of coated dust is much smaller than that of pure dust, especially for the spheroidal black carbon （BC） coated dust. When a dust particle semi-mixes with another aerosol particle to form a two-sphere/spheroid system, its scattering properties are much more sensitive to the size and species of monomers than the monomer shape. If an aggregated BC attaches to the coated dust, the scattering properties of whole particle mainly depend on the host particle （coated dust）.
基金supported by Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42121001)Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41590840).
文摘The Anthropocene era is characterized by the escalating impact of human activities on the environment,as well as the increasingly complex interactions among various components of the Earth system.These factors greatly affect the Earth's evolutionary trajectory.Despite notable strides in sustainable development practices worldwide,it remains unclear to what extent we have achieved Earth sustainability.Consequently,there is a pressing need to enhance conceptual and methodological frameworks to measure sustainability progress accurately.To address this need,we developed an Earth Vitality Framework that aids in tracking the Earth sustainability progress by considering interactions between spheres,recognizing the equal relationship between humans and nature,and presenting a threshold scheme for all measures.We applied this framework at global and national scales to demonstrate its usefulness.Our findings reveal that the current Earth Vitality Index is 63.74,indicating that the Earth is in a"weak"vitality.Irrational social institutions,unsatisfactory life experiences and the poor state of the biosphere and hydrosphere have remarkably affected the Earth vitality.Additionally,inequality exists between high-income and low-income countries.Although most of the former exhibit poor human-nature interaction,all of them enjoy good human well-being,while the opposite is true for the latter.Finally,we summarize the challenges and possible options for enhancing the Earth vitality in terms of coping with spillover effects,tipping cascades,feedback,and heterogeneity.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10976028,11375195)National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(No.2013GB104003)
文摘In order to make further studies on fusion neutron diagnosis on HL-2A /HL-2M,we have developed and succeeded in the calculation of the Response Function for a Bonner sphere spectrometer,which consists of eight polyethylene spheres with ^3He proportional counters inside.The response function of the Bonner spectrometer to neutrons is of fundamental importance for its neutron spectrum unfolding procedure and is directly related to the quality of the unfolded spectrum.In this paper,we calculated the response function to neutrons from 10^-9 MeV to100 MeV by Geant4.In order to test the accuracy of the Geant4 simulation,we apply it to measure an ^241Am-Be neutron source,and the measured neutron counts of the spectrometer and simulated counts are found to be highly consistent,with a relative error up to 9.3%.This has proven the calculation of the neutron response of the Bonner sphere spectrometer by Geant4 to be quite accurate.
文摘In the present study,a combined bonded multi-sphere model was developed,validated,and applied to simulate the motion and breakage behavior of wet fibers in a fluidized bed.The effects of particle resolution,bond number,and humidity coefficient(γ)on fiber breakage rate,breakage location,and fragment size distribution were systematically investigated.Results show that increasing particle resolution from 3 to 6 generally reduces fiber breakage.While a higher bond number lowers the probability of breakage.Two different breakage modes are identified under varyingγvalues:Mode 1,characterized by breakage due to collisions between rapidly falling individual fibers and fiber clusters,and Mode 2,arising from impacts between fiber clusters and the bed bottom.Asγincreases within a certain range,the dominant breakage mechanism transitions from Mode 1 to a mixed mode involving both Modes 1 and 2,accompanied by a shift in the primary breakage location from the corner region toward the center region of the bed.All these findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of wet fiber fluidization and offer guidance for optimizing wet fiber breakage behavior in real applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42288201,42202162,92255303,and 42372162)。
文摘Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for advancing the energy revolution.Building on a systematic review of the formation and evolution of classical petroleum geology,this paper proposes a new theoretical content and research framework of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment through in-depth analyses of the Earth's multi-spheric coupling mechanisms and cross-spheric cycling processes of volatiles.The core concept of this new theory lies in the principles of Earth system science and multi-spheric interactions,and the aim is to unravel the interplay between Earth system materials and energy cycles and dynamic processes in controlling hydrocarbon formation and enrichment.We reassess the global oil and gas resource potential and identify future exploration priorities and frontier domains for petroleum geology.By focusing on volatile-mediated multi-spheric exchange processes and setting them as a breakthrough,this framework aims to examine the genetic linkages among deep Earth processes,climatic environments,basin evolution,biological activities,and petroleum systems.The additional goals of this research are to decode the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrocarbon resources across diverse scales and types and to establish a novel theoretical paradigm for optimizing target prioritization of both mature field revitalization and frontier play assessment.By integrating the theory of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment with the artificial intelligence powered large-scale model tailored to the petroleum exploration and production industry,this initiative provides transformative scientific and technological underpinning for advancing the ongoing global energy revolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271024)the Science&Technology Development Funding of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(Grant No.2023KJ015)。
文摘Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past decade.In the context of climate change,many compound extremes have exhibited increasing frequency and intensity,and shown novel fashions of combinations,posing more pressing demands and tougher challenges to scientific research and disaster prevention and response.This article,via a perspective of multi-sphere interactions within the Earth System,systematically reviews the status quo,new scientific understanding,and deficiencies regarding the definition,mechanism,change,attribution,and projection of compound extremes.This study also sorts out existing challenges and outlines a potential roadmap in advancing the study on compound extremes with respect to data requirement,mechanistic diagnosis,numerical modeling,attribution and projection,risk assessment,and adaptive response.Further directions of compound extremes studies and key research topics that warrant multi-disciplinary and multisectoral coordinated efforts are also proposed.Given that climate change has reshaped the type of extremes,a transformation from the traditional single-event perspective to a compound-event perspective is needed for scientific research,disaster prevention and mitigation,and climate change adaptation,calling for bottom-up innovation in research objects,ideas,and methods.This article will add value to promoting the research on compound extremes and interdisciplinary cooperations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42288201, 92255303, 42202162, 42372162)。
文摘The North Sea Basin is the most important oil and gas producing area in Europe and the birthplace of many classic petroleum geological theories. From the perspective of multi-spheric interactions in the Earth, this study investigated the riftforeland-rift evolution process of the North Sea Basin, which was controlled by the deep dynamic driving forces of the continental collision orogeny, mantle plume uplift, and intraplate deformation. The North Sea Basin was found to have drifted northward since the Carboniferous and passed through the low-latitude Hadley and the mid-latitude Ferrel cells. Two sets of main hydrocarbon source rocks have formed, the coals and coal measures of the Upper Carboniferous Westphalian and the marine shale of the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation. We propose that the deep processes, tectonic activity, and transgression-climate evolution jointly controlled the types and horizons of the source rocks, reservoirs, and seals in different regions of the North Sea Basin. In the southern North Sea Basin, a Carboniferous-Lower Triassic gas-rich petroleum system was formed,which is characterized by transitional coal measure source rocks, desert aeolian sandstone reservoirs, and evaporite cap rocks. In the northern North Sea Basin, an Upper Triassic-Paleogene oil-rich petroleum system was formed, which is characterized by marine graben-type source rocks, deltaic sandstone and marine limestone reservoirs, and marine tight marl and shale cap rocks.The late tectonic burial and uplift in the North Sea Basin further controlled the processes of oil and gas generation and accumulation, ultimately leading to a differential distribution pattern which is oil rich in the northern part and gas rich in the southern part of the basin. In the future, there is an urgent need to re-examine the mechanisms for the petroleum generation and accumulation in large mature exploration areas(e.g., super basins such as the North Sea) and low exploration areas(e.g., the Okhotsk Sea and Arctic regions) from the perspective of multi-spheric interactions in the Earth in order to provide new theoretical support for increasing the identification of oil and gas reserves globally. The development of artificial intelligence in the petroleum industry should focus on the massive amount of exploration and geological data collected in the North Sea Basin.Through digital geological innovation, carbon neutral comprehensive utilization of oil, gas, and associated resources(e.g.,helium and hydrogen) can be achieved, providing a new paradigm for global oil and gas exploration and development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42488201,92355001)the B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB42020102)the XPLORER PRIZE。
文摘The material and energy cycle crossing Earth's interior and surface spheres is a cutting-edge hotspot in Earth science research,and a quantitative dynamic model serves as the foundation for analyzing multi-spheric interactions.Since the MesoCenozoic,the Caribbean and its adjacent regions have been sandwiched between the Pacific subduction and Atlantic extension systems,experiencing large-scale oceanic subduction,plate boundary reshaping,slab tearing,and massive magmatic events.These tectonic processes have modified the distribution of land and sea,created dynamic topography,altered the opening and closing of surface seaways,ocean circulation,weathering,and sedimentation patterns,and further influenced regional basin evolution.Thus,the Caribbean and its adjacent regions are ideal sites for studying multi-spheric interactions.In the context of multi-spheric interactions,what are the driving factors in the Meso-Cenozoic Caribbean region?How do they trigger surface effects?To address these key questions,this study reconstructs,for the first time,a time-varying subduction slab sinking rate model and subduction slab flux curve for the Caribbean region,providing a first-order kinematic model.It implies that the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic were periods of the most intense regional subduction and the highest subduction carbon flux.Based on the kinematic model,further dynamic simulations are employed to calculate the land-sea distribution and dynamic topography changes induced by subduction processes since the Cenozoic.The results suggest that the high-buoyancy topography and east-west-aligned dynamic topography variations caused by Pacific plate subduction are primary features,which can well explain regional crust-mantle geophysical observations.These findings thus validate,from a dynamic process perspective,that the deep processes of multi-subduction systems since the Cenozoic have controlled surface effects such as land-sea distribution and topographic evolution in this region.Building on the dynamic model,this study assimilates surface sedimentary layer distribution data.We propose conducting three-dimensional interior-surface carbon cycle simulations as a dynamic framework for quantitatively assessing how regional deep processes influence surface evolution in the future.This would further merge paleoclimate,ocean currents,weathering,and sedimentation modules to simulate the enrichment processes of hydrocarbon resources in basins quantitatively.This represents a new direction in applied research on hydrocarbon enrichment theory under multi-spheric interactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42122039 and 42375189)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Laoshan Laboratory(China)(Nos.LSKJ202300401 and LSKJ202202201)+1 种基金Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(China)(No.2021JJLH0050)Deliang Chen was supported by Tsinghua University(China)(No.100008001).
文摘Under global warming,extreme weather events and air pollution are becoming increasingly critical challenges.Both pose serious risks to human health,economies,and societal stability,and their complex interactions can further amplify these impacts.Numerical models are essential tools for studying these phenomena;however,traditional low-resolution Earth system models often fail to accurately capture the dynamics of extreme weather and air pollution.This limitation hinders our mechanistic understanding,reduces the reliability of future projections,and constrains the development of effective adaptation strategies.Dynamical downscaling—an approach that uses highresolution regional models nested within global models—offers a partial solution.However,this method inherits biases from the parent global models and often fails to adequately represent multi-scale and cross-sphere interactions involving the atmosphere,land,and oceans.These shortcomings underscore the growing need for developing and applying high-resolution Earth system models that can more comprehensively and accurately depict land-sea-atmosphere interactions,including heat and material exchanges and their spatial heterogeneity.This article explores the current challenges,recent advances,and future opportunities in understanding the interplay between extreme weather events and air pollution,with a focus on the critical role of high-resolution modeling.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB808800)the 111 Project(Grant No.B08030)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40621002,40830212&40921062)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CUG130407)
文摘The greatest Phanerozoic mass extinction happened at the end-Permian to earliest Triassic. About 95% species, 82% genera, and more than half families became extinct, constituting the sole macro-mass extinction in geological history. This event not only caused the great extinction but also destroyed the 200 Myr-long Paleozoic marine ecosystem, prompted its transition to Mesozoic ecosystem, and induced coal gap on land as well as reef gap and chert gap in ocean. The biotic crisis during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition was a long process of co-evolution between geospheres and biosphere. The event sequence at the Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） reveals two-episodic pattern of rapidly deteriorating global changes and biotic mass ex- tinction and the intimate relationship between them. The severe global changes coupling multiple geospheres may have affect- ed the Pangea integration on the Earth＇s surface spheres, which include： the Pangea integration→enhanced mountain height and basin depth, changes of wind and ocean current systems; enhanced ocean basin depth→the greatest Phanerozoic regression at PTB, disappearance of epeiric seas and subsequent rapid transgression; the Pangea integration→thermal isolation effect of continental lithosphere and decrease of mid-ocean ridges→development of continental volcanism; two-episode volcanism causing LIPs of the Emeishan Basalt and the Siberian Trap （25%251 Ma）→global warming and mass extinction; continental aridification and replacement of monsoon system by latitudinal wind system→destruction of vegetation; enhanced weathering and CH4 emission→negative excursion of δ^13C; mantle plume→crust doming→regression; possible relation between the Illawarra magnetic reversal and the PTB extinction, and so on. Mantle plume produced the Late Permian LIPs and mantle convection may have caused the process of the Pangea integration. Subduction, delamination, and accumulation of the earth＇s cool lithospheric material at the ＂D＂ layer of CMB started mantle plume by heat compensation and disturbed the outer core ther- too-convection, and the latter in turn would generate the mid-Permian geomagnetic reversal. These core and mantle perturbations may have caused the Pangea integration and two successive LIPs in the Permian, and probably finally the mass extinction at the PTB.
基金The study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,(Nos.51809292,51478481 and 51508141)Postdoctoral Fund of Central South University,China(No.205455)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project:Research and Application of Design and Construction Technology of Railway Engineering Traveling the Rift Valley,China(No.Z181100003918005).
文摘In discrete element method(DEM)simulations,multi-sphere(MS)clumped and convex particles are two main particle models that are used to study the mechanical behaviours of granular materials.Of interest is the evaluation of the effect of multiple contacts between clumped particles or single contacts between convex particles on the mechanical behaviours of granular materials.In this context,a series of drained triaxial compression tests were conducted on convex true(CT)ellipsoids and MS ellipsoids with aspect ratios(ARs)ranging from 1.0-2.0.The microscale results indicate that at a given AR,the critical friction angleφ_(c)changes with the particle type,whereas the peak friction angleφ_(p)is nearly independent of the particle type.The anisotropic analysis provides underlying mechanisms of the shear strength evolution from two perspectives.First,the anisotropies of granular materials are essential to shear strength as the deviatoric(q)-to-effective mean(p′)stress ratio can be expressed as the sum of the anisotropies,i.e.,q/p'≈0.4a_(c)+0.4a_(n)+0.6a_(t),where ac,an and at are the normal contact anisotropy,normal contact force anisotropy and tangential contact force anisotropy,respectively.For all samples,a_(c)and a_(n)underpin the shear strength and are influenced by the particle type.The similarφ_(p)displayed by the CT and MS ellipsoids does not translate to similar a_(n)and a_(c)but similar a_(c)+a_(n)for the two particle types.In addition,owing to their larger a_(c)+a_(n),the CT ellipsoids have a higherφ_(c)than the MS ellipsoids.Second,there is a satisfactory linear relationship between q/p'and ac within strong and non-sliding(sn)contacts a_(c)^(sn)(i.e.,q/p′=ka_(c)^(sn)),where k is the fitting parameter.Accordingly,in the peak state,the subtle difference in shear strength is attributed to the greater acsn in the CT ellipsoids than in the MS ellipsoids that is counteracted by the smaller k.However,in the critical state,the greater difference in a_(c)^(sn)between the CT and MS ellipsoids is partially offset by the smaller difference in k,causing a higherφ_(c)in the CT ellipsoids than in the MS ellipsoids.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(No.51809292,51478481 and 51508141)Postdoctoral Fund of Central South University,China(No.205455)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project:Research and Application of Design and Construction Technology of Railway Engineering Traveling the Rift Valley,China(No.Z181100003918005).
文摘Multi-sphere clumps are commonly used to simulate non-spherical particles in discrete element method simulations.It is of interest whether the degree of local non-convexity λ affects the mechanical behaviour of granular materials with the same non-convexity η.A series of discrete-element-method biaxial shear tests are conducted on rough particle packings with rη=0.075 and different λ values(ranging from 0.134 to 0.770).The microscale results show that the contact type changes with an increase in λ.However,the critical strength is independent of λ.The evaluation of the contributions of different contact types to the critical shear strength and a detailed analysis of the anisotropies help clarify the microscopic mechanisms that result in the independence of the critical shear strength from λ.
基金the financial support for this work from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.52104340)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant No.2020M672425)+1 种基金The Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(grant No.2022BCA058)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(grant No.2020CFB133).
文摘A resolved CFD-DEM method is proposed to simulate the fluid-particle interaction for large complex granules.The airflow in a vertical sinter fixed bed is numerically studied using this method.The multi-sphere clumped method is used to create irregular sinter particles in DEM.The immersed boundary method and dynamic cell refinement are applied to describe the fluid flow around particles with higher resolution,by which the fluid-particle interaction can be simulated more accurately.The simulation results presented the packing voidage distributions and the airflow fields in the sinter beds of different single and mixed particle size ranges.The bed pressure drops were simulated and the results were compared with the corresponding experimental ones.The good agreement indicated that the proposed resolved CFD-DEM method is an effective tool to model the fluid-particle interaction for irregular large granules in the gas-solid multi-phase systems.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11375195)National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(2013GB104003)
文摘In order to realize real-time fusion neutron spectrum diagnosis for the HL_2A Tokamak, a Bonner Sphere Spectrometer （BSS） array has been developed, consisting of eight polyethylene spheres （PS） with embedded aHe proportional counters. To validate its spectrometric capability, spectrum measurement of an 241Am-Be neutron source was carried out and is described. The Monte Carlo code Geant4 was used to calculate the response functions, taking this interference into consideration. Finally, the neutron spectrum was unfolded in the energy range from 10-9 MeV to 20 MeV. The unfolded spectrum has remarkable consistency with the ISO 8529-1 standard 2alAm-Be neutron spectrum which is a preliminary demonstration that this BSS is reliable and practical.
