Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogene...Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogeneous.To evaluate the application patterns of the current scales used in palliative care for glioma,we aim to identify gaps and assess the need for disease-specific scales in glioma palliative care.Methods We conducted a systematic search of five databases including PubMed,Web of Science,Medline,EMBASE,and CINAHL for quantitative studies that reported scale-based assessments in glioma palliative care.We extracted data on scale characteristics,domains,frequency,and psychometric properties.Quality assessments were performed using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools.Results Of the 3,405 records initially identified,72 studies were included.These studies contained 75 distinct scales that were used 193 times.Mood(21.7%),quality of life(24.4%),and supportive care needs(5.2%)assessments were the most frequently assessed items,exceeding half of all scale applications.Among the various assessment dimensions,the Distress Thermometer(DT)was the most frequently used tool for assessing mood,while the Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36)was the most frequently used tool for assessing quality of life.The Mini Mental Status Examination(MMSE)was the most common tool for cognitive assessment.Performance status(5.2%)and social support(6.8%)were underrepresented.Only three brain tumor-specific scales were identified.Caregiver-focused scales were limited and predominantly burden-oriented.Conclusions There are significant heterogeneity,domain imbalances,and validation gaps in the current use of assessment scales for patients with glioma receiving palliative care.The scale selected for use should be comprehensive and user-friendly.展开更多
Recent Super-Resolution(SR)algorithms often suffer from excessive model complexity,high computational costs,and limited flexibility across varying image scales.To address these challenges,we propose DDNet,a dynamic an...Recent Super-Resolution(SR)algorithms often suffer from excessive model complexity,high computational costs,and limited flexibility across varying image scales.To address these challenges,we propose DDNet,a dynamic and lightweight SR framework designed for arbitrary scaling factors.DDNet integrates a residual learning structure with an Adaptively fusion Feature Block(AFB)and a scale-aware upsampling module,effectively reducing parameter overhead while preserving reconstruction quality.Additionally,we introduce DDNetGAN,an enhanced variant that leverages a relativistic Generative Adversarial Network(GAN)to further improve texture realism.To validate the proposed models,we conduct extensive training using the DIV2K and Flickr2K datasets and evaluate performance across standard benchmarks including Set5,Set14,Urban100,Manga109,and BSD100.Our experiments cover both symmetric and asymmetric upscaling factors and incorporate ablation studies to assess key components.Results show that DDNet and DDNetGAN achieve competitive performance compared with mainstream SR algorithms,demonstrating a strong balance between accuracy,efficiency,and flexibility.These findings highlight the potential of our approach for practical real-world super-resolution applications.展开更多
BACKGROUND Atypical depression is an important indicator of a high risk of bipolar disorder and a genetic predisposition to immunometabolic traits.AIM To analyze common depression assessment scales for their inclusion...BACKGROUND Atypical depression is an important indicator of a high risk of bipolar disorder and a genetic predisposition to immunometabolic traits.AIM To analyze common depression assessment scales for their inclusion of items related to atypical symptoms such as mood reactivity,hypersomnia,increased appetite(or weight gain),leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.METHODS A search for English-language articles was conducted without time restrictions in the MEDLINE and Russian Science Citation Index databases using the following keywords:“depression”OR“bipolar depression”AND“scales”OR“questionnaires”.The analytical method used in this review involved a descriptive analysis of the included studies.RESULTS After reviewing studies on the validation of depression assessment scales,we found that only a small number include items addressing both increases and decreases in appetite or weight,as well as variations in sleep duration.Moreover,only a few studies have evaluated mood reactivity,leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.The most well-developed scale that considers all aspects of atypical and non-atypical depressions is the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology.CONCLUSION Ignoring atypical symptoms in common scales can lead to underestimation of depression severity and inaccuracies in evaluating therapy effectiveness in clinical trials, as well as hinder fundamental research aimed at finding biomarkers.展开更多
Correctly tracking the evolution of spatial heterogeneity of local degree of saturation(Sr)in unsaturated soils is essential to explain the seepage phenomenon,which is crucial to assessing slope stability.Several meth...Correctly tracking the evolution of spatial heterogeneity of local degree of saturation(Sr)in unsaturated soils is essential to explain the seepage phenomenon,which is crucial to assessing slope stability.Several methods exist for quantifying the heterogeneity of local S_(r).However,a comprehensive comparison of these methods in terms of accuracy,relative advantages,and disadvantages is currently lacking.This paper presents a comparative analysis of local Sr obtained at multiple scales,ranging from the element scale to the slice,representative element volume(REV),pore,and voxel scales.The spatial heterogeneity of Sr in an unsaturated glass beads specimen at different matric suctions was visualised and quantified by multiscale X-ray micro-focus computed tomography image-based analysis methods.Local Sr obtained at different scales displayed a comparable trend along the sample depth,yet the REV-scale method showed a much scattered and discontinuous distribution.In contrast,the pore-scale method detected a distinct two-clustered,bimodal distribution of S_(r).The pore-scale method has the highest integrated resolution,as it has the highest spatial resolution(i.e.number of data points)and provides more information(i.e.number of extractable physical parameters).This method thus provides a more effective approach for tracking the spatial heterogeneity of S_(r).Based on this method,pore-scale water retention curves were determined,offering new quantitative means to characterise pore water heterogeneity and explainwater drainage processes such as hysteresis at the pore scale.展开更多
Psychometric scales,commonly used to gauge sexual function,can sometimes be influenced by response biases.In our researchfrom June 2020 to April 2021,we examined the accuracy of self-reported sexual function scales.We...Psychometric scales,commonly used to gauge sexual function,can sometimes be influenced by response biases.In our researchfrom June 2020 to April 2021,we examined the accuracy of self-reported sexual function scales.We invited patients from theDepartment of Infertility and Sexual Medicine at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University(Guangzhou,China),whohave male sexual dysfunction,to participate by filling out a self-reported version of a specific questionnaire.In addition,they wentthrough a clinician-assisted version of this questionnaire,encompassing tools such as the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool(PEDT),the 6-item International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF-6),the Erection Hardness Scale(EHS),and the MasturbationErection Index(MEI).Using the clinician-assisted version as a reference,we categorized patients and applied various statisticalmethods,such as the Chi-square test,intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),logistic regression,and the Bland–Altman plot,to gauge reliability.In our study with 322 participants,we found that while there were no notable discrepancies in error ratesbased on our categorization,certain scales showed significant differences in terms of overestimation and underestimation,withthe exception of the PEDT.The positive diagnosis rate consistency between the self-reported and clinician-assisted versions wasobserved.High ICC values between the two versions across the scales were indicative of remarkable reliability.Our findings showthat the self-reported versions of tools such as EHS,IIEF-6,MEI,and PEDT are credible and hold clinical reliability.However,employing a dual-diagnosis approach might be more prudent to circumvent potential misdiagnoses.展开更多
Time scale is a new and powerful tool for dealing with complex dynamics problems. The main result of this study is the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of the generalized Birkhoffian system and the constraine...Time scale is a new and powerful tool for dealing with complex dynamics problems. The main result of this study is the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of the generalized Birkhoffian system and the constrained Birkhoffian system on time scales. Firstly, we establish the differential equations of motion for the above two systems and give the corresponding Noether symmetries and exact invariants. Then, the perturbation to the Noether symmetries and the adiabatic invariants for the systems mentioned above under the action of slight disturbance are investigated, respectively. Finally, two examples are provided to show the practicality of the findings.展开更多
Diversity-biomass relationships(DBRs)in terrestrial ecosystems tend to vary across spatial scales,but,particularly in hyperdiverse forests,the mechanisms driving these trends remain uncertain.Until now,few have simult...Diversity-biomass relationships(DBRs)in terrestrial ecosystems tend to vary across spatial scales,but,particularly in hyperdiverse forests,the mechanisms driving these trends remain uncertain.Until now,few have simultaneously investigated the connections between tree species diversity,stand structural diversity,mycorrhizal associations,and ecosystem functioning.In addition,DBRs have only been studied at limited spatial scales,with limited focus on the direct and indirect effects of environmental factors.We addressed these research gaps using a 30-ha forest dynamics plot located in Pu'er City,Southwest China.Through piecewise structural equation models,we quantified the direct effects of tree species diversity(α,β,γ),stand structural diversity,mycorrhizal associations(AM,EcM),and the environmental factors(soil fertility and topography),as well as the indirect effects of the environmental factors on aboveground tree biomass across spatial scales ranging from 400 to 230,400 m^(2).We hypothesized that complex interactions among these factors underpin the variation in DBRs in natural ecosystems across spatial scales.Our results showed that environmental conditions indirectly affected the tree biomass via changes in tree species diversity,and these effects became stronger as the spatial scale increased.At small to moderate spatial scales,environmental factors were more predictive of tree biomass than tree species diversity(or its components);the effects of stand structural diversity on biomass also gradually increased with spatial scale.Conversely,from the intermediate to the largest spatial scales,mycorrhizal associations gradually became the best predictors of DBR dynamics.Our research offers novel empirical evidence demonstrating the importance of environmental conditions,structural diversity,and mycorrhizal associations in shaping cross-scale DBRs.Future comprehensive studies should consider these factors to assess the mechanisms shaping scale-dependent DBRs in complex natural ecosystems.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the effects of different mapping unit scales and study area scales on the uncertainty rules of landslide susceptibility prediction(LSP).To illustrate various study area scales,Ganzhou Ci...This study aims to investigate the effects of different mapping unit scales and study area scales on the uncertainty rules of landslide susceptibility prediction(LSP).To illustrate various study area scales,Ganzhou City in China,its eastern region(Ganzhou East),and Ruijin County in Ganzhou East were chosen.Different mapping unit scales are represented by grid units with spatial resolution of 30 and 60 m,as well as slope units that were extracted by multi-scale segmentation method.The 3855 landslide locations and 21 typical environmental factors in Ganzhou City are first determined to create spatial datasets with input-outputs.Then,landslide susceptibility maps(LSMs)of Ganzhou City,Ganzhou East and Ruijin County are pro-duced using a support vector machine(SVM)and random forest(RF),respectively.The LSMs of the above three regions are then extracted by mask from the LSM of Ganzhou City,along with the LSMs of Ruijin County from Ganzhou East.Additionally,LSMs of Ruijin at various mapping unit scales are generated in accordance.Accuracy and landslide suscepti-bility indexes(LSIs)distribution are used to express LSP uncertainties.The LSP uncertainties under grid units significantly decrease as study area scales decrease from Ganzhou City,Ganzhou East to Ruijin County,whereas those under slope units are less affected by study area scales.Of course,attentions should also be paid to the broader representativeness of large study areas.The LSP accuracy of slope units increases by about 6%–10%compared with those under grid units with 30 m and 60 m resolution in the same study area's scale.The significance of environmental factors exhibits an averaging trend as study area scale increases from small to large.The importance of environmental factors varies greatly with the 60 m grid unit,but it tends to be consistent to some extent in the 30 m grid unit and the slope unit.展开更多
This study reports the analytical solution for a generalized rotational pendulum system with gallows and periodic excited forces.The multiple scales method(MSM)is applied to solve the proposed problem.Several types of...This study reports the analytical solution for a generalized rotational pendulum system with gallows and periodic excited forces.The multiple scales method(MSM)is applied to solve the proposed problem.Several types of rotational pendulum oscillators are studied and talked about in detail.These include the forced damped rotating pendulum oscillator with gallows,the damped standard simple pendulum oscillator,and the damped rotating pendulum oscillator without gallows.The MSM first-order approximations for all the cases mentioned are derived in detail.The obtained results are illustrated with concrete numerical examples.The first-order MSM approximations are compared to the fourth-order Runge-Kutta(RK4)numerical approximations.Additionally,the maximum error is estimated for the first-order approximations obtained through the MSM,compared to the numerical approximations obtained by the RK4 method.Furthermore,we conducted a comparative analysis of the outcomes obtained by the used method(MSM)and He-MSM to ascertain their respective levels of precision.The proposed method can be applied to analyze many strong nonlinear oscillatory equations.展开更多
Natural gas hydrate is an energy resource for methane that has a carbon quantity twice more than all traditional fossil fuels combined.However,their practical application in the field has been limited due to the chall...Natural gas hydrate is an energy resource for methane that has a carbon quantity twice more than all traditional fossil fuels combined.However,their practical application in the field has been limited due to the challenges of long-term preparation,high costs and associated risks.Experimental studies,on the other hand,offer a safe and cost-effective means of exploring the mechanisms of hydrate dissociation and optimizing exploitation conditions.Gas hydrate decomposition is a complicated process along with intrinsic kinetics,mass transfer and heat transfer,which are the influencing factors for hydrate decomposition rate.The identification of the rate-limiting factor for hydrate dissociation during depressurization varies with the scale of the reservoir,making it challenging to extrapolate findings from laboratory experiments to the actual exploitation.This review aims to summarize current knowledge of investigations on hydrate decomposition on the subject of the research scale(core scale,middle scale,large scale and field tests)and to analyze determining factors for decomposition rate,considering the various research scales and their associated influencing factors.展开更多
In this study,basalt scales were activated by air plasma and were subsequently deposited with cerium dioxide nanoparticles to obtain CeO_(2)-modified basalts(CB).Inspired by mussel biomimetics,polydopamine(PDA)and 3-g...In this study,basalt scales were activated by air plasma and were subsequently deposited with cerium dioxide nanoparticles to obtain CeO_(2)-modified basalts(CB).Inspired by mussel biomimetics,polydopamine(PDA)and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane were further employed to modify the properties of CB to obtain functionalized basalt scales(CBD).This treatment greatly increased the interfacial compatibility between inorganic fillers and epoxy resin.At the same time,PDA can form chelates with iron ions in the anodic area to prevent further corrosion.Tensile,water absorption,and electrochemical impedance spectrum measurements showed that incorporating CBD into epoxy resins resulted in the composite coatings with higher mechanical properties,water penetration resistance,corrosion resistance,and lower wetting properties.展开更多
Soil phosphorus (P) plays a vital role in both ecological and agricultural ecosystems, where total P (TP) in soil serves as a crucial indicator of soil fertility and quality. Most of the studies covered in the literat...Soil phosphorus (P) plays a vital role in both ecological and agricultural ecosystems, where total P (TP) in soil serves as a crucial indicator of soil fertility and quality. Most of the studies covered in the literature employ a single or narrow range of soil databases, which largely overlooks the impact of utilizing multiple mapping scales in estimating soil TP, especially in hilly topographies. In this study, Fujian Province, a subtropical hilly region along China’s southeast coast covered by a complex topographic environment, was taken as a case study. The influence of the mapping scale on soil TP storage (TPS)estimation was analyzed using six digital soil databases that were derived from 3 082 unique soil profiles at different mapping scales, i.e., 1:50 000 (S5),1:200 000 (S20), 1:500 000 (S50), 1:1 000 000 (S100), 1:4 000 000 (S400), and 1:10 000 000 (S1000). The regional TPS in the surface soil (0–20 cm) based on the S5, S20, S50, S100, S400, and S1000 soil maps was 20.72, 22.17, 23.06, 23.05, 22.04, and 23.48 Tg, respectively, and the corresponding TPS at0–100 cm soil depth was 80.98, 80.71, 85.00, 84.03, 82.96, and 86.72 Tg, respectively. By comparing soil TPS in the S20 to S1000 maps to that in the S5map, the relative deviations were 6.37%–13.32%for 0–20 cm and 0.33%–7.09%for 0–100 cm. Moreover, since the S20 map had the lowest relative deviation among different mapping scales as compared to S5, it could provide additional soil information and a richer soil environment than other smaller mapping scales. Our results also revealed that many uncertainties in soil TPS estimation originated from the lack of detailed soil information, i.e., representation and spatial variations among different soil types. From the time and labor perspectives, our work provides useful guidelines to identify the appropriate mapping scale for estimating regional soil TPS in areas like Fujian Province in subtropical China or other places with similar complex topographies. Moreover, it is of tremendous importance to accurately estimate soil TPS to ensure ecosystem stability and sustainable agricultural development, especially for regional decision-making and management of phosphate fertilizer application amounts.展开更多
Butterfly coloration originates from the finely structured scales grown on the underlying wing cuticle.Most researchers who study butterfly scales are focused on the static optic properties of cover scales,with few wo...Butterfly coloration originates from the finely structured scales grown on the underlying wing cuticle.Most researchers who study butterfly scales are focused on the static optic properties of cover scales,with few works referring to dynamic optical properties of the scales.Here,the dynamic coloration effect of the multiple scales was studied based on the mea-surements of varying-angle reflection and the characterization of scale flexibility in two species of Lycaenid,Plebejus argyrognomon with violet wings and Polyommatus erotides with blue wings.We explored the angle-dependent color changeability and the color-mediating efficiency of wing scales.It was found that the three main kinds of flexible scales(cover,ground and androconia scales)were asynchronously bent during wing rotation,which caused the discoloration effect.The three layers of composite scales broaden the light signal when compared to the single scale,which may be of great significance to the recognition of insects.Specifically,the androconia scales were shown to strongly contribute to the overall wing coloration.The cover scale coloration was ascribed to the coherence scattering resulted from the short-range order at intermediate spatial frequencies from the 2D Fourier power spectra.Our findings are expected to deepen the understanding of the complex characteristics of biological coloration and to provide new inspirations for the fabrication of biomimetic flexible discoloration materials.展开更多
Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in vegetation coverage and linking them to climatic drivers is crucial for guiding environmental management and understanding climate change.In this study,Pearson's correlatio...Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in vegetation coverage and linking them to climatic drivers is crucial for guiding environmental management and understanding climate change.In this study,Pearson's correlation,MODIS NDVI time series,precipitation and temperature data,and extreme climate indices were used to investigate the response of vegetation to extreme climate at the monthly,seasonal,and yearly scales in the Qinling Mountains(QMs)in China from 2001 to 2020.The results indicate that vegetation coverage increased over time at a rate of 2.9×10^(-3) per year.The QMs exhibited good vegetation coverage(average NDVI?0.64),with over 64% of the area featuring NDVI values between 0.60 and 0.80.The Mean center was located in Ningshan County on the southern slope of the QMs.The spatial pattern of the annual average NDVI on the northern and southern slopes of the QMs was consistent with the seasonal average variation,with high values in the middle and low values at the edges.As transitional climate regions,the QMs exert a significant impact on vegetation.Spring maximum continuous 5-day monthly precipitation(Rx5day)and spring precipitation were the two most significant positive controlling factors affecting vegetation.Specifically,aside from water bodies,grasslands exhibited the largest response to these two factors.Good vegetation conditions in the QMs are of great significance for regulating climate and conserving water sources.Furthermore,they are important for controlling the response of vegetation to climatic conditions and,in a deeper sense,are of great significance for vegetation restoration,ecological protection,and carbon neutrality.展开更多
Uniformitarianism,summarised as‘the present is the key to the past’,has been successfully applied to interpret the geological record.An important variation of this principle is that while the present can be the key ...Uniformitarianism,summarised as‘the present is the key to the past’,has been successfully applied to interpret the geological record.An important variation of this principle is that while the present can be the key to interpreting the past,the past can be useful to more comprehensively and holistically document the present.In this study,for the first time,these principles are explored at two scales:macroscopically/mesoscopically where traditionally Uniformitarianism has been applied(in this paper,using coastal beach-to-dune stratigraphy,and by bubble sand,smallscale sedimentary structures,and silt-sized inter-granular deposits therein),and ultra-microscopically(using patina,a thin crust on weathered glass).The validity of the scalar variation has relevance to interpreting beach sequences where individual lithological,micro-lithological,structural,and micro-structural features in modern beach-to-dune systems are described and compared with‘fossil’sequences.Expression of Uniformitarianism also occurs at ultrasmall-scales in patina using~100-year-old glass found at Cossack,Western Australia and experimentally-produced ultra-microscopic patina.Features of‘mature’patina and glass corrosion have been highlighted through geochemical and hydrochemical processes,and these have been compared with corrosion and incipient,early-stage development of experimentally-produced ultra-microscopic patina.展开更多
Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of thr...Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of three actions:fast(errorcorrection),medium(negative feedback for expanded proportional band)and slow(reset for zero steady-state error).The focus of the paper is on the reset action,generated from a positive feedback loop,and its underlying principles with profound implications to our understanding and practice of automatic control,both basic and advanced.For example,we note that reset control and integral control,contrary to common belief,differ fundamentally in design principle and in practicality.Such difference comes to a head in the event of integrator windup:while reset windup is a problem of actuator saturation,the integrator windup is a runaway situation due to controller instability.In fact,there is no advantage gained in replacing MR with an integrator.In other words,one should not integrate the error directly as in standard PID,since doing so makes the closed-loop system internally unstable.With MR-based control formulated in this paper,there is no such threat of instability and,therefore,no need for any anti-windup mechanisms.Furthermore,the integral control is made scalable in this framework as a tradeoff between the steady-state accuracy and the controller stability.This leads to a novel MR-based control design,scalable in gain and in time to accommodate various process characteristics and design specifications.Simple in construction and transparent in principle,this MR-based control,as a basic framework of design,is readily deployable in scale.展开更多
An improved model based on you only look once version 8(YOLOv8)is proposed to solve the problem of low detection accuracy due to the diversity of object sizes in optical remote sensing images.Firstly,the feature pyram...An improved model based on you only look once version 8(YOLOv8)is proposed to solve the problem of low detection accuracy due to the diversity of object sizes in optical remote sensing images.Firstly,the feature pyramid network(FPN)structure of the original YOLOv8 mode is replaced by the generalized-FPN(GFPN)structure in GiraffeDet to realize the"cross-layer"and"cross-scale"adaptive feature fusion,to enrich the semantic information and spatial information on the feature map to improve the target detection ability of the model.Secondly,a pyramid-pool module of multi atrous spatial pyramid pooling(MASPP)is designed by using the idea of atrous convolution and feature pyramid structure to extract multi-scale features,so as to improve the processing ability of the model for multi-scale objects.The experimental results show that the detection accuracy of the improved YOLOv8 model on DIOR dataset is 92%and mean average precision(mAP)is 87.9%,respectively 3.5%and 1.7%higher than those of the original model.It is proved the detection and classification ability of the proposed model on multi-dimensional optical remote sensing target has been improved.展开更多
Background The patient-reported Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale(DARS)has been adapted into Chinese,so there is a need to evaluate its measurement properties in a Chinese population.Aims To evaluate the reliability ...Background The patient-reported Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale(DARS)has been adapted into Chinese,so there is a need to evaluate its measurement properties in a Chinese population.Aims To evaluate the reliability and validity of the DARS among Chinese individuals with major depressive disorder(MDD)and its treatment sensitivity in a prospective clinical study.Methods Data were from a multicentre,prospective clinical study(NCT03294525),which recruited both patients with MDD,who were followed for 8 weeks,and healthy controls(HCs),assessed at baseline only.The analysis included confirmatory factor analysis,validity and sensitivity to change.Results Patients’mean(standard deviation(SD))age was 34.8(11.0)years,with 68.7%being female.75.2%of patients with MDD had melancholic features,followed by 63.8%with anxious distress.Patients had experienced MDD for a mean(SD)of 9.2(18)months.DARS scores covered the full range of severity with no major floor or ceiling effects.Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate fit statistics(comparative fit index 0.976,goodness-of-fit index 0.935 and root mean square error of approximation 0.055).Convergent validity with anhedonia-related measures was confirmed.While the correlation between the DARS and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was not strong(r=0.31,baseline),the DARS was found to differentiate between levels of depression.Greater improvements in DARS scores were seen with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression responder group(effect size 1.16)compared with the non-responder group(effect size 0.46).Conclusions This study comprehensively evaluated the measurement properties of the DARS using a Chinese population with MDD.Overall,the Chinese version of DARS demonstrates good psychometric properties and has been found to be responsive to change during antidepressant treatment.The DARS is a suitable scale for assessing patient-reported anhedonia in future clinical trials.展开更多
Background The effectiveness of life skills-based prevention programs to prevent substance addiction has been underexplored in Türkiye,likely in part due to the lack of validated measurement tools developed speci...Background The effectiveness of life skills-based prevention programs to prevent substance addiction has been underexplored in Türkiye,likely in part due to the lack of validated measurement tools developed specifically for that purpose.Therefore,the aim of this study is to develop a tool to measure life skills for middle school students.The present study aims to test the factorial structure,reliability,convergent and discriminant validity,and measurement invariance across gender and age groups of the Green Crescent Life Skills(GCLS)Scale.Methods The study was conducted in Istanbul with two different sample groups.The first sample consisted of 566 and the second sample consisted of 885 middle school students.In the study,exploratory factor analysis(EFA)was applied to the first sample,and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)was applied to the second sample to test the factorial structure of the scale.Convergent and discriminant validity were examined to provide evidence for construct-based validity.The reliability of the scale was assessed with Cronbach’sα,composite reliability,McDonald’sω,and test-retest.Results The EFA results showed that the scale consisted of four factors(self-awareness,coping with negative emotions,thinking skills,and peer relations).CFA results also confirmed this structure.The results revealed a significant positive correlation(r=0.52,p<0.01)between life skills and avoidance self-efficacy scores,as well as a significant negative correlation(r=−0.53,p<0.01)between life skills and attitude toward drug use scores.Additionally,it was found that measurement invariances based on gender and age groups were provided.It was determined that all sub-dimensions had sufficient reliability levels.Conclusion The findings of this validation study show that the GCLS Scale,which assesses four skills in a self-reported format,is a valid and reliable scale with considerable potential utility in monitoring life skills in Turkish adolescent populations.展开更多
文摘Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogeneous.To evaluate the application patterns of the current scales used in palliative care for glioma,we aim to identify gaps and assess the need for disease-specific scales in glioma palliative care.Methods We conducted a systematic search of five databases including PubMed,Web of Science,Medline,EMBASE,and CINAHL for quantitative studies that reported scale-based assessments in glioma palliative care.We extracted data on scale characteristics,domains,frequency,and psychometric properties.Quality assessments were performed using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools.Results Of the 3,405 records initially identified,72 studies were included.These studies contained 75 distinct scales that were used 193 times.Mood(21.7%),quality of life(24.4%),and supportive care needs(5.2%)assessments were the most frequently assessed items,exceeding half of all scale applications.Among the various assessment dimensions,the Distress Thermometer(DT)was the most frequently used tool for assessing mood,while the Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36)was the most frequently used tool for assessing quality of life.The Mini Mental Status Examination(MMSE)was the most common tool for cognitive assessment.Performance status(5.2%)and social support(6.8%)were underrepresented.Only three brain tumor-specific scales were identified.Caregiver-focused scales were limited and predominantly burden-oriented.Conclusions There are significant heterogeneity,domain imbalances,and validation gaps in the current use of assessment scales for patients with glioma receiving palliative care.The scale selected for use should be comprehensive and user-friendly.
基金supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program[2023YFSY0026,2023YFH0004].
文摘Recent Super-Resolution(SR)algorithms often suffer from excessive model complexity,high computational costs,and limited flexibility across varying image scales.To address these challenges,we propose DDNet,a dynamic and lightweight SR framework designed for arbitrary scaling factors.DDNet integrates a residual learning structure with an Adaptively fusion Feature Block(AFB)and a scale-aware upsampling module,effectively reducing parameter overhead while preserving reconstruction quality.Additionally,we introduce DDNetGAN,an enhanced variant that leverages a relativistic Generative Adversarial Network(GAN)to further improve texture realism.To validate the proposed models,we conduct extensive training using the DIV2K and Flickr2K datasets and evaluate performance across standard benchmarks including Set5,Set14,Urban100,Manga109,and BSD100.Our experiments cover both symmetric and asymmetric upscaling factors and incorporate ablation studies to assess key components.Results show that DDNet and DDNetGAN achieve competitive performance compared with mainstream SR algorithms,demonstrating a strong balance between accuracy,efficiency,and flexibility.These findings highlight the potential of our approach for practical real-world super-resolution applications.
文摘BACKGROUND Atypical depression is an important indicator of a high risk of bipolar disorder and a genetic predisposition to immunometabolic traits.AIM To analyze common depression assessment scales for their inclusion of items related to atypical symptoms such as mood reactivity,hypersomnia,increased appetite(or weight gain),leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.METHODS A search for English-language articles was conducted without time restrictions in the MEDLINE and Russian Science Citation Index databases using the following keywords:“depression”OR“bipolar depression”AND“scales”OR“questionnaires”.The analytical method used in this review involved a descriptive analysis of the included studies.RESULTS After reviewing studies on the validation of depression assessment scales,we found that only a small number include items addressing both increases and decreases in appetite or weight,as well as variations in sleep duration.Moreover,only a few studies have evaluated mood reactivity,leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.The most well-developed scale that considers all aspects of atypical and non-atypical depressions is the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology.CONCLUSION Ignoring atypical symptoms in common scales can lead to underestimation of depression severity and inaccuracies in evaluating therapy effectiveness in clinical trials, as well as hinder fundamental research aimed at finding biomarkers.
基金support provided by the research funds from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Grant Nos.16206623,N_HKUST603/22,and C6006-20G).
文摘Correctly tracking the evolution of spatial heterogeneity of local degree of saturation(Sr)in unsaturated soils is essential to explain the seepage phenomenon,which is crucial to assessing slope stability.Several methods exist for quantifying the heterogeneity of local S_(r).However,a comprehensive comparison of these methods in terms of accuracy,relative advantages,and disadvantages is currently lacking.This paper presents a comparative analysis of local Sr obtained at multiple scales,ranging from the element scale to the slice,representative element volume(REV),pore,and voxel scales.The spatial heterogeneity of Sr in an unsaturated glass beads specimen at different matric suctions was visualised and quantified by multiscale X-ray micro-focus computed tomography image-based analysis methods.Local Sr obtained at different scales displayed a comparable trend along the sample depth,yet the REV-scale method showed a much scattered and discontinuous distribution.In contrast,the pore-scale method detected a distinct two-clustered,bimodal distribution of S_(r).The pore-scale method has the highest integrated resolution,as it has the highest spatial resolution(i.e.number of data points)and provides more information(i.e.number of extractable physical parameters).This method thus provides a more effective approach for tracking the spatial heterogeneity of S_(r).Based on this method,pore-scale water retention curves were determined,offering new quantitative means to characterise pore water heterogeneity and explainwater drainage processes such as hysteresis at the pore scale.
基金supported for this study by the Italian Ministryof University PRIN(Grant No.2017S9KTNE_002)supported by theScientific Research Project of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau of Guangdong Province(No.20221086).
文摘Psychometric scales,commonly used to gauge sexual function,can sometimes be influenced by response biases.In our researchfrom June 2020 to April 2021,we examined the accuracy of self-reported sexual function scales.We invited patients from theDepartment of Infertility and Sexual Medicine at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University(Guangzhou,China),whohave male sexual dysfunction,to participate by filling out a self-reported version of a specific questionnaire.In addition,they wentthrough a clinician-assisted version of this questionnaire,encompassing tools such as the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool(PEDT),the 6-item International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF-6),the Erection Hardness Scale(EHS),and the MasturbationErection Index(MEI).Using the clinician-assisted version as a reference,we categorized patients and applied various statisticalmethods,such as the Chi-square test,intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),logistic regression,and the Bland–Altman plot,to gauge reliability.In our study with 322 participants,we found that while there were no notable discrepancies in error ratesbased on our categorization,certain scales showed significant differences in terms of overestimation and underestimation,withthe exception of the PEDT.The positive diagnosis rate consistency between the self-reported and clinician-assisted versions wasobserved.High ICC values between the two versions across the scales were indicative of remarkable reliability.Our findings showthat the self-reported versions of tools such as EHS,IIEF-6,MEI,and PEDT are credible and hold clinical reliability.However,employing a dual-diagnosis approach might be more prudent to circumvent potential misdiagnoses.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12172241, 12272248, 11972241, 12002228)Qing Lan Project of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province。
文摘Time scale is a new and powerful tool for dealing with complex dynamics problems. The main result of this study is the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of the generalized Birkhoffian system and the constrained Birkhoffian system on time scales. Firstly, we establish the differential equations of motion for the above two systems and give the corresponding Noether symmetries and exact invariants. Then, the perturbation to the Noether symmetries and the adiabatic invariants for the systems mentioned above under the action of slight disturbance are investigated, respectively. Finally, two examples are provided to show the practicality of the findings.
基金funded by Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(No.CAFYBB2021ZA002).
文摘Diversity-biomass relationships(DBRs)in terrestrial ecosystems tend to vary across spatial scales,but,particularly in hyperdiverse forests,the mechanisms driving these trends remain uncertain.Until now,few have simultaneously investigated the connections between tree species diversity,stand structural diversity,mycorrhizal associations,and ecosystem functioning.In addition,DBRs have only been studied at limited spatial scales,with limited focus on the direct and indirect effects of environmental factors.We addressed these research gaps using a 30-ha forest dynamics plot located in Pu'er City,Southwest China.Through piecewise structural equation models,we quantified the direct effects of tree species diversity(α,β,γ),stand structural diversity,mycorrhizal associations(AM,EcM),and the environmental factors(soil fertility and topography),as well as the indirect effects of the environmental factors on aboveground tree biomass across spatial scales ranging from 400 to 230,400 m^(2).We hypothesized that complex interactions among these factors underpin the variation in DBRs in natural ecosystems across spatial scales.Our results showed that environmental conditions indirectly affected the tree biomass via changes in tree species diversity,and these effects became stronger as the spatial scale increased.At small to moderate spatial scales,environmental factors were more predictive of tree biomass than tree species diversity(or its components);the effects of stand structural diversity on biomass also gradually increased with spatial scale.Conversely,from the intermediate to the largest spatial scales,mycorrhizal associations gradually became the best predictors of DBR dynamics.Our research offers novel empirical evidence demonstrating the importance of environmental conditions,structural diversity,and mycorrhizal associations in shaping cross-scale DBRs.Future comprehensive studies should consider these factors to assess the mechanisms shaping scale-dependent DBRs in complex natural ecosystems.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(41807285)Interdisciplinary Innovation Fund of Natural Science,NanChang University(9167-28220007-YB2107).
文摘This study aims to investigate the effects of different mapping unit scales and study area scales on the uncertainty rules of landslide susceptibility prediction(LSP).To illustrate various study area scales,Ganzhou City in China,its eastern region(Ganzhou East),and Ruijin County in Ganzhou East were chosen.Different mapping unit scales are represented by grid units with spatial resolution of 30 and 60 m,as well as slope units that were extracted by multi-scale segmentation method.The 3855 landslide locations and 21 typical environmental factors in Ganzhou City are first determined to create spatial datasets with input-outputs.Then,landslide susceptibility maps(LSMs)of Ganzhou City,Ganzhou East and Ruijin County are pro-duced using a support vector machine(SVM)and random forest(RF),respectively.The LSMs of the above three regions are then extracted by mask from the LSM of Ganzhou City,along with the LSMs of Ruijin County from Ganzhou East.Additionally,LSMs of Ruijin at various mapping unit scales are generated in accordance.Accuracy and landslide suscepti-bility indexes(LSIs)distribution are used to express LSP uncertainties.The LSP uncertainties under grid units significantly decrease as study area scales decrease from Ganzhou City,Ganzhou East to Ruijin County,whereas those under slope units are less affected by study area scales.Of course,attentions should also be paid to the broader representativeness of large study areas.The LSP accuracy of slope units increases by about 6%–10%compared with those under grid units with 30 m and 60 m resolution in the same study area's scale.The significance of environmental factors exhibits an averaging trend as study area scale increases from small to large.The importance of environmental factors varies greatly with the 60 m grid unit,but it tends to be consistent to some extent in the 30 m grid unit and the slope unit.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,through the Program of Research Project Funding After Publication,grant No(44-PRFA-P-107).
文摘This study reports the analytical solution for a generalized rotational pendulum system with gallows and periodic excited forces.The multiple scales method(MSM)is applied to solve the proposed problem.Several types of rotational pendulum oscillators are studied and talked about in detail.These include the forced damped rotating pendulum oscillator with gallows,the damped standard simple pendulum oscillator,and the damped rotating pendulum oscillator without gallows.The MSM first-order approximations for all the cases mentioned are derived in detail.The obtained results are illustrated with concrete numerical examples.The first-order MSM approximations are compared to the fourth-order Runge-Kutta(RK4)numerical approximations.Additionally,the maximum error is estimated for the first-order approximations obtained through the MSM,compared to the numerical approximations obtained by the RK4 method.Furthermore,we conducted a comparative analysis of the outcomes obtained by the used method(MSM)and He-MSM to ascertain their respective levels of precision.The proposed method can be applied to analyze many strong nonlinear oscillatory equations.
基金Financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178379)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2800902)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Natural gas hydrate is an energy resource for methane that has a carbon quantity twice more than all traditional fossil fuels combined.However,their practical application in the field has been limited due to the challenges of long-term preparation,high costs and associated risks.Experimental studies,on the other hand,offer a safe and cost-effective means of exploring the mechanisms of hydrate dissociation and optimizing exploitation conditions.Gas hydrate decomposition is a complicated process along with intrinsic kinetics,mass transfer and heat transfer,which are the influencing factors for hydrate decomposition rate.The identification of the rate-limiting factor for hydrate dissociation during depressurization varies with the scale of the reservoir,making it challenging to extrapolate findings from laboratory experiments to the actual exploitation.This review aims to summarize current knowledge of investigations on hydrate decomposition on the subject of the research scale(core scale,middle scale,large scale and field tests)and to analyze determining factors for decomposition rate,considering the various research scales and their associated influencing factors.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52171093,51771061,and U20A20233)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFE0111000).
文摘In this study,basalt scales were activated by air plasma and were subsequently deposited with cerium dioxide nanoparticles to obtain CeO_(2)-modified basalts(CB).Inspired by mussel biomimetics,polydopamine(PDA)and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane were further employed to modify the properties of CB to obtain functionalized basalt scales(CBD).This treatment greatly increased the interfacial compatibility between inorganic fillers and epoxy resin.At the same time,PDA can form chelates with iron ions in the anodic area to prevent further corrosion.Tensile,water absorption,and electrochemical impedance spectrum measurements showed that incorporating CBD into epoxy resins resulted in the composite coatings with higher mechanical properties,water penetration resistance,corrosion resistance,and lower wetting properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41971050 and 42207271)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Fujian,China(No.2022J05036)the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.LAPC-KF-2022-08)。
文摘Soil phosphorus (P) plays a vital role in both ecological and agricultural ecosystems, where total P (TP) in soil serves as a crucial indicator of soil fertility and quality. Most of the studies covered in the literature employ a single or narrow range of soil databases, which largely overlooks the impact of utilizing multiple mapping scales in estimating soil TP, especially in hilly topographies. In this study, Fujian Province, a subtropical hilly region along China’s southeast coast covered by a complex topographic environment, was taken as a case study. The influence of the mapping scale on soil TP storage (TPS)estimation was analyzed using six digital soil databases that were derived from 3 082 unique soil profiles at different mapping scales, i.e., 1:50 000 (S5),1:200 000 (S20), 1:500 000 (S50), 1:1 000 000 (S100), 1:4 000 000 (S400), and 1:10 000 000 (S1000). The regional TPS in the surface soil (0–20 cm) based on the S5, S20, S50, S100, S400, and S1000 soil maps was 20.72, 22.17, 23.06, 23.05, 22.04, and 23.48 Tg, respectively, and the corresponding TPS at0–100 cm soil depth was 80.98, 80.71, 85.00, 84.03, 82.96, and 86.72 Tg, respectively. By comparing soil TPS in the S20 to S1000 maps to that in the S5map, the relative deviations were 6.37%–13.32%for 0–20 cm and 0.33%–7.09%for 0–100 cm. Moreover, since the S20 map had the lowest relative deviation among different mapping scales as compared to S5, it could provide additional soil information and a richer soil environment than other smaller mapping scales. Our results also revealed that many uncertainties in soil TPS estimation originated from the lack of detailed soil information, i.e., representation and spatial variations among different soil types. From the time and labor perspectives, our work provides useful guidelines to identify the appropriate mapping scale for estimating regional soil TPS in areas like Fujian Province in subtropical China or other places with similar complex topographies. Moreover, it is of tremendous importance to accurately estimate soil TPS to ensure ecosystem stability and sustainable agricultural development, especially for regional decision-making and management of phosphate fertilizer application amounts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31772513 to MXS and 32070470 to APL).
文摘Butterfly coloration originates from the finely structured scales grown on the underlying wing cuticle.Most researchers who study butterfly scales are focused on the static optic properties of cover scales,with few works referring to dynamic optical properties of the scales.Here,the dynamic coloration effect of the multiple scales was studied based on the mea-surements of varying-angle reflection and the characterization of scale flexibility in two species of Lycaenid,Plebejus argyrognomon with violet wings and Polyommatus erotides with blue wings.We explored the angle-dependent color changeability and the color-mediating efficiency of wing scales.It was found that the three main kinds of flexible scales(cover,ground and androconia scales)were asynchronously bent during wing rotation,which caused the discoloration effect.The three layers of composite scales broaden the light signal when compared to the single scale,which may be of great significance to the recognition of insects.Specifically,the androconia scales were shown to strongly contribute to the overall wing coloration.The cover scale coloration was ascribed to the coherence scattering resulted from the short-range order at intermediate spatial frequencies from the 2D Fourier power spectra.Our findings are expected to deepen the understanding of the complex characteristics of biological coloration and to provide new inspirations for the fabrication of biomimetic flexible discoloration materials.
基金funded by Protection and Development of Climate Resources in the Qinling Mountains(23QLX003)Study on Precipitation Variation and Downscaling in the Qinling Mountains(22SKY107)Shangluo Carbon Neutralization Engineering Technology Research Center and Innovation Team of Water Resources Protection of Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion(SK2017-44).
文摘Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in vegetation coverage and linking them to climatic drivers is crucial for guiding environmental management and understanding climate change.In this study,Pearson's correlation,MODIS NDVI time series,precipitation and temperature data,and extreme climate indices were used to investigate the response of vegetation to extreme climate at the monthly,seasonal,and yearly scales in the Qinling Mountains(QMs)in China from 2001 to 2020.The results indicate that vegetation coverage increased over time at a rate of 2.9×10^(-3) per year.The QMs exhibited good vegetation coverage(average NDVI?0.64),with over 64% of the area featuring NDVI values between 0.60 and 0.80.The Mean center was located in Ningshan County on the southern slope of the QMs.The spatial pattern of the annual average NDVI on the northern and southern slopes of the QMs was consistent with the seasonal average variation,with high values in the middle and low values at the edges.As transitional climate regions,the QMs exert a significant impact on vegetation.Spring maximum continuous 5-day monthly precipitation(Rx5day)and spring precipitation were the two most significant positive controlling factors affecting vegetation.Specifically,aside from water bodies,grasslands exhibited the largest response to these two factors.Good vegetation conditions in the QMs are of great significance for regulating climate and conserving water sources.Furthermore,they are important for controlling the response of vegetation to climatic conditions and,in a deeper sense,are of great significance for vegetation restoration,ecological protection,and carbon neutrality.
文摘Uniformitarianism,summarised as‘the present is the key to the past’,has been successfully applied to interpret the geological record.An important variation of this principle is that while the present can be the key to interpreting the past,the past can be useful to more comprehensively and holistically document the present.In this study,for the first time,these principles are explored at two scales:macroscopically/mesoscopically where traditionally Uniformitarianism has been applied(in this paper,using coastal beach-to-dune stratigraphy,and by bubble sand,smallscale sedimentary structures,and silt-sized inter-granular deposits therein),and ultra-microscopically(using patina,a thin crust on weathered glass).The validity of the scalar variation has relevance to interpreting beach sequences where individual lithological,micro-lithological,structural,and micro-structural features in modern beach-to-dune systems are described and compared with‘fossil’sequences.Expression of Uniformitarianism also occurs at ultrasmall-scales in patina using~100-year-old glass found at Cossack,Western Australia and experimentally-produced ultra-microscopic patina.Features of‘mature’patina and glass corrosion have been highlighted through geochemical and hydrochemical processes,and these have been compared with corrosion and incipient,early-stage development of experimentally-produced ultra-microscopic patina.
文摘Mason Reset(MR),a groundbreaking invention by Clesson E.Mason in 1930 that later became a part of“the universal approach to process control instrumentation”,is revisited in this paper and is shown to consists of three actions:fast(errorcorrection),medium(negative feedback for expanded proportional band)and slow(reset for zero steady-state error).The focus of the paper is on the reset action,generated from a positive feedback loop,and its underlying principles with profound implications to our understanding and practice of automatic control,both basic and advanced.For example,we note that reset control and integral control,contrary to common belief,differ fundamentally in design principle and in practicality.Such difference comes to a head in the event of integrator windup:while reset windup is a problem of actuator saturation,the integrator windup is a runaway situation due to controller instability.In fact,there is no advantage gained in replacing MR with an integrator.In other words,one should not integrate the error directly as in standard PID,since doing so makes the closed-loop system internally unstable.With MR-based control formulated in this paper,there is no such threat of instability and,therefore,no need for any anti-windup mechanisms.Furthermore,the integral control is made scalable in this framework as a tradeoff between the steady-state accuracy and the controller stability.This leads to a novel MR-based control design,scalable in gain and in time to accommodate various process characteristics and design specifications.Simple in construction and transparent in principle,this MR-based control,as a basic framework of design,is readily deployable in scale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62241109)the Tianjin Science and Technology Commissioner Project(No.20YDTPJC01110)。
文摘An improved model based on you only look once version 8(YOLOv8)is proposed to solve the problem of low detection accuracy due to the diversity of object sizes in optical remote sensing images.Firstly,the feature pyramid network(FPN)structure of the original YOLOv8 mode is replaced by the generalized-FPN(GFPN)structure in GiraffeDet to realize the"cross-layer"and"cross-scale"adaptive feature fusion,to enrich the semantic information and spatial information on the feature map to improve the target detection ability of the model.Secondly,a pyramid-pool module of multi atrous spatial pyramid pooling(MASPP)is designed by using the idea of atrous convolution and feature pyramid structure to extract multi-scale features,so as to improve the processing ability of the model for multi-scale objects.The experimental results show that the detection accuracy of the improved YOLOv8 model on DIOR dataset is 92%and mean average precision(mAP)is 87.9%,respectively 3.5%and 1.7%higher than those of the original model.It is proved the detection and classification ability of the proposed model on multi-dimensional optical remote sensing target has been improved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82371530,82171529)the Capital Health Development Special Research Project(2022-1-4111)the National Key Technology R and D Program(No.2015BAI13B01).
文摘Background The patient-reported Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale(DARS)has been adapted into Chinese,so there is a need to evaluate its measurement properties in a Chinese population.Aims To evaluate the reliability and validity of the DARS among Chinese individuals with major depressive disorder(MDD)and its treatment sensitivity in a prospective clinical study.Methods Data were from a multicentre,prospective clinical study(NCT03294525),which recruited both patients with MDD,who were followed for 8 weeks,and healthy controls(HCs),assessed at baseline only.The analysis included confirmatory factor analysis,validity and sensitivity to change.Results Patients’mean(standard deviation(SD))age was 34.8(11.0)years,with 68.7%being female.75.2%of patients with MDD had melancholic features,followed by 63.8%with anxious distress.Patients had experienced MDD for a mean(SD)of 9.2(18)months.DARS scores covered the full range of severity with no major floor or ceiling effects.Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate fit statistics(comparative fit index 0.976,goodness-of-fit index 0.935 and root mean square error of approximation 0.055).Convergent validity with anhedonia-related measures was confirmed.While the correlation between the DARS and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was not strong(r=0.31,baseline),the DARS was found to differentiate between levels of depression.Greater improvements in DARS scores were seen with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression responder group(effect size 1.16)compared with the non-responder group(effect size 0.46).Conclusions This study comprehensively evaluated the measurement properties of the DARS using a Chinese population with MDD.Overall,the Chinese version of DARS demonstrates good psychometric properties and has been found to be responsive to change during antidepressant treatment.The DARS is a suitable scale for assessing patient-reported anhedonia in future clinical trials.
基金supported by the Turkish Green Crescent Society under Grant[41402653-160-6/333].
文摘Background The effectiveness of life skills-based prevention programs to prevent substance addiction has been underexplored in Türkiye,likely in part due to the lack of validated measurement tools developed specifically for that purpose.Therefore,the aim of this study is to develop a tool to measure life skills for middle school students.The present study aims to test the factorial structure,reliability,convergent and discriminant validity,and measurement invariance across gender and age groups of the Green Crescent Life Skills(GCLS)Scale.Methods The study was conducted in Istanbul with two different sample groups.The first sample consisted of 566 and the second sample consisted of 885 middle school students.In the study,exploratory factor analysis(EFA)was applied to the first sample,and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)was applied to the second sample to test the factorial structure of the scale.Convergent and discriminant validity were examined to provide evidence for construct-based validity.The reliability of the scale was assessed with Cronbach’sα,composite reliability,McDonald’sω,and test-retest.Results The EFA results showed that the scale consisted of four factors(self-awareness,coping with negative emotions,thinking skills,and peer relations).CFA results also confirmed this structure.The results revealed a significant positive correlation(r=0.52,p<0.01)between life skills and avoidance self-efficacy scores,as well as a significant negative correlation(r=−0.53,p<0.01)between life skills and attitude toward drug use scores.Additionally,it was found that measurement invariances based on gender and age groups were provided.It was determined that all sub-dimensions had sufficient reliability levels.Conclusion The findings of this validation study show that the GCLS Scale,which assesses four skills in a self-reported format,is a valid and reliable scale with considerable potential utility in monitoring life skills in Turkish adolescent populations.
