Due to the uneven distribution of pore size in coal and its wide distribution range,it is difficult to effectively characterize the multi-scale pore structure of coal by a single method.In this paper,the multi-scale p...Due to the uneven distribution of pore size in coal and its wide distribution range,it is difficult to effectively characterize the multi-scale pore structure of coal by a single method.In this paper,the multi-scale pore structure characteristics of coal were analyzed comprehensively by using scanning electron microscope,low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption,high-pressure mercury intrusion and constant-rate mercury intrusion.In addition,the effects of metamorphism on the volume and specific surface area of pores in coal were revealed,and the relationships between coal rock permeability and pore structure characteristic parameters were described.And the following research results were obtained.First,with the increase of coal metamorphism,the volume and specific surface area of nanopores in coal decrease first and then increase,and they reach the minimum value when Ro,max is about 1.8%.Second,the pore and throat radii of coal samples are overall in the form of normal distribution.And with the increase of coal metamorphism,the pore radius corresponding to the maximum distribution frequency increases.Third,the samples of low-rank bituminous coal are the highest in throat radius distribution range,connected throat radius and average throat radius.Fourth,the samples of anthracite coal are the lowest in throat radius distribution range and connected throat radius.Fifth,there is a single main peak in the distribution of pore-throat ratios of low-and medium-rank bituminous coal samples,and the pore-throat ratios corresponding to the main peak is relatively low.Sixth,the permeability of coal is in a positive correlation with porosity and an average throat radius,and in a negative correlation with an average pore-throat ratio,but in no obvious correlation with an average pore radius.展开更多
An accurate and comprehensive understanding of shale pore structure is fundamental and critical for accurate reserves evaluation and efficient hydrocarbon development.Thus,by taking the shale of Paleogene Eocene Shahe...An accurate and comprehensive understanding of shale pore structure is fundamental and critical for accurate reserves evaluation and efficient hydrocarbon development.Thus,by taking the shale of Paleogene Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,as an example,the 2D and 3D multi-resolution images of the shale microstructure are obtained by multiple imaging technologies,including X-ray computed tomography,large-field scanning electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy.By integrating image processing and machine learning algorithms,the shale pore structure is characterized at a single scale and multi scales.The results are obtained as follows.First,the shale pore space in the study area is mainly composed of microfractures,inorganic pores,organic matters and organic pores,and exclusively shows multi-scale characteristics.Second,there are various types of inorganic pores,and abundant dissolution pores;organic matters are distributed as strips and patches,and no organic pores are found in some organic matters.Third,pores with radius less than 20 nm account for 25%,those with radius between 20 and 50 nm account for 19%,those with radius between 50 and 100 nm account for 29%,those with radius between 100 and 500 nm account for 14%,those with radius between 500 nm and 20 mm account for 11%,and those with radius between 20 and 50 mm account for 2%.Fourth,the organic pores are less connected than the inorganic pores.The connectivity between organic pores and inorganic pores plays a crucial role in hydrocarbon migration,and microfractures control fluid flow channels.Fifth,pores with radius less than 50 nm are dominantly organic pores,those with radius between 50 and 500 nm are mainly organic and inorganic pores,and microfractures mainly contribute to the pores with radius more than 500 nm.It is concluded that a single imaging experiment cannot accurately and comprehensively reveal the multi-scale micro pore structure of a shale reservoir.Through integration of multiple imaging technologies and machine learning algorithms,the shale pore structure can be recognized and characterized at both single scale and multi scales.The proposed new method provides accurate and comprehensive information of multi-scale pore structures.展开更多
The methods of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,mercury injection porosimetry(MIP),and gas-water relative permeability(GWRP)were used to reveal the pore structure and permeability characteristics of high-ra...The methods of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,mercury injection porosimetry(MIP),and gas-water relative permeability(GWRP)were used to reveal the pore structure and permeability characteristics of high-rank coal reservoirs in the Bide-Santang basin,western Guizhou,South China,to provide guidance for coalbed methane(CBM)exploration and exploitation and obtain direct insights for the development of CBM wells.The results indicate that the coal reservoirs in the study area are characterized by well-developed adsorption pores and poorly developed seepage pores.The bimodal NMR transverse relaxation time(T2)spectra and the mutation in the fractal characteristic of the MIP pore volume indicate poor connectivity between the adsorption pores and the seepage pores.As a result,the effective porosity is relatively low,with an average of 1.70%.The irreducible water saturation of the coal reservoir is relatively high,with an average of 66%,leading to a low gas relative permeability under irreducible water saturation.This is the main reason for the low recovery of high-rank CBM reservoirs,and effective enhanced CBM recovery technology urgently is needed.As a nondestructive and less time-consuming technique,the NMR is a promising method to quantitatively characterize the pores and fractures of coals.展开更多
Well-developed pores and cracks in coal reservoirs are the main venues for gas storage and migration.To investigate the multi-scale pore fractal characteristics,six coal samples of different rankings were studied usin...Well-developed pores and cracks in coal reservoirs are the main venues for gas storage and migration.To investigate the multi-scale pore fractal characteristics,six coal samples of different rankings were studied using high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI),low-pressure nitrogen adsorption(LPGA-N2),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)test methods.Based on the Frankel,Halsey and Hill(FHH)fractal theory,the Menger sponge model,Pores and Cracks Analysis System(PCAS),pore volume complexity(D_(v)),coal surface irregularity(Ds)and pore distribution heterogeneity(D_(p))were studied and evaluated,respectively.The effect of three fractal dimensions on the gas adsorption ability was also analyzed with high-pressure isothermal gas adsorption experiments.Results show that pore structures within these coal samples have obvious fractal characteristics.A noticeable segmentation effect appears in the Dv1and Dv2fitting process,with the boundary size ranging from 36.00 to 182.95 nm,which helps differentiate diffusion pores and seepage fractures.The D values show an asymmetric U-shaped trend as the coal metamorphism increases,demonstrating that coalification greatly affects the pore fractal dimensions.The three fractal dimensions can characterize the difference in coal microstructure and reflect their influence on gas adsorption ability.Langmuir volume(V_(L))has an evident and positive correlation with Dsvalues,whereas Langmuir pressure(P_(L))is mainly affected by the combined action of Dvand Dp.This study will provide valuable knowledge for the appraisal of coal seam gas reservoirs of differently ranked coals.展开更多
Coral reef limestone(CRL)constitutes a distinctive marine carbonate formation with complex mechanical properties.This study investigates the multiscale damage and fracture mechanisms of CRL through integrated experime...Coral reef limestone(CRL)constitutes a distinctive marine carbonate formation with complex mechanical properties.This study investigates the multiscale damage and fracture mechanisms of CRL through integrated experimental testing,digital core technology,and theoretical modelling.Two CRL types with contrasting mesostructures were characterized across three scales.Macroscopically,CRL-I and CRL-II exhibited mean compressive strengths of 8.46 and 5.17 MPa,respectively.Mesoscopically,CRL-I featured small-scale highly interconnected pores,whilst CRL-II developed larger stratified pores with diminished connectivity.Microscopically,both CRL matrices demonstrated remarkable similarity in mineral composition and mechanical properties.A novel voxel average-based digital core scaling methodology was developed to facilitate numerical simulation of cross-scale damage processes,revealing network-progressive failure in CRL-I versus directional-brittle failure in CRL-II.Furthermore,a damage statistical constitutive model based on digital core technology and mesoscopic homogenisation theory established quantitative relationships between microelement strength distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior.These findings illuminate the fundamental mechanisms through which mesoscopic structure governs the macroscopic mechanical properties of CRL.展开更多
At present,blast furnace ironmaking is still the main process for producing molten iron,and sinters are the main raw material for blast furnace ironmaking.A sinter with good metallurgical performance can not only ensu...At present,blast furnace ironmaking is still the main process for producing molten iron,and sinters are the main raw material for blast furnace ironmaking.A sinter with good metallurgical performance can not only ensure smooth operation of the blast furnace but also reduce the blast furnace fuel ratio and increase the molten iron production.Structure is the most important factor affecting the metallurgical properties of the sinter.Thus,the research progress of sinter pore and mineral phase structures was reviewed and the mechanism by which they influence sinter properties was expounded.Multiscale characterization methods for the sinter and their advantages and disadvantages were introduced,and the future research direction of sinter was discussed.展开更多
The microscopic pore structure of sand-conglomerate rocks plays a decisive role in its exploration and development of such reservoirs.Due to complex gravels-cements configurations and resultant high heterogeneity in s...The microscopic pore structure of sand-conglomerate rocks plays a decisive role in its exploration and development of such reservoirs.Due to complex gravels-cements configurations and resultant high heterogeneity in sand-conglomerate rocks,the conventional fractal dimensions are inadequate to fully characterize the pore space.Based on the Pia Intermingled Fractal Units(IFU)model,this paper presents a new variable-ratio factor IFU model,which takes tortuosity and boundary layer thickness into consideration,to characterize the Triassic Karamay Formation conglomerate reservoirs in the Mahu region of the Junggar Basin,Northwest China.The modified model has a more powerful and flexible ability to simulate pore structures of porous media,and the simulation results are closer to the real conditions of pore space in low-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs than the conventional Pia IFU model.The geometric construction of the model is simplified to allow for an easing of computation.Porosity and spectral distribution of pore diameter,constructed using the modified model,are generally consistent with actual core data.Also,the model-computed permeability correlates well with experimental results,with a relative error of less than 15%.The modified IFU model performs well in quantitatively characterizing the heterogeneity of sand-conglomerate pore structures,and provides a methodology for the study of other similar types of heterogeneous reservoirs.展开更多
This study comprehensively characterizes the boundary values of generalized permeability jail in tight reservoirs through relative-permeability curve analysis,numerical simulation,and economic evaluation.A total numbe...This study comprehensively characterizes the boundary values of generalized permeability jail in tight reservoirs through relative-permeability curve analysis,numerical simulation,and economic evaluation.A total number of 108 relative-permeability curves of rock samples from tight reservoirs were obtained,and the characteristics of relative-permeability curves were analyzed.The irreducible water saturation(Swi)mainly ranges from 20% to 70%,and the residual gas saturation(Sgr)ranges from 5% to 15% for 55% of the samples.The relative-permeability curves are categorized into six types(Category-Ⅰ to Ⅵ)by analyzing the following characteristics:The relative permeability of gas at Swi,the relative permeability of water at Sgr,and the relative permeability corresponding to the isotonic point.The relative permeability curves were normalized to facilitate numerical simulation and evaluate the impact of different types of curves on production performance.The results of simulation show significant difference in production performance for different types of relative-permeability curves:Category-Ⅰ corresponds to the case with best well performance,whereas Categories-Ⅴ and Ⅵ correspond to the cases with least production volume.The results of economic evaluation show a generalized permeability jail for Categories-Ⅳ,Ⅴ,and Ⅵ,and the permeability jail develops when the relative permeability of gas and water is below 0.06.This study further quantifies the range of micro-pore parameters corresponding to the generalized permeability jail for a tight sandstone reservoir.展开更多
In order to clarify the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption to high-H2S gas reservoirs,three types of natural cores with typical carbonate pore structures were selected for high-temperature and high-p...In order to clarify the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption to high-H2S gas reservoirs,three types of natural cores with typical carbonate pore structures were selected for high-temperature and high-pressure core displacement experiments.Fine quantitative characterization of the cores in three steady states(original,after sulfur injection,and after gas flooding)was carried out using the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)transverse relaxation time spectrum and imaging,X-ray computer tomography(CT)of full-diameter cores,basic physical property testing,and field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging.The loss of pore volume caused by sulfur deposition and adsorption mainly comes from the medium and large pores with sizes bigger than 1000μm.Liquid sulfur has a stronger adsorption and deposition ability in smaller pore spaces,and causes greater damage to reservoirs with poor original pore structures.The pore structure of the three types of carbonate reservoirs shows multiple fractal characteristics.The worse the pore structure,the greater the change of internal pore distribution caused by liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption,and the stronger the heterogeneity.Liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption change the pore size distribution,pore connectivity,and heterogeneity of the rock,which further changes the physical properties of the reservoir.After sulfur injection and gas flooding,the permeability of TypeⅠreservoirs with good physical properties decreased by 16%,and that of TypesⅡandⅢreservoirs with poor physical properties decreased by 90%or more,suggesting an extremely high damage.This indicates that the worse the initial physical properties,the greater the damage of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption.Liquid sulfur is adsorbed and deposited in different types of pore space in the forms of flocculence,cobweb,or retinitis,causing different changes in the pore structure and physical property of the reservoir.展开更多
Based on the qualitative study of microscopic reservoir features using core analysis,cast and fluorescence thin sections inspection,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and field emission scanning electron microscope(FESE...Based on the qualitative study of microscopic reservoir features using core analysis,cast and fluorescence thin sections inspection,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)and quantitative examination of pore size and geometry using mercury injection,nano-CT and nitrogen adsorption,reservoir rock of Da’anzhai Member were divided into 9 types,while storage spaces were divided into 4 types and 14 sub-types.The study shows that sparry coquina is the most promising reservoir type.Pores that smaller than 1μm in diameter contribute 91.27%of storage space volume.Most of them exhibit slot-like geometry with good connectivity.By building up storage space models,it was revealed that micron scale storage spaces mainly composed of fractures and nanometer scale pores and fractures form multi-scale dual porosity system.Low resource abundance,small single well controlled reserve,and low production are related to the nano-scale pore space in Da’anzhai Memer,whereas the dual-porosity system composed of pores and fractures makes for long-term oil yield.Due to the existence of abundant slot-like pore space and fractures,economic tight oil production was achieved without stimulations.展开更多
The development of metallic mineral resources generates a significant amount of solid waste,such as tailings and waste rock.Cemented tailings and waste-rock backfill(CTWB)is an effective method for managing and dispos...The development of metallic mineral resources generates a significant amount of solid waste,such as tailings and waste rock.Cemented tailings and waste-rock backfill(CTWB)is an effective method for managing and disposing of this mining waste.This study employs a macro-meso-micro testing method to investigate the effects of the waste rock grading index(WGI)and loading rate(LR)on the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),pore structure,and micromorphology of CTWB materials.Pore structures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP).The particles(pores)and cracks analysis system(PCAS)software was used to quantitatively characterize the multi-scale micropores in the SEM images.The key findings indicate that the macroscopic results(UCS)of CTWB materials correspond to the microscopic results(pore structure and micromorphology).Changes in porosity largely depend on the conditions of waste rock grading index and loading rate.The inclusion of waste rock initially increases and then decreases the UCS,while porosity first decreases and then increases,with a critical waste rock grading index of 0.6.As the loading rate increases,UCS initially rises and then falls,while porosity gradually increases.Based on MIP and SEM results,at waste rock grading index 0.6,the most probable pore diameters,total pore area(TPA),pore number(PN),maximum pore area(MPA),and area probability distribution index(APDI)are minimized,while average pore form factor(APF)and fractal dimension of pore porosity distribution(FDPD)are maximized,indicating the most compact pore structure.At a loading rate of 12.0 mm/min,the most probable pore diameters,TPA,PN,MPA,APF,and APDI reach their maximum values,while FDPD reaches its minimum value.Finally,the mechanism of CTWB materials during compression is analyzed,based on the quantitative results of UCS and porosity.The research findings play a crucial role in ensuring the successful application of CTWB materials in deep metal mines.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Structural evolution characteristics of microfissures in structural coal and its control on permeability of coal reservoir”(No.41772162)the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province“Physical properties of coalbed methane reservoir and its geological control”(No.17IRTSTHN025).
文摘Due to the uneven distribution of pore size in coal and its wide distribution range,it is difficult to effectively characterize the multi-scale pore structure of coal by a single method.In this paper,the multi-scale pore structure characteristics of coal were analyzed comprehensively by using scanning electron microscope,low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption,high-pressure mercury intrusion and constant-rate mercury intrusion.In addition,the effects of metamorphism on the volume and specific surface area of pores in coal were revealed,and the relationships between coal rock permeability and pore structure characteristic parameters were described.And the following research results were obtained.First,with the increase of coal metamorphism,the volume and specific surface area of nanopores in coal decrease first and then increase,and they reach the minimum value when Ro,max is about 1.8%.Second,the pore and throat radii of coal samples are overall in the form of normal distribution.And with the increase of coal metamorphism,the pore radius corresponding to the maximum distribution frequency increases.Third,the samples of low-rank bituminous coal are the highest in throat radius distribution range,connected throat radius and average throat radius.Fourth,the samples of anthracite coal are the lowest in throat radius distribution range and connected throat radius.Fifth,there is a single main peak in the distribution of pore-throat ratios of low-and medium-rank bituminous coal samples,and the pore-throat ratios corresponding to the main peak is relatively low.Sixth,the permeability of coal is in a positive correlation with porosity and an average throat radius,and in a negative correlation with an average pore-throat ratio,but in no obvious correlation with an average pore radius.
基金Project supported by the China Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation“Multi-scale Oil and Gas Seepage Mechanics”(No.52122402)Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation“Scientific Issues on Efficient Production of Gas Reservoirs with Ultra-deep and Ultra-high Pressure”(No.52034010)Outstanding Youth Fund Project of the Shandong Natural Science Foundation“Multi-scale Seepage Theory for Unconventional Reservoirs”(No.ZR2022JQ23).
文摘An accurate and comprehensive understanding of shale pore structure is fundamental and critical for accurate reserves evaluation and efficient hydrocarbon development.Thus,by taking the shale of Paleogene Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,as an example,the 2D and 3D multi-resolution images of the shale microstructure are obtained by multiple imaging technologies,including X-ray computed tomography,large-field scanning electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy.By integrating image processing and machine learning algorithms,the shale pore structure is characterized at a single scale and multi scales.The results are obtained as follows.First,the shale pore space in the study area is mainly composed of microfractures,inorganic pores,organic matters and organic pores,and exclusively shows multi-scale characteristics.Second,there are various types of inorganic pores,and abundant dissolution pores;organic matters are distributed as strips and patches,and no organic pores are found in some organic matters.Third,pores with radius less than 20 nm account for 25%,those with radius between 20 and 50 nm account for 19%,those with radius between 50 and 100 nm account for 29%,those with radius between 100 and 500 nm account for 14%,those with radius between 500 nm and 20 mm account for 11%,and those with radius between 20 and 50 mm account for 2%.Fourth,the organic pores are less connected than the inorganic pores.The connectivity between organic pores and inorganic pores plays a crucial role in hydrocarbon migration,and microfractures control fluid flow channels.Fifth,pores with radius less than 50 nm are dominantly organic pores,those with radius between 50 and 500 nm are mainly organic and inorganic pores,and microfractures mainly contribute to the pores with radius more than 500 nm.It is concluded that a single imaging experiment cannot accurately and comprehensively reveal the multi-scale micro pore structure of a shale reservoir.Through integration of multiple imaging technologies and machine learning algorithms,the shale pore structure can be recognized and characterized at both single scale and multi scales.The proposed new method provides accurate and comprehensive information of multi-scale pore structures.
基金a National Science and Technology Major Special Project of China(Grant No.2016ZX05044)a Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2018M631181)+3 种基金a Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2019JQ-192)a Special Scientific Research Project of Natural Science of Education Department of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2020-016)a Foundation Research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation(Grant No.MTy2019-08)the Independent Projects of the Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization,Ministry of Land and Resources of China(Grant No.ZKF2018-1,ZP2018-2).
文摘The methods of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,mercury injection porosimetry(MIP),and gas-water relative permeability(GWRP)were used to reveal the pore structure and permeability characteristics of high-rank coal reservoirs in the Bide-Santang basin,western Guizhou,South China,to provide guidance for coalbed methane(CBM)exploration and exploitation and obtain direct insights for the development of CBM wells.The results indicate that the coal reservoirs in the study area are characterized by well-developed adsorption pores and poorly developed seepage pores.The bimodal NMR transverse relaxation time(T2)spectra and the mutation in the fractal characteristic of the MIP pore volume indicate poor connectivity between the adsorption pores and the seepage pores.As a result,the effective porosity is relatively low,with an average of 1.70%.The irreducible water saturation of the coal reservoir is relatively high,with an average of 66%,leading to a low gas relative permeability under irreducible water saturation.This is the main reason for the low recovery of high-rank CBM reservoirs,and effective enhanced CBM recovery technology urgently is needed.As a nondestructive and less time-consuming technique,the NMR is a promising method to quantitatively characterize the pores and fractures of coals.
基金The first author would like to express sincere appreciation for the scholarship provided by China Scholarship Council(No.202006430006)and University of Wollongongfinancially supported by the ACARP Project C28006+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0808301)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality,China(No.8192036)。
文摘Well-developed pores and cracks in coal reservoirs are the main venues for gas storage and migration.To investigate the multi-scale pore fractal characteristics,six coal samples of different rankings were studied using high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI),low-pressure nitrogen adsorption(LPGA-N2),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)test methods.Based on the Frankel,Halsey and Hill(FHH)fractal theory,the Menger sponge model,Pores and Cracks Analysis System(PCAS),pore volume complexity(D_(v)),coal surface irregularity(Ds)and pore distribution heterogeneity(D_(p))were studied and evaluated,respectively.The effect of three fractal dimensions on the gas adsorption ability was also analyzed with high-pressure isothermal gas adsorption experiments.Results show that pore structures within these coal samples have obvious fractal characteristics.A noticeable segmentation effect appears in the Dv1and Dv2fitting process,with the boundary size ranging from 36.00 to 182.95 nm,which helps differentiate diffusion pores and seepage fractures.The D values show an asymmetric U-shaped trend as the coal metamorphism increases,demonstrating that coalification greatly affects the pore fractal dimensions.The three fractal dimensions can characterize the difference in coal microstructure and reflect their influence on gas adsorption ability.Langmuir volume(V_(L))has an evident and positive correlation with Dsvalues,whereas Langmuir pressure(P_(L))is mainly affected by the combined action of Dvand Dp.This study will provide valuable knowledge for the appraisal of coal seam gas reservoirs of differently ranked coals.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2021YFC3100800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42407235 and 42271026)+1 种基金the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (No.SCKJ-JYRC-2023-54)supported by the Hefei advanced computing center
文摘Coral reef limestone(CRL)constitutes a distinctive marine carbonate formation with complex mechanical properties.This study investigates the multiscale damage and fracture mechanisms of CRL through integrated experimental testing,digital core technology,and theoretical modelling.Two CRL types with contrasting mesostructures were characterized across three scales.Macroscopically,CRL-I and CRL-II exhibited mean compressive strengths of 8.46 and 5.17 MPa,respectively.Mesoscopically,CRL-I featured small-scale highly interconnected pores,whilst CRL-II developed larger stratified pores with diminished connectivity.Microscopically,both CRL matrices demonstrated remarkable similarity in mineral composition and mechanical properties.A novel voxel average-based digital core scaling methodology was developed to facilitate numerical simulation of cross-scale damage processes,revealing network-progressive failure in CRL-I versus directional-brittle failure in CRL-II.Furthermore,a damage statistical constitutive model based on digital core technology and mesoscopic homogenisation theory established quantitative relationships between microelement strength distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior.These findings illuminate the fundamental mechanisms through which mesoscopic structure governs the macroscopic mechanical properties of CRL.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51474164,U1760101 and 51704216).
文摘At present,blast furnace ironmaking is still the main process for producing molten iron,and sinters are the main raw material for blast furnace ironmaking.A sinter with good metallurgical performance can not only ensure smooth operation of the blast furnace but also reduce the blast furnace fuel ratio and increase the molten iron production.Structure is the most important factor affecting the metallurgical properties of the sinter.Thus,the research progress of sinter pore and mineral phase structures was reviewed and the mechanism by which they influence sinter properties was expounded.Multiscale characterization methods for the sinter and their advantages and disadvantages were introduced,and the future research direction of sinter was discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(973 Program)of China(No.2014CB239000)the China National Science and Technology Major Projects(No.2017ZX05001)the Petrochina Science and Technology Major Projects(No.2016B-0304).
文摘The microscopic pore structure of sand-conglomerate rocks plays a decisive role in its exploration and development of such reservoirs.Due to complex gravels-cements configurations and resultant high heterogeneity in sand-conglomerate rocks,the conventional fractal dimensions are inadequate to fully characterize the pore space.Based on the Pia Intermingled Fractal Units(IFU)model,this paper presents a new variable-ratio factor IFU model,which takes tortuosity and boundary layer thickness into consideration,to characterize the Triassic Karamay Formation conglomerate reservoirs in the Mahu region of the Junggar Basin,Northwest China.The modified model has a more powerful and flexible ability to simulate pore structures of porous media,and the simulation results are closer to the real conditions of pore space in low-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs than the conventional Pia IFU model.The geometric construction of the model is simplified to allow for an easing of computation.Porosity and spectral distribution of pore diameter,constructed using the modified model,are generally consistent with actual core data.Also,the model-computed permeability correlates well with experimental results,with a relative error of less than 15%.The modified IFU model performs well in quantitatively characterizing the heterogeneity of sand-conglomerate pore structures,and provides a methodology for the study of other similar types of heterogeneous reservoirs.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51774255 and 52174037).
文摘This study comprehensively characterizes the boundary values of generalized permeability jail in tight reservoirs through relative-permeability curve analysis,numerical simulation,and economic evaluation.A total number of 108 relative-permeability curves of rock samples from tight reservoirs were obtained,and the characteristics of relative-permeability curves were analyzed.The irreducible water saturation(Swi)mainly ranges from 20% to 70%,and the residual gas saturation(Sgr)ranges from 5% to 15% for 55% of the samples.The relative-permeability curves are categorized into six types(Category-Ⅰ to Ⅵ)by analyzing the following characteristics:The relative permeability of gas at Swi,the relative permeability of water at Sgr,and the relative permeability corresponding to the isotonic point.The relative permeability curves were normalized to facilitate numerical simulation and evaluate the impact of different types of curves on production performance.The results of simulation show significant difference in production performance for different types of relative-permeability curves:Category-Ⅰ corresponds to the case with best well performance,whereas Categories-Ⅴ and Ⅵ correspond to the cases with least production volume.The results of economic evaluation show a generalized permeability jail for Categories-Ⅳ,Ⅴ,and Ⅵ,and the permeability jail develops when the relative permeability of gas and water is below 0.06.This study further quantifies the range of micro-pore parameters corresponding to the generalized permeability jail for a tight sandstone reservoir.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19B6003)Sinopec Technology Research Project(P20077kxjgz)。
文摘In order to clarify the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption to high-H2S gas reservoirs,three types of natural cores with typical carbonate pore structures were selected for high-temperature and high-pressure core displacement experiments.Fine quantitative characterization of the cores in three steady states(original,after sulfur injection,and after gas flooding)was carried out using the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)transverse relaxation time spectrum and imaging,X-ray computer tomography(CT)of full-diameter cores,basic physical property testing,and field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging.The loss of pore volume caused by sulfur deposition and adsorption mainly comes from the medium and large pores with sizes bigger than 1000μm.Liquid sulfur has a stronger adsorption and deposition ability in smaller pore spaces,and causes greater damage to reservoirs with poor original pore structures.The pore structure of the three types of carbonate reservoirs shows multiple fractal characteristics.The worse the pore structure,the greater the change of internal pore distribution caused by liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption,and the stronger the heterogeneity.Liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption change the pore size distribution,pore connectivity,and heterogeneity of the rock,which further changes the physical properties of the reservoir.After sulfur injection and gas flooding,the permeability of TypeⅠreservoirs with good physical properties decreased by 16%,and that of TypesⅡandⅢreservoirs with poor physical properties decreased by 90%or more,suggesting an extremely high damage.This indicates that the worse the initial physical properties,the greater the damage of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption.Liquid sulfur is adsorbed and deposited in different types of pore space in the forms of flocculence,cobweb,or retinitis,causing different changes in the pore structure and physical property of the reservoir.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046-001)
文摘Based on the qualitative study of microscopic reservoir features using core analysis,cast and fluorescence thin sections inspection,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)and quantitative examination of pore size and geometry using mercury injection,nano-CT and nitrogen adsorption,reservoir rock of Da’anzhai Member were divided into 9 types,while storage spaces were divided into 4 types and 14 sub-types.The study shows that sparry coquina is the most promising reservoir type.Pores that smaller than 1μm in diameter contribute 91.27%of storage space volume.Most of them exhibit slot-like geometry with good connectivity.By building up storage space models,it was revealed that micron scale storage spaces mainly composed of fractures and nanometer scale pores and fractures form multi-scale dual porosity system.Low resource abundance,small single well controlled reserve,and low production are related to the nano-scale pore space in Da’anzhai Memer,whereas the dual-porosity system composed of pores and fractures makes for long-term oil yield.Due to the existence of abundant slot-like pore space and fractures,economic tight oil production was achieved without stimulations.
基金Project(2022YFC2904103)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(52374112,52274108)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Projects(BX20220036,BX20230041)supported by the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program,ChinaProject(2232080)supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China。
文摘The development of metallic mineral resources generates a significant amount of solid waste,such as tailings and waste rock.Cemented tailings and waste-rock backfill(CTWB)is an effective method for managing and disposing of this mining waste.This study employs a macro-meso-micro testing method to investigate the effects of the waste rock grading index(WGI)and loading rate(LR)on the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),pore structure,and micromorphology of CTWB materials.Pore structures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP).The particles(pores)and cracks analysis system(PCAS)software was used to quantitatively characterize the multi-scale micropores in the SEM images.The key findings indicate that the macroscopic results(UCS)of CTWB materials correspond to the microscopic results(pore structure and micromorphology).Changes in porosity largely depend on the conditions of waste rock grading index and loading rate.The inclusion of waste rock initially increases and then decreases the UCS,while porosity first decreases and then increases,with a critical waste rock grading index of 0.6.As the loading rate increases,UCS initially rises and then falls,while porosity gradually increases.Based on MIP and SEM results,at waste rock grading index 0.6,the most probable pore diameters,total pore area(TPA),pore number(PN),maximum pore area(MPA),and area probability distribution index(APDI)are minimized,while average pore form factor(APF)and fractal dimension of pore porosity distribution(FDPD)are maximized,indicating the most compact pore structure.At a loading rate of 12.0 mm/min,the most probable pore diameters,TPA,PN,MPA,APF,and APDI reach their maximum values,while FDPD reaches its minimum value.Finally,the mechanism of CTWB materials during compression is analyzed,based on the quantitative results of UCS and porosity.The research findings play a crucial role in ensuring the successful application of CTWB materials in deep metal mines.
