Based on 2012 input-output table of Shandong province and the official statistics, this article uses the input-output analysis method to build the input-output table. On the basis of the development of service industr...Based on 2012 input-output table of Shandong province and the official statistics, this article uses the input-output analysis method to build the input-output table. On the basis of the development of service industry in Shandong province's ability, we make a theoretical analysis framework of a comprehensive in-depth analysis on pull employment, creatively will cost tax rate, fully and completely labor capital and the combination of both the industry development space. So that the industry's ability to pull the employment can be considered, and to realize rapid and sustained development of service industry in Shandong province.展开更多
Under the pressure of sustained growth in energy consumption in China,the implementation of a carbon pricing mechanism is an effective economic policy measure for promoting emission reduction,as well as a hotspot of r...Under the pressure of sustained growth in energy consumption in China,the implementation of a carbon pricing mechanism is an effective economic policy measure for promoting emission reduction,as well as a hotspot of research among scholars and policy makers.In this paper,the effects of carbon prices on Beijing's economy are analyzed using input-output tables.The carbon price costs are levied in accordance with the products'embodied carbon emission.By calculation,given the carbon price rate of 10 RMB/t-CO_2,the total carbon costs of Beijing account for approximately 0.22-0.40%of its gross revenue the same year.Among all industries,construction bears the largest carbon cost Among export sectors,the coal mining and washing industry has much higher export carbon price intensity than other industries.Apart from traditional energy-intensive industries,tertiary industry,which accounts for more than 70%of Beijing's economy,also bears a major carbon cost because of its large economic size.However,from 2007 to 2010,adjustment of the investment structure has reduced the emission intensity in investment sectors,contributing to the reduction of overall emissions and carbon price intensity.展开更多
Input-output analysis is widely employed to analyze inventories of a product＇s embodied energy and environmental burdens. However, input-output analysis focuses only on the production stage and ignores other life cyc...Input-output analysis is widely employed to analyze inventories of a product＇s embodied energy and environmental burdens. However, input-output analysis focuses only on the production stage and ignores other life cycle phases. Input-output analysis is not exactly a LCA （life cycle assessment） method in the strict sense of ISO 14040 standards, which must cover all stages of a product＇s life cycle, ＂from the cradle to the grave＂, so to speak. A tiered hybrid LCA is a useful tool that covers all life cycle stages by combining a process analysis with the input-output analysis method. This study aims to extend input-output analysis to the use, disposal, and recycling stages by using matrix-based method. The new method is applied to the analysis of the embodied CO2 emissions of a refrigerator as a case study. The entire life cycle C02 emissions are estimated to be 2.9 tons, including indirect emissions, and the reduction in CO2 emissions due to recycling steel scrap is calculated as 48.5 kg. The authors conclude that the new method enables a consistent inventory analysis for all life cycle stages by combining process and input-output methods.展开更多
China has huge differences among its regions in terms of socio-economic development, industrial structure, natural resource endowments, and technological advancement. These differences have created complicated linkage...China has huge differences among its regions in terms of socio-economic development, industrial structure, natural resource endowments, and technological advancement. These differences have created complicated linkages between regions in China. In this study, building upon gravity model and location quotient techniques, we develop a sector-specific model to estimate inter-provincial trade flows, which is the base for making a multi-regional input-output table. In the model, we distinguish sectors with less intra-sector input from those with larger intra-sector input, and assume that the former sectors tend to compete among regions while the latter tend to cooperate among regions. Then we apply this new method of inter-regional trade estimation to three sectors： food and tobacco, metal smelting and proc- essing, and electrical equipment. The results show that selection of bandwidth has a significant impact on the assessment of inter-regional trade. Trade flows are more scattered with the increase of bandwidths. As a result, bandwidth reflects the spatial concentration of geo- graphical activities, which should be distinguishable for different industries. We conclude that the sector-specific spatial model can increase the credibility of estimates of inter-regional trade flows.展开更多
China is the largest CH4 emitter in the world. Given the importance of CH4 in greenhouse gas emission inventories, the characteristics ofChina＇s CH4 emissions at different scales deserve to be fully understood. Prese...China is the largest CH4 emitter in the world. Given the importance of CH4 in greenhouse gas emission inventories, the characteristics ofChina＇s CH4 emissions at different scales deserve to be fully understood. Presented in this paper is an interprovincial input output embodi- ment analysis of China＇s regional CH4 emissions in 2007, based on the most recently available multi-regional input- output table, and relevant CH4 emissions data. The results show that the eastern, central and western areas contribute to 48.2%, 28.6%, and 23.3% of the national total embodied emissions, respectively. Guangdong has the highest level of embodied CH4 emissions among all of the 30 regions. The Agriculture sector produces the most embodied CH4 emissions in final demand, followed by the Construction, Food Production and Tobacco Processing, and Other Service Activities sectors. Significant net transfers of embodied CH4 emission flows are identified from the central and western areas to the eastern area via interregional trade. Shanxi is the largest interregional exporter of embodied CH4 emissions. In contrast, Guangdong is the largest interregional importer. Energy activities, agricultural activities, and waste management comprise 65.6%, 30.7%, and 3.7% of the total embodied CH4 emissions in interregional trade, respectively. By using consumption-based accounting principles, the emis- sion magnitudes, per capita emissions, and emission intensities of most eastern regions increase remarkably, while those of some central and western regions decrease largely. To achieve regional CH4 emission mitigation, comprehensive mitigation measures should be designed under consideration of regional transfer of emission responsibility.展开更多
Aircraft industry is very important to the economy and security of a country,and aircraft industry clusters have already existed in the world.Based on Input-Output data and Czamanski's method,the aircraft industry...Aircraft industry is very important to the economy and security of a country,and aircraft industry clusters have already existed in the world.Based on Input-Output data and Czamanski's method,the aircraft industry clusters in China and USA were identified quantitatively in this paper.Furthermore,this article carried out comparison analyses of the identification results.The research finds out:1) a mature aircraft industry cluster would be generally composed of 7 industrial subgroups,including aircraft industry,metal making and products manufacturing industry,machinery and equipment industry,electronics industry,automobile industry,material industry and others,and electronics industrial subgroup will play a more and more important role in the cluster;2) in the range of industry-covering,the level of industry-linkage,and the economic performance,there is a tremendously large gap between the aircraft industry cluster of China and that of USA;3) the spatial evolution of these clusters or centers is highly consistent with the diffusion of a country's industrialization.Finally,based on those findings,the paper gives some advice on how to improve Czamanski's method and what China should do to develop its own competitive aircraft industry:1) China should employ institutional innovation,and turn to be market-oriented;2) China should abandon the traditional pattern of closed-development,and strengthen the interaction and collaboration between aircraft industry and related industries,especially the electronics industry;3) China should rectify and perfect its spatial development planning of aircraft industry.展开更多
The paper established a double filtering method (DFM) to visualize the skeleton industrial structure (SIS) of one economy and find its evolution rule. Different with the previous researches, this method is from a new ...The paper established a double filtering method (DFM) to visualize the skeleton industrial structure (SIS) of one economy and find its evolution rule. Different with the previous researches, this method is from a new view of industrial conjunctions combined by leading sectors to depict the industrial structure. It was proved that the leading sector selected by DFM must be key sector selected by Hirschman-Rasmussen method. Applied DFM to input-output tables of China, Japan and USA and MFA to Japan, and USA, the results analysis showed that DFM could overtake the two main shortcomings of minimum flow analysis (MFA), scratch SIS of each economy with its own characteristics, visualize the general evolution rules of the industrial structure with crisscrossed conjunctions among leading sectors.展开更多
The Antarctic Ice Sheet(AIS)has been losing ice mass and contributing to the rise in the global sea-level(GSL)for the last 4 decades,as quantified by using satellite observations.We developed a framework for implement...The Antarctic Ice Sheet(AIS)has been losing ice mass and contributing to the rise in the global sea-level(GSL)for the last 4 decades,as quantified by using satellite observations.We developed a framework for implementing the state-of-the-art input-output(IO)method that has the advantage of explicit estimation of the mass balance of individual glaciers,basins and the continent.We estimated the mass balance of the AIS from 2013 to 2018 using improved observations and updated datasets recently made available,including annual ice flow velocity maps from the Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation(ITS_LIVE)dataset,the Bed Machine and the Princess Elizabeth Land(PEL)Earth System Science Data(ESSD)datasets,and the surface mass balance from the RACMO 2.3 system.For example,using the improved ice thickness data,the proposed method for ice discharge estimation enables a 10%reduction of uncertainty in ice discharge.During the period of 2013–2018,an ice discharge acceleration of 6.9±6.5 Gt yr^(–2)in West Antarctica(WA)was detected,which contributed significantly to the estimated mass loss of~1069 Gt(–178.2±108.9 Gt yr^(–1))in the AIS.On the other hand,Queen Maud Land,East Antarctica(EA),showed clearly a mass gain rate of 56.0±10.0 Gt yr^(–1)due to the regional increase in surface mass balance.Our results extended the estimation period by 3 years in comparison to the published study using the same annual velocity maps from the ITS_LIVE dataset.Furthermore,our results,along with those from other studies using the IO method,reassures the acceleration of recent mass loss in WA and Wilkes Land in EA,which are caused by glacier thinning and ice shelf basal melting.Compared with the long-term mass balance record since 1979,our results suggest that the mass loss in AIS accelerated in the last decade.The developed framework can be modified for mass balance estimation of the AIS or for other ice sheets by using velocity maps from other satellite data or from different periods.展开更多
Optimizing industrial structure is an important research object of human-economic geography, and it is also the object of government departments to strengthen macro-control. This has become even greater problem that C...Optimizing industrial structure is an important research object of human-economic geography, and it is also the object of government departments to strengthen macro-control. This has become even greater problem that China has entered the "new normal" in recent years. The study uses a multi-regional input-output model, with linear programming to build an optimal model of industrial structure as well as a model of optimization degree under the energy constraint. The results of the study revealed that:(1) the degree of optimization of industrial structure in Anhui Province is optimal(0.763), while that of Shanxi Province is the lowest(0.662);(2) the degree of optimization of industrial structure is negatively related to energy consumption per unit output value and the proportion of heavy industry; and(3) overall, central China should maintain or moderately increase the proportions of resource-based industry, greatly increase the proportions of manufacturing, including transport and telecommunications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment, and moderately reduce the proportions of smelting and pressing of metals and non-metal mineral products. In terms of service industries, the region should greatly increase the proportions of the production and supply of natural gas and tap water, moderately reduce or maintain the proportions of transport and storage as well as tourism, and maintain or moderately reduce the proportions of wholesale trade, retail trade and catering services.展开更多
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant No. 15CGL048)
文摘Based on 2012 input-output table of Shandong province and the official statistics, this article uses the input-output analysis method to build the input-output table. On the basis of the development of service industry in Shandong province's ability, we make a theoretical analysis framework of a comprehensive in-depth analysis on pull employment, creatively will cost tax rate, fully and completely labor capital and the combination of both the industry development space. So that the industry's ability to pull the employment can be considered, and to realize rapid and sustained development of service industry in Shandong province.
基金The authors would like to thank Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five Year Plan Period[grant number 2012BAC20B03]Beijing Natural Science Foundation[grant number 9112008]for supporting this research
文摘Under the pressure of sustained growth in energy consumption in China,the implementation of a carbon pricing mechanism is an effective economic policy measure for promoting emission reduction,as well as a hotspot of research among scholars and policy makers.In this paper,the effects of carbon prices on Beijing's economy are analyzed using input-output tables.The carbon price costs are levied in accordance with the products'embodied carbon emission.By calculation,given the carbon price rate of 10 RMB/t-CO_2,the total carbon costs of Beijing account for approximately 0.22-0.40%of its gross revenue the same year.Among all industries,construction bears the largest carbon cost Among export sectors,the coal mining and washing industry has much higher export carbon price intensity than other industries.Apart from traditional energy-intensive industries,tertiary industry,which accounts for more than 70%of Beijing's economy,also bears a major carbon cost because of its large economic size.However,from 2007 to 2010,adjustment of the investment structure has reduced the emission intensity in investment sectors,contributing to the reduction of overall emissions and carbon price intensity.
文摘Input-output analysis is widely employed to analyze inventories of a product＇s embodied energy and environmental burdens. However, input-output analysis focuses only on the production stage and ignores other life cycle phases. Input-output analysis is not exactly a LCA （life cycle assessment） method in the strict sense of ISO 14040 standards, which must cover all stages of a product＇s life cycle, ＂from the cradle to the grave＂, so to speak. A tiered hybrid LCA is a useful tool that covers all life cycle stages by combining a process analysis with the input-output analysis method. This study aims to extend input-output analysis to the use, disposal, and recycling stages by using matrix-based method. The new method is applied to the analysis of the embodied CO2 emissions of a refrigerator as a case study. The entire life cycle C02 emissions are estimated to be 2.9 tons, including indirect emissions, and the reduction in CO2 emissions due to recycling steel scrap is calculated as 48.5 kg. The authors conclude that the new method enables a consistent inventory analysis for all life cycle stages by combining process and input-output methods.
基金National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China, No.41125005
文摘China has huge differences among its regions in terms of socio-economic development, industrial structure, natural resource endowments, and technological advancement. These differences have created complicated linkages between regions in China. In this study, building upon gravity model and location quotient techniques, we develop a sector-specific model to estimate inter-provincial trade flows, which is the base for making a multi-regional input-output table. In the model, we distinguish sectors with less intra-sector input from those with larger intra-sector input, and assume that the former sectors tend to compete among regions while the latter tend to cooperate among regions. Then we apply this new method of inter-regional trade estimation to three sectors： food and tobacco, metal smelting and proc- essing, and electrical equipment. The results show that selection of bandwidth has a significant impact on the assessment of inter-regional trade. Trade flows are more scattered with the increase of bandwidths. As a result, bandwidth reflects the spatial concentration of geo- graphical activities, which should be distinguishable for different industries. We conclude that the sector-specific spatial model can increase the credibility of estimates of inter-regional trade flows.
文摘China is the largest CH4 emitter in the world. Given the importance of CH4 in greenhouse gas emission inventories, the characteristics ofChina＇s CH4 emissions at different scales deserve to be fully understood. Presented in this paper is an interprovincial input output embodi- ment analysis of China＇s regional CH4 emissions in 2007, based on the most recently available multi-regional input- output table, and relevant CH4 emissions data. The results show that the eastern, central and western areas contribute to 48.2%, 28.6%, and 23.3% of the national total embodied emissions, respectively. Guangdong has the highest level of embodied CH4 emissions among all of the 30 regions. The Agriculture sector produces the most embodied CH4 emissions in final demand, followed by the Construction, Food Production and Tobacco Processing, and Other Service Activities sectors. Significant net transfers of embodied CH4 emission flows are identified from the central and western areas to the eastern area via interregional trade. Shanxi is the largest interregional exporter of embodied CH4 emissions. In contrast, Guangdong is the largest interregional importer. Energy activities, agricultural activities, and waste management comprise 65.6%, 30.7%, and 3.7% of the total embodied CH4 emissions in interregional trade, respectively. By using consumption-based accounting principles, the emis- sion magnitudes, per capita emissions, and emission intensities of most eastern regions increase remarkably, while those of some central and western regions decrease largely. To achieve regional CH4 emission mitigation, comprehensive mitigation measures should be designed under consideration of regional transfer of emission responsibility.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40635026,40801050)Knowledge Innovation Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCXZ-YW-Q10-4)
文摘Aircraft industry is very important to the economy and security of a country,and aircraft industry clusters have already existed in the world.Based on Input-Output data and Czamanski's method,the aircraft industry clusters in China and USA were identified quantitatively in this paper.Furthermore,this article carried out comparison analyses of the identification results.The research finds out:1) a mature aircraft industry cluster would be generally composed of 7 industrial subgroups,including aircraft industry,metal making and products manufacturing industry,machinery and equipment industry,electronics industry,automobile industry,material industry and others,and electronics industrial subgroup will play a more and more important role in the cluster;2) in the range of industry-covering,the level of industry-linkage,and the economic performance,there is a tremendously large gap between the aircraft industry cluster of China and that of USA;3) the spatial evolution of these clusters or centers is highly consistent with the diffusion of a country's industrialization.Finally,based on those findings,the paper gives some advice on how to improve Czamanski's method and what China should do to develop its own competitive aircraft industry:1) China should employ institutional innovation,and turn to be market-oriented;2) China should abandon the traditional pattern of closed-development,and strengthen the interaction and collaboration between aircraft industry and related industries,especially the electronics industry;3) China should rectify and perfect its spatial development planning of aircraft industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.71173210
文摘The paper established a double filtering method (DFM) to visualize the skeleton industrial structure (SIS) of one economy and find its evolution rule. Different with the previous researches, this method is from a new view of industrial conjunctions combined by leading sectors to depict the industrial structure. It was proved that the leading sector selected by DFM must be key sector selected by Hirschman-Rasmussen method. Applied DFM to input-output tables of China, Japan and USA and MFA to Japan, and USA, the results analysis showed that DFM could overtake the two main shortcomings of minimum flow analysis (MFA), scratch SIS of each economy with its own characteristics, visualize the general evolution rules of the industrial structure with crisscrossed conjunctions among leading sectors.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0603102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41730102,41771471,41941006&4201101408)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(Grant No.21ZR1469700)supported by the Central University Research Fund。
文摘The Antarctic Ice Sheet(AIS)has been losing ice mass and contributing to the rise in the global sea-level(GSL)for the last 4 decades,as quantified by using satellite observations.We developed a framework for implementing the state-of-the-art input-output(IO)method that has the advantage of explicit estimation of the mass balance of individual glaciers,basins and the continent.We estimated the mass balance of the AIS from 2013 to 2018 using improved observations and updated datasets recently made available,including annual ice flow velocity maps from the Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation(ITS_LIVE)dataset,the Bed Machine and the Princess Elizabeth Land(PEL)Earth System Science Data(ESSD)datasets,and the surface mass balance from the RACMO 2.3 system.For example,using the improved ice thickness data,the proposed method for ice discharge estimation enables a 10%reduction of uncertainty in ice discharge.During the period of 2013–2018,an ice discharge acceleration of 6.9±6.5 Gt yr^(–2)in West Antarctica(WA)was detected,which contributed significantly to the estimated mass loss of~1069 Gt(–178.2±108.9 Gt yr^(–1))in the AIS.On the other hand,Queen Maud Land,East Antarctica(EA),showed clearly a mass gain rate of 56.0±10.0 Gt yr^(–1)due to the regional increase in surface mass balance.Our results extended the estimation period by 3 years in comparison to the published study using the same annual velocity maps from the ITS_LIVE dataset.Furthermore,our results,along with those from other studies using the IO method,reassures the acceleration of recent mass loss in WA and Wilkes Land in EA,which are caused by glacier thinning and ice shelf basal melting.Compared with the long-term mass balance record since 1979,our results suggest that the mass loss in AIS accelerated in the last decade.The developed framework can be modified for mass balance estimation of the AIS or for other ice sheets by using velocity maps from other satellite data or from different periods.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41271146,No.41201171
文摘Optimizing industrial structure is an important research object of human-economic geography, and it is also the object of government departments to strengthen macro-control. This has become even greater problem that China has entered the "new normal" in recent years. The study uses a multi-regional input-output model, with linear programming to build an optimal model of industrial structure as well as a model of optimization degree under the energy constraint. The results of the study revealed that:(1) the degree of optimization of industrial structure in Anhui Province is optimal(0.763), while that of Shanxi Province is the lowest(0.662);(2) the degree of optimization of industrial structure is negatively related to energy consumption per unit output value and the proportion of heavy industry; and(3) overall, central China should maintain or moderately increase the proportions of resource-based industry, greatly increase the proportions of manufacturing, including transport and telecommunications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment, and moderately reduce the proportions of smelting and pressing of metals and non-metal mineral products. In terms of service industries, the region should greatly increase the proportions of the production and supply of natural gas and tap water, moderately reduce or maintain the proportions of transport and storage as well as tourism, and maintain or moderately reduce the proportions of wholesale trade, retail trade and catering services.
