Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(QPF)is a challenging issue in seamless prediction.QPF faces the following difficulties:(i)single rather than multiple model products are still used;(ii)most QPF methods require long...Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(QPF)is a challenging issue in seamless prediction.QPF faces the following difficulties:(i)single rather than multiple model products are still used;(ii)most QPF methods require long-term training samples not easily available,and(iii)local features are insufficiently reflected.In this work,a multi-model blending(MMB)algorithm with supplemental grid points(SGPs)is experimented to overcome these shortcomings.The MMB algorithm includes three steps:(1)single-model bias-correction,(2)dynamic weight MMB,and(3)light-precipitation elimination.In step 1,quantile mapping(QM)is used and SGPs are configured to expand the sample size.The SGPs are chosen based on similarity of topography,spatial distance,and climatic characteristics of local precipitation.In step 2,the dynamic weight MMB uses the idea of ensemble forecasting:a precipitation process can be forecast if more than 40% of the models predict such a case;moreover,threat score(TS)is used to update the weights of ensemble members.Finally,in step 3,the number of false alarms of light precipitation is reduced,thus alleviating unreasonable expansion of the precipitation area caused by the blending of multiple models.Verification results show that using the MMB algorithm has effectively improved the TS and bias score(BS)for blended 6-h QPF.The rate of increase in TS for heavy rainfall(25-mm threshold)reaches 20%-40%;in particular,the improvement has reached 47.6% for forecast lead time of 24 h,compared with the ECMWF model.Meanwhile,the BS is closer to 1,which is better than any single-model forecast.In sum,the QPF using MMB with SGPs shows great potential to further improve the present operational QPF in China.展开更多
Delineation of hydrocarbon-bearing sands and the extent of accumulation using seismic data is a reoccurring challenge for many fields.This study addressed the existing challenges of delineating a known hydrocarbon reg...Delineation of hydrocarbon-bearing sands and the extent of accumulation using seismic data is a reoccurring challenge for many fields.This study addressed the existing challenges of delineating a known hydrocarbon region for a thin-pay reservoir using conventional attributes extraction methods.The efficacy of applying iso-frequency extraction and spectral frequency blending in identifying thin-pay and thick-pay reservoirs on seismic was tested by utilizing 3D seismic data and well logs data of Terra field in the Western Niger Delta Basin.Well tops of all the reservoirs in the field were picked and two reservoirs that correspond to thin-and thick-pay reservoirs,namely A and F were identified respectively.The gross pay thickness of reservoir A is 18 ft while that of reservoir F is 96 ft.Conventional attribute extraction such as RMS amplitude,minimum amplitude,and average energy can be used to identify the hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F but was not applicable for identifying the thin-pay reservoir A.This prompted the interest of using iso-frequency extractions and spectral frequency blending of three iso-frequency cubes of 12 Hz,30 Hz,and 70 Hz to get a spectral frequency RGB cube.The 12 Hz isofrequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir A while the 30Hz iso-frequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F.The results show that time slices from the spectral frequency blended cube were able to delineate both the thin-pay and thick-pay hydrocarbon-bearing regions as high amplitude.The extractions also conformed to the structure of the two reservoirs.However,there seems to be a color difference in the amplitude display for both reservoirs.The thick-pay reservoir showed a red color on the time slice while the thin-pay reservoir showed a green color.This study has shown that spectral frequency blending is a more effective tool than conventional attributes extractions in identifying hydrocarbon-bearing region using seismic data.The methodology utilized in this study can be applied to other fields with similar challenges and for identifying prospective hydrocarbon bearing areas.展开更多
Background Small-scale research or individual seed cotton samples from breeders and geneticists are ginned using laboratory saws or roller gins.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two different l...Background Small-scale research or individual seed cotton samples from breeders and geneticists are ginned using laboratory saws or roller gins.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two different laboratory saw ginning(SG)rates and subsequent mechanical blending on fiber high volume instrument(HVI)and advanced fiber information system(AFIS)quality measurement.Seed cottons from diverse upland cotton cultivars,years,and locations were evaluated.Results As the SG rate was increased,HVI results for uniformity index(UI),short fiber index(SFI),and two non-lint parameters(area%,particle count),as well as AFIS results for some properties,were impacted,with significant effects on HVI UI and AFIS short fiber content(SFC).Apparent fiber blending impacts were observed for HVI UI,strength(STR),reflectance(Rd),SFI,and two trashes as well as for all AFIS parameters,with significant effects on HVI Rd and two trashes and all AFIS parameters except the length and maturity measurements.A combination of ginning and blending processes indicated statistically significant interactions for HVI STR,Rd,SFI,and two trashes,and also for AFIS neps,L(w)CV,UQL(w),L(n)CV,SFC(n),L5%(n),immature fiber content(IFC),fineness,total count,dust count,particle count,and visible foreign matter(VFM).Further analysis implied a few impacts of ginning and blending on correlations between HVI and relevant AFIS qualities.Conclusion Despite the observation,the laboratory saw gin and blending methods should continue to be a practical tool to study the differences when all samples are processed identically.展开更多
Wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD)could effectively reduce sulfur dioxide emission.However,magnesium sulfite(MgSO_(3)),a by-product of desulfurization,was easy to result in secondary pollution.In this study,the solid ...Wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD)could effectively reduce sulfur dioxide emission.However,magnesium sulfite(MgSO_(3)),a by-product of desulfurization,was easy to result in secondary pollution.In this study,the solid catalyst Co-Bent(bentonite supported cobalt)was prepared by blending method for MgSO_(3) oxidation with bentonite as the carrier and cobalt as the active component.At the calcination temperature of 550℃ and the Co loading level of 3 wt.%,the catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance for the oxidation of high concentration MgSO_(3) slurry,and the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was 0.13 mol/(L·h).The research indicated that the active component was uniformly distributed within porous structure of the catalyst as Co_(3)O_(4),which facilitated the oxidation of SO_(3)^(2-) catalyzed by Co_(3)O_(4).Kinetic researches indicated the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was influenced by the catalyst dosage,the reaction temperature,the solution pH,the airflow rate,and the SO_(3)^(2-) concentration.Additionally,after recycling experiments,the regenerated catalyst retained its high catalytic performance for the MgSO_(3) oxidation.The reaction mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of MgSO_(3) by Co-Bent catalyst was also proposed.The generation of active free radicals(OH·,SO_(4)^(-)·,SO_(3)^(-)·,SO_(5)^(-)·)accelerated the MgSO_(3) oxidation.These results provide theoretical support for the treatment of MgSO_(3) and the development of durable catalyst.展开更多
China has abundant resources of high-alumina coal(HAC).However,its application as a raw gasification material is limited owing to high ash-fusion characteristics.For overcoming the limitation,this study employed Xinji...China has abundant resources of high-alumina coal(HAC).However,its application as a raw gasification material is limited owing to high ash-fusion characteristics.For overcoming the limitation,this study employed Xinjiang coal(XJ),having a low ash fusion temperature,to improve the ash fusibility and viscosity of high-alumina Jungar coal(JG).The evolution of Al-containing phases and structures during mixed ash melting were investigated based on XRD,XPS,27Al NMR,high-temperature stage microscopy(HTSM),and thermodynamic simulations.An increase in the XJ mass ratio resulted in the transformation of gehlenite to anorthite and mullite,producing more amorphous materials at high temperature.These phenomena were manifested at a microscopic imaging as an increase in the number of reaction/melting sites and their area expansion rate,as well as a decrease in ash area shrinkage and melting temperature.Moreover,the introduction of XJ altered the alumina-oxygen network,reducing the binding to the silicaoxygen network and converting some[AlO_(6)]^(9-)to[AlO_(4)]^(5-)as the relative concentration of O_(2)-and O-increases.Consequently,the decrease in the stability of the aluminate structure improves the AFT and viscosity.Based on these results,a mechanism to improve the ash fusion characteristics of HAC based on coal blending is proposed.展开更多
The use of hot recycled asphalt mixture(HRAM)allows for a reduction in the depletion of non-renewable resources and presents environmental benefits.However,concerns arise regarding the performance of HRAM due to the l...The use of hot recycled asphalt mixture(HRAM)allows for a reduction in the depletion of non-renewable resources and presents environmental benefits.However,concerns arise regarding the performance of HRAM due to the lower degree of blending(DOB)of virgin and aged asphalt(V&A asphalt).This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review on the DOB of V&A asphalt in HRAM.Initially,the paper introduces the DOB of V&A asphalt,followed by an analysis of the blending theory,evaluation methods,and influencing factors of DOB.Subsequently,the effect of DOB on the performance of HRAM is investigated,and molecular dynamic simulation is utilized to analyze the blend of V&A asphalt.Finally,methods for improving DOB are summarized.It was found that the use of high-resolution microscopy with tracer methods such as SEM/EDS was an effective way to characterize DOB.Furthermore,the chemical composition and colloid structure between virgin and aged asphalt are crucial to DOB.Additionally,improving DOB by utilizing the coupling effect of time and temperature during transportation,paving,and compaction stages is promising.Future research should focus on standardizing test methods,refining field simulation models,and developing intelligent construction technologies to achieve more efficient and durable blending.This review provides theoretical guidance and practical references for improving the DOB of V&A asphalt and promoting sustainable pavement construction.展开更多
Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often ...Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often overlooking the effects of RAP agglomeration and partial blending.This oversight can result in unsatisfactory performance,particularly when higher RAP content is used.Therefore,this paper reviews and discusses strategies for adjusting the mix design of recycled HMA to enhance its in-service performance.The discussion begins with RAP particle agglomeration,a significant phenomenon that significantly impacts the aggregate gradation of recycled HMA.Subsequently,detection methods to clarify the blending between virgin and RAP binders are described.Partial blending between RAP and virgin binders is common,and various indexes have been proposed to quantify the blending degree.Finally,the adjusted mix design method of recycled HMA is presented,emphasizing gradation optimization and corrected OAC.Gradation optimization should account for RAP agglomeration,while the corrected OAC should consider particle blending.Recycled HMA using the adjusted mix design exhibits improved crack resistance and fatigue life without substantially impairing rutting performance.This review aims to help both academics and highway agencies maximize the utilization of RAP materials within sustainable pavement frameworks.展开更多
To explore the best preparation process for terminal blend(TB)composite-modified asphalt and to filter its formulation with excellent performance,this study evaluates the performance of TB composite modified asphalt b...To explore the best preparation process for terminal blend(TB)composite-modified asphalt and to filter its formulation with excellent performance,this study evaluates the performance of TB composite modified asphalt by physical property index,microscopic morphology,rheological testing,and infrared spectroscopy on multiple scales.The results show that the best preparation process for TB-modified asphalt is stirring at 260℃ for 4 h at 400 rpm,which significantly reduces the modification time of the asphalt.From a physical property viewpoint,the TB composite-modified asphalt sample with 5% styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)+1% aromatics+0.1% sulfur exhibits high-comprehensive,high-and low-temperature properties.More-over,its crosslinked mesh structure comprises black rubber particles uniformly interwoven in the middle,which further enhances the performance of the asphalt and results in an excellent performance formulation.In addition,the sample with 5%SBS content has a higher G*value and smaller δ value than that with 3%SBS content,indicating that its high-temperature resistance is improved.The effect of adding 3%SBS content on the viscoelastic ratio is,to some extent,less than that caused by 20% rubber powder.展开更多
本文介绍了 Blending L earning(或 Blended L earning)的新含义 ,指出这一新含义的提出和被广泛认同 ,表明国际教育技术界的教育思想观念正在经历又一场深刻的变革 ,也是教育技术理论进一步发展的标志。作者还从对建构主义理论的反思...本文介绍了 Blending L earning(或 Blended L earning)的新含义 ,指出这一新含义的提出和被广泛认同 ,表明国际教育技术界的教育思想观念正在经历又一场深刻的变革 ,也是教育技术理论进一步发展的标志。作者还从对建构主义理论的反思、对信息技术教育应用认识的深化 。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1502004)Special Project for Forecasters of China Meteorological Administration(CMAYBY2020-162)Special Project for Forecasters of National Meteorological Center(Y202135)。
文摘Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(QPF)is a challenging issue in seamless prediction.QPF faces the following difficulties:(i)single rather than multiple model products are still used;(ii)most QPF methods require long-term training samples not easily available,and(iii)local features are insufficiently reflected.In this work,a multi-model blending(MMB)algorithm with supplemental grid points(SGPs)is experimented to overcome these shortcomings.The MMB algorithm includes three steps:(1)single-model bias-correction,(2)dynamic weight MMB,and(3)light-precipitation elimination.In step 1,quantile mapping(QM)is used and SGPs are configured to expand the sample size.The SGPs are chosen based on similarity of topography,spatial distance,and climatic characteristics of local precipitation.In step 2,the dynamic weight MMB uses the idea of ensemble forecasting:a precipitation process can be forecast if more than 40% of the models predict such a case;moreover,threat score(TS)is used to update the weights of ensemble members.Finally,in step 3,the number of false alarms of light precipitation is reduced,thus alleviating unreasonable expansion of the precipitation area caused by the blending of multiple models.Verification results show that using the MMB algorithm has effectively improved the TS and bias score(BS)for blended 6-h QPF.The rate of increase in TS for heavy rainfall(25-mm threshold)reaches 20%-40%;in particular,the improvement has reached 47.6% for forecast lead time of 24 h,compared with the ECMWF model.Meanwhile,the BS is closer to 1,which is better than any single-model forecast.In sum,the QPF using MMB with SGPs shows great potential to further improve the present operational QPF in China.
文摘Delineation of hydrocarbon-bearing sands and the extent of accumulation using seismic data is a reoccurring challenge for many fields.This study addressed the existing challenges of delineating a known hydrocarbon region for a thin-pay reservoir using conventional attributes extraction methods.The efficacy of applying iso-frequency extraction and spectral frequency blending in identifying thin-pay and thick-pay reservoirs on seismic was tested by utilizing 3D seismic data and well logs data of Terra field in the Western Niger Delta Basin.Well tops of all the reservoirs in the field were picked and two reservoirs that correspond to thin-and thick-pay reservoirs,namely A and F were identified respectively.The gross pay thickness of reservoir A is 18 ft while that of reservoir F is 96 ft.Conventional attribute extraction such as RMS amplitude,minimum amplitude,and average energy can be used to identify the hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F but was not applicable for identifying the thin-pay reservoir A.This prompted the interest of using iso-frequency extractions and spectral frequency blending of three iso-frequency cubes of 12 Hz,30 Hz,and 70 Hz to get a spectral frequency RGB cube.The 12 Hz isofrequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir A while the 30Hz iso-frequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F.The results show that time slices from the spectral frequency blended cube were able to delineate both the thin-pay and thick-pay hydrocarbon-bearing regions as high amplitude.The extractions also conformed to the structure of the two reservoirs.However,there seems to be a color difference in the amplitude display for both reservoirs.The thick-pay reservoir showed a red color on the time slice while the thin-pay reservoir showed a green color.This study has shown that spectral frequency blending is a more effective tool than conventional attributes extractions in identifying hydrocarbon-bearing region using seismic data.The methodology utilized in this study can be applied to other fields with similar challenges and for identifying prospective hydrocarbon bearing areas.
基金supported by the USDA-ARS Research Project(#6054–44000-080-00D)。
文摘Background Small-scale research or individual seed cotton samples from breeders and geneticists are ginned using laboratory saws or roller gins.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two different laboratory saw ginning(SG)rates and subsequent mechanical blending on fiber high volume instrument(HVI)and advanced fiber information system(AFIS)quality measurement.Seed cottons from diverse upland cotton cultivars,years,and locations were evaluated.Results As the SG rate was increased,HVI results for uniformity index(UI),short fiber index(SFI),and two non-lint parameters(area%,particle count),as well as AFIS results for some properties,were impacted,with significant effects on HVI UI and AFIS short fiber content(SFC).Apparent fiber blending impacts were observed for HVI UI,strength(STR),reflectance(Rd),SFI,and two trashes as well as for all AFIS parameters,with significant effects on HVI Rd and two trashes and all AFIS parameters except the length and maturity measurements.A combination of ginning and blending processes indicated statistically significant interactions for HVI STR,Rd,SFI,and two trashes,and also for AFIS neps,L(w)CV,UQL(w),L(n)CV,SFC(n),L5%(n),immature fiber content(IFC),fineness,total count,dust count,particle count,and visible foreign matter(VFM).Further analysis implied a few impacts of ginning and blending on correlations between HVI and relevant AFIS qualities.Conclusion Despite the observation,the laboratory saw gin and blending methods should continue to be a practical tool to study the differences when all samples are processed identically.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology (No. 2022TS10)the Taishan Industrial Experts Programthe Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (No. ZR2023ME212).
文摘Wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD)could effectively reduce sulfur dioxide emission.However,magnesium sulfite(MgSO_(3)),a by-product of desulfurization,was easy to result in secondary pollution.In this study,the solid catalyst Co-Bent(bentonite supported cobalt)was prepared by blending method for MgSO_(3) oxidation with bentonite as the carrier and cobalt as the active component.At the calcination temperature of 550℃ and the Co loading level of 3 wt.%,the catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance for the oxidation of high concentration MgSO_(3) slurry,and the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was 0.13 mol/(L·h).The research indicated that the active component was uniformly distributed within porous structure of the catalyst as Co_(3)O_(4),which facilitated the oxidation of SO_(3)^(2-) catalyzed by Co_(3)O_(4).Kinetic researches indicated the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was influenced by the catalyst dosage,the reaction temperature,the solution pH,the airflow rate,and the SO_(3)^(2-) concentration.Additionally,after recycling experiments,the regenerated catalyst retained its high catalytic performance for the MgSO_(3) oxidation.The reaction mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of MgSO_(3) by Co-Bent catalyst was also proposed.The generation of active free radicals(OH·,SO_(4)^(-)·,SO_(3)^(-)·,SO_(5)^(-)·)accelerated the MgSO_(3) oxidation.These results provide theoretical support for the treatment of MgSO_(3) and the development of durable catalyst.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22408004)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Introduction of Talent,Anhui University of Science and Technology(2023yjrc90)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds of the AUST(2024JBQN0015)the Open Research Fund Program of Anhui Provincial Institute of Modern Coal Processing Technology,Anhui University of Science and Technology(MTY202302).
文摘China has abundant resources of high-alumina coal(HAC).However,its application as a raw gasification material is limited owing to high ash-fusion characteristics.For overcoming the limitation,this study employed Xinjiang coal(XJ),having a low ash fusion temperature,to improve the ash fusibility and viscosity of high-alumina Jungar coal(JG).The evolution of Al-containing phases and structures during mixed ash melting were investigated based on XRD,XPS,27Al NMR,high-temperature stage microscopy(HTSM),and thermodynamic simulations.An increase in the XJ mass ratio resulted in the transformation of gehlenite to anorthite and mullite,producing more amorphous materials at high temperature.These phenomena were manifested at a microscopic imaging as an increase in the number of reaction/melting sites and their area expansion rate,as well as a decrease in ash area shrinkage and melting temperature.Moreover,the introduction of XJ altered the alumina-oxygen network,reducing the binding to the silicaoxygen network and converting some[AlO_(6)]^(9-)to[AlO_(4)]^(5-)as the relative concentration of O_(2)-and O-increases.Consequently,the decrease in the stability of the aluminate structure improves the AFT and viscosity.Based on these results,a mechanism to improve the ash fusion characteristics of HAC based on coal blending is proposed.
基金supported in part by the key project supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.U2433210)Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024BSHSDZZ225)+1 种基金Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(2025JC-YBQN-595)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(300102215102).
文摘The use of hot recycled asphalt mixture(HRAM)allows for a reduction in the depletion of non-renewable resources and presents environmental benefits.However,concerns arise regarding the performance of HRAM due to the lower degree of blending(DOB)of virgin and aged asphalt(V&A asphalt).This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review on the DOB of V&A asphalt in HRAM.Initially,the paper introduces the DOB of V&A asphalt,followed by an analysis of the blending theory,evaluation methods,and influencing factors of DOB.Subsequently,the effect of DOB on the performance of HRAM is investigated,and molecular dynamic simulation is utilized to analyze the blend of V&A asphalt.Finally,methods for improving DOB are summarized.It was found that the use of high-resolution microscopy with tracer methods such as SEM/EDS was an effective way to characterize DOB.Furthermore,the chemical composition and colloid structure between virgin and aged asphalt are crucial to DOB.Additionally,improving DOB by utilizing the coupling effect of time and temperature during transportation,paving,and compaction stages is promising.Future research should focus on standardizing test methods,refining field simulation models,and developing intelligent construction technologies to achieve more efficient and durable blending.This review provides theoretical guidance and practical references for improving the DOB of V&A asphalt and promoting sustainable pavement construction.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178420,52408476)Special subsidy from Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government(HITTY-20190028)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20242207)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HIT.DZJJ.2023086).
文摘Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often overlooking the effects of RAP agglomeration and partial blending.This oversight can result in unsatisfactory performance,particularly when higher RAP content is used.Therefore,this paper reviews and discusses strategies for adjusting the mix design of recycled HMA to enhance its in-service performance.The discussion begins with RAP particle agglomeration,a significant phenomenon that significantly impacts the aggregate gradation of recycled HMA.Subsequently,detection methods to clarify the blending between virgin and RAP binders are described.Partial blending between RAP and virgin binders is common,and various indexes have been proposed to quantify the blending degree.Finally,the adjusted mix design method of recycled HMA is presented,emphasizing gradation optimization and corrected OAC.Gradation optimization should account for RAP agglomeration,while the corrected OAC should consider particle blending.Recycled HMA using the adjusted mix design exhibits improved crack resistance and fatigue life without substantially impairing rutting performance.This review aims to help both academics and highway agencies maximize the utilization of RAP materials within sustainable pavement frameworks.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52278446)。
文摘To explore the best preparation process for terminal blend(TB)composite-modified asphalt and to filter its formulation with excellent performance,this study evaluates the performance of TB composite modified asphalt by physical property index,microscopic morphology,rheological testing,and infrared spectroscopy on multiple scales.The results show that the best preparation process for TB-modified asphalt is stirring at 260℃ for 4 h at 400 rpm,which significantly reduces the modification time of the asphalt.From a physical property viewpoint,the TB composite-modified asphalt sample with 5% styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)+1% aromatics+0.1% sulfur exhibits high-comprehensive,high-and low-temperature properties.More-over,its crosslinked mesh structure comprises black rubber particles uniformly interwoven in the middle,which further enhances the performance of the asphalt and results in an excellent performance formulation.In addition,the sample with 5%SBS content has a higher G*value and smaller δ value than that with 3%SBS content,indicating that its high-temperature resistance is improved.The effect of adding 3%SBS content on the viscoelastic ratio is,to some extent,less than that caused by 20% rubber powder.
