Rubber-toughened thermoplastic materials have become ubiquitous in modern society owing to their lightweight nature and desirable combination of advantageous performances.Despite the ever-increasing demand,the develop...Rubber-toughened thermoplastic materials have become ubiquitous in modern society owing to their lightweight nature and desirable combination of advantageous performances.Despite the ever-increasing demand,the development of polymer alloys that are lightweight,high-strength,and high-toughness remains an ongoing challenge.Inspired by the unique“salami”microstructure from commercial acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer(ABS)and high-impact polystyrene(HIPS),a facile approach was developed to overcome the trade-off between enhancing the toughness and rigidity of fully polymer-based alloys by virtue of elastomeric salami particles.This strategy entails pre-grafting rigid poly(lactic acid)(PLLA)chains with glycidyl methacrylate-grafted octene ethylene copolymer(POE-g-GMA)using complementary reactive groups.It can be envisaged that the PLLA grafts featuring strong incompatibility with polypropylene(PP)remain fixed in elastomer phase upon the subsequent melt compounding,facilitating the in situ formation of“hard core(PLLA)-soft shell(polyolefin elastomer,POE)”particles in polypropylene(PP)matrix.The all-polymer alloys containing elastomeric salami particles demonstrated unprecedented performance combinations,including upper notched impact strengths(56.8 kJ/m2),even higher tensile strength(36.8 MPa),and Young’s modulus(0.93 GPa)than that of the PP matrix.Furthermore,these materials are lightweight without the incorporation of reinforcing nano-fillers,which is competitive with industrial engineering plastics.It is highly anticipated that this universal and highly efficient protocol will be appropriate for arbitrary rubber toughened/reinforced systems,offering a paradigm in the design of advanced all-polymer alloys.展开更多
In mixture experiments,the observed response is determined by the relative proportions of the components,consequently rendering the experimental region a simplex.This paper focuses primarily on the optimal designs of ...In mixture experiments,the observed response is determined by the relative proportions of the components,consequently rendering the experimental region a simplex.This paper focuses primarily on the optimal designs of mixture experiments that involve process variables.Prior research has extensively delved into optimal orthogonal block designs for some classic mixture models with process variables.Based on the framework of general blending models,this paper proposes a class of symmetric linear mixture models,which can be regarded as a generalization of many existing ones.Under the orthogonal blocking conditions,orthogonal block designs are devised through Latin squares in the presence of process variables.TheD-,A-,and E-optimality criteria are utilized to obtain optimal designs at the boundary of the simplex in the case of 3 components.As the values of the exponents change,numerically derived optimal design points are presented to illustrate the pattern of their variations,and to verify the consistency of the results with previous research on some specific symmetric general blending models.展开更多
Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(QPF)is a challenging issue in seamless prediction.QPF faces the following difficulties:(i)single rather than multiple model products are still used;(ii)most QPF methods require long...Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(QPF)is a challenging issue in seamless prediction.QPF faces the following difficulties:(i)single rather than multiple model products are still used;(ii)most QPF methods require long-term training samples not easily available,and(iii)local features are insufficiently reflected.In this work,a multi-model blending(MMB)algorithm with supplemental grid points(SGPs)is experimented to overcome these shortcomings.The MMB algorithm includes three steps:(1)single-model bias-correction,(2)dynamic weight MMB,and(3)light-precipitation elimination.In step 1,quantile mapping(QM)is used and SGPs are configured to expand the sample size.The SGPs are chosen based on similarity of topography,spatial distance,and climatic characteristics of local precipitation.In step 2,the dynamic weight MMB uses the idea of ensemble forecasting:a precipitation process can be forecast if more than 40% of the models predict such a case;moreover,threat score(TS)is used to update the weights of ensemble members.Finally,in step 3,the number of false alarms of light precipitation is reduced,thus alleviating unreasonable expansion of the precipitation area caused by the blending of multiple models.Verification results show that using the MMB algorithm has effectively improved the TS and bias score(BS)for blended 6-h QPF.The rate of increase in TS for heavy rainfall(25-mm threshold)reaches 20%-40%;in particular,the improvement has reached 47.6% for forecast lead time of 24 h,compared with the ECMWF model.Meanwhile,the BS is closer to 1,which is better than any single-model forecast.In sum,the QPF using MMB with SGPs shows great potential to further improve the present operational QPF in China.展开更多
Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often ...Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often overlooking the effects of RAP agglomeration and partial blending.This oversight can result in unsatisfactory performance,particularly when higher RAP content is used.Therefore,this paper reviews and discusses strategies for adjusting the mix design of recycled HMA to enhance its in-service performance.The discussion begins with RAP particle agglomeration,a significant phenomenon that significantly impacts the aggregate gradation of recycled HMA.Subsequently,detection methods to clarify the blending between virgin and RAP binders are described.Partial blending between RAP and virgin binders is common,and various indexes have been proposed to quantify the blending degree.Finally,the adjusted mix design method of recycled HMA is presented,emphasizing gradation optimization and corrected OAC.Gradation optimization should account for RAP agglomeration,while the corrected OAC should consider particle blending.Recycled HMA using the adjusted mix design exhibits improved crack resistance and fatigue life without substantially impairing rutting performance.This review aims to help both academics and highway agencies maximize the utilization of RAP materials within sustainable pavement frameworks.展开更多
Delineation of hydrocarbon-bearing sands and the extent of accumulation using seismic data is a reoccurring challenge for many fields.This study addressed the existing challenges of delineating a known hydrocarbon reg...Delineation of hydrocarbon-bearing sands and the extent of accumulation using seismic data is a reoccurring challenge for many fields.This study addressed the existing challenges of delineating a known hydrocarbon region for a thin-pay reservoir using conventional attributes extraction methods.The efficacy of applying iso-frequency extraction and spectral frequency blending in identifying thin-pay and thick-pay reservoirs on seismic was tested by utilizing 3D seismic data and well logs data of Terra field in the Western Niger Delta Basin.Well tops of all the reservoirs in the field were picked and two reservoirs that correspond to thin-and thick-pay reservoirs,namely A and F were identified respectively.The gross pay thickness of reservoir A is 18 ft while that of reservoir F is 96 ft.Conventional attribute extraction such as RMS amplitude,minimum amplitude,and average energy can be used to identify the hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F but was not applicable for identifying the thin-pay reservoir A.This prompted the interest of using iso-frequency extractions and spectral frequency blending of three iso-frequency cubes of 12 Hz,30 Hz,and 70 Hz to get a spectral frequency RGB cube.The 12 Hz isofrequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir A while the 30Hz iso-frequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F.The results show that time slices from the spectral frequency blended cube were able to delineate both the thin-pay and thick-pay hydrocarbon-bearing regions as high amplitude.The extractions also conformed to the structure of the two reservoirs.However,there seems to be a color difference in the amplitude display for both reservoirs.The thick-pay reservoir showed a red color on the time slice while the thin-pay reservoir showed a green color.This study has shown that spectral frequency blending is a more effective tool than conventional attributes extractions in identifying hydrocarbon-bearing region using seismic data.The methodology utilized in this study can be applied to other fields with similar challenges and for identifying prospective hydrocarbon bearing areas.展开更多
Background Small-scale research or individual seed cotton samples from breeders and geneticists are ginned using laboratory saws or roller gins.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two different l...Background Small-scale research or individual seed cotton samples from breeders and geneticists are ginned using laboratory saws or roller gins.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two different laboratory saw ginning(SG)rates and subsequent mechanical blending on fiber high volume instrument(HVI)and advanced fiber information system(AFIS)quality measurement.Seed cottons from diverse upland cotton cultivars,years,and locations were evaluated.Results As the SG rate was increased,HVI results for uniformity index(UI),short fiber index(SFI),and two non-lint parameters(area%,particle count),as well as AFIS results for some properties,were impacted,with significant effects on HVI UI and AFIS short fiber content(SFC).Apparent fiber blending impacts were observed for HVI UI,strength(STR),reflectance(Rd),SFI,and two trashes as well as for all AFIS parameters,with significant effects on HVI Rd and two trashes and all AFIS parameters except the length and maturity measurements.A combination of ginning and blending processes indicated statistically significant interactions for HVI STR,Rd,SFI,and two trashes,and also for AFIS neps,L(w)CV,UQL(w),L(n)CV,SFC(n),L5%(n),immature fiber content(IFC),fineness,total count,dust count,particle count,and visible foreign matter(VFM).Further analysis implied a few impacts of ginning and blending on correlations between HVI and relevant AFIS qualities.Conclusion Despite the observation,the laboratory saw gin and blending methods should continue to be a practical tool to study the differences when all samples are processed identically.展开更多
Wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD)could effectively reduce sulfur dioxide emission.However,magnesium sulfite(MgSO_(3)),a by-product of desulfurization,was easy to result in secondary pollution.In this study,the solid ...Wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD)could effectively reduce sulfur dioxide emission.However,magnesium sulfite(MgSO_(3)),a by-product of desulfurization,was easy to result in secondary pollution.In this study,the solid catalyst Co-Bent(bentonite supported cobalt)was prepared by blending method for MgSO_(3) oxidation with bentonite as the carrier and cobalt as the active component.At the calcination temperature of 550℃ and the Co loading level of 3 wt.%,the catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance for the oxidation of high concentration MgSO_(3) slurry,and the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was 0.13 mol/(L·h).The research indicated that the active component was uniformly distributed within porous structure of the catalyst as Co_(3)O_(4),which facilitated the oxidation of SO_(3)^(2-) catalyzed by Co_(3)O_(4).Kinetic researches indicated the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was influenced by the catalyst dosage,the reaction temperature,the solution pH,the airflow rate,and the SO_(3)^(2-) concentration.Additionally,after recycling experiments,the regenerated catalyst retained its high catalytic performance for the MgSO_(3) oxidation.The reaction mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of MgSO_(3) by Co-Bent catalyst was also proposed.The generation of active free radicals(OH·,SO_(4)^(-)·,SO_(3)^(-)·,SO_(5)^(-)·)accelerated the MgSO_(3) oxidation.These results provide theoretical support for the treatment of MgSO_(3) and the development of durable catalyst.展开更多
China has abundant resources of high-alumina coal(HAC).However,its application as a raw gasification material is limited owing to high ash-fusion characteristics.For overcoming the limitation,this study employed Xinji...China has abundant resources of high-alumina coal(HAC).However,its application as a raw gasification material is limited owing to high ash-fusion characteristics.For overcoming the limitation,this study employed Xinjiang coal(XJ),having a low ash fusion temperature,to improve the ash fusibility and viscosity of high-alumina Jungar coal(JG).The evolution of Al-containing phases and structures during mixed ash melting were investigated based on XRD,XPS,27Al NMR,high-temperature stage microscopy(HTSM),and thermodynamic simulations.An increase in the XJ mass ratio resulted in the transformation of gehlenite to anorthite and mullite,producing more amorphous materials at high temperature.These phenomena were manifested at a microscopic imaging as an increase in the number of reaction/melting sites and their area expansion rate,as well as a decrease in ash area shrinkage and melting temperature.Moreover,the introduction of XJ altered the alumina-oxygen network,reducing the binding to the silicaoxygen network and converting some[AlO_(6)]^(9-)to[AlO_(4)]^(5-)as the relative concentration of O_(2)-and O-increases.Consequently,the decrease in the stability of the aluminate structure improves the AFT and viscosity.Based on these results,a mechanism to improve the ash fusion characteristics of HAC based on coal blending is proposed.展开更多
Conceptual Blending Theory,as put forward by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner,meets its application in English-Chinese translation with examples from long sentences.Under the foundation of Mental Space and the projec...Conceptual Blending Theory,as put forward by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner,meets its application in English-Chinese translation with examples from long sentences.Under the foundation of Mental Space and the projection among Input Space I,Input Space II,and Generic Space,Blending Space is formed with effect on integration,correlation,and reorganization which function as a possible solution to long-sentence translation when thorough and detailed comprehension of both source and target language is similar.This study is meaningful to the progress and innovation in translatology and real translation practice.展开更多
The use of hot recycled asphalt mixture(HRAM)allows for a reduction in the depletion of non-renewable resources and presents environmental benefits.However,concerns arise regarding the performance of HRAM due to the l...The use of hot recycled asphalt mixture(HRAM)allows for a reduction in the depletion of non-renewable resources and presents environmental benefits.However,concerns arise regarding the performance of HRAM due to the lower degree of blending(DOB)of virgin and aged asphalt(V&A asphalt).This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review on the DOB of V&A asphalt in HRAM.Initially,the paper introduces the DOB of V&A asphalt,followed by an analysis of the blending theory,evaluation methods,and influencing factors of DOB.Subsequently,the effect of DOB on the performance of HRAM is investigated,and molecular dynamic simulation is utilized to analyze the blend of V&A asphalt.Finally,methods for improving DOB are summarized.It was found that the use of high-resolution microscopy with tracer methods such as SEM/EDS was an effective way to characterize DOB.Furthermore,the chemical composition and colloid structure between virgin and aged asphalt are crucial to DOB.Additionally,improving DOB by utilizing the coupling effect of time and temperature during transportation,paving,and compaction stages is promising.Future research should focus on standardizing test methods,refining field simulation models,and developing intelligent construction technologies to achieve more efficient and durable blending.This review provides theoretical guidance and practical references for improving the DOB of V&A asphalt and promoting sustainable pavement construction.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To develop an automated system for identifying and classifying constitution types in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)by leveraging multi-model fusion algorithms.METHODS:A condensed version of a physical inf...OBJECTIVE:To develop an automated system for identifying and classifying constitution types in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)by leveraging multi-model fusion algorithms.METHODS:A condensed version of a physical information collection form was designed to facilitate efficient data acquisition.The collected data were analyzed using a multi-model fusion approach,which integrated several machine learning techniques.These included support vector machines,Naive Bayes,decision trees,random forests,logistic regression,multilayer perceptrons,K-nearest neighbors,gradient boosting,adaptive ensemble learning,and recurrent neural networks.A soft voting strategy was used to combine the predictive outputs of each model,enabling the selection of the most effective model combination.RESULTS:The classification models demonstrated consistent and robust performance across most TCM constitution types when enhanced by the multi-model fusion strategy.In particular,high levels of accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score were achieved for constitution types such as Yang deficiency,Qi deficiency,and Qi stagnation.However,the classification performance for the Yin deficiency constitution was relatively lower,indicating the need for further refinement and optimization in future research.CONCLUSION:This study introduces a novel,automated method for classifying TCM constitution types through the application of multi-model fusion algorithms.The approach simplifies the complex task of constitution identification while offering a practical and theoretical framework for the intelligent diagnosis of TCM body types.The findings have the potential to enhance personalized health management and support clinical decision-making in TCM diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
We investigated the phase behavior of diblock copolymer AB/homopolymer C blends in concentrated aqueous solutions using a simulated annealing method.Phase diagrams were constructed as a function of the concentration o...We investigated the phase behavior of diblock copolymer AB/homopolymer C blends in concentrated aqueous solutions using a simulated annealing method.Phase diagrams were constructed as a function of the concentration of all polymers(Φ)and the volume fraction of homopolymer(fC).Rich phase transition sequences were observed,especially reentrant phase transitions,such as lamellae→inverted cylinders→gyroids→lamellae→disorder,for a givenΦwith increasing fC.By analyzing the variations in the average contact numbers between different components and the effective volume fractions of B-domains,we elucidated the mechanisms of the reentrant phase transitions.We found that the strong attraction between B and C leads to the swelling of B-domains upon addition of homopolymer.Concurrently,the solvent preferentially swells the A-domains over the B+C-domains.The competing swelling effects of the solvent and homopolymer on the A-domains and B-domains,respectively,triggered the reentrant phase behavior in the symmetric AB copolymer system upon addition of homopolymer.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to achieve rapid and accurate detection of protein content in rice with a particle size of 1.0 mm.[Methods]A multi-model fusion strategy was proposed on the basis of Stacking ensem...[Objectives]This study was conducted to achieve rapid and accurate detection of protein content in rice with a particle size of 1.0 mm.[Methods]A multi-model fusion strategy was proposed on the basis of Stacking ensemble learning.A base learner pool was constructed,containing Partial Least Squares(PLS),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Deep Extreme Learning Machine(DELM),Random Forest(RF),Gradient Boosting Decision Tree(GBDT),and Multilayer Perceptron(MLP).PLS,DELM,and Linear Regression(LR)were used as meta-learner candidates.Employing integer coding technology,systematic dynamic combinations of base learners and meta-learners were generated,resulting in a total of 40 non-repetitive fusion models.The optimal combination was selected through a comprehensive evaluation based on multiple assessment indicators.[Results]The combination"PLS-DELM-MLP-LR"(code 1367)achieved coefficients of determination of 0.9732 and 0.9780 on the validation set and independent test set,respectively,with relative root mean square errors of 2.35%and 2.36%,and residual predictive deviations of 6.1075 and 6.7479,respectively.[Conclusions]The Stacking fusion model significantly enhances the predictive accuracy and robustness of spectral quantitative analysis,providing an efficient and feasible solution for modeling complex agricultural product spectral data.展开更多
A polylactide(PLA)blend with simultaneous enhancement of strength,toughness,and heat resistance was successfully achieved by adding biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate)(PPC)and uniaxial pre-stretching.The effects o...A polylactide(PLA)blend with simultaneous enhancement of strength,toughness,and heat resistance was successfully achieved by adding biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate)(PPC)and uniaxial pre-stretching.The effects of the PPC content(0 wt%-50 wt%)on the phase morphology and performance of the blends before and after pre-stretching were systematically investigated.Blending PPC initially reduced the strength,modulus,and heat resistance,but pre-stretching significantly enhanced these properties.In blends containing≤30 wt%PPC,where PPC formed a well-dispersed island-like phase within the PLA matrix,pre-stretching simultaneously enhanced strength,toughness,and heat resistance.The optimized pre-stretched 70/30 PLA/PPC(ps-70/30)blend achieved exceptional performance:tensile strength increased from 66.9MPa to 84.5 MPa,elongation at break dramatically improved from 6.8%to 115.1%,impact strength reached 55.1 k J/m^(2)(far exceeding neat PLA's 3.5 k J/m^(2)),and Vicat softening temperature(VST)increased by 60.6%to 101.8℃.Notably,the ps-70/30 blend retained excellent mechanical properties even after six months of aging.These improvements were attributed to the synergistic effects of the PPC incorporation and prestretching.PPC not only promoted the high orientation of the PLA molecular chains but also facilitated the formation of a stable crystalline phase during pre-stretching,thereby enhancing both the mechanical properties and heat resistance.However,when the PPC content exceeded 30wt%,phase inversion occurred,resulting in a continuous amorphous PPC phase that degraded the overall performance.This study demonstrated that a combination of controlled PPC incorporation and pre-stretching can effectively overcome PLA's brittleness of PLA while improving its heat resistance,offering a promising strategy for developing high-performance,fully biodegradable PLA materials suitable for industrial applications.展开更多
To explore the best preparation process for terminal blend(TB)composite-modified asphalt and to filter its formulation with excellent performance,this study evaluates the performance of TB composite modified asphalt b...To explore the best preparation process for terminal blend(TB)composite-modified asphalt and to filter its formulation with excellent performance,this study evaluates the performance of TB composite modified asphalt by physical property index,microscopic morphology,rheological testing,and infrared spectroscopy on multiple scales.The results show that the best preparation process for TB-modified asphalt is stirring at 260℃ for 4 h at 400 rpm,which significantly reduces the modification time of the asphalt.From a physical property viewpoint,the TB composite-modified asphalt sample with 5% styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)+1% aromatics+0.1% sulfur exhibits high-comprehensive,high-and low-temperature properties.More-over,its crosslinked mesh structure comprises black rubber particles uniformly interwoven in the middle,which further enhances the performance of the asphalt and results in an excellent performance formulation.In addition,the sample with 5%SBS content has a higher G*value and smaller δ value than that with 3%SBS content,indicating that its high-temperature resistance is improved.The effect of adding 3%SBS content on the viscoelastic ratio is,to some extent,less than that caused by 20% rubber powder.展开更多
A new principle for producing fire-resistant polymer materials with increased deformation properties using a flame retardant not as a heterogeneous additive,but as a thermoplastic flame retardant in a hybrid polymer m...A new principle for producing fire-resistant polymer materials with increased deformation properties using a flame retardant not as a heterogeneous additive,but as a thermoplastic flame retardant in a hybrid polymer mixture with a polyhydrocarbon is considered.Hybrid polymer blends of low-molecular ammonium polyphosphate(APP)with an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA)with an APP content of 80 wt%with enhanced deformation properties were obtained by extrusion mixing at various temperatures in the range from 200°C to 250°C.A chemical scheme for the transformations of the components during the formation of the composite is proposed.X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of new crystalline structures of APP.The phase structure of the systems corresponding to the model of a dispersed-filled composite in which EVA plays the role of a matrix,determining the deformation of the mixture,and the filler is ammonium polyphosphate,was studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The method of FTIR microscopy showed chemical interactions between EVA and APP with the formation of amide groups.The conditions for obtaining compositions characterized by heat resistance of 210°C,oxygen index of 55 and ultimate elongation at drawing of 213%were established.展开更多
The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behav...The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behavior of dispersed long chains.Using molecular dynamics simulations based on the Kremer-Grest model,we systematically explore the N_(S)-dependence of static conformations,equilibrium dynamics,and nonlinear shear responses in unentangled long-chain/short-chain polymer blends.Our results demonstrate a decoupling between the static and dynamic sensitivity to N_(S):while the static chain size,R_g,follows Flory theory with slight swelling at small N_(S) due to incomplete excluded volume screening,the diffusion coefficient,D,and the relaxation time,τ_(0),exhibit a strong,non-monotonic N_(S)-dependence,transitioning from monomeric friction dominance at small N_(S) to collective segmental rearrangement at large N_(S).Additionally,we observe partial decoupling between the viscous and normal stress responses:while the zero-shear viscosity,η,is strongly N_(S)-dependent,the first and second normal stress coefficients,Ψ_(1) and Ψ_(2),collapse onto universal curves when scaled by the dimensionless shear rate,γτ_(0),suggesting a common mechanism of orientation and stretching.Under shear,long chains compress in the vorticity direction λ_(z)~Wi^(-0.2),which reduces collision frequency and contributes to shear thinning,while the scaling of weaker orientation resistance m_(G)~Wi^(0.35)reflects hydrodynamic screening by the short-chain matrix.These findings highlight the limitations of single-chain models and emphasize the necessity of considering N_(S)-dependent matrix dynamics and flow-induced structural changes in understanding the rheology of unentangled polymer blends.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52373070,52273071 and U25A20255)the Special Support Plan for High-Level Talents in Zhejiang Province(No.2022R51008)the HZNU scientific research and innovation team project(No.TD2025004).
文摘Rubber-toughened thermoplastic materials have become ubiquitous in modern society owing to their lightweight nature and desirable combination of advantageous performances.Despite the ever-increasing demand,the development of polymer alloys that are lightweight,high-strength,and high-toughness remains an ongoing challenge.Inspired by the unique“salami”microstructure from commercial acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer(ABS)and high-impact polystyrene(HIPS),a facile approach was developed to overcome the trade-off between enhancing the toughness and rigidity of fully polymer-based alloys by virtue of elastomeric salami particles.This strategy entails pre-grafting rigid poly(lactic acid)(PLLA)chains with glycidyl methacrylate-grafted octene ethylene copolymer(POE-g-GMA)using complementary reactive groups.It can be envisaged that the PLLA grafts featuring strong incompatibility with polypropylene(PP)remain fixed in elastomer phase upon the subsequent melt compounding,facilitating the in situ formation of“hard core(PLLA)-soft shell(polyolefin elastomer,POE)”particles in polypropylene(PP)matrix.The all-polymer alloys containing elastomeric salami particles demonstrated unprecedented performance combinations,including upper notched impact strengths(56.8 kJ/m2),even higher tensile strength(36.8 MPa),and Young’s modulus(0.93 GPa)than that of the PP matrix.Furthermore,these materials are lightweight without the incorporation of reinforcing nano-fillers,which is competitive with industrial engineering plastics.It is highly anticipated that this universal and highly efficient protocol will be appropriate for arbitrary rubber toughened/reinforced systems,offering a paradigm in the design of advanced all-polymer alloys.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 12071329,12471246].
文摘In mixture experiments,the observed response is determined by the relative proportions of the components,consequently rendering the experimental region a simplex.This paper focuses primarily on the optimal designs of mixture experiments that involve process variables.Prior research has extensively delved into optimal orthogonal block designs for some classic mixture models with process variables.Based on the framework of general blending models,this paper proposes a class of symmetric linear mixture models,which can be regarded as a generalization of many existing ones.Under the orthogonal blocking conditions,orthogonal block designs are devised through Latin squares in the presence of process variables.TheD-,A-,and E-optimality criteria are utilized to obtain optimal designs at the boundary of the simplex in the case of 3 components.As the values of the exponents change,numerically derived optimal design points are presented to illustrate the pattern of their variations,and to verify the consistency of the results with previous research on some specific symmetric general blending models.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1502004)Special Project for Forecasters of China Meteorological Administration(CMAYBY2020-162)Special Project for Forecasters of National Meteorological Center(Y202135)。
文摘Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(QPF)is a challenging issue in seamless prediction.QPF faces the following difficulties:(i)single rather than multiple model products are still used;(ii)most QPF methods require long-term training samples not easily available,and(iii)local features are insufficiently reflected.In this work,a multi-model blending(MMB)algorithm with supplemental grid points(SGPs)is experimented to overcome these shortcomings.The MMB algorithm includes three steps:(1)single-model bias-correction,(2)dynamic weight MMB,and(3)light-precipitation elimination.In step 1,quantile mapping(QM)is used and SGPs are configured to expand the sample size.The SGPs are chosen based on similarity of topography,spatial distance,and climatic characteristics of local precipitation.In step 2,the dynamic weight MMB uses the idea of ensemble forecasting:a precipitation process can be forecast if more than 40% of the models predict such a case;moreover,threat score(TS)is used to update the weights of ensemble members.Finally,in step 3,the number of false alarms of light precipitation is reduced,thus alleviating unreasonable expansion of the precipitation area caused by the blending of multiple models.Verification results show that using the MMB algorithm has effectively improved the TS and bias score(BS)for blended 6-h QPF.The rate of increase in TS for heavy rainfall(25-mm threshold)reaches 20%-40%;in particular,the improvement has reached 47.6% for forecast lead time of 24 h,compared with the ECMWF model.Meanwhile,the BS is closer to 1,which is better than any single-model forecast.In sum,the QPF using MMB with SGPs shows great potential to further improve the present operational QPF in China.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178420,52408476)Special subsidy from Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government(HITTY-20190028)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20242207)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HIT.DZJJ.2023086).
文摘Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often overlooking the effects of RAP agglomeration and partial blending.This oversight can result in unsatisfactory performance,particularly when higher RAP content is used.Therefore,this paper reviews and discusses strategies for adjusting the mix design of recycled HMA to enhance its in-service performance.The discussion begins with RAP particle agglomeration,a significant phenomenon that significantly impacts the aggregate gradation of recycled HMA.Subsequently,detection methods to clarify the blending between virgin and RAP binders are described.Partial blending between RAP and virgin binders is common,and various indexes have been proposed to quantify the blending degree.Finally,the adjusted mix design method of recycled HMA is presented,emphasizing gradation optimization and corrected OAC.Gradation optimization should account for RAP agglomeration,while the corrected OAC should consider particle blending.Recycled HMA using the adjusted mix design exhibits improved crack resistance and fatigue life without substantially impairing rutting performance.This review aims to help both academics and highway agencies maximize the utilization of RAP materials within sustainable pavement frameworks.
文摘Delineation of hydrocarbon-bearing sands and the extent of accumulation using seismic data is a reoccurring challenge for many fields.This study addressed the existing challenges of delineating a known hydrocarbon region for a thin-pay reservoir using conventional attributes extraction methods.The efficacy of applying iso-frequency extraction and spectral frequency blending in identifying thin-pay and thick-pay reservoirs on seismic was tested by utilizing 3D seismic data and well logs data of Terra field in the Western Niger Delta Basin.Well tops of all the reservoirs in the field were picked and two reservoirs that correspond to thin-and thick-pay reservoirs,namely A and F were identified respectively.The gross pay thickness of reservoir A is 18 ft while that of reservoir F is 96 ft.Conventional attribute extraction such as RMS amplitude,minimum amplitude,and average energy can be used to identify the hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F but was not applicable for identifying the thin-pay reservoir A.This prompted the interest of using iso-frequency extractions and spectral frequency blending of three iso-frequency cubes of 12 Hz,30 Hz,and 70 Hz to get a spectral frequency RGB cube.The 12 Hz isofrequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir A while the 30Hz iso-frequency can be used to partially identify hydrocarbon-bearing region in reservoir F.The results show that time slices from the spectral frequency blended cube were able to delineate both the thin-pay and thick-pay hydrocarbon-bearing regions as high amplitude.The extractions also conformed to the structure of the two reservoirs.However,there seems to be a color difference in the amplitude display for both reservoirs.The thick-pay reservoir showed a red color on the time slice while the thin-pay reservoir showed a green color.This study has shown that spectral frequency blending is a more effective tool than conventional attributes extractions in identifying hydrocarbon-bearing region using seismic data.The methodology utilized in this study can be applied to other fields with similar challenges and for identifying prospective hydrocarbon bearing areas.
基金supported by the USDA-ARS Research Project(#6054–44000-080-00D)。
文摘Background Small-scale research or individual seed cotton samples from breeders and geneticists are ginned using laboratory saws or roller gins.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two different laboratory saw ginning(SG)rates and subsequent mechanical blending on fiber high volume instrument(HVI)and advanced fiber information system(AFIS)quality measurement.Seed cottons from diverse upland cotton cultivars,years,and locations were evaluated.Results As the SG rate was increased,HVI results for uniformity index(UI),short fiber index(SFI),and two non-lint parameters(area%,particle count),as well as AFIS results for some properties,were impacted,with significant effects on HVI UI and AFIS short fiber content(SFC).Apparent fiber blending impacts were observed for HVI UI,strength(STR),reflectance(Rd),SFI,and two trashes as well as for all AFIS parameters,with significant effects on HVI Rd and two trashes and all AFIS parameters except the length and maturity measurements.A combination of ginning and blending processes indicated statistically significant interactions for HVI STR,Rd,SFI,and two trashes,and also for AFIS neps,L(w)CV,UQL(w),L(n)CV,SFC(n),L5%(n),immature fiber content(IFC),fineness,total count,dust count,particle count,and visible foreign matter(VFM).Further analysis implied a few impacts of ginning and blending on correlations between HVI and relevant AFIS qualities.Conclusion Despite the observation,the laboratory saw gin and blending methods should continue to be a practical tool to study the differences when all samples are processed identically.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology (No. 2022TS10)the Taishan Industrial Experts Programthe Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (No. ZR2023ME212).
文摘Wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD)could effectively reduce sulfur dioxide emission.However,magnesium sulfite(MgSO_(3)),a by-product of desulfurization,was easy to result in secondary pollution.In this study,the solid catalyst Co-Bent(bentonite supported cobalt)was prepared by blending method for MgSO_(3) oxidation with bentonite as the carrier and cobalt as the active component.At the calcination temperature of 550℃ and the Co loading level of 3 wt.%,the catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance for the oxidation of high concentration MgSO_(3) slurry,and the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was 0.13 mol/(L·h).The research indicated that the active component was uniformly distributed within porous structure of the catalyst as Co_(3)O_(4),which facilitated the oxidation of SO_(3)^(2-) catalyzed by Co_(3)O_(4).Kinetic researches indicated the oxidation rate of MgSO_(3) was influenced by the catalyst dosage,the reaction temperature,the solution pH,the airflow rate,and the SO_(3)^(2-) concentration.Additionally,after recycling experiments,the regenerated catalyst retained its high catalytic performance for the MgSO_(3) oxidation.The reaction mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of MgSO_(3) by Co-Bent catalyst was also proposed.The generation of active free radicals(OH·,SO_(4)^(-)·,SO_(3)^(-)·,SO_(5)^(-)·)accelerated the MgSO_(3) oxidation.These results provide theoretical support for the treatment of MgSO_(3) and the development of durable catalyst.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22408004)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Introduction of Talent,Anhui University of Science and Technology(2023yjrc90)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds of the AUST(2024JBQN0015)the Open Research Fund Program of Anhui Provincial Institute of Modern Coal Processing Technology,Anhui University of Science and Technology(MTY202302).
文摘China has abundant resources of high-alumina coal(HAC).However,its application as a raw gasification material is limited owing to high ash-fusion characteristics.For overcoming the limitation,this study employed Xinjiang coal(XJ),having a low ash fusion temperature,to improve the ash fusibility and viscosity of high-alumina Jungar coal(JG).The evolution of Al-containing phases and structures during mixed ash melting were investigated based on XRD,XPS,27Al NMR,high-temperature stage microscopy(HTSM),and thermodynamic simulations.An increase in the XJ mass ratio resulted in the transformation of gehlenite to anorthite and mullite,producing more amorphous materials at high temperature.These phenomena were manifested at a microscopic imaging as an increase in the number of reaction/melting sites and their area expansion rate,as well as a decrease in ash area shrinkage and melting temperature.Moreover,the introduction of XJ altered the alumina-oxygen network,reducing the binding to the silicaoxygen network and converting some[AlO_(6)]^(9-)to[AlO_(4)]^(5-)as the relative concentration of O_(2)-and O-increases.Consequently,the decrease in the stability of the aluminate structure improves the AFT and viscosity.Based on these results,a mechanism to improve the ash fusion characteristics of HAC based on coal blending is proposed.
文摘Conceptual Blending Theory,as put forward by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner,meets its application in English-Chinese translation with examples from long sentences.Under the foundation of Mental Space and the projection among Input Space I,Input Space II,and Generic Space,Blending Space is formed with effect on integration,correlation,and reorganization which function as a possible solution to long-sentence translation when thorough and detailed comprehension of both source and target language is similar.This study is meaningful to the progress and innovation in translatology and real translation practice.
基金supported in part by the key project supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.U2433210)Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024BSHSDZZ225)+1 种基金Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(2025JC-YBQN-595)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(300102215102).
文摘The use of hot recycled asphalt mixture(HRAM)allows for a reduction in the depletion of non-renewable resources and presents environmental benefits.However,concerns arise regarding the performance of HRAM due to the lower degree of blending(DOB)of virgin and aged asphalt(V&A asphalt).This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review on the DOB of V&A asphalt in HRAM.Initially,the paper introduces the DOB of V&A asphalt,followed by an analysis of the blending theory,evaluation methods,and influencing factors of DOB.Subsequently,the effect of DOB on the performance of HRAM is investigated,and molecular dynamic simulation is utilized to analyze the blend of V&A asphalt.Finally,methods for improving DOB are summarized.It was found that the use of high-resolution microscopy with tracer methods such as SEM/EDS was an effective way to characterize DOB.Furthermore,the chemical composition and colloid structure between virgin and aged asphalt are crucial to DOB.Additionally,improving DOB by utilizing the coupling effect of time and temperature during transportation,paving,and compaction stages is promising.Future research should focus on standardizing test methods,refining field simulation models,and developing intelligent construction technologies to achieve more efficient and durable blending.This review provides theoretical guidance and practical references for improving the DOB of V&A asphalt and promoting sustainable pavement construction.
基金Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Project of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Research on the Physical Characteristics and Pre-disease Health Management of the Elderly in Hubei Province(No.GZY-FJS-2022-046)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To develop an automated system for identifying and classifying constitution types in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)by leveraging multi-model fusion algorithms.METHODS:A condensed version of a physical information collection form was designed to facilitate efficient data acquisition.The collected data were analyzed using a multi-model fusion approach,which integrated several machine learning techniques.These included support vector machines,Naive Bayes,decision trees,random forests,logistic regression,multilayer perceptrons,K-nearest neighbors,gradient boosting,adaptive ensemble learning,and recurrent neural networks.A soft voting strategy was used to combine the predictive outputs of each model,enabling the selection of the most effective model combination.RESULTS:The classification models demonstrated consistent and robust performance across most TCM constitution types when enhanced by the multi-model fusion strategy.In particular,high levels of accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score were achieved for constitution types such as Yang deficiency,Qi deficiency,and Qi stagnation.However,the classification performance for the Yin deficiency constitution was relatively lower,indicating the need for further refinement and optimization in future research.CONCLUSION:This study introduces a novel,automated method for classifying TCM constitution types through the application of multi-model fusion algorithms.The approach simplifies the complex task of constitution identification while offering a practical and theoretical framework for the intelligent diagnosis of TCM body types.The findings have the potential to enhance personalized health management and support clinical decision-making in TCM diagnosis and treatment.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2023QA136,ZR2021MA073 and ZR2024QA235)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22173051).
文摘We investigated the phase behavior of diblock copolymer AB/homopolymer C blends in concentrated aqueous solutions using a simulated annealing method.Phase diagrams were constructed as a function of the concentration of all polymers(Φ)and the volume fraction of homopolymer(fC).Rich phase transition sequences were observed,especially reentrant phase transitions,such as lamellae→inverted cylinders→gyroids→lamellae→disorder,for a givenΦwith increasing fC.By analyzing the variations in the average contact numbers between different components and the effective volume fractions of B-domains,we elucidated the mechanisms of the reentrant phase transitions.We found that the strong attraction between B and C leads to the swelling of B-domains upon addition of homopolymer.Concurrently,the solvent preferentially swells the A-domains over the B+C-domains.The competing swelling effects of the solvent and homopolymer on the A-domains and B-domains,respectively,triggered the reentrant phase behavior in the symmetric AB copolymer system upon addition of homopolymer.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to achieve rapid and accurate detection of protein content in rice with a particle size of 1.0 mm.[Methods]A multi-model fusion strategy was proposed on the basis of Stacking ensemble learning.A base learner pool was constructed,containing Partial Least Squares(PLS),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Deep Extreme Learning Machine(DELM),Random Forest(RF),Gradient Boosting Decision Tree(GBDT),and Multilayer Perceptron(MLP).PLS,DELM,and Linear Regression(LR)were used as meta-learner candidates.Employing integer coding technology,systematic dynamic combinations of base learners and meta-learners were generated,resulting in a total of 40 non-repetitive fusion models.The optimal combination was selected through a comprehensive evaluation based on multiple assessment indicators.[Results]The combination"PLS-DELM-MLP-LR"(code 1367)achieved coefficients of determination of 0.9732 and 0.9780 on the validation set and independent test set,respectively,with relative root mean square errors of 2.35%and 2.36%,and residual predictive deviations of 6.1075 and 6.7479,respectively.[Conclusions]The Stacking fusion model significantly enhances the predictive accuracy and robustness of spectral quantitative analysis,providing an efficient and feasible solution for modeling complex agricultural product spectral data.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province(No.YDZJ202403009CGZH)Engineering Research Center of Coalbased Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education(No.MJST2025-1)+2 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences(Changchun Branch)(No.2024SYHZ0038)Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province of China(No.2024C019-5)Science and Technology Bureau of Changchun City of China(No.23SH08)。
文摘A polylactide(PLA)blend with simultaneous enhancement of strength,toughness,and heat resistance was successfully achieved by adding biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate)(PPC)and uniaxial pre-stretching.The effects of the PPC content(0 wt%-50 wt%)on the phase morphology and performance of the blends before and after pre-stretching were systematically investigated.Blending PPC initially reduced the strength,modulus,and heat resistance,but pre-stretching significantly enhanced these properties.In blends containing≤30 wt%PPC,where PPC formed a well-dispersed island-like phase within the PLA matrix,pre-stretching simultaneously enhanced strength,toughness,and heat resistance.The optimized pre-stretched 70/30 PLA/PPC(ps-70/30)blend achieved exceptional performance:tensile strength increased from 66.9MPa to 84.5 MPa,elongation at break dramatically improved from 6.8%to 115.1%,impact strength reached 55.1 k J/m^(2)(far exceeding neat PLA's 3.5 k J/m^(2)),and Vicat softening temperature(VST)increased by 60.6%to 101.8℃.Notably,the ps-70/30 blend retained excellent mechanical properties even after six months of aging.These improvements were attributed to the synergistic effects of the PPC incorporation and prestretching.PPC not only promoted the high orientation of the PLA molecular chains but also facilitated the formation of a stable crystalline phase during pre-stretching,thereby enhancing both the mechanical properties and heat resistance.However,when the PPC content exceeded 30wt%,phase inversion occurred,resulting in a continuous amorphous PPC phase that degraded the overall performance.This study demonstrated that a combination of controlled PPC incorporation and pre-stretching can effectively overcome PLA's brittleness of PLA while improving its heat resistance,offering a promising strategy for developing high-performance,fully biodegradable PLA materials suitable for industrial applications.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52278446)。
文摘To explore the best preparation process for terminal blend(TB)composite-modified asphalt and to filter its formulation with excellent performance,this study evaluates the performance of TB composite modified asphalt by physical property index,microscopic morphology,rheological testing,and infrared spectroscopy on multiple scales.The results show that the best preparation process for TB-modified asphalt is stirring at 260℃ for 4 h at 400 rpm,which significantly reduces the modification time of the asphalt.From a physical property viewpoint,the TB composite-modified asphalt sample with 5% styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)+1% aromatics+0.1% sulfur exhibits high-comprehensive,high-and low-temperature properties.More-over,its crosslinked mesh structure comprises black rubber particles uniformly interwoven in the middle,which further enhances the performance of the asphalt and results in an excellent performance formulation.In addition,the sample with 5%SBS content has a higher G*value and smaller δ value than that with 3%SBS content,indicating that its high-temperature resistance is improved.The effect of adding 3%SBS content on the viscoelastic ratio is,to some extent,less than that caused by 20% rubber powder.
基金financially supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.
文摘A new principle for producing fire-resistant polymer materials with increased deformation properties using a flame retardant not as a heterogeneous additive,but as a thermoplastic flame retardant in a hybrid polymer mixture with a polyhydrocarbon is considered.Hybrid polymer blends of low-molecular ammonium polyphosphate(APP)with an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA)with an APP content of 80 wt%with enhanced deformation properties were obtained by extrusion mixing at various temperatures in the range from 200°C to 250°C.A chemical scheme for the transformations of the components during the formation of the composite is proposed.X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of new crystalline structures of APP.The phase structure of the systems corresponding to the model of a dispersed-filled composite in which EVA plays the role of a matrix,determining the deformation of the mixture,and the filler is ammonium polyphosphate,was studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The method of FTIR microscopy showed chemical interactions between EVA and APP with the formation of amide groups.The conditions for obtaining compositions characterized by heat resistance of 210°C,oxygen index of 55 and ultimate elongation at drawing of 213%were established.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22341304,22303100 and 12205270)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1008800 and 2020YFA0713601)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDC0180303)。
文摘The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behavior of dispersed long chains.Using molecular dynamics simulations based on the Kremer-Grest model,we systematically explore the N_(S)-dependence of static conformations,equilibrium dynamics,and nonlinear shear responses in unentangled long-chain/short-chain polymer blends.Our results demonstrate a decoupling between the static and dynamic sensitivity to N_(S):while the static chain size,R_g,follows Flory theory with slight swelling at small N_(S) due to incomplete excluded volume screening,the diffusion coefficient,D,and the relaxation time,τ_(0),exhibit a strong,non-monotonic N_(S)-dependence,transitioning from monomeric friction dominance at small N_(S) to collective segmental rearrangement at large N_(S).Additionally,we observe partial decoupling between the viscous and normal stress responses:while the zero-shear viscosity,η,is strongly N_(S)-dependent,the first and second normal stress coefficients,Ψ_(1) and Ψ_(2),collapse onto universal curves when scaled by the dimensionless shear rate,γτ_(0),suggesting a common mechanism of orientation and stretching.Under shear,long chains compress in the vorticity direction λ_(z)~Wi^(-0.2),which reduces collision frequency and contributes to shear thinning,while the scaling of weaker orientation resistance m_(G)~Wi^(0.35)reflects hydrodynamic screening by the short-chain matrix.These findings highlight the limitations of single-chain models and emphasize the necessity of considering N_(S)-dependent matrix dynamics and flow-induced structural changes in understanding the rheology of unentangled polymer blends.
