This paper is a continuation of our last paper [1] which describes the theory of Virt-BLP model. Based on Virt-BLP model,this paper implements a mandatory access control(MAC) framework applicable to multi-level securi...This paper is a continuation of our last paper [1] which describes the theory of Virt-BLP model. Based on Virt-BLP model,this paper implements a mandatory access control(MAC) framework applicable to multi-level security(MLS) in Xen. The Virt-BLP model is the theoretical basis of this MAC framework,and this MAC framework is the implementation of Virt-BLP model. Our last paper focuses on Virt-BLP model,while this paper concentrates on the design and implementation of MAC framework. For there is no MAC framework applicable to MLS in virtual machine system at present,our MAC framework fills the blank by applying Virt-BLP model to Xen,which is better than current researches to guarantee the security of communication between virtual machines(VMs) . The experimental results show that our MAC framework is effective to manage the communication between VMs.展开更多
Traditional multi-level security(MLS)systems have the defect of centralizing authorized facilities,which is difficult to meet the security requirements of modern distributed peer-to-peer network architecture.Blockchai...Traditional multi-level security(MLS)systems have the defect of centralizing authorized facilities,which is difficult to meet the security requirements of modern distributed peer-to-peer network architecture.Blockchain is widely used in the field of access control with its decentralization,traceability and non-defective modification.Combining the blockchain technology and the Bell-LaPadula model,we propose a new access control model,named BCBLPM,for MLS environment.The“multi-chain”blockchain architecture is used for dividing resources into isolated access domains,providing a fine-grained data protection mechanism.The access control policies are implemented by smart contracts deployed in each access domain,so that the side chains of different access domains storage access records from outside and maintain the integrity of the records.Finally,we implement the BC-BLPM prototype system using the Hyperledger Fabric.The experimental and analytical results show that the model can adapt well to the needs of multi-level security environment,and it has the feasibility of application in actual scenarios.展开更多
At present,there are few security models which control the communication between virtual machines(VMs).Moreover,these models are not applicable to multi-level security(MLS).In order to implement mandatory access contr...At present,there are few security models which control the communication between virtual machines(VMs).Moreover,these models are not applicable to multi-level security(MLS).In order to implement mandatory access control(MAC)and MLS in virtual machine system,this paper designs Virt-BLP model,which is based on BLP model.For the distinction between virtual machine system and non-virtualized system,we build elements and security axioms of Virt-BLP model by modifying those of BLP.Moreover,comparing with BLP,the number of state transition rules of Virt-BLP is reduced accordingly and some rules can only be enforced by trusted subject.As a result,Virt-BLP model supports MAC and partial discretionary access control(DAC),well satisfying the requirement of MLS in virtual machine system.As space is limited,the implementation of our MAC framework will be shown in a continuation.展开更多
Andrew Wangota,a 48-year-old Ugandan farmer,has been using agrivoltaics technology,a solar technology that uses agricultural land for both food production and solar power generation,on his farm in Bunashimolo Parish,B...Andrew Wangota,a 48-year-old Ugandan farmer,has been using agrivoltaics technology,a solar technology that uses agricultural land for both food production and solar power generation,on his farm in Bunashimolo Parish,Bukyiende Subcounty in Uganda where he has been cultivating plantain,coffee and Irish potatoes for the past 16 years.展开更多
The integration of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,particularly large language models(LLMs),has become essential across various sectors due to their advanced language comprehension and generation capabilities.De...The integration of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,particularly large language models(LLMs),has become essential across various sectors due to their advanced language comprehension and generation capabilities.Despite their transformative impact in fields such as machine translation and intelligent dialogue systems,LLMs face significant challenges.These challenges include safety,security,and privacy concerns that undermine their trustworthiness and effectiveness,such as hallucinations,backdoor attacks,and privacy leakage.Previous works often conflated safety issues with security concerns.In contrast,our study provides clearer and more reasonable definitions for safety,security,and privacy within the context of LLMs.Building on these definitions,we provide a comprehensive overview of the vulnerabilities and defense mechanisms related to safety,security,and privacy in LLMs.Additionally,we explore the unique research challenges posed by LLMs and suggest potential avenues for future research,aiming to enhance the robustness and reliability of LLMs in the face of emerging threats.展开更多
The national grid and other life-sustaining critical infrastructures face an unprecedented threat from prolonged blackouts,which could last over a year and pose a severe risk to national security.Whether caused by phy...The national grid and other life-sustaining critical infrastructures face an unprecedented threat from prolonged blackouts,which could last over a year and pose a severe risk to national security.Whether caused by physical attacks,EMP(electromagnetic pulse)events,or cyberattacks,such disruptions could cripple essential services like water supply,healthcare,communication,and transportation.Research indicates that an attack on just nine key substations could result in a coast-to-coast blackout lasting up to 18 months,leading to economic collapse,civil unrest,and a breakdown of public order.This paper explores the key vulnerabilities of the grid,the potential impacts of prolonged blackouts,and the role of AI(artificial intelligence)and ML(machine learning)in mitigating these threats.AI-driven cybersecurity measures,predictive maintenance,automated threat response,and EMP resilience strategies are discussed as essential solutions to bolster grid security.Policy recommendations emphasize the need for hardened infrastructure,enhanced cybersecurity,redundant power systems,and AI-based grid management to ensure national resilience.Without proactive measures,the nation remains exposed to a catastrophic power grid failure that could have dire consequences for society and the economy.展开更多
Software security poses substantial risks to our society because software has become part of our life. Numerous techniques have been proposed to resolve or mitigate the impact of software security issues. Among them, ...Software security poses substantial risks to our society because software has become part of our life. Numerous techniques have been proposed to resolve or mitigate the impact of software security issues. Among them, software testing and analysis are two of the critical methods, which significantly benefit from the advancements in deep learning technologies. Due to the successful use of deep learning in software security, recently,researchers have explored the potential of using large language models(LLMs) in this area. In this paper, we systematically review the results focusing on LLMs in software security. We analyze the topics of fuzzing, unit test, program repair, bug reproduction, data-driven bug detection, and bug triage. We deconstruct these techniques into several stages and analyze how LLMs can be used in the stages. We also discuss the future directions of using LLMs in software security, including the future directions for the existing use of LLMs and extensions from conventional deep learning research.展开更多
ChatGPT is a powerful artificial intelligence(AI)language model that has demonstrated significant improvements in various natural language processing(NLP) tasks. However, like any technology, it presents potential sec...ChatGPT is a powerful artificial intelligence(AI)language model that has demonstrated significant improvements in various natural language processing(NLP) tasks. However, like any technology, it presents potential security risks that need to be carefully evaluated and addressed. In this survey, we provide an overview of the current state of research on security of using ChatGPT, with aspects of bias, disinformation, ethics, misuse,attacks and privacy. We review and discuss the literature on these topics and highlight open research questions and future directions.Through this survey, we aim to contribute to the academic discourse on AI security, enriching the understanding of potential risks and mitigations. We anticipate that this survey will be valuable for various stakeholders involved in AI development and usage, including AI researchers, developers, policy makers, and end-users.展开更多
The accelerated advancement of the Internet of Things(IoT)has generated substantial data,including sensitive and private information.Consequently,it is imperative to guarantee the security of data sharing.While facili...The accelerated advancement of the Internet of Things(IoT)has generated substantial data,including sensitive and private information.Consequently,it is imperative to guarantee the security of data sharing.While facilitating fine-grained access control,Ciphertext Policy Attribute-Based Encryption(CP-ABE)can effectively ensure the confidentiality of shared data.Nevertheless,the conventional centralized CP-ABE scheme is plagued by the issues of keymisuse,key escrow,and large computation,which will result in security risks.This paper suggests a lightweight IoT data security sharing scheme that integrates blockchain technology and CP-ABE to address the abovementioned issues.The integrity and traceability of shared data are guaranteed by the use of blockchain technology to store and verify access transactions.The encryption and decryption operations of the CP-ABE algorithm have been implemented using elliptic curve scalarmultiplication to accommodate lightweight IoT devices,as opposed to themore arithmetic bilinear pairing found in the traditional CP-ABE algorithm.Additionally,a portion of the computation is delegated to the edge nodes to alleviate the computational burden on users.A distributed key management method is proposed to address the issues of key escrow andmisuse.Thismethod employs the edge blockchain to facilitate the storage and distribution of attribute private keys.Meanwhile,data security sharing is enhanced by combining off-chain and on-chain ciphertext storage.The security and performance analysis indicates that the proposed scheme is more efficient and secure.展开更多
There is a growing recognition of the critical role of security governance in advancing democratic transition in the post-conflict environment.Despite such a recognition,the security sector reform concept has overshad...There is a growing recognition of the critical role of security governance in advancing democratic transition in the post-conflict environment.Despite such a recognition,the security sector reform concept has overshadowed the importance of the overarching strategic role of security governance in transition to democracy,particularly in Africa.This paper assesses the status and challenges facing security governance and how they thwarted the efforts to furthering the democratic transition in South Sudan.The paper shows a deterioration in security,safety and security governance outcomes since the independence of South Sudan in 2011 with such a trend unlikely to be abated in the near future without strategic interventions.Some of the challenges facing security governance in South Sudan include the legacies of some historical events including the“Big Tent Policy”,absence of strategic leadership,lack of overarching policy framework,impractical and tenuous security arrangements in the 2018 peace agreement,persistent postponement of the first elections,and dysfunctional justice sector.The paper provides some strategic and operational recommendations to improve security governance and advance democratic transition in South Sudan.These recommendations include formulation of an inclusive and people-centered national security policy,rigorous judicial reform,and early political agreement on new political infrastructure if conditions for holding the first national elections are not met in 2026.展开更多
Internet of Things(IoT)refers to the infrastructures that connect smart devices to the Internet,operating autonomously.This connectivitymakes it possible to harvest vast quantities of data,creating new opportunities f...Internet of Things(IoT)refers to the infrastructures that connect smart devices to the Internet,operating autonomously.This connectivitymakes it possible to harvest vast quantities of data,creating new opportunities for the emergence of unprecedented knowledge.To ensure IoT securit,various approaches have been implemented,such as authentication,encoding,as well as devices to guarantee data integrity and availability.Among these approaches,Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)is an actual security solution,whose performance can be enhanced by integrating various algorithms,including Machine Learning(ML)and Deep Learning(DL),enabling proactive and accurate detection of threats.This study proposes to optimize the performance of network IDS using an ensemble learning method based on a voting classification algorithm.By combining the strengths of three powerful algorithms,Random Forest(RF),K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN),and Support Vector Machine(SVM)to detect both normal behavior and different categories of attack.Our analysis focuses primarily on the NSL-KDD dataset,while also integrating the recent Edge-IIoT dataset,tailored to industrial IoT environments.Experimental results show significant enhancements on the Edge-IIoT and NSL-KDD datasets,reaching accuracy levels between 72%to 99%,with precision between 87%and 99%,while recall values and F1-scores are also between 72%and 99%,for both normal and attack detection.Despite the promising results of this study,it suffers from certain limitations,notably the use of specific datasets and the lack of evaluations in a variety of environments.Future work could include applying this model to various datasets and evaluating more advanced ensemble strategies,with the aim of further enhancing the effectiveness of IDS.展开更多
Software-related security aspects are a growing and legitimate concern,especially with 5G data available just at our palms.To conduct research in this field,periodic comparative analysis is needed with the new techniq...Software-related security aspects are a growing and legitimate concern,especially with 5G data available just at our palms.To conduct research in this field,periodic comparative analysis is needed with the new techniques coming up rapidly.The purpose of this study is to review the recent developments in the field of security integration in the software development lifecycle(SDLC)by analyzing the articles published in the last two decades and to propose a way forward.This review follows Kitchenham’s review protocol.The review has been divided into three main stages including planning,execution,and analysis.From the selected 100 articles,it becomes evident that need of a collaborative approach is necessary for addressing critical software security risks(CSSRs)through effective risk management/estimation techniques.Quantifying risks using a numeric scale enables a comprehensive understanding of their severity,facilitating focused resource allocation and mitigation efforts.Through a comprehensive understanding of potential vulnerabilities and proactive mitigation efforts facilitated by protection poker,organizations can prioritize resources effectively to ensure the successful outcome of projects and initiatives in today’s dynamic threat landscape.The review reveals that threat analysis and security testing are needed to develop automated tools for the future.Accurate estimation of effort required to prioritize potential security risks is a big challenge in software security.The accuracy of effort estimation can be further improved by exploring new techniques,particularly those involving deep learning.It is also imperative to validate these effort estimation methods to ensure all potential security threats are addressed.Another challenge is selecting the right model for each specific security threat.To achieve a comprehensive evaluation,researchers should use well-known benchmark checklists.展开更多
The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)calls for a comprehensive in-formation security evaluation framework to quantitatively measure the safety score and risk(S&R)value of the network urgently.In this pape...The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)calls for a comprehensive in-formation security evaluation framework to quantitatively measure the safety score and risk(S&R)value of the network urgently.In this paper,we summarize the architecture and vulnerability in IoT and propose a comprehensive information security evaluation model based on multi-level decomposition feedback.The evaluation model provides an idea for information security evaluation of IoT and guides the security decision maker for dynamic protection.Firstly,we establish an overall evaluation indicator system that includes four primary indicators of threat information,asset,vulnerability,and management,respectively.It also includes eleven secondary indicators of system protection rate,attack detection rate,confidentiality,availability,controllability,identifiability,number of vulnerabilities,vulnerability hazard level,staff organization,enterprise grading and service continuity,respectively.Then,we build the core algorithm to enable the evaluation model,wherein a novel weighting technique is developed and a quantitative method is proposed to measure the S&R value.Moreover,in order to better supervise the performance of the proposed evaluation model,we present four novel indicators includes residual risk,continuous conformity of residual risk,head-to-tail consistency and decrease ratio,respectively.Simulation results show the advantages of the proposed model in the evaluation of information security for IoT.展开更多
Fast and accurate transient stability analysis is crucial to power system operation.With high penetration level of wind power resources,practical dynamic security region(PDSR)with hyper plane expression has outstandin...Fast and accurate transient stability analysis is crucial to power system operation.With high penetration level of wind power resources,practical dynamic security region(PDSR)with hyper plane expression has outstanding advantages in situational awareness and series of optimization problems.The precondition of obtaining accurate PDSR boundary is to locate sufficient points around the boundary(critical points).Therefore,this paper proposes a space division and Wasserstein generative adversarial network with gra-dient penalty(WGAN-GP)based fast generation method of PDSR boundary.First,the typical differential topological characterizations of dynamic security region(DSR)provide strong theoretical foundation that the interior of DSR is hole-free and the boundaries of DSR are tight and knot-free.Then,the space division method is proposed to calculate critical operation area where the PDSR boundary is located,tremen-dously compressing the search space to locate critical points and improving the confidence level of boundary fitting result.Furthermore,the WGAN-GP model is utilized to fast obtain large number of criti-cal points based on learning the data distribution of the small training set aforementioned.Finally,the PDSR boundary with hyperplanes is fitted by the least square method.The case study is tested on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)39-bus system and the results verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.展开更多
This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the security of visual medical data in the generative AI environment through the integration of blockchain technology.By combining the strengths of blockchain an...This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the security of visual medical data in the generative AI environment through the integration of blockchain technology.By combining the strengths of blockchain and generative AI,the research team aimed to address the timely challenge of safeguarding visual medical content.The participating researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis,examining the vulnerabilities of medical AI services,personal information protection issues,and overall security weaknesses.This multi faceted exploration led to an indepth evaluation of the model’s performance and security.Notably,the correlation between accuracy,detection rate,and error rate was scrutinized.This analysis revealed insights into the model’s strengths and limitations,while the consideration of standard deviation shed light on the model’s stability and performance variability.The study proposed practical improvements,emphasizing the reduction of false negatives to enhance detection rate and leveraging blockchain technology to ensure visual data integrity in medical applications.Applying blockchain to generative AI-created medical content addresses key personal information protection issues.By utilizing the distributed ledger system of blockchain,the research team aimed to protect the privacy and integrity of medical data especially medical images.This approach not only enhances security but also enables transparent and tamperproof record-keeping.Additionally,the use of generative AI models ensures the creation of novel medical content without compromising personal information,further safeguarding patient privacy.In conclusion,this study showcases the potential of blockchain-based solutions in the medical field,particularly in securing sensitive medical data and protecting patient privacy.The proposed approach,combining blockchain and generative AI,offers a promising direction toward more robust and secure medical content management.Further research and advancements in this area will undoubtedly contribute to the development of robust and privacy-preserving healthcare systems,and visual diagnostic systems.展开更多
The accelerating global energy transition,driven by climate imperatives and technological advancements,demands fundamen-tal transformations in power systems.Smart grids,characterized by cyber-physical integration,dist...The accelerating global energy transition,driven by climate imperatives and technological advancements,demands fundamen-tal transformations in power systems.Smart grids,characterized by cyber-physical integration,distributed renewable resources,and data-driven intelligence,have emerged as the backbone of this evolution.This convergence,however,introduces unprecedented complexities in resilience,security,stability,and market operation.This special issue presents five pivotal studies addressing these interconnected challenges,offering novel methodologies and insights to advance the efficiency,resilience,and sustainability of modern power systems.展开更多
Small-drone technology has opened a range of new applications for aerial transportation. These drones leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to offer cross-location services for navigation. However, they are susceptibl...Small-drone technology has opened a range of new applications for aerial transportation. These drones leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to offer cross-location services for navigation. However, they are susceptible to security and privacy threats due to hardware and architectural issues. Although small drones hold promise for expansion in both civil and defense sectors, they have safety, security, and privacy threats. Addressing these challenges is crucial to maintaining the security and uninterrupted operations of these drones. In this regard, this study investigates security, and preservation concerning both the drones and Internet of Drones (IoD), emphasizing the significance of creating drone networks that are secure and can robustly withstand interceptions and intrusions. The proposed framework incorporates a weighted voting ensemble model comprising three convolutional neural network (CNN) models to enhance intrusion detection within the network. The employed CNNs are customized 1D models optimized to obtain better performance. The output from these CNNs is voted using a weighted criterion using a 0.4, 0.3, and 0.3 ratio for three CNNs, respectively. Experiments involve using multiple benchmark datasets, achieving an impressive accuracy of up to 99.89% on drone data. The proposed model shows promising results concerning precision, recall, and F1 as indicated by their obtained values of 99.92%, 99.98%, and 99.97%, respectively. Furthermore, cross-validation and performance comparison with existing works is also carried out. Findings indicate that the proposed approach offers a prospective solution for detecting security threats for aerial systems and satellite systems with high accuracy.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Plan (973 Plan) of China (No. 2007CB310900)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 90612018, 90715030 and 60970008)
文摘This paper is a continuation of our last paper [1] which describes the theory of Virt-BLP model. Based on Virt-BLP model,this paper implements a mandatory access control(MAC) framework applicable to multi-level security(MLS) in Xen. The Virt-BLP model is the theoretical basis of this MAC framework,and this MAC framework is the implementation of Virt-BLP model. Our last paper focuses on Virt-BLP model,while this paper concentrates on the design and implementation of MAC framework. For there is no MAC framework applicable to MLS in virtual machine system at present,our MAC framework fills the blank by applying Virt-BLP model to Xen,which is better than current researches to guarantee the security of communication between virtual machines(VMs) . The experimental results show that our MAC framework is effective to manage the communication between VMs.
文摘Traditional multi-level security(MLS)systems have the defect of centralizing authorized facilities,which is difficult to meet the security requirements of modern distributed peer-to-peer network architecture.Blockchain is widely used in the field of access control with its decentralization,traceability and non-defective modification.Combining the blockchain technology and the Bell-LaPadula model,we propose a new access control model,named BCBLPM,for MLS environment.The“multi-chain”blockchain architecture is used for dividing resources into isolated access domains,providing a fine-grained data protection mechanism.The access control policies are implemented by smart contracts deployed in each access domain,so that the side chains of different access domains storage access records from outside and maintain the integrity of the records.Finally,we implement the BC-BLPM prototype system using the Hyperledger Fabric.The experimental and analytical results show that the model can adapt well to the needs of multi-level security environment,and it has the feasibility of application in actual scenarios.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Plan(973 Plan)of China(No.2007CB310900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.90612018,90715030 and 60970008).
文摘At present,there are few security models which control the communication between virtual machines(VMs).Moreover,these models are not applicable to multi-level security(MLS).In order to implement mandatory access control(MAC)and MLS in virtual machine system,this paper designs Virt-BLP model,which is based on BLP model.For the distinction between virtual machine system and non-virtualized system,we build elements and security axioms of Virt-BLP model by modifying those of BLP.Moreover,comparing with BLP,the number of state transition rules of Virt-BLP is reduced accordingly and some rules can only be enforced by trusted subject.As a result,Virt-BLP model supports MAC and partial discretionary access control(DAC),well satisfying the requirement of MLS in virtual machine system.As space is limited,the implementation of our MAC framework will be shown in a continuation.
文摘Andrew Wangota,a 48-year-old Ugandan farmer,has been using agrivoltaics technology,a solar technology that uses agricultural land for both food production and solar power generation,on his farm in Bunashimolo Parish,Bukyiende Subcounty in Uganda where he has been cultivating plantain,coffee and Irish potatoes for the past 16 years.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2022YFB3103500the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No.62402087 and No.62020106013+3 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program under Grant No.2023ZYD0142the Chengdu Science and Technology Program under Grant No.2023-XT00-00002-GXthe Fundamental Research Funds for Chinese Central Universities under Grants No.ZYGX2020ZB027 and No.Y030232063003002the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program under Grant No.BX20230060.
文摘The integration of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,particularly large language models(LLMs),has become essential across various sectors due to their advanced language comprehension and generation capabilities.Despite their transformative impact in fields such as machine translation and intelligent dialogue systems,LLMs face significant challenges.These challenges include safety,security,and privacy concerns that undermine their trustworthiness and effectiveness,such as hallucinations,backdoor attacks,and privacy leakage.Previous works often conflated safety issues with security concerns.In contrast,our study provides clearer and more reasonable definitions for safety,security,and privacy within the context of LLMs.Building on these definitions,we provide a comprehensive overview of the vulnerabilities and defense mechanisms related to safety,security,and privacy in LLMs.Additionally,we explore the unique research challenges posed by LLMs and suggest potential avenues for future research,aiming to enhance the robustness and reliability of LLMs in the face of emerging threats.
文摘The national grid and other life-sustaining critical infrastructures face an unprecedented threat from prolonged blackouts,which could last over a year and pose a severe risk to national security.Whether caused by physical attacks,EMP(electromagnetic pulse)events,or cyberattacks,such disruptions could cripple essential services like water supply,healthcare,communication,and transportation.Research indicates that an attack on just nine key substations could result in a coast-to-coast blackout lasting up to 18 months,leading to economic collapse,civil unrest,and a breakdown of public order.This paper explores the key vulnerabilities of the grid,the potential impacts of prolonged blackouts,and the role of AI(artificial intelligence)and ML(machine learning)in mitigating these threats.AI-driven cybersecurity measures,predictive maintenance,automated threat response,and EMP resilience strategies are discussed as essential solutions to bolster grid security.Policy recommendations emphasize the need for hardened infrastructure,enhanced cybersecurity,redundant power systems,and AI-based grid management to ensure national resilience.Without proactive measures,the nation remains exposed to a catastrophic power grid failure that could have dire consequences for society and the economy.
文摘Software security poses substantial risks to our society because software has become part of our life. Numerous techniques have been proposed to resolve or mitigate the impact of software security issues. Among them, software testing and analysis are two of the critical methods, which significantly benefit from the advancements in deep learning technologies. Due to the successful use of deep learning in software security, recently,researchers have explored the potential of using large language models(LLMs) in this area. In this paper, we systematically review the results focusing on LLMs in software security. We analyze the topics of fuzzing, unit test, program repair, bug reproduction, data-driven bug detection, and bug triage. We deconstruct these techniques into several stages and analyze how LLMs can be used in the stages. We also discuss the future directions of using LLMs in software security, including the future directions for the existing use of LLMs and extensions from conventional deep learning research.
文摘ChatGPT is a powerful artificial intelligence(AI)language model that has demonstrated significant improvements in various natural language processing(NLP) tasks. However, like any technology, it presents potential security risks that need to be carefully evaluated and addressed. In this survey, we provide an overview of the current state of research on security of using ChatGPT, with aspects of bias, disinformation, ethics, misuse,attacks and privacy. We review and discuss the literature on these topics and highlight open research questions and future directions.Through this survey, we aim to contribute to the academic discourse on AI security, enriching the understanding of potential risks and mitigations. We anticipate that this survey will be valuable for various stakeholders involved in AI development and usage, including AI researchers, developers, policy makers, and end-users.
文摘The accelerated advancement of the Internet of Things(IoT)has generated substantial data,including sensitive and private information.Consequently,it is imperative to guarantee the security of data sharing.While facilitating fine-grained access control,Ciphertext Policy Attribute-Based Encryption(CP-ABE)can effectively ensure the confidentiality of shared data.Nevertheless,the conventional centralized CP-ABE scheme is plagued by the issues of keymisuse,key escrow,and large computation,which will result in security risks.This paper suggests a lightweight IoT data security sharing scheme that integrates blockchain technology and CP-ABE to address the abovementioned issues.The integrity and traceability of shared data are guaranteed by the use of blockchain technology to store and verify access transactions.The encryption and decryption operations of the CP-ABE algorithm have been implemented using elliptic curve scalarmultiplication to accommodate lightweight IoT devices,as opposed to themore arithmetic bilinear pairing found in the traditional CP-ABE algorithm.Additionally,a portion of the computation is delegated to the edge nodes to alleviate the computational burden on users.A distributed key management method is proposed to address the issues of key escrow andmisuse.Thismethod employs the edge blockchain to facilitate the storage and distribution of attribute private keys.Meanwhile,data security sharing is enhanced by combining off-chain and on-chain ciphertext storage.The security and performance analysis indicates that the proposed scheme is more efficient and secure.
文摘There is a growing recognition of the critical role of security governance in advancing democratic transition in the post-conflict environment.Despite such a recognition,the security sector reform concept has overshadowed the importance of the overarching strategic role of security governance in transition to democracy,particularly in Africa.This paper assesses the status and challenges facing security governance and how they thwarted the efforts to furthering the democratic transition in South Sudan.The paper shows a deterioration in security,safety and security governance outcomes since the independence of South Sudan in 2011 with such a trend unlikely to be abated in the near future without strategic interventions.Some of the challenges facing security governance in South Sudan include the legacies of some historical events including the“Big Tent Policy”,absence of strategic leadership,lack of overarching policy framework,impractical and tenuous security arrangements in the 2018 peace agreement,persistent postponement of the first elections,and dysfunctional justice sector.The paper provides some strategic and operational recommendations to improve security governance and advance democratic transition in South Sudan.These recommendations include formulation of an inclusive and people-centered national security policy,rigorous judicial reform,and early political agreement on new political infrastructure if conditions for holding the first national elections are not met in 2026.
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)refers to the infrastructures that connect smart devices to the Internet,operating autonomously.This connectivitymakes it possible to harvest vast quantities of data,creating new opportunities for the emergence of unprecedented knowledge.To ensure IoT securit,various approaches have been implemented,such as authentication,encoding,as well as devices to guarantee data integrity and availability.Among these approaches,Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)is an actual security solution,whose performance can be enhanced by integrating various algorithms,including Machine Learning(ML)and Deep Learning(DL),enabling proactive and accurate detection of threats.This study proposes to optimize the performance of network IDS using an ensemble learning method based on a voting classification algorithm.By combining the strengths of three powerful algorithms,Random Forest(RF),K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN),and Support Vector Machine(SVM)to detect both normal behavior and different categories of attack.Our analysis focuses primarily on the NSL-KDD dataset,while also integrating the recent Edge-IIoT dataset,tailored to industrial IoT environments.Experimental results show significant enhancements on the Edge-IIoT and NSL-KDD datasets,reaching accuracy levels between 72%to 99%,with precision between 87%and 99%,while recall values and F1-scores are also between 72%and 99%,for both normal and attack detection.Despite the promising results of this study,it suffers from certain limitations,notably the use of specific datasets and the lack of evaluations in a variety of environments.Future work could include applying this model to various datasets and evaluating more advanced ensemble strategies,with the aim of further enhancing the effectiveness of IDS.
文摘Software-related security aspects are a growing and legitimate concern,especially with 5G data available just at our palms.To conduct research in this field,periodic comparative analysis is needed with the new techniques coming up rapidly.The purpose of this study is to review the recent developments in the field of security integration in the software development lifecycle(SDLC)by analyzing the articles published in the last two decades and to propose a way forward.This review follows Kitchenham’s review protocol.The review has been divided into three main stages including planning,execution,and analysis.From the selected 100 articles,it becomes evident that need of a collaborative approach is necessary for addressing critical software security risks(CSSRs)through effective risk management/estimation techniques.Quantifying risks using a numeric scale enables a comprehensive understanding of their severity,facilitating focused resource allocation and mitigation efforts.Through a comprehensive understanding of potential vulnerabilities and proactive mitigation efforts facilitated by protection poker,organizations can prioritize resources effectively to ensure the successful outcome of projects and initiatives in today’s dynamic threat landscape.The review reveals that threat analysis and security testing are needed to develop automated tools for the future.Accurate estimation of effort required to prioritize potential security risks is a big challenge in software security.The accuracy of effort estimation can be further improved by exploring new techniques,particularly those involving deep learning.It is also imperative to validate these effort estimation methods to ensure all potential security threats are addressed.Another challenge is selecting the right model for each specific security threat.To achieve a comprehensive evaluation,researchers should use well-known benchmark checklists.
基金This work was supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2019YFB2102400in part by the BUPT Excellent Ph.D.Students Foundation under Grant CX2019117.
文摘The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)calls for a comprehensive in-formation security evaluation framework to quantitatively measure the safety score and risk(S&R)value of the network urgently.In this paper,we summarize the architecture and vulnerability in IoT and propose a comprehensive information security evaluation model based on multi-level decomposition feedback.The evaluation model provides an idea for information security evaluation of IoT and guides the security decision maker for dynamic protection.Firstly,we establish an overall evaluation indicator system that includes four primary indicators of threat information,asset,vulnerability,and management,respectively.It also includes eleven secondary indicators of system protection rate,attack detection rate,confidentiality,availability,controllability,identifiability,number of vulnerabilities,vulnerability hazard level,staff organization,enterprise grading and service continuity,respectively.Then,we build the core algorithm to enable the evaluation model,wherein a novel weighting technique is developed and a quantitative method is proposed to measure the S&R value.Moreover,in order to better supervise the performance of the proposed evaluation model,we present four novel indicators includes residual risk,continuous conformity of residual risk,head-to-tail consistency and decrease ratio,respectively.Simulation results show the advantages of the proposed model in the evaluation of information security for IoT.
基金funded in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFB0905900)in part by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(SGCC)The Key Technologies for Electric Internet of Things(SGTJDK00DWJS2100223).
文摘Fast and accurate transient stability analysis is crucial to power system operation.With high penetration level of wind power resources,practical dynamic security region(PDSR)with hyper plane expression has outstanding advantages in situational awareness and series of optimization problems.The precondition of obtaining accurate PDSR boundary is to locate sufficient points around the boundary(critical points).Therefore,this paper proposes a space division and Wasserstein generative adversarial network with gra-dient penalty(WGAN-GP)based fast generation method of PDSR boundary.First,the typical differential topological characterizations of dynamic security region(DSR)provide strong theoretical foundation that the interior of DSR is hole-free and the boundaries of DSR are tight and knot-free.Then,the space division method is proposed to calculate critical operation area where the PDSR boundary is located,tremen-dously compressing the search space to locate critical points and improving the confidence level of boundary fitting result.Furthermore,the WGAN-GP model is utilized to fast obtain large number of criti-cal points based on learning the data distribution of the small training set aforementioned.Finally,the PDSR boundary with hyperplanes is fitted by the least square method.The case study is tested on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)39-bus system and the results verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
文摘This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the security of visual medical data in the generative AI environment through the integration of blockchain technology.By combining the strengths of blockchain and generative AI,the research team aimed to address the timely challenge of safeguarding visual medical content.The participating researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis,examining the vulnerabilities of medical AI services,personal information protection issues,and overall security weaknesses.This multi faceted exploration led to an indepth evaluation of the model’s performance and security.Notably,the correlation between accuracy,detection rate,and error rate was scrutinized.This analysis revealed insights into the model’s strengths and limitations,while the consideration of standard deviation shed light on the model’s stability and performance variability.The study proposed practical improvements,emphasizing the reduction of false negatives to enhance detection rate and leveraging blockchain technology to ensure visual data integrity in medical applications.Applying blockchain to generative AI-created medical content addresses key personal information protection issues.By utilizing the distributed ledger system of blockchain,the research team aimed to protect the privacy and integrity of medical data especially medical images.This approach not only enhances security but also enables transparent and tamperproof record-keeping.Additionally,the use of generative AI models ensures the creation of novel medical content without compromising personal information,further safeguarding patient privacy.In conclusion,this study showcases the potential of blockchain-based solutions in the medical field,particularly in securing sensitive medical data and protecting patient privacy.The proposed approach,combining blockchain and generative AI,offers a promising direction toward more robust and secure medical content management.Further research and advancements in this area will undoubtedly contribute to the development of robust and privacy-preserving healthcare systems,and visual diagnostic systems.
文摘The accelerating global energy transition,driven by climate imperatives and technological advancements,demands fundamen-tal transformations in power systems.Smart grids,characterized by cyber-physical integration,distributed renewable resources,and data-driven intelligence,have emerged as the backbone of this evolution.This convergence,however,introduces unprecedented complexities in resilience,security,stability,and market operation.This special issue presents five pivotal studies addressing these interconnected challenges,offering novel methodologies and insights to advance the efficiency,resilience,and sustainability of modern power systems.
文摘近日,武汉大学国家网络安全学院2023级硕士研究生闫楠作为第一作者撰写的论文被第34届USENIX安全研讨会(The34th USENIX Security Symposium 2025)录用。论文题目为“Embed X:Embedding-Based Cross-Trigger Backdoor Attack Against Large Language Models”(《Embed X:基于嵌入的跨触发器大语言模型后门攻击》),指导老师为国家网络安全学院副研究员李雨晴(通信作者)、教授陈晶(通信作者)、副教授何琨。华中科技大学副教授王雄、香港科技大学教授李波参与合作。
文摘Small-drone technology has opened a range of new applications for aerial transportation. These drones leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to offer cross-location services for navigation. However, they are susceptible to security and privacy threats due to hardware and architectural issues. Although small drones hold promise for expansion in both civil and defense sectors, they have safety, security, and privacy threats. Addressing these challenges is crucial to maintaining the security and uninterrupted operations of these drones. In this regard, this study investigates security, and preservation concerning both the drones and Internet of Drones (IoD), emphasizing the significance of creating drone networks that are secure and can robustly withstand interceptions and intrusions. The proposed framework incorporates a weighted voting ensemble model comprising three convolutional neural network (CNN) models to enhance intrusion detection within the network. The employed CNNs are customized 1D models optimized to obtain better performance. The output from these CNNs is voted using a weighted criterion using a 0.4, 0.3, and 0.3 ratio for three CNNs, respectively. Experiments involve using multiple benchmark datasets, achieving an impressive accuracy of up to 99.89% on drone data. The proposed model shows promising results concerning precision, recall, and F1 as indicated by their obtained values of 99.92%, 99.98%, and 99.97%, respectively. Furthermore, cross-validation and performance comparison with existing works is also carried out. Findings indicate that the proposed approach offers a prospective solution for detecting security threats for aerial systems and satellite systems with high accuracy.
