Transportation structures such as composite pavements and railway foundations typically consist of multi-layered media designed to withstand high bearing capacity.A theoretical understanding of load transfer mechanism...Transportation structures such as composite pavements and railway foundations typically consist of multi-layered media designed to withstand high bearing capacity.A theoretical understanding of load transfer mechanisms in these multi-layer composites is essential,as it offers intuitive insights into parametric influences and facilitates enhanced structural performance.This paper employs an improved transfer matrix method to address the limitations of existing theoretical approaches for analyzing multi-layer composite structures.By establishing a twodimensional composite pavement model,it investigates load transfer characteristics and validates the accuracy through finite element simulation.The proposed method offers a straightforward analytical approach for examining internal interactions between structural layers.Case studies indicate that the concrete surface layer is the main load-bearing layer for most vertical normal and shear stresses.The soil base layer reduces the overall mechanical response of the substructure,while horizontal actions increase the risk of interfacial slip and cracking.Structural optimization analysis demonstrates that increasing the thickness of the concrete surface layer,enhancing the thickness and stiffness of the soil base layer,or incorporating gradient layers can significantly mitigate these risks of interfacial slip and cracking.The findings of this study can guide the optimization design,parameter analysis,and damage prevention of multi-layer composite structures.展开更多
In order to improve mechanical properties of soft poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) films,we used commercial multi-layer graphene(MLG) with large size and high structural integrity as reinforcing fillers,and prepared MLG/PVC ...In order to improve mechanical properties of soft poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) films,we used commercial multi-layer graphene(MLG) with large size and high structural integrity as reinforcing fillers,and prepared MLG/PVC composite films by using conventional melt-mixing methods.Microstructures,static and dynamic mechanical properties of the MLG/PVC composite films were investigated.The results showed that a small amount of MLG loading could greatly increase the mechanical properties of the MLG/PVC composites.The tensile modulus of the 0.96 wt%MLG/PVC composites was up to 40 MPa,increasing by31.3%in comparison to the neat PVC.Such a significant mechanical reinforcement was mainly attributed to uniform dispersion of the large-size MLG,good compatibility and strong interactions among MLG and plasticizers and PVC.展开更多
This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of the fabrication of nanostructured Cu/Al/Ag multi-layered composites by accumulative roll bonding(ARB),and to analyze the tensile properties and electrical conductivity of ...This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of the fabrication of nanostructured Cu/Al/Ag multi-layered composites by accumulative roll bonding(ARB),and to analyze the tensile properties and electrical conductivity of the produced composites.A theoretical model using strengthening mechanisms and some structural parameters extracted from X-ray diffraction is also developed to predict the tensile strength of the composites.It was found that by progression of ARB,the experimental and calculated tensile strengths are enhanced,reach a maximum of about 450 and 510 MPa at the fifth cycle of ARB,respectively and then are reduced.The electrical conductivity decreased slightly by increasing the number of ARB cycles at initial ARB cycles,but the decrease was intensified at the final ARB cycles.In conclusion,the merit of ARB to fabricate this type of multi-layered nanocomposites and the accuracy of the developed model to predict tensile strength were realized.展开更多
This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the cha...This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the charge,a peak overpressure prediction model for the composite charge under singlepoint detonation and simultaneous detonation was established.The effects of the charge structure and initiation method on the overpressure field characteristics were investigated in AUTODYN simulation.The accuracy of the prediction model and the reliability of the numerical simulation method were subsequently verified in a series of static explosion experiments.The results reveal that the mass of the inner charge was the key factor determining the peak overpressure of the composite charge under single-point detonation.The peak overpressure in the radial direction improved apparently with an increase in the aspect ratio of the charge.The overpressure curves in the axial direction exhibited a multi-peak phenomenon,and the secondary peak overpressure even exceeded the primary peak at distances of 30D and 40D(where D is the charge diameter).The difference in peak overpressure among azimuth angles of 0-90°gradually decreased with an increase in the propagation distance of the shock wave.The coupled effect of the detonation energy of the inner and outer charge under simultaneous detonation improved the overpressure in both radial and axial directions.The difference in peak overpressure obtained from model prediction and experimental measurements was less than 16.4%.展开更多
Carbon fiber reinforced high density polyethylene multi-layered laminated composite panels（HDPE/CF MLCP） with excellent in-plane properties along transverse direction have been formulated. Composite architectures wi...Carbon fiber reinforced high density polyethylene multi-layered laminated composite panels（HDPE/CF MLCP） with excellent in-plane properties along transverse direction have been formulated. Composite architectures with carbon fiber（CF） designed in 2D layout in conventional composites can alleviate their properties in thickness direction, but all attempts so far developed have achieved restrained success. Here,we have exposed an approach to the high strength composite challenge, without altering the 2D stack design on the basis of concept of fiber reinforced laminated composites that would provide enhanced mechanical and thermal properties along transverse direction. CF sheets allowed the buckling of adjoining plies in 2D MLCP. We fabricated 2D MLCP by stacking the alternative CF and HDPE layers under different loading conditions, which resulted in high strength composites. These plies of CF and HDPE served as unit cells for MLCP, with CF offering much-needed fracture toughness and hardness to these materials.For 2D HDPE/CF MLCP, we demonstrated noteworthy improvement in physical and chemical interaction between CF and HDPE, in-plane fracture strain, flexural strength（30.684 MPa）, bending modulus（7436.254 MPa）, thermal stability（40.94%）, and surface morphology, upon increasing the CF layers up to twenty, enabling these composites truly for high temperature and high strength applications.展开更多
In this study,a high impact resistant multi-layered composite consisting of continuous carbon fibre/nylon(CCF)and short carbon fibre/nylon(SCF)layers is developed via 3D printing technology.The effect of CCF/SCF layer...In this study,a high impact resistant multi-layered composite consisting of continuous carbon fibre/nylon(CCF)and short carbon fibre/nylon(SCF)layers is developed via 3D printing technology.The effect of CCF/SCF layers configuration on the impact resistance is investigated by low-velocity impact test,and the impact failure mechanism of the 3D printed composites is explored by microscopic observations and finite element(FE)simulation analysis.The results show that the 3D printed multi-layered composite with SCF layers distributed in the middle(HFA)exhibits higher impact resistant performance than the specimens with alternating SCF/CCF layers(HFB)and CCF layers distributed in the middle(HFC).The effect of CCF/SCF layers proportion on the impact performance is also studied by FE simulation,and the results show that the specimen with a CCF/SCF proportion of 7.0 exhibits the highest impact strength.展开更多
Low-velocity impact damage known as“imperceptible”damage usually destroys the structural integrity of the material and seriously affects the service life of the materials.To improve the low-velocity impact resistanc...Low-velocity impact damage known as“imperceptible”damage usually destroys the structural integrity of the material and seriously affects the service life of the materials.To improve the low-velocity impact resistance of foam sandwich composites,an innovative concept of a stitched multi-layer sandwich structure by organically combining the discrete splitting of foam layer with full thickness stitching was proposed,and its low-velocity impact resistance obtained through drop-hammer impact tests was explored.The results showed that the multi-layer foam sandwich structure acted as a stress disperser and reduced the irreversible impact damage.The depth and area of low-velocity impact damage of multi-layer foam sandwich composites gradually decreased with increasing the number of the layers.The stitched structure would improve the integrity of the foam sandwich composites and inhibit the propagation of cracks.The maximum impact load of the stitched foam sandwich composite increased by approximately 5% compared with that of the non-stitched material.In addition,the low-velocity impact damage depth,damage area and absorbed energy of the stitched three-layer foam sandwich composite were reduced by 37.7%,34.6% and 20.7%,respectively,compared with those of the non-stitched single-layer sandwich material.展开更多
The aim of this study was to fabricate multi-layered recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/OPEFB fiber/PCL composites for microwave absorbing applications in the 1 - 4 GHz frequency range. Th...The aim of this study was to fabricate multi-layered recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/OPEFB fiber/PCL composites for microwave absorbing applications in the 1 - 4 GHz frequency range. The multi-layered composites were 6 mm thick and each consisted of a 2 mm thick layer of recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/PCL composites at various loadings (5 wt% - 25 wt%) of 16.2 nm recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofiller, placed between two layers of 2 mm thick OPEFB fiber/PCL composites blended at a fixed ratio of 7:3. The real (ε') and imaginary (ε") components of the relative complex permittivity were measured using the open-ended coaxial probe technique and the values obtained were applied as inputs for the Finite Element Method to calculate the reflection coefficient magnitudes from which the reflection loss (RL) properties were determined. Both ε' and ε" increased linearly with recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofiller content and the values of ε' varied between 3.0 and 3.9 while the ε" values ranged between 0.26 and 0.64 within 1 - 4 GHz. The RL (dB) showed the most prominent values within the 1.38 - 1.46 GHz band with a minimum of -38 dB attained by the 25 wt% composite. Another batch of minimum values occurred in the 2.39 - 3.49 GHz range with the lowest of -25 dB at 2.8 GHz. The recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/OPEFB fiber/PCL multi-layered composites are promising materials that can be engineered for solving noise problems in the 1 - 4 GHz range.展开更多
With the continuous improvement of China's science and technology, the design method of steel structure is also more and more, how to better apply the module building design method to the related buildings, is the...With the continuous improvement of China's science and technology, the design method of steel structure is also more and more, how to better apply the module building design method to the related buildings, is the current issue to focus on consideration. Therefore, this paper will focus on the design method of multi-layer steel structure module and steel frame composite building structure, and analyze and study its structure, so as to improve the utilization rate of steel structure and promote the development of the construction industry.展开更多
In practical engineering construction,multi-layered barriers containing geomembranes are extensively applied to retard the migration of pollutants.However,the associated analytical theory on pollutants diffusion still...In practical engineering construction,multi-layered barriers containing geomembranes are extensively applied to retard the migration of pollutants.However,the associated analytical theory on pollutants diffusion still needs to be further improved.In this work,general analytical solutions are derived for one-dimensional diffusion of degradable organic contaminant(DOC)in the multi-layered media containing geomembranes under a time-varying concentration boundary condition,where the variable substitution and separated variable approaches are employed.These analytical solutions with clear expressions can be used not only to study the diffusion behaviors of DOC in bottom and vertical composite barrier systems,but also to verify other complex numerical models.The proposed general analytical solutions are then fully validated via three comparative analyses,including comparisons with the experimental measurements,an existing analytical solution,and a finite-difference solution.Ultimately,the influences of different factors on the composite cutoff wall’s(CCW,which consists of two soil-bentonite layers and a geomembrane)service performance are investigated through a composite vertical barrier system as the application example.The findings obtained from this investigation can provide scientific guidance for the barrier performance evaluation and the engineering design of CCWs.This application example also exhibits the necessity and effectiveness of the developed analytical solutions.展开更多
In the present study, an Al/Cu/Mg multi-layered composite was produced by accumulative roll bonding(ARB) through seven passes, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated. The microstructure invest...In the present study, an Al/Cu/Mg multi-layered composite was produced by accumulative roll bonding(ARB) through seven passes, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated. The microstructure investigations show that plastic instability occurred in both the copper and magnesium reinforcements in the primary sandwich. In addition, a composite with a perfectly uniform distribution of copper and magnesium reinforcing layers was produced during the last pass. By increasing the number of ARB cycles, the microhardness of the layers including aluminum, copper, and magnesium was significantly increased. The ultimate tensile strength of the sandwich was enhanced continually and reached a maximum value of 355.5 MPa. This strength value was about 3.2, 2, and 2.1 times higher than the initial strength values for the aluminum, copper, and magnesium sheets, respectively. Investigation of tensile fracture surfaces during the ARB process indicated that the fracture mechanism changed to shear ductile at the seventh pass.展开更多
Laser multi\|layer cladding experiments were performed on the substrate of DD3 single crystal with FGH95 powder as cladding material.The solidification microstructure in the sample was investigated.It was found that t...Laser multi\|layer cladding experiments were performed on the substrate of DD3 single crystal with FGH95 powder as cladding material.The solidification microstructure in the sample was investigated.It was found that the solidification microstructure was greatly influenced by the crystallography orientation of the substrate and the local solidification conditions.When the angle between the preferred orientation of the single crystal and the direction of heat flow in the cladding layer is less than 30°,single crystal cladding layers were acquired.Otherwise the crystallography orientation of the cladding layer will deviate from the orientation of the substrate and the microstructure with polycrystalline appears.Meanwhile,even when the experiments were performed on the same preferred crystal surface,the solidification microstructures will be different distinctly resulting from the variation of the local solidification conditions.The secondary arms were degenerated and the primary arm spacing was about 10\|20μm.Further investigation shows that the phases of the cladding layer are mainly made up ofγ,γ′,the flower\|likeγ/γ′eutectic and carbide.The morphology ofγ′was cubical and the size is less than 0.1μm.展开更多
Complex chaotic sequences are widely employed in real world, so obtaining more complex sequences have received highly interest. For enhancing the complexity of chaotic sequences, a common approach is increasing the sc...Complex chaotic sequences are widely employed in real world, so obtaining more complex sequences have received highly interest. For enhancing the complexity of chaotic sequences, a common approach is increasing the scroll-number of attractors. In this paper, a novel method to control system for generating multi-layer nested chaotic attractors is proposed.At first, a piecewise(PW) function, namely quadratic staircase function, is designed. Unlike pulse signals, each level-logic of this function is square constant, and it is easy to realize. Then, by introducing the PW functions to a modified Chua's system with cubic nonlinear terms, the system can generate multi-layer nested Chua's attractors. The dynamical properties of the system are numerically investigated. Finally, the hardware implementation of the chaotic system is used FPGA chip.Experimental results show that theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are right. This chaotic oscillator consuming low power and utilization less resources is suitable for real applications.展开更多
A composite absorber made of a polyurethane sponge and multi-layer micro-perforated plates is pre-sented in this study.Results from an acoustic impedance tube test show that the polyurethane sponge can exhibits higher...A composite absorber made of a polyurethane sponge and multi-layer micro-perforated plates is pre-sented in this study.Results from an acoustic impedance tube test show that the polyurethane sponge can exhibits higher low-frequency sound absorption in front of the micro-perforated plate,while sound absorption at medium and high-frequencies remains low.The physical mechanism behind this is that the micro-perforated plate increases the denpth cavity.If the polyurethane sponge is placed behind the micro-perforated plate,the amplitude of the original absorption peak will remain constant,but the ab-sorption peaks will shift to lower frequencies.The reason for this phenomenon is that porous materials with low flow resistance can be approximately equivalent to fluid,which not only does not affect the res-onance absorption coefficient of micro-perforated plate,but also makes the peaks move to low frequency.This study has the potential applications in the sound absorption design of composite structure.展开更多
Heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems in many industrial applications.Due to different materials types,interface conditions,and various geometries of t...Heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems in many industrial applications.Due to different materials types,interface conditions,and various geometries of these laminates,the heat conduction mechanism is more complicated than that of one-layer isotropic media.Analytical solutions are the best ways to study and understand such problems in depth.In this study,different existing analytical solutions for heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials are reviewed and classified in rectangular,cylindrical,spherical,and conical coordinates.Applied boundary conditions,internal heat source,and thermal contact resistance as the most critical parameters in the solution complexity investigated in the literature,are discussed and summarized in different tables.Various types of multi-layer structures such as isotropic,anisotropic,orthotropic,and reinforced laminates are included in this study.It is found that although more than half a century has passed since the beginning of the research on heat transfer in multi-layer composites,new researches that can help with a better understanding in this area are still being offered.The challenges and shortcomings in this area are also discussed to guide future researches.展开更多
In recent years,explosion shock wave has been considered as a signature injury of the current military conflicts.Although strong shock wave is lethal to the human body,weak shock wave can cause many more lasting conse...In recent years,explosion shock wave has been considered as a signature injury of the current military conflicts.Although strong shock wave is lethal to the human body,weak shock wave can cause many more lasting consequences.To investigate the protection ability and characteristics of flexible materials and structures under weak shock wave loading,the blast wave produced by TNT explosive is loaded on the polyurethane foam with the density of 200.0 kg/m3(F-200)and 400.0 kg/m3(F-400),polyurea with the density of 1100.0 kg/m^(3)(P-1100)and structures composed of the two materials,which are intended for individual protection.Experimental results indicate that the shock wave is attenuated to weak pressure disturbance after interacting with the flexible materials which are not damaged.The shock wave protective capability of single-layer materials is dependent on their thickness,density and microscopic characteristics.The overpressure,maximum pressure rise rate and impulse of transmitted wave decrease exponentially with increase in sample thickness.For the same thickness,F-400 provides better protective capability than F-200 while P-1100 shows the best protective capability among the three materials.In this study,as the materials are not destroyed,F-200 with a thickness more than10.0 mm,F-400 with a thickness more than 4.0 mm,and P-1100 with a thickness more than 1.0 mm can attenuate the overpressure amplitude more than 90.0%.Further,multi-layer flexible composites are designed.Different layer layouts of designed structures and layer thickness of the single-layer materials can affect the protective performance.Within the research range,the structure in which polyurea is placed on the impact side shows the optimal shock wave protective performance,and the thicknesses of polyurea and polyurethane foam are 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm respectively.The overpressure attenuation rate reached maximum value of 93.3%and impulse attenuation capacity of this structure are better than those of single-layer polyurea and polyurethane foam with higher areal density.展开更多
The intestinal wall is considered as a highly composite heterogeneous tissue characterized by a strong nonlinear stress-strain passive response with an exponential stiffening effect at higher deformations.The conventi...The intestinal wall is considered as a highly composite heterogeneous tissue characterized by a strong nonlinear stress-strain passive response with an exponential stiffening effect at higher deformations.The conventional theory of fiber-reinforced elastic solids allows one to describe the anisotropic strain energy as a function of the pseudo-invariants arising from the coupling of the elastic deformation and the direction of fiber reinforcement.In this paper,a multi-layer finite element model of the intestine walls is developed,based on an anisotropic hyperelastic theory of the layered structure,in which each layer may be considered as a composite reinforced by two families of fibers that are arranged in symmetrical spirals.A potential is proposed to model the intestine walls as a fiber-reinforced composite consisting of two directions of muscle-fiber reinforcement and a cross-ply collagen arrangement.Moreover,finite element simulations of a specimen cut from the intestinal walls were carried out by using the same form of strain-energy function,described by a well-known Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel(GOH)model,for each layer.The model parameters were optimized by fitting the model to the experimental stress-stretch responses in both longitudinal and circumferential directions.In order to verify the proposed model,finite element analyses were carried out to investigate the distributions of equivalent stress in the intestine after the complete deployment of capsule robot legs.展开更多
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.lzujbky-2024-05)Innovation Foundation of Provincial Education Department of Gansu(2024B-005)+2 种基金Scientific Department of Gansu(24CXGA083,24CXGA024,JK2024-28,JK2024-32 and 23CXJA0007)Industrial Support Plan Project of Provincial Education Department of Gansu(2025CYZC-003 and CYZC-2024-10)the Hunan Natural Science Foundation Science and Education Joint Fund Project(2022JJ60109).
文摘Transportation structures such as composite pavements and railway foundations typically consist of multi-layered media designed to withstand high bearing capacity.A theoretical understanding of load transfer mechanisms in these multi-layer composites is essential,as it offers intuitive insights into parametric influences and facilitates enhanced structural performance.This paper employs an improved transfer matrix method to address the limitations of existing theoretical approaches for analyzing multi-layer composite structures.By establishing a twodimensional composite pavement model,it investigates load transfer characteristics and validates the accuracy through finite element simulation.The proposed method offers a straightforward analytical approach for examining internal interactions between structural layers.Case studies indicate that the concrete surface layer is the main load-bearing layer for most vertical normal and shear stresses.The soil base layer reduces the overall mechanical response of the substructure,while horizontal actions increase the risk of interfacial slip and cracking.Structural optimization analysis demonstrates that increasing the thickness of the concrete surface layer,enhancing the thickness and stiffness of the soil base layer,or incorporating gradient layers can significantly mitigate these risks of interfacial slip and cracking.The findings of this study can guide the optimization design,parameter analysis,and damage prevention of multi-layer composite structures.
基金financial supports from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2012AA030303)the Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CAS2012)the Fund for Creative Research Groups(No.51221264)
文摘In order to improve mechanical properties of soft poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) films,we used commercial multi-layer graphene(MLG) with large size and high structural integrity as reinforcing fillers,and prepared MLG/PVC composite films by using conventional melt-mixing methods.Microstructures,static and dynamic mechanical properties of the MLG/PVC composite films were investigated.The results showed that a small amount of MLG loading could greatly increase the mechanical properties of the MLG/PVC composites.The tensile modulus of the 0.96 wt%MLG/PVC composites was up to 40 MPa,increasing by31.3%in comparison to the neat PVC.Such a significant mechanical reinforcement was mainly attributed to uniform dispersion of the large-size MLG,good compatibility and strong interactions among MLG and plasticizers and PVC.
文摘This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of the fabrication of nanostructured Cu/Al/Ag multi-layered composites by accumulative roll bonding(ARB),and to analyze the tensile properties and electrical conductivity of the produced composites.A theoretical model using strengthening mechanisms and some structural parameters extracted from X-ray diffraction is also developed to predict the tensile strength of the composites.It was found that by progression of ARB,the experimental and calculated tensile strengths are enhanced,reach a maximum of about 450 and 510 MPa at the fifth cycle of ARB,respectively and then are reduced.The electrical conductivity decreased slightly by increasing the number of ARB cycles at initial ARB cycles,but the decrease was intensified at the final ARB cycles.In conclusion,the merit of ARB to fabricate this type of multi-layered nanocomposites and the accuracy of the developed model to predict tensile strength were realized.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11972018,No.12002336)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021M701710)。
文摘This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the charge,a peak overpressure prediction model for the composite charge under singlepoint detonation and simultaneous detonation was established.The effects of the charge structure and initiation method on the overpressure field characteristics were investigated in AUTODYN simulation.The accuracy of the prediction model and the reliability of the numerical simulation method were subsequently verified in a series of static explosion experiments.The results reveal that the mass of the inner charge was the key factor determining the peak overpressure of the composite charge under single-point detonation.The peak overpressure in the radial direction improved apparently with an increase in the aspect ratio of the charge.The overpressure curves in the axial direction exhibited a multi-peak phenomenon,and the secondary peak overpressure even exceeded the primary peak at distances of 30D and 40D(where D is the charge diameter).The difference in peak overpressure among azimuth angles of 0-90°gradually decreased with an increase in the propagation distance of the shock wave.The coupled effect of the detonation energy of the inner and outer charge under simultaneous detonation improved the overpressure in both radial and axial directions.The difference in peak overpressure obtained from model prediction and experimental measurements was less than 16.4%.
文摘Carbon fiber reinforced high density polyethylene multi-layered laminated composite panels（HDPE/CF MLCP） with excellent in-plane properties along transverse direction have been formulated. Composite architectures with carbon fiber（CF） designed in 2D layout in conventional composites can alleviate their properties in thickness direction, but all attempts so far developed have achieved restrained success. Here,we have exposed an approach to the high strength composite challenge, without altering the 2D stack design on the basis of concept of fiber reinforced laminated composites that would provide enhanced mechanical and thermal properties along transverse direction. CF sheets allowed the buckling of adjoining plies in 2D MLCP. We fabricated 2D MLCP by stacking the alternative CF and HDPE layers under different loading conditions, which resulted in high strength composites. These plies of CF and HDPE served as unit cells for MLCP, with CF offering much-needed fracture toughness and hardness to these materials.For 2D HDPE/CF MLCP, we demonstrated noteworthy improvement in physical and chemical interaction between CF and HDPE, in-plane fracture strain, flexural strength（30.684 MPa）, bending modulus（7436.254 MPa）, thermal stability（40.94%）, and surface morphology, upon increasing the CF layers up to twenty, enabling these composites truly for high temperature and high strength applications.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.11625210)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51873153)+1 种基金the Shanghai Pujiang Program(Grant No.19PJ1410000)the Shanghai International Science and Technology Cooperation Fund Project(Grant No.19520713000).
文摘In this study,a high impact resistant multi-layered composite consisting of continuous carbon fibre/nylon(CCF)and short carbon fibre/nylon(SCF)layers is developed via 3D printing technology.The effect of CCF/SCF layers configuration on the impact resistance is investigated by low-velocity impact test,and the impact failure mechanism of the 3D printed composites is explored by microscopic observations and finite element(FE)simulation analysis.The results show that the 3D printed multi-layered composite with SCF layers distributed in the middle(HFA)exhibits higher impact resistant performance than the specimens with alternating SCF/CCF layers(HFB)and CCF layers distributed in the middle(HFC).The effect of CCF/SCF layers proportion on the impact performance is also studied by FE simulation,and the results show that the specimen with a CCF/SCF proportion of 7.0 exhibits the highest impact strength.
文摘Low-velocity impact damage known as“imperceptible”damage usually destroys the structural integrity of the material and seriously affects the service life of the materials.To improve the low-velocity impact resistance of foam sandwich composites,an innovative concept of a stitched multi-layer sandwich structure by organically combining the discrete splitting of foam layer with full thickness stitching was proposed,and its low-velocity impact resistance obtained through drop-hammer impact tests was explored.The results showed that the multi-layer foam sandwich structure acted as a stress disperser and reduced the irreversible impact damage.The depth and area of low-velocity impact damage of multi-layer foam sandwich composites gradually decreased with increasing the number of the layers.The stitched structure would improve the integrity of the foam sandwich composites and inhibit the propagation of cracks.The maximum impact load of the stitched foam sandwich composite increased by approximately 5% compared with that of the non-stitched material.In addition,the low-velocity impact damage depth,damage area and absorbed energy of the stitched three-layer foam sandwich composite were reduced by 37.7%,34.6% and 20.7%,respectively,compared with those of the non-stitched single-layer sandwich material.
文摘The aim of this study was to fabricate multi-layered recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/OPEFB fiber/PCL composites for microwave absorbing applications in the 1 - 4 GHz frequency range. The multi-layered composites were 6 mm thick and each consisted of a 2 mm thick layer of recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/PCL composites at various loadings (5 wt% - 25 wt%) of 16.2 nm recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofiller, placed between two layers of 2 mm thick OPEFB fiber/PCL composites blended at a fixed ratio of 7:3. The real (ε') and imaginary (ε") components of the relative complex permittivity were measured using the open-ended coaxial probe technique and the values obtained were applied as inputs for the Finite Element Method to calculate the reflection coefficient magnitudes from which the reflection loss (RL) properties were determined. Both ε' and ε" increased linearly with recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofiller content and the values of ε' varied between 3.0 and 3.9 while the ε" values ranged between 0.26 and 0.64 within 1 - 4 GHz. The RL (dB) showed the most prominent values within the 1.38 - 1.46 GHz band with a minimum of -38 dB attained by the 25 wt% composite. Another batch of minimum values occurred in the 2.39 - 3.49 GHz range with the lowest of -25 dB at 2.8 GHz. The recycled α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/OPEFB fiber/PCL multi-layered composites are promising materials that can be engineered for solving noise problems in the 1 - 4 GHz range.
文摘With the continuous improvement of China's science and technology, the design method of steel structure is also more and more, how to better apply the module building design method to the related buildings, is the current issue to focus on consideration. Therefore, this paper will focus on the design method of multi-layer steel structure module and steel frame composite building structure, and analyze and study its structure, so as to improve the utilization rate of steel structure and promote the development of the construction industry.
基金Project(2023YFC3707800)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China。
文摘In practical engineering construction,multi-layered barriers containing geomembranes are extensively applied to retard the migration of pollutants.However,the associated analytical theory on pollutants diffusion still needs to be further improved.In this work,general analytical solutions are derived for one-dimensional diffusion of degradable organic contaminant(DOC)in the multi-layered media containing geomembranes under a time-varying concentration boundary condition,where the variable substitution and separated variable approaches are employed.These analytical solutions with clear expressions can be used not only to study the diffusion behaviors of DOC in bottom and vertical composite barrier systems,but also to verify other complex numerical models.The proposed general analytical solutions are then fully validated via three comparative analyses,including comparisons with the experimental measurements,an existing analytical solution,and a finite-difference solution.Ultimately,the influences of different factors on the composite cutoff wall’s(CCW,which consists of two soil-bentonite layers and a geomembrane)service performance are investigated through a composite vertical barrier system as the application example.The findings obtained from this investigation can provide scientific guidance for the barrier performance evaluation and the engineering design of CCWs.This application example also exhibits the necessity and effectiveness of the developed analytical solutions.
文摘In the present study, an Al/Cu/Mg multi-layered composite was produced by accumulative roll bonding(ARB) through seven passes, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated. The microstructure investigations show that plastic instability occurred in both the copper and magnesium reinforcements in the primary sandwich. In addition, a composite with a perfectly uniform distribution of copper and magnesium reinforcing layers was produced during the last pass. By increasing the number of ARB cycles, the microhardness of the layers including aluminum, copper, and magnesium was significantly increased. The ultimate tensile strength of the sandwich was enhanced continually and reached a maximum value of 355.5 MPa. This strength value was about 3.2, 2, and 2.1 times higher than the initial strength values for the aluminum, copper, and magnesium sheets, respectively. Investigation of tensile fracture surfaces during the ARB process indicated that the fracture mechanism changed to shear ductile at the seventh pass.
基金National Key Basic Research Development Program me of china(No.G2000067205-3)
文摘Laser multi\|layer cladding experiments were performed on the substrate of DD3 single crystal with FGH95 powder as cladding material.The solidification microstructure in the sample was investigated.It was found that the solidification microstructure was greatly influenced by the crystallography orientation of the substrate and the local solidification conditions.When the angle between the preferred orientation of the single crystal and the direction of heat flow in the cladding layer is less than 30°,single crystal cladding layers were acquired.Otherwise the crystallography orientation of the cladding layer will deviate from the orientation of the substrate and the microstructure with polycrystalline appears.Meanwhile,even when the experiments were performed on the same preferred crystal surface,the solidification microstructures will be different distinctly resulting from the variation of the local solidification conditions.The secondary arms were degenerated and the primary arm spacing was about 10\|20μm.Further investigation shows that the phases of the cladding layer are mainly made up ofγ,γ′,the flower\|likeγ/γ′eutectic and carbide.The morphology ofγ′was cubical and the size is less than 0.1μm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62071411)。
文摘Complex chaotic sequences are widely employed in real world, so obtaining more complex sequences have received highly interest. For enhancing the complexity of chaotic sequences, a common approach is increasing the scroll-number of attractors. In this paper, a novel method to control system for generating multi-layer nested chaotic attractors is proposed.At first, a piecewise(PW) function, namely quadratic staircase function, is designed. Unlike pulse signals, each level-logic of this function is square constant, and it is easy to realize. Then, by introducing the PW functions to a modified Chua's system with cubic nonlinear terms, the system can generate multi-layer nested Chua's attractors. The dynamical properties of the system are numerically investigated. Finally, the hardware implementation of the chaotic system is used FPGA chip.Experimental results show that theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are right. This chaotic oscillator consuming low power and utilization less resources is suitable for real applications.
基金by Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(Grant 20181553015)Foundation of Shaanxi Educational Committee(Grant 2018BSHYDZZ03)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11704314)China Postdoctoral Sci-ence Foundation(Grant 2018M631194).
文摘A composite absorber made of a polyurethane sponge and multi-layer micro-perforated plates is pre-sented in this study.Results from an acoustic impedance tube test show that the polyurethane sponge can exhibits higher low-frequency sound absorption in front of the micro-perforated plate,while sound absorption at medium and high-frequencies remains low.The physical mechanism behind this is that the micro-perforated plate increases the denpth cavity.If the polyurethane sponge is placed behind the micro-perforated plate,the amplitude of the original absorption peak will remain constant,but the ab-sorption peaks will shift to lower frequencies.The reason for this phenomenon is that porous materials with low flow resistance can be approximately equivalent to fluid,which not only does not affect the res-onance absorption coefficient of micro-perforated plate,but also makes the peaks move to low frequency.This study has the potential applications in the sound absorption design of composite structure.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52025061 and No.51961130386)the financial support from the Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship grant(NAF\R1\191163).
文摘Heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems in many industrial applications.Due to different materials types,interface conditions,and various geometries of these laminates,the heat conduction mechanism is more complicated than that of one-layer isotropic media.Analytical solutions are the best ways to study and understand such problems in depth.In this study,different existing analytical solutions for heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials are reviewed and classified in rectangular,cylindrical,spherical,and conical coordinates.Applied boundary conditions,internal heat source,and thermal contact resistance as the most critical parameters in the solution complexity investigated in the literature,are discussed and summarized in different tables.Various types of multi-layer structures such as isotropic,anisotropic,orthotropic,and reinforced laminates are included in this study.It is found that although more than half a century has passed since the beginning of the research on heat transfer in multi-layer composites,new researches that can help with a better understanding in this area are still being offered.The challenges and shortcomings in this area are also discussed to guide future researches.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12221002,12102233)。
文摘In recent years,explosion shock wave has been considered as a signature injury of the current military conflicts.Although strong shock wave is lethal to the human body,weak shock wave can cause many more lasting consequences.To investigate the protection ability and characteristics of flexible materials and structures under weak shock wave loading,the blast wave produced by TNT explosive is loaded on the polyurethane foam with the density of 200.0 kg/m3(F-200)and 400.0 kg/m3(F-400),polyurea with the density of 1100.0 kg/m^(3)(P-1100)and structures composed of the two materials,which are intended for individual protection.Experimental results indicate that the shock wave is attenuated to weak pressure disturbance after interacting with the flexible materials which are not damaged.The shock wave protective capability of single-layer materials is dependent on their thickness,density and microscopic characteristics.The overpressure,maximum pressure rise rate and impulse of transmitted wave decrease exponentially with increase in sample thickness.For the same thickness,F-400 provides better protective capability than F-200 while P-1100 shows the best protective capability among the three materials.In this study,as the materials are not destroyed,F-200 with a thickness more than10.0 mm,F-400 with a thickness more than 4.0 mm,and P-1100 with a thickness more than 1.0 mm can attenuate the overpressure amplitude more than 90.0%.Further,multi-layer flexible composites are designed.Different layer layouts of designed structures and layer thickness of the single-layer materials can affect the protective performance.Within the research range,the structure in which polyurea is placed on the impact side shows the optimal shock wave protective performance,and the thicknesses of polyurea and polyurethane foam are 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm respectively.The overpressure attenuation rate reached maximum value of 93.3%and impulse attenuation capacity of this structure are better than those of single-layer polyurea and polyurethane foam with higher areal density.
文摘The intestinal wall is considered as a highly composite heterogeneous tissue characterized by a strong nonlinear stress-strain passive response with an exponential stiffening effect at higher deformations.The conventional theory of fiber-reinforced elastic solids allows one to describe the anisotropic strain energy as a function of the pseudo-invariants arising from the coupling of the elastic deformation and the direction of fiber reinforcement.In this paper,a multi-layer finite element model of the intestine walls is developed,based on an anisotropic hyperelastic theory of the layered structure,in which each layer may be considered as a composite reinforced by two families of fibers that are arranged in symmetrical spirals.A potential is proposed to model the intestine walls as a fiber-reinforced composite consisting of two directions of muscle-fiber reinforcement and a cross-ply collagen arrangement.Moreover,finite element simulations of a specimen cut from the intestinal walls were carried out by using the same form of strain-energy function,described by a well-known Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel(GOH)model,for each layer.The model parameters were optimized by fitting the model to the experimental stress-stretch responses in both longitudinal and circumferential directions.In order to verify the proposed model,finite element analyses were carried out to investigate the distributions of equivalent stress in the intestine after the complete deployment of capsule robot legs.
