In oil and gas well cementing processes,accurately predicting the bottom hole circulating temperature(BHCT)is critical to ensuring effective zonal isolation.Overestimating the temperature can lead to excessive retarda...In oil and gas well cementing processes,accurately predicting the bottom hole circulating temperature(BHCT)is critical to ensuring effective zonal isolation.Overestimating the temperature can lead to excessive retardation issues,while underestimation can cause cementing accidents.Current methods for calculating the BHCT of cement slurry typically simplify the cementing processes to a single-fluid circulation and ignore the impact of pre-cementing processes on temperature,leading to significant discrepancies between calculated and actual results.In this study,the wellbore and formation are simplified into a two-dimensional axisymmetric structure,and a mathematical model of the temperature field under multi-fluid and multi-step conditions is established based on the law of energy conservation.The finite volume method was used to discretize the model,and a transient temperature field solver for the entire cementing process was developed,which can numerically calculate the temperature of any fluid at any time,any location.For an actual well example,the temperature distribution of the wellbore and formation after casing running is taken as the initial condition.Numerical calculations were performed sequentially to calculate the temperature fields of circulation flushing,wellbore preparation,and cementing,as well as the BHCT of the cement slurry.The study reveals that during the circulation flushing stage,the maximum temperature point in the wellbore is located at a distance of about 366 m above the bottom of the well.In the wellbore preparation stage,due to static heat exchange,the maximum temperature point gradually shifts to the bottom of the well.The BHCT of cement slurry changes continuously under cementing processes with multi-fluid and multi-step,making it a transient value.The BHCT of the lead slurry and tail slurry are not equal,with the maximum BHCT of the tail slurry being 2.46°C higher than that of the lead slurry.If circulation flushing and wellbore preparation are not considered,the calculated BHCT of the cement slurry will have errors of+6.8%and-1.9%.The study highlighted that considering thermal effects of all cementing stages,such as circulation flushing and wellbore preparation,in BHCT calculations can help improve prediction accuracy.展开更多
Two interface capturing methods are studied for multi fluid flows, governed by the stiffened gas equation of state. The mixture type interface capturing algorithm uses a simple volume fraction model Euler equations wr...Two interface capturing methods are studied for multi fluid flows, governed by the stiffened gas equation of state. The mixture type interface capturing algorithm uses a simple volume fraction model Euler equations written in a quasi conservative form, which is solved by a standard high resolution piecewise parabolic method (PPM) with multi fluid Riemann solver. The level set interface capturing method uses a narrow band ghost fluid method (GFM) with no numerical smearing. Several examples are presented and compared for one and two dimensions, which show the feasibility of the two methods applied to various multi fluid problems.展开更多
A multi-fluid blast furnace model was simply introduced and was used to simulate several innovative ironmaking operations. The simulation results show that injecting hydrogen bearing materials, especially injecting na...A multi-fluid blast furnace model was simply introduced and was used to simulate several innovative ironmaking operations. The simulation results show that injecting hydrogen bearing materials, especially injecting natural gas and plastics, the hydrogen reduction is enhanced, and the furnace performance is improved simultaneously. Total heat input shows obvious decrease due to the decrease of heat consumption in direct reduction, solution loss and silicon transfer reactions. If carbon composite agglomerates are charged into the furnace, the temperature of thermal reserve zone will obviously decrease, and the reduction of iron-bearing burden materials will be retarded. However, the efficiency of blast furnace is improved just due to the decrease in heat requirements for solution loss, sinter reduction, and silicon transfer reactions, and less heat loss through top gas and furnace wall. Finally, the model is used to investigate the performance of blast furnace under the condition of top gas recycling together with plastics injection, cold oxygen blasting and carbon composite agglomerate charging. The lower furnace temperature, extremely accelerated reduction rate, drastically decreased CO2 emission and remarkably enhanced heat efficiency were obtained by using the innovative operations, and the blast furnace operation with superhigh efficiency can be realized.展开更多
The Euler-Euler model is less effective in capturing the free surface of flow film in the spiral separator,and thus a Eulerian multi-fluid volume of fluid(VOF)model was first proposed to describe the particulate flow ...The Euler-Euler model is less effective in capturing the free surface of flow film in the spiral separator,and thus a Eulerian multi-fluid volume of fluid(VOF)model was first proposed to describe the particulate flow in spiral separators.In order to improve the applicability of the model in the high solid concentration system,the Bagnold effect was incorporated into the modelling framework.The capability of the proposed model in terms of predicting the flow film shape in a LD9 spiral separator was evaluated via comparison with measured flow film thicknesses reported in literature.Results showed that sharp air–water and air-pulp interfaces can be obtained using the proposed model,and the shapes of the predicted flow films before and after particle addition were reasonably consistent with the observations reported in literature.Furthermore,the experimental and numerical simulation of the separation of quartz and hematite were performed in a laboratory-scale spiral separator.When the Bagnold lift force model was considered,predictions of the grade of iron and solid concentration by mass for different trough lengths were more consistent with experimental data.In the initial development stage,the quartz particles at the bottom of the flow layer were more possible to be lifted due to the Bagnold force.Thus,a better predicted vertical stratification between quartz and hematite particles was obtained,which provided favorable conditions for subsequent radial segregation.展开更多
Recently,electrospinning(ESP)has been widely used as a synthetic technology to prepare nanofibers with unique properties from various raw materials.The applications of functionalized nanofibers have gradually develope...Recently,electrospinning(ESP)has been widely used as a synthetic technology to prepare nanofibers with unique properties from various raw materials.The applications of functionalized nanofibers have gradually developed into one of the most exciting topics in the field of materials science.In this review,we focus on the preparation of multi-structure fibrous nanomaterials by means of multi-fluidic ESP and review the applications of multi-structure nanofibers in energy,catalysis,and biology.First,the working principle and process of ESP are introduced;then,we demonstrate how the microfluidic concept is com-bined with the ESP technique to the multi-fluidic ESP technique.Subsequently,the applications of multi-structure nanofibers in energy(Li^(+)/Na^(+)batteries and Li–S batteries),hetero-catalysis,and biology(drug delivery and tissue engineering)are introduced.Finally,challenges and future directions in this emerging field are summarized.展开更多
Based on the classical Roe method, we develop an interface capture method according to the general equation of state, and extend the single-fluid Roe method to the two-dimensional （2D） multi-fluid flows, as well as ...Based on the classical Roe method, we develop an interface capture method according to the general equation of state, and extend the single-fluid Roe method to the two-dimensional （2D） multi-fluid flows, as well as construct the continuous Roe matrix for the whole flow field. The interface capture equations and fluid dynamic conservative equations are coupled together and solved by using any high-resolution schemes that usually suit for the single-fluid flows. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the solution of 1D and 2D multi-fluid Riemann problems.展开更多
Quantitative representation of complicated behavior of fluid mixtures in the critical region by any of equation-of-state theories re-mains as a difficult thermodynamic topics to date. In the present work, a computatio...Quantitative representation of complicated behavior of fluid mixtures in the critical region by any of equation-of-state theories re-mains as a difficult thermodynamic topics to date. In the present work, a computational efforts were made for representing various types of critical loci of binary water with hydrocarbon systems showing Type II and Type III phase behavior by an elementary equation of state [called multi-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid EOS (MF-NLF EOS)] based on the lattice statistical mechanical theory. The model EOS requires two mo-lecular parameters which representing molecular size and interaction energy for a pure component and single adjustable interaction energy pa-rameter for binary mixtures. Critical temperature and pressure data were used to obtain molecular size parameter and vapor pressure data were used to obtain interaction energy parameter. The MF-NLF EOS model adapted in the present study correlated quantitatively well the critical loci of various binary water with hydrocarbon systems.展开更多
A three-fluid equilibrium plasma with bulk plasma and energetic electrons has been observed on the Xuanlong-50(EXL-50) spherical torus, where the energetic electrons play a crucial role in sustaining the plasma curren...A three-fluid equilibrium plasma with bulk plasma and energetic electrons has been observed on the Xuanlong-50(EXL-50) spherical torus, where the energetic electrons play a crucial role in sustaining the plasma current and pressure. In this study, the equilibrium of a multi-fluid plasma was investigated by analyzing the relationship between the external vertical magnetic field(B_(V)),plasma current(I_(p)), the poloidal ratio(β_(p)) and the Shafranov formula. Remarkably, our research demonstrates some validity of the Shafranov formula in the presence of multi-fluid plasma in EXL-50 spherical torus. This finding holds significant importance for future reactors as it allows for differentiation between alpha particles and background plasma. The study of multi-fluid plasma provides a significant reference value for the equilibrium reconstruction of burning plasma involving alpha particles.展开更多
Based on multi-fluid volume fraction and piecewise parabolic method （PPM）, a multi-viscosity-fluid hydrodynamic code MVPPM （Multi-Viscosity-Fluid Piecewise Parabolic Method） is developed and applied to the problem...Based on multi-fluid volume fraction and piecewise parabolic method （PPM）, a multi-viscosity-fluid hydrodynamic code MVPPM （Multi-Viscosity-Fluid Piecewise Parabolic Method） is developed and applied to the problems of shock-induced hydrodynamic interfacial instability and mixing. Simulations of gas/liquid interface instability show that the influences of initial perturbations on the fluid mixing zone （FMZ） growth are significant, especially at the late stages, while grids have only a slight effect on the FMZ width, when the interface is impulsively accelerated by a shock wave passing through it. A numerical study of the hydrodynamic interfacial instability and mixing of gaseous flows impacted by re-shocks is presented. It reveals that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results and the mixing growth rate strongly depends on initial conditions. Ultimately, the jelly layer experiment relevant to the instability impacted by exploding is simulated. The shape of jelly interface, position of front face of jelly layer, crest and trough of perturbation versus time are given; their simulated results are in good agreement with experimental results.展开更多
The reducibility of iron-bearing burdens was emphasized for improving the operation efficiency of blast furnace. The blast furnace operation of charging the burdens with high reducibility has been numerically evaluate...The reducibility of iron-bearing burdens was emphasized for improving the operation efficiency of blast furnace. The blast furnace operation of charging the burdens with high reducibility has been numerically evaluated using a multi-fluid blast furnace model. The effects of reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients were investigated separately or simultaneously for clarifying the variations of furnace state. According to the model simulation results, in the upper zone, the indirect reduction of the burdens proceeds at a faster rate and the shaft efficiency is enhanced with the improvement under the conditions of interface reaction and intra-particle diffusion. In the lower zone, direct reduction in molten slag is restrained. As a consequence, CO utilization of top gas is enhanced and the ratio of direct reduction is decreased. It is possible to achieve higher energy efficiency of the blast furnace, and this is represented by the improvement in productivity and the decrease in consumption of reducing agent. The use of high-reducibility burdens contributes to a better performance of blast furnace. More efforts are necessary to develop and apply highreducibility sinter and carbon composite agglomerates for practical application at a blast furnace.展开更多
The Lagrangian DDM （discrete droplet model） is state-of-the-art for CFD （computational fluid dynamics） simulations of mixture formation and combustion in industrial engines. A commonly known drawback of the DDM ap...The Lagrangian DDM （discrete droplet model） is state-of-the-art for CFD （computational fluid dynamics） simulations of mixture formation and combustion in industrial engines. A commonly known drawback of the DDM approach is the attenuated validity in the dense spray, where the bulk liquid disintegrates into droplets. There the assumption of single droplets surrounded by a homogenous gas field is not reasonable. In this region, the Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase approach performs better because instead of parcels the spray is represented by the volume fractions of one bulk liquid and several droplet size class phases. A further drawback of the DDM approach is that increasing the spatial resolution of the computational grid leads to a reduced statistical convergence, since the number of spray parcels per computational cell becomes smaller. It is desirable to combine the benefits of both spray approaches in coupled CFD simulations. Therefore, the dense spray region is simulated separately with the Eulerian spray approach on a highly resolved mesh covering only the region close to the nozzle orifice. The entire engine domain with combustion and emission models is simulated with the Eulerian-Lagrangian spray approach for the dilute spray region. The two simulations are coupled through exchange of boundary conditions and model source terms. An on-line coupling interface manages the data transfer between the two simulation clients, i.e., Eulerian spray and engine client. The aim of this work is to extend the coupled spray approach in terms of exchanging combustion related heat and species sources, and consequently creating the link between Eulerian spray and combustion models. The results show mixture formation and combustion in real-case engine simulations, and demonstrate the feasibility of spray model combination in engineering applications.展开更多
Blast furnace operation with hot burden charging was numerically simulated to preliminarily analyze its advantages and disadvantages. Multi-fluid blast furnace model was utilized to simulate hot burden charging operat...Blast furnace operation with hot burden charging was numerically simulated to preliminarily analyze its advantages and disadvantages. Multi-fluid blast furnace model was utilized to simulate hot burden charging operations under the conditions that the charging temperatures of pellet and coke were supposed separately or simultaneously as 800℃. The results showed that, with hot burden charging, the furnace top temperature significantly increased in comparison to the conventional operation with cold hurden charging. However, in-furnace temperature decreased, which decelerated the reduction rate of ferrous burdens. The concentrations of reducing gases were decreased in the furnace. The height of cohesive zone shifted downwards. When the charging temperatures of pellet and coke were simultaneously 800 ~C （PC800）, coke rate, fuel rate and carbon emission rate were decreased by 13.4, 22.1 and 19.25 kg ~ t-1 , respectively. The ratio of ore to coke, solid burden charging rate and hot metal productivity were increased by 4. 790%, 7.55 kg · s^- 1 and 6.38%, respectively. Heat taken away by top gas and energy consumption per ton hot metal were increased by 68.97% and 6.40%, respectively. Generally speaking, hot burden charging was ad verse to energy utilization of blast furnace.展开更多
The validity of single-fluid model in inertial confinement fusion simulations is studied by comparing the results of the multi- and single-fluid models. The multi-fluid model includes the effects of collision and inte...The validity of single-fluid model in inertial confinement fusion simulations is studied by comparing the results of the multi- and single-fluid models. The multi-fluid model includes the effects of collision and interpenetration between fluid species. By simulating the collision of fluid species, steady-state shock propagation into the thin DT gas and expansion of hohlraum Au wall heated by lasers, the results show that the validity of single-fluid model is strongly dependent on the ratio of the characteristic length of the simulated system to the particle mean free path. When the characteristic length L is one order larger than the mean free path A, the single-fluid model＇s results are found to be in good agreement with the multi-fluid model＇s simulations, and the modeling of single-fluid remains valid. If the value of L/A is lower than 10, the interpenetration between fluid species is significant, and the single-fluid simulations show some unphysical results; while the multi-fluid model can describe well the interpenetration and mix phenomena, and give more reasonable results.展开更多
Experimental residence time distribution (RTD) measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation are the best methods to study the hydrodynamics of process flow systems. However, CFD approach leads to bett...Experimental residence time distribution (RTD) measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation are the best methods to study the hydrodynamics of process flow systems. However, CFD approach leads to better understanding of the flow structure and extent of mixing in stirred tanks. In the present study, CFD models were used to simulate the flow in an industrial gold leaching tank. The objective of the investigation was to characterize the flowfield generated within the tank after process intensification. The flow was simulated using an Eulerian-Eulerian multi-fluid model where the RANS standard kmixture model and a multiple reference frame approach were used to model turbulence and impeller rotation respectively. The simulated flowfield was found to be in agreement with the flow pattern of pitched blade axial-flow impellers that was used for mixing. The leaching tank exhibited good “off-bottom suspension” which reveals minimum deposition of gold ore particles on the bottom of the leaching tanks. Simulation results were consistent with experimental results obtained from a radioactive tracer investigation. CFD approach gave a better description of the flow structure and extent of mixing in a leaching tank. Hence it could be a preferred approach for flow system analysis where the cost of experimentation is high.展开更多
In this paper,a remapping-free adaptive GRP method for one dimensional(1-D)compressible flows is developed.Based on the framework of finite volume method,the 1-D Euler equations are discretized on moving volumes and t...In this paper,a remapping-free adaptive GRP method for one dimensional(1-D)compressible flows is developed.Based on the framework of finite volume method,the 1-D Euler equations are discretized on moving volumes and the resulting numerical fluxes are computed directly by the GRP method.Thus the remapping process in the earlier adaptive GRP algorithm[17,18]is omitted.By adopting a flexible moving mesh strategy,this method could be applied for multi-fluid problems.The interface of two fluids will be kept at the node of computational grids and the GRP solver is extended at the material interfaces of multi-fluid flows accordingly.Some typical numerical tests show competitive performances of the new method,especially for contact discontinuities of one fluid cases and the material interface tracking of multi-fluid cases.展开更多
Based on the numerical methods of volume of fluid (VOF) and piecewise parabolic method (PPM) and parallel circumstance of Message Passing Interface (MPI),a parallel multi-viscosity-fluid hydrodynamic code MVPPM (Multi...Based on the numerical methods of volume of fluid (VOF) and piecewise parabolic method (PPM) and parallel circumstance of Message Passing Interface (MPI),a parallel multi-viscosity-fluid hydrodynamic code MVPPM (Multi-Viscosity-Fluid Piecewise Parabolic Method) is developed and performed to study the hydrodynamic instability and flow mixing. Firstly,the MVPPM code is verified and validated by simulating three instability cases:The first one is a Riemann problem of viscous flow on the shock tube; the second one is the hydrodynamic instability and mixing of gaseous flows under re-shocks; the third one is a half height experiment of interfacial instability,which is conducted on the AWE's shock tube. By comparing the numerical results with experimental data,good agreement is achieved. Then the MVPPM code is applied to simulate the two cases of the interfacial instabilities of jelly models acceler-ated by explosion products of a gaseous explosive mixture (GEM),which are adopted in our experi-ments. The first is implosive dynamic interfacial instability of cylindrical symmetry and mixing. The evolving process of inner and outer interfaces,and the late distribution of mixing mass caused by Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability in the center of different radius are given. The second is jelly layer ex-periment which is initialized with one periodic perturbation with different amplitude and wave length. It reveals the complex processes of evolution of interface,and presents the displacement of front face of jelly layer,bubble head and top of spike relative to initial equilibrium position vs. time. The numerical results are in excellent agreement with that experimental images,and show that the amplitude of initial perturbations affects the evolvement of fluid mixing zone (FMZ) growth rate extremely,especially at late times.展开更多
Bubbles with different sizes have different dynamic and kinetic behavior in a two-phase bubbly flow. A common two-fluid model based on the uniform bubble size assumption is not suitable for a bubbly flow with non-unif...Bubbles with different sizes have different dynamic and kinetic behavior in a two-phase bubbly flow. A common two-fluid model based on the uniform bubble size assumption is not suitable for a bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes. To deal with non-uniform bubbly flows, a multi-fluid model is established, with which bubbles are divided into several groups according to their sizes and a set of basic equations is derived for each group of bubbles with almost the same size. Through analyzing the bubble-bubble and bubble-pipe wall interactions, two new constitutive laws for the wall-force and pressure difference between the liquid phase and interface are developed to close the averaged basic equations. The respective phase distributions for each group of bubbles measured by a specially designed three-dimensional photographic method are used to check the model. Comparison between model-predicted values and experimental data shows that the model can describe laminar bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22B6003 and No.52274010)the China Scholarship Council(No.202008080235)。
文摘In oil and gas well cementing processes,accurately predicting the bottom hole circulating temperature(BHCT)is critical to ensuring effective zonal isolation.Overestimating the temperature can lead to excessive retardation issues,while underestimation can cause cementing accidents.Current methods for calculating the BHCT of cement slurry typically simplify the cementing processes to a single-fluid circulation and ignore the impact of pre-cementing processes on temperature,leading to significant discrepancies between calculated and actual results.In this study,the wellbore and formation are simplified into a two-dimensional axisymmetric structure,and a mathematical model of the temperature field under multi-fluid and multi-step conditions is established based on the law of energy conservation.The finite volume method was used to discretize the model,and a transient temperature field solver for the entire cementing process was developed,which can numerically calculate the temperature of any fluid at any time,any location.For an actual well example,the temperature distribution of the wellbore and formation after casing running is taken as the initial condition.Numerical calculations were performed sequentially to calculate the temperature fields of circulation flushing,wellbore preparation,and cementing,as well as the BHCT of the cement slurry.The study reveals that during the circulation flushing stage,the maximum temperature point in the wellbore is located at a distance of about 366 m above the bottom of the well.In the wellbore preparation stage,due to static heat exchange,the maximum temperature point gradually shifts to the bottom of the well.The BHCT of cement slurry changes continuously under cementing processes with multi-fluid and multi-step,making it a transient value.The BHCT of the lead slurry and tail slurry are not equal,with the maximum BHCT of the tail slurry being 2.46°C higher than that of the lead slurry.If circulation flushing and wellbore preparation are not considered,the calculated BHCT of the cement slurry will have errors of+6.8%and-1.9%.The study highlighted that considering thermal effects of all cementing stages,such as circulation flushing and wellbore preparation,in BHCT calculations can help improve prediction accuracy.
文摘Two interface capturing methods are studied for multi fluid flows, governed by the stiffened gas equation of state. The mixture type interface capturing algorithm uses a simple volume fraction model Euler equations written in a quasi conservative form, which is solved by a standard high resolution piecewise parabolic method (PPM) with multi fluid Riemann solver. The level set interface capturing method uses a narrow band ghost fluid method (GFM) with no numerical smearing. Several examples are presented and compared for one and two dimensions, which show the feasibility of the two methods applied to various multi fluid problems.
文摘A multi-fluid blast furnace model was simply introduced and was used to simulate several innovative ironmaking operations. The simulation results show that injecting hydrogen bearing materials, especially injecting natural gas and plastics, the hydrogen reduction is enhanced, and the furnace performance is improved simultaneously. Total heat input shows obvious decrease due to the decrease of heat consumption in direct reduction, solution loss and silicon transfer reactions. If carbon composite agglomerates are charged into the furnace, the temperature of thermal reserve zone will obviously decrease, and the reduction of iron-bearing burden materials will be retarded. However, the efficiency of blast furnace is improved just due to the decrease in heat requirements for solution loss, sinter reduction, and silicon transfer reactions, and less heat loss through top gas and furnace wall. Finally, the model is used to investigate the performance of blast furnace under the condition of top gas recycling together with plastics injection, cold oxygen blasting and carbon composite agglomerate charging. The lower furnace temperature, extremely accelerated reduction rate, drastically decreased CO2 emission and remarkably enhanced heat efficiency were obtained by using the innovative operations, and the blast furnace operation with superhigh efficiency can be realized.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974065 and 52274257)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing(No.BGRIMMKJSKL-2020-13)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.N2201008 and N2201004).
文摘The Euler-Euler model is less effective in capturing the free surface of flow film in the spiral separator,and thus a Eulerian multi-fluid volume of fluid(VOF)model was first proposed to describe the particulate flow in spiral separators.In order to improve the applicability of the model in the high solid concentration system,the Bagnold effect was incorporated into the modelling framework.The capability of the proposed model in terms of predicting the flow film shape in a LD9 spiral separator was evaluated via comparison with measured flow film thicknesses reported in literature.Results showed that sharp air–water and air-pulp interfaces can be obtained using the proposed model,and the shapes of the predicted flow films before and after particle addition were reasonably consistent with the observations reported in literature.Furthermore,the experimental and numerical simulation of the separation of quartz and hematite were performed in a laboratory-scale spiral separator.When the Bagnold lift force model was considered,predictions of the grade of iron and solid concentration by mass for different trough lengths were more consistent with experimental data.In the initial development stage,the quartz particles at the bottom of the flow layer were more possible to be lifted due to the Bagnold force.Thus,a better predicted vertical stratification between quartz and hematite particles was obtained,which provided favorable conditions for subsequent radial segregation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22175007, 21975007, 21774005, and21433012)the National Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Youth Foundation+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe National Program for Support of Top-Notch Young Professionalsthe 111 project (B14009)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX20190027)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project (2019M650431)
文摘Recently,electrospinning(ESP)has been widely used as a synthetic technology to prepare nanofibers with unique properties from various raw materials.The applications of functionalized nanofibers have gradually developed into one of the most exciting topics in the field of materials science.In this review,we focus on the preparation of multi-structure fibrous nanomaterials by means of multi-fluidic ESP and review the applications of multi-structure nanofibers in energy,catalysis,and biology.First,the working principle and process of ESP are introduced;then,we demonstrate how the microfluidic concept is com-bined with the ESP technique to the multi-fluidic ESP technique.Subsequently,the applications of multi-structure nanofibers in energy(Li^(+)/Na^(+)batteries and Li–S batteries),hetero-catalysis,and biology(drug delivery and tissue engineering)are introduced.Finally,challenges and future directions in this emerging field are summarized.
文摘Based on the classical Roe method, we develop an interface capture method according to the general equation of state, and extend the single-fluid Roe method to the two-dimensional （2D） multi-fluid flows, as well as construct the continuous Roe matrix for the whole flow field. The interface capture equations and fluid dynamic conservative equations are coupled together and solved by using any high-resolution schemes that usually suit for the single-fluid flows. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the solution of 1D and 2D multi-fluid Riemann problems.
文摘Quantitative representation of complicated behavior of fluid mixtures in the critical region by any of equation-of-state theories re-mains as a difficult thermodynamic topics to date. In the present work, a computational efforts were made for representing various types of critical loci of binary water with hydrocarbon systems showing Type II and Type III phase behavior by an elementary equation of state [called multi-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid EOS (MF-NLF EOS)] based on the lattice statistical mechanical theory. The model EOS requires two mo-lecular parameters which representing molecular size and interaction energy for a pure component and single adjustable interaction energy pa-rameter for binary mixtures. Critical temperature and pressure data were used to obtain molecular size parameter and vapor pressure data were used to obtain interaction energy parameter. The MF-NLF EOS model adapted in the present study correlated quantitatively well the critical loci of various binary water with hydrocarbon systems.
文摘A three-fluid equilibrium plasma with bulk plasma and energetic electrons has been observed on the Xuanlong-50(EXL-50) spherical torus, where the energetic electrons play a crucial role in sustaining the plasma current and pressure. In this study, the equilibrium of a multi-fluid plasma was investigated by analyzing the relationship between the external vertical magnetic field(B_(V)),plasma current(I_(p)), the poloidal ratio(β_(p)) and the Shafranov formula. Remarkably, our research demonstrates some validity of the Shafranov formula in the presence of multi-fluid plasma in EXL-50 spherical torus. This finding holds significant importance for future reactors as it allows for differentiation between alpha particles and background plasma. The study of multi-fluid plasma provides a significant reference value for the equilibrium reconstruction of burning plasma involving alpha particles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10672151 and 10772166)the Foundation of China Academy of Engineering Physics (Grant No 2008B0202011)the Fundamental Quality and Reliability of National Defence Science and Technology Industry of China
文摘Based on multi-fluid volume fraction and piecewise parabolic method （PPM）, a multi-viscosity-fluid hydrodynamic code MVPPM （Multi-Viscosity-Fluid Piecewise Parabolic Method） is developed and applied to the problems of shock-induced hydrodynamic interfacial instability and mixing. Simulations of gas/liquid interface instability show that the influences of initial perturbations on the fluid mixing zone （FMZ） growth are significant, especially at the late stages, while grids have only a slight effect on the FMZ width, when the interface is impulsively accelerated by a shock wave passing through it. A numerical study of the hydrodynamic interfacial instability and mixing of gaseous flows impacted by re-shocks is presented. It reveals that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results and the mixing growth rate strongly depends on initial conditions. Ultimately, the jelly layer experiment relevant to the instability impacted by exploding is simulated. The shape of jelly interface, position of front face of jelly layer, crest and trough of perturbation versus time are given; their simulated results are in good agreement with experimental results.
文摘The reducibility of iron-bearing burdens was emphasized for improving the operation efficiency of blast furnace. The blast furnace operation of charging the burdens with high reducibility has been numerically evaluated using a multi-fluid blast furnace model. The effects of reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients were investigated separately or simultaneously for clarifying the variations of furnace state. According to the model simulation results, in the upper zone, the indirect reduction of the burdens proceeds at a faster rate and the shaft efficiency is enhanced with the improvement under the conditions of interface reaction and intra-particle diffusion. In the lower zone, direct reduction in molten slag is restrained. As a consequence, CO utilization of top gas is enhanced and the ratio of direct reduction is decreased. It is possible to achieve higher energy efficiency of the blast furnace, and this is represented by the improvement in productivity and the decrease in consumption of reducing agent. The use of high-reducibility burdens contributes to a better performance of blast furnace. More efforts are necessary to develop and apply highreducibility sinter and carbon composite agglomerates for practical application at a blast furnace.
文摘The Lagrangian DDM （discrete droplet model） is state-of-the-art for CFD （computational fluid dynamics） simulations of mixture formation and combustion in industrial engines. A commonly known drawback of the DDM approach is the attenuated validity in the dense spray, where the bulk liquid disintegrates into droplets. There the assumption of single droplets surrounded by a homogenous gas field is not reasonable. In this region, the Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase approach performs better because instead of parcels the spray is represented by the volume fractions of one bulk liquid and several droplet size class phases. A further drawback of the DDM approach is that increasing the spatial resolution of the computational grid leads to a reduced statistical convergence, since the number of spray parcels per computational cell becomes smaller. It is desirable to combine the benefits of both spray approaches in coupled CFD simulations. Therefore, the dense spray region is simulated separately with the Eulerian spray approach on a highly resolved mesh covering only the region close to the nozzle orifice. The entire engine domain with combustion and emission models is simulated with the Eulerian-Lagrangian spray approach for the dilute spray region. The two simulations are coupled through exchange of boundary conditions and model source terms. An on-line coupling interface manages the data transfer between the two simulation clients, i.e., Eulerian spray and engine client. The aim of this work is to extend the coupled spray approach in terms of exchanging combustion related heat and species sources, and consequently creating the link between Eulerian spray and combustion models. The results show mixture formation and combustion in real-case engine simulations, and demonstrate the feasibility of spray model combination in engineering applications.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50804008)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China(NCET-08-0099)
文摘Blast furnace operation with hot burden charging was numerically simulated to preliminarily analyze its advantages and disadvantages. Multi-fluid blast furnace model was utilized to simulate hot burden charging operations under the conditions that the charging temperatures of pellet and coke were supposed separately or simultaneously as 800℃. The results showed that, with hot burden charging, the furnace top temperature significantly increased in comparison to the conventional operation with cold hurden charging. However, in-furnace temperature decreased, which decelerated the reduction rate of ferrous burdens. The concentrations of reducing gases were decreased in the furnace. The height of cohesive zone shifted downwards. When the charging temperatures of pellet and coke were simultaneously 800 ~C （PC800）, coke rate, fuel rate and carbon emission rate were decreased by 13.4, 22.1 and 19.25 kg ~ t-1 , respectively. The ratio of ore to coke, solid burden charging rate and hot metal productivity were increased by 4. 790%, 7.55 kg · s^- 1 and 6.38%, respectively. Heat taken away by top gas and energy consumption per ton hot metal were increased by 68.97% and 6.40%, respectively. Generally speaking, hot burden charging was ad verse to energy utilization of blast furnace.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11105013,10935003,11275031,11205017,and11075023,the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No.2013CB834110,the National High-Tech R&D Program(863 Program)under Grant No.2012AA01A303
文摘The validity of single-fluid model in inertial confinement fusion simulations is studied by comparing the results of the multi- and single-fluid models. The multi-fluid model includes the effects of collision and interpenetration between fluid species. By simulating the collision of fluid species, steady-state shock propagation into the thin DT gas and expansion of hohlraum Au wall heated by lasers, the results show that the validity of single-fluid model is strongly dependent on the ratio of the characteristic length of the simulated system to the particle mean free path. When the characteristic length L is one order larger than the mean free path A, the single-fluid model＇s results are found to be in good agreement with the multi-fluid model＇s simulations, and the modeling of single-fluid remains valid. If the value of L/A is lower than 10, the interpenetration between fluid species is significant, and the single-fluid simulations show some unphysical results; while the multi-fluid model can describe well the interpenetration and mix phenomena, and give more reasonable results.
文摘Experimental residence time distribution (RTD) measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation are the best methods to study the hydrodynamics of process flow systems. However, CFD approach leads to better understanding of the flow structure and extent of mixing in stirred tanks. In the present study, CFD models were used to simulate the flow in an industrial gold leaching tank. The objective of the investigation was to characterize the flowfield generated within the tank after process intensification. The flow was simulated using an Eulerian-Eulerian multi-fluid model where the RANS standard kmixture model and a multiple reference frame approach were used to model turbulence and impeller rotation respectively. The simulated flowfield was found to be in agreement with the flow pattern of pitched blade axial-flow impellers that was used for mixing. The leaching tank exhibited good “off-bottom suspension” which reveals minimum deposition of gold ore particles on the bottom of the leaching tanks. Simulation results were consistent with experimental results obtained from a radioactive tracer investigation. CFD approach gave a better description of the flow structure and extent of mixing in a leaching tank. Hence it could be a preferred approach for flow system analysis where the cost of experimentation is high.
基金supported by NSFC(91130021)Jin Qi is supported by NSFC(1171037,11201033)+3 种基金CAEP under project 2012A0202010Jiequan Li is supported by NSFC(91130021,11371063,11031001)the Doctoral program from Educational Ministry(20130003110004)an open project from Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics,Beijing。
文摘In this paper,a remapping-free adaptive GRP method for one dimensional(1-D)compressible flows is developed.Based on the framework of finite volume method,the 1-D Euler equations are discretized on moving volumes and the resulting numerical fluxes are computed directly by the GRP method.Thus the remapping process in the earlier adaptive GRP algorithm[17,18]is omitted.By adopting a flexible moving mesh strategy,this method could be applied for multi-fluid problems.The interface of two fluids will be kept at the node of computational grids and the GRP solver is extended at the material interfaces of multi-fluid flows accordingly.Some typical numerical tests show competitive performances of the new method,especially for contact discontinuities of one fluid cases and the material interface tracking of multi-fluid cases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10672151 and 10772166)the Science Foundation of China Academy of Engineering Physics (Grant No. 2008B0202011)the Fundamental Quality and Reliability of National Defence Science and Technology Industry of China (Grant No. Z112009B004)
文摘Based on the numerical methods of volume of fluid (VOF) and piecewise parabolic method (PPM) and parallel circumstance of Message Passing Interface (MPI),a parallel multi-viscosity-fluid hydrodynamic code MVPPM (Multi-Viscosity-Fluid Piecewise Parabolic Method) is developed and performed to study the hydrodynamic instability and flow mixing. Firstly,the MVPPM code is verified and validated by simulating three instability cases:The first one is a Riemann problem of viscous flow on the shock tube; the second one is the hydrodynamic instability and mixing of gaseous flows under re-shocks; the third one is a half height experiment of interfacial instability,which is conducted on the AWE's shock tube. By comparing the numerical results with experimental data,good agreement is achieved. Then the MVPPM code is applied to simulate the two cases of the interfacial instabilities of jelly models acceler-ated by explosion products of a gaseous explosive mixture (GEM),which are adopted in our experi-ments. The first is implosive dynamic interfacial instability of cylindrical symmetry and mixing. The evolving process of inner and outer interfaces,and the late distribution of mixing mass caused by Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability in the center of different radius are given. The second is jelly layer ex-periment which is initialized with one periodic perturbation with different amplitude and wave length. It reveals the complex processes of evolution of interface,and presents the displacement of front face of jelly layer,bubble head and top of spike relative to initial equilibrium position vs. time. The numerical results are in excellent agreement with that experimental images,and show that the amplitude of initial perturbations affects the evolvement of fluid mixing zone (FMZ) growth rate extremely,especially at late times.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 19572042).
文摘Bubbles with different sizes have different dynamic and kinetic behavior in a two-phase bubbly flow. A common two-fluid model based on the uniform bubble size assumption is not suitable for a bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes. To deal with non-uniform bubbly flows, a multi-fluid model is established, with which bubbles are divided into several groups according to their sizes and a set of basic equations is derived for each group of bubbles with almost the same size. Through analyzing the bubble-bubble and bubble-pipe wall interactions, two new constitutive laws for the wall-force and pressure difference between the liquid phase and interface are developed to close the averaged basic equations. The respective phase distributions for each group of bubbles measured by a specially designed three-dimensional photographic method are used to check the model. Comparison between model-predicted values and experimental data shows that the model can describe laminar bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes.
