In this paper,a precise and computationally efficient method for estimating multiparameter of permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSMs)is proposed.This method can realize decoupling estimation with a small amount of ...In this paper,a precise and computationally efficient method for estimating multiparameter of permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSMs)is proposed.This method can realize decoupling estimation with a small amount of data at a single speed,and considers the inductance correlation to improve the estimation accuracy.The saturation in the stator frame is first modeled,and then the related inductance model in the rotating frame is derived.The estimation model is established based on the related inductance model,which is modeled by polynomials of d-axis current(I_(d))for a given q-axis current(I_(q)).Then,the influence of permanent magnet(PM)flux linkage on inductance estimation can be eliminated by using the partial derivative of the correlated inductance model.The estimation model fully explores the inductance correlation and can realize the decoupling of PM flux linkage(λ_(0))and inductance,which greatly improves the inductance estimation accuracy,especially when Id is small.Moreover,this paper realizes the estimation of distortion voltage,PM flux linkage,and stator resistance based on the derived electrical model and mechanical model.Compared with the existing method,this method can use a small amount of data at a single speed to model voltage,which can effectively reduce the influence of measurement noise and improve the calculation efficiency.Experimental verification on a laboratory PMSM prototype shows that the method’s performance of the proposed method is better than existing methods under various working conditions.展开更多
Superconducting kinetic inductance detectors(KIDs)are considered to be a highly promising technique for the large-scale imaging of millimeter and submillimeter waves in astronomy.As the pixel density and the array siz...Superconducting kinetic inductance detectors(KIDs)are considered to be a highly promising technique for the large-scale imaging of millimeter and submillimeter waves in astronomy.As the pixel density and the array size increase,the electromagnetic crosstalk inevitably becomes a problem that prevents increasing the multiplexing during the development of larger KIDs arrays.In this work,an effective method is introduced to suppress the electromagnetic crosstalk and achieve a compact pixel distribution and small frequency intervals.The electromagnetic crosstalk is first analyzed by simulating the behavior of two neighboring pixels,and the physical distance and the frequency interval are optimized.Then,the arrangement of the pixels on the whole array is redesigned using a genetic algorithm to satisfy the requirements.The simulation results reveal that the normalized electromagnetic crosstalk can be reduced to 0.5%on an 8×8 array.Larger arrays of 16×16 pixels have been fabricated and measured to validate this method,and the results reveal that both the resonance property and survival rate of pixels are improved effectively with this method.This method will be very helpful for designing high-multiplexing KIDs arrays within a limited bandwidth.展开更多
For permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs),accurate inductance is critical for control design and condition monitoring.Owing to magnetic saturation,existing methods require nonlinear saturation model and measure...For permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs),accurate inductance is critical for control design and condition monitoring.Owing to magnetic saturation,existing methods require nonlinear saturation model and measurements from multiple load/current conditions,and the estimation is relying on the accuracy of saturation model and other machine parameters in the model.Speed harmonic produced by harmonic currents is inductance-dependent,and thus this paper explores the use of magnitude and phase angle of the speed harmonic for accurate inductance estimation.Two estimation models are built based on either the magnitude or phase angle,and the inductances can be from d-axis voltage and the magnitude or phase angle,in which the filter influence in harmonic extraction is considered to ensure the estimation performance.The inductances can be estimated from the measurements under one load condition,which is free of saturation model.Moreover,the inductance estimation is robust to the change of other machine parameters.The proposed approach can effectively improve estimation accuracy especially under the condition with low current magnitude.Experiments and comparisons are conducted on a test PMSM to validate the proposed approach.展开更多
A cost-effective Fe-P-C nanocrystalline alloy(Fe_(85)P_9C_6)was developed via melt-spinning by eliminating expensive alloying elements and post-annealing steps.The microstructure consists of an amorphous matrix with u...A cost-effective Fe-P-C nanocrystalline alloy(Fe_(85)P_9C_6)was developed via melt-spinning by eliminating expensive alloying elements and post-annealing steps.The microstructure consists of an amorphous matrix with uniformly dispersed nanocrystalline clusters,featuring an average size of approximately 5 nm.This dual-phase structure remains thermally stable up to 569 K and results in excellent magnetic and mechanical performance,including a high saturation magnetic induction of 1.69 T,Vickers hardness of 621 HV,and outstanding bending ductility.Crystallization proceeds via the transformation of a metastable fcc-(Fe,P,C)phase intoα-Fe,Fe_(3)C,and Fe_(3)P,driven by internal stress arising from atomic size mismatch.Continuous heating and cooling transformation diagrams further reveal that this process can be precisely controlled to optimize phase evolution.The high Fe content and stress-relaxed nanocrystalline clusters contribute to enhanced in-plane magnetic anisotropy and rapid domain response.This simplified,annealing-free approach not only reduces material and processing costs but also provides a viable pathway for scalable fabrication of next-generation soft magnetic alloys with superior performance and manufacturability.展开更多
To advance the theoretical understanding,technological development,and field application of electric charge induction for monitoring rock deformation and failure,this study investigates the induced electric charge gen...To advance the theoretical understanding,technological development,and field application of electric charge induction for monitoring rock deformation and failure,this study investigates the induced electric charge generated during the deformation and failure of igneous rocks.The charge originates mainly from a combination of electrical polarization and triboelectric effects.Through laboratory experiments,we analyzed the time-frequency evolution of induced electric charge signals and identified relevant monitoring parameters.An online downhole electric charge induction monitoring system was developed and validated in the field.Experimental results show that the dominant frequency range of induced electric charge signals generated during igneous rock deformation and failure lies between 0 and 23 Hz,and a low-pass finite impulse response(FIR)filter effectively suppresses noise.Optimal sensor distances for monitoring cubic and cylindrical specimens were determined to be 17 mm and 13 mm,respectively.We proposed early warning indicators,including the maximum absolute value of the induced electric charge,the arithmetic mean value,the distribution dispersion coefficient,and the cumulative sum value.In field application,time-domain curves and spatial distribution charts of these warning indicators correspond well with changes in abutment stress ahead of the mining face,offering indirect insights into local stress evolution.This research provides technical and equipment support for the application of electric charge induction technology to monitoring and early warning of coal bursts.展开更多
BACKGROUND The use of induction immunosuppression agents has improved kidney transplant outcomes,but selecting the optimal agent remains a point of debate.AIM To compare the long-term outcomes of kidney transplant rec...BACKGROUND The use of induction immunosuppression agents has improved kidney transplant outcomes,but selecting the optimal agent remains a point of debate.AIM To compare the long-term outcomes of kidney transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab vs basiliximab induction,focusing on graft function,acute rejection,infection,malignancy,post-transplant glomerulonephritis,and survival,using a propensity score matched cohort design.METHODS Kidney transplant recipients who received alemtuzumab or basiliximab induction from 2014 to 2019 across two nephrology centres in Northwest England were evaluated.Propensity score matching at a 1:1.5 ratio ensured comparability between cohorts.Baseline characteristics,immunosuppression regimens,and outcomes were analyzed.Linear,binary logistic and Cox proportional hazard regression models.RESULTS A total of 436 recipients were included,with a median follow-up of 5.2 years.The matched cohort(n=262)had a mean age of 51.1±13.5 years;39%were female and 92%were white.There was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of acute rejection[odds ratio(OR)=2.10;95%CI:0.9-4.9;P=0.110].Compared with basiliximab,alemtuzumab was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at 12 months(-6.6 mL/minute/1.73 m2;95%CI:-10.5 to-2.7;P<0.001)and higher risks of cytomegalovirus viremia(OR=3.2;95%CI:1.6-6.5;P<0.001),BK viremia(OR=2.4;95%CI:1.1-5.5;P=0.02),post-transplant malignancy(OR=6.2;95%CI:1.6-29.9;P=0.013),and death-censored graft loss(hazard ratio=3.6;95%CI:1.2-11.4;P=0.03).No significant differences were observed in post-transplant glomerulonephritis or recipient mortality.CONCLUSION In this propensity score-matched analysis,alemtuzumab induction was associated with lower graft function at 12 months and higher risks of viral infection,post-transplant malignancy,and graft loss compared with basiliximab.These findings highlight the need for further studies to confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of alemtuzumab in kidney transplantation.展开更多
Zinc oxide(ZnO)films,as representative piezoelectric semiconductors,have garnered considerable interest in ultrasonic testing.Current research challenges include maintaining the consistency of continuous c-axis orient...Zinc oxide(ZnO)films,as representative piezoelectric semiconductors,have garnered considerable interest in ultrasonic testing.Current research challenges include maintaining the consistency of continuous c-axis orientation and determining the fundamental link between the electrical structure and piezoelectric response.Accordingly,we have proposed ZnO films incorporated with an orientation-inducing layer(OIL),utilizing orientation induction and rapid deposition technology to regulate the growth structure of the ZnO films.Furthermore,the influence of the competitive mechanism between the film growth and lateral diffusion on the film's growth structure has been investigated.Piezoelectric force microscopy(PFM)analysis demonstrated the regulation and enhancement of ZnO piezoelectric polarization by the OIL.The enhancement mechanism of OIL on film performance was revealed via experimental examination of the film structure,morphology,crystallization orientation,oxygen vacancies,carrier concentration,band structure,and density of states based on density functional theory(DFT).Benefiting from the superior electromechanical response of the ZnO OIL sensor,characterized by fast response recovery times of 2.4 ms/7.7 ms and a sensitivity of 1.09 V/N,the device has successfully demonstrated practical applications in both motion pressure detection and bolt axial force measurement.These findings provide new insights into the ultrasonic detection for aerospace applications of ZnO OIL piezoelectric devices and demonstrate significant potential for health monitoring in connection systems.展开更多
The development of aqueous zinc batteries(AZBs)is severely constrained by uncontrolled dendrite growth and parasitic interfacial reactions.Conventional solvation-dominated additives can mitigate these issues by alteri...The development of aqueous zinc batteries(AZBs)is severely constrained by uncontrolled dendrite growth and parasitic interfacial reactions.Conventional solvation-dominated additives can mitigate these issues by altering the Zn^(2+)solvation structure,but they often compromise ion transport.Here,we introduce a molecular design principle for a non-solvating additive(NSA)based on inductive effects.Ethyl trifluoroacetate(ETFA),obtained by introducing an electron-withdrawing–CF_(3) group adjacent to the–C=O moiety of ethyl acetate(EA),participates minimally in the solvation structure but preferentially undergoes Gibbs adsorption at the Zn-electrolyte interface.This process reduces interfacial tension,reconstructs the electrical double layer,and orients ETFA molecules such that the hydrophilic–C=O groups face the electrolyte,modulating hydrogen-bonding networks,while the hydrophobic–CF_(3) groups anchor onto Zn to regulate deposition.As a result,dendrite formation and side reactions are simultaneously suppressed.With only 1 vol%ETFA,Zn-Cu cells achieve over 4000 stable cycles with 99.89%Coulombic efficiency.Zn-I_(2) full cells employing the modified electrolyte maintain stable operation for more than 500 cycles(6.8 mg cm^(-2),10μm Zn,N/P=2.86),and 0.3 Ah Zn-I_(2) pouch cells(30 mg cm^(-2),100μm Zn)can cycle stably for over 200 cycles.These findings highlight the critical role of Gibbs adsorption in interfacial regulation and provide insights for the molecular design of high-performance additives for stable Zn anodes.展开更多
Improving plasma uniformity is a critical issue in the development of large-area radio-frequency(RF)inductively coupled plasma(ICP)sources.In this work,the effects of coil structure and electromagnetic shielding on th...Improving plasma uniformity is a critical issue in the development of large-area radio-frequency(RF)inductively coupled plasma(ICP)sources.In this work,the effects of coil structure and electromagnetic shielding on the spatial distribution and uniformity of the plasma are systematically investigated using a three-dimensional fluid model.The model integrates plasma and electromagnetic field modules to simulate the discharge characteristics of a large-area RF ICP source with dimensions of 100 cm×50 cm.The results reveal that the electron density distribution varies significantly with the coil structure.For the rotating and translating coil structures,the electron density is high at off-axis positions and low at the center.In contrast,the mirror coil structure exhibits a significantly higher electron density at the chamber center,resulting in a high-center and low-edge density distribution.Among the three configurations,the rotating coil structure provides the best plasma uniformity.The incorporation of electromagnetic shielding further improves plasma uniformity,particularly for the mirror coil structure.For the rotating and translating coil structures,the electron density exhibits a saddle-shaped distribution regardless of electromagnetic shielding.However,introducing electromagnetic shielding into the mirror coil structure reduces the electron density at the chamber center and decreases the non-uniformity degree by 18.4%.Overall,the mirror coil structure with electromagnetic shielding achieves the highest uniformity,with an exceptional plasma uniformity of 94%.This work offers valuable insights for the design of large-area ICP sources in advanced plasma processing systems.展开更多
To ensure an uninterrupted power supply,mobile power sources(MPS)are widely deployed in power grids during emergencies.Comprising mobile emergency generators(MEGs)and mobile energy storage systems(MESS),MPS are capabl...To ensure an uninterrupted power supply,mobile power sources(MPS)are widely deployed in power grids during emergencies.Comprising mobile emergency generators(MEGs)and mobile energy storage systems(MESS),MPS are capable of supplying power to critical loads and serving as backup sources during grid contingencies,offering advantages such as flexibility and high resilience through electricity delivery via transportation networks.This paper proposes a design method for a 400 V–10 kV Dual-Winding Induction Generator(DWIG)intended for MEG applications,employing an improved particle swarmoptimization(PSO)algorithmbased on a back-propagation neural network(BPNN).A parameterized finite element(FE)model of the DWIG is established to derive constraints on its dimensional parameters,thereby simplifying the optimization space.Through sensitivity analysis between temperature rise and electromagnetic loss of the DWIG,the main factors influencing the machine’s temperature are identified,and electromagnetic loss is determined as the optimization objective.To obtain an accurate fitting function between electromagnetic loss and dimensional parameters,the BPNN is employed to predict the nonlinear relationship between the optimization objective and the parameters.The Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)method is used for random sampling in the FE model analysis for training,testing,and validation,which is then applied to compute the cost function in the PSO.Based on the relationships obtained by the BPNN,the PSO algorithm evaluates the fitness and cost functions to determine the optimal design point.The proposed optimization method is validated by comparing simulation results between the initial design and the optimized design.展开更多
The significant variation in plant regeneration efficiency between indica and japonica rice poses a major challenge for crop improvement.However,the molecular basis for this divergence remains largely unclear.In this ...The significant variation in plant regeneration efficiency between indica and japonica rice poses a major challenge for crop improvement.However,the molecular basis for this divergence remains largely unclear.In this study,we investigated the role of Oryza sativa AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 13(OsARF13),a transcription factor involved in callus-related processes.We observed that OsARF13 expression is significantly higher in japonica rice callus than in indica rice callus.This differential expression might be associated with an allelic variation in the promoter region of OsARF13,where a deletion commonly found in indica rice corresponds to the loss of a conserved auxin-responsive element(AuxRE)motif.To functionally characterize OsARF13,we generated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mutants.These mutants exhibited a substantial reduction in callus fresh weight,demonstrating that OsARF13 is required for efficient callus induction.Transcriptome analysis of the osarf13 mutant further showed that OsARF13 influences the expression of genes involved in hormone signal transduction and stress responses.Our findings suggest that OsARF13 is a key component of the regulatory network governing callus induction and that natural variation in its promoter might provide a potential explanation for the differential regenerative capacity between japonica and indica rice subspecies.展开更多
Kidney transplantation(KT)accounts for nearly three-fourths of organ transplants in India,with living donors contributing to 82%of cases.Induction immunosuppression is essential to optimize initial immunosuppression,r...Kidney transplantation(KT)accounts for nearly three-fourths of organ transplants in India,with living donors contributing to 82%of cases.Induction immunosuppression is essential to optimize initial immunosuppression,reduce acute rejections,and enable tailored use of maintenance agents.Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin(rATG)and interleukin-2 receptor anatagonists(IL-2RA/IL-2RBs)are the most widely used induction therapies.However,data on induction practices across India are limited.To evaluate induction immunosuppression practices across KT centers in India and establish a consensus for different subsets of KT recipients.A nationwide online survey was conducted by the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation(ISOT)among its members(400 KT centers).Responses were analyzed to assess induction practices across diverse donor types,age groups,and immunological risk profiles.Heterogeneity in practices prompted consensus building using a modified Delphi process.Literature review and expert panel discussions(April 2024)were followed by structured voting,and 16 consensus statements were finalized.Of 400 centers approached,254 participated.rATG was the most commonly used induction therapy,followed by IL-2RBs;alemtuzumab was least used.Significant heterogeneity was observed in type,dose,and duration of induction therapy.Consensus recommendations were framed:rATG for high immunological risk recipients and deceased donor KTs;IL-2RB or low-dose rATG for low immunological risk;rituximab in ABOincompatible KTs;and tailoring based on age,diabetes,donor type,infection risk,and affordability.This first ISOT consensus provides 16 India-specific statements on induction therapy in KT.It emphasizes risk-stratified,evidenceinformed,and context-appropriate induction strategies,supporting standardization of care across the country.展开更多
Elemental impurities(EIs)in drug products are a specific class of inorganic contaminants that may originate from various sources.These residual impurities provide no therapeutic benefit to patients and,in some cases,m...Elemental impurities(EIs)in drug products are a specific class of inorganic contaminants that may originate from various sources.These residual impurities provide no therapeutic benefit to patients and,in some cases,may even catalyze the degradation of drug substances.Therefore,their levels in drug products must be controlled within acceptable limits.The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use(ICH)approved the harmonised Guideline for Elemental Impurities(ICH Q3D)on November 12,2014.On January 10,2020,the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)announced the adoption of the ICH Q3D principles in China.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)offers distinct advantages in detecting trace levels of EIs in drug products.Various validation criteria for the analytical procedure of ICP-MS are specified in the pharmacopoeias.This study compared differences in the validation criteria for ICP-MS,highlighting that the criteria adopted in the United States Pharmacopeia(USP)and European Pharmacopoeia(EP)were particularly specific and detailed,thereby facilitating analytical method development for drug quality control.The aim was to provide a useful reference for analysts conducting EI determination using ICP-MS.展开更多
Small multi-turn coil devices are used with the transient electromagnetic method （TEM） in areas with limited space, particularly in underground environments such as coal mines roadways and engineering tunnels, and f...Small multi-turn coil devices are used with the transient electromagnetic method （TEM） in areas with limited space, particularly in underground environments such as coal mines roadways and engineering tunnels, and for detecting shallow geological targets in environmental and engineering fields. However, the equipment involved has strong mutual inductance coupling, which causes a lengthy turn-off time and a deep “blind zone”. This study proposes a new transmitter device with a conical-shape source and derives the radius formula of each coil and the mutual inductance coefficient of the cone. According to primary field characteristics, results of the two fields created, calculation of the conical-shaped source in a uniform medium using theoretical analysis, and a comparison of the inductance of the new device with that of the multi-turn coil, show that inductance of the multi-turn coil is nine times greater than that of the conical source with the same equivalent magnetic moment of 926.1 A·m2. This indicates that the new source leads to a much shallower “blind zone.” Furthermore, increasing the bottom radius and turn of the cone creates a larger mutual inductance but increasing the cone height results in a lower mutual inductance. Using the superposition principle, the primary and secondary magnetic fields for a conical source in a homogeneous medium are calculated; results indicate that the magnetic behavior of the cone is the same as that of the multi-turn coils, but the transient responses of the secondary field and the total field are more stronger than those of the multi-turn coils. To study the transient response characteristics using a cone-shaped source in a layered earth, a numerical filtering algorithm is then developed using the fast Hankel transform and the improved cosine transform, again using the superposition principle. During development, an average apparent resistivity inverted from the induced electromotive force using each coil is defined to represent the comprehensive resistivity of the conical source. To verify the forward calculation method, the transient responses of H type models and KH type models are calculated, and data are inverted using a “smoke ring” inversion. The results of inversion have good agreement with original models and show that the forward calculation method is effective. The results of this study provide an option for solving the problem of a deep “blind zone” and also provide a theoretical indicator for further research.展开更多
We study the quantization of mesoscopic inductance coupling circuit and discuss its time evolution. Bymeans of the thermal field dynamics theory we study the quantum fluctuation of the system at finite temperature.
We study the quantum fluctuations of the charge and current of two L-C dissipative mesoscopic circuit with the mutual inductance in the vacuum state.Our results show that the system state will evolve to a squeezed coh...We study the quantum fluctuations of the charge and current of two L-C dissipative mesoscopic circuit with the mutual inductance in the vacuum state.Our results show that the system state will evolve to a squeezed coherent state under the effect of external source.We find that the squeezing amplitude parameter is relative to the parameters of circuit and the mutual-inductance coefficient in the existence of dissipation.When the circuit has no dissipation or there is complete coupling between two meshes,the squeezing amplitude parameter only depends on the capacitance's ratio.展开更多
New electronically-controllable lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed employing Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTA). The proposed grounded inductance (GI)...New electronically-controllable lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed employing Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTA). The proposed grounded inductance (GI) circuit employs a single VDTA and one grounded capacitor whereas the floating inductance (FI) circuit employs two VDTAs and one grounded capacitor. The workability of the new circuits has been verified using SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.展开更多
New Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier (VD-DIBA) based lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed. The proposed grounded simulated inductance circuit emplo...New Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier (VD-DIBA) based lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed. The proposed grounded simulated inductance circuit employs a single VD-DIBA, one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor. The floating simulated inductance (FI) circuits employ two VD-DIBAs with two passive components (one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor). The circuit for grounded inductance does not require any realization conditions where as in case of floating inductance circuits, a single matching condition is needed. Simulation results demonstrating the applications of the new simulated inductors using CMOS VD-DIBAs have been included to confirm the workability of the new circuits.展开更多
Low-frequency double-resonance quartz crystal oscillator was developed with active inductance circuit aiming the start-up of stable oscillation of tuning fork-type quartz crystal resonator at 32.768 kHz within 0.37 ms...Low-frequency double-resonance quartz crystal oscillator was developed with active inductance circuit aiming the start-up of stable oscillation of tuning fork-type quartz crystal resonator at 32.768 kHz within 0.37 ms. The initial oscillation is triggered by a part of crystal oscillator forming a CR oscillator. The negative resistance ranges to 4 MΩ at gmf of 4.1 μA/V. In a limited frequency range, the circuit shows negative reactance Ccci = -3.4 pF equivalent to inductance Lcc = 9.8 H. The Allan standard deviation indicated 10-11 to 10-10, showing high stability comparable to general quartz crystal oscillator.展开更多
This paper deals with an analytical method to effectively calculate the inductance of an exterior-rotor switched reluctance motor(SRM),which evaluates the winding inductance of both the active section and the end sect...This paper deals with an analytical method to effectively calculate the inductance of an exterior-rotor switched reluctance motor(SRM),which evaluates the winding inductance of both the active section and the end section,accounting for the influence of core saturation.According to the inductance calculated by the analytical model,the flux linkage table and torque table can be established,and the steady state performance such as phase current,flux linkage,copper loss and core loss can be predicted.Effectiveness of this method is verified by the finite element method as well as by experimental results of a 12/8 SRM prototype.展开更多
基金sponsored by Ministry of Natural Resources in Guangdong Province(No.GDNRC[2024]52)。
文摘In this paper,a precise and computationally efficient method for estimating multiparameter of permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSMs)is proposed.This method can realize decoupling estimation with a small amount of data at a single speed,and considers the inductance correlation to improve the estimation accuracy.The saturation in the stator frame is first modeled,and then the related inductance model in the rotating frame is derived.The estimation model is established based on the related inductance model,which is modeled by polynomials of d-axis current(I_(d))for a given q-axis current(I_(q)).Then,the influence of permanent magnet(PM)flux linkage on inductance estimation can be eliminated by using the partial derivative of the correlated inductance model.The estimation model fully explores the inductance correlation and can realize the decoupling of PM flux linkage(λ_(0))and inductance,which greatly improves the inductance estimation accuracy,especially when Id is small.Moreover,this paper realizes the estimation of distortion voltage,PM flux linkage,and stator resistance based on the derived electrical model and mechanical model.Compared with the existing method,this method can use a small amount of data at a single speed to model voltage,which can effectively reduce the influence of measurement noise and improve the calculation efficiency.Experimental verification on a laboratory PMSM prototype shows that the method’s performance of the proposed method is better than existing methods under various working conditions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2206601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12273024,62205211)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23010503900,22590780100).
文摘Superconducting kinetic inductance detectors(KIDs)are considered to be a highly promising technique for the large-scale imaging of millimeter and submillimeter waves in astronomy.As the pixel density and the array size increase,the electromagnetic crosstalk inevitably becomes a problem that prevents increasing the multiplexing during the development of larger KIDs arrays.In this work,an effective method is introduced to suppress the electromagnetic crosstalk and achieve a compact pixel distribution and small frequency intervals.The electromagnetic crosstalk is first analyzed by simulating the behavior of two neighboring pixels,and the physical distance and the frequency interval are optimized.Then,the arrangement of the pixels on the whole array is redesigned using a genetic algorithm to satisfy the requirements.The simulation results reveal that the normalized electromagnetic crosstalk can be reduced to 0.5%on an 8×8 array.Larger arrays of 16×16 pixels have been fabricated and measured to validate this method,and the results reveal that both the resonance property and survival rate of pixels are improved effectively with this method.This method will be very helpful for designing high-multiplexing KIDs arrays within a limited bandwidth.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62473387)the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2023SP241)the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(2021QN020085)。
文摘For permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs),accurate inductance is critical for control design and condition monitoring.Owing to magnetic saturation,existing methods require nonlinear saturation model and measurements from multiple load/current conditions,and the estimation is relying on the accuracy of saturation model and other machine parameters in the model.Speed harmonic produced by harmonic currents is inductance-dependent,and thus this paper explores the use of magnitude and phase angle of the speed harmonic for accurate inductance estimation.Two estimation models are built based on either the magnitude or phase angle,and the inductances can be from d-axis voltage and the magnitude or phase angle,in which the filter influence in harmonic extraction is considered to ensure the estimation performance.The inductances can be estimated from the measurements under one load condition,which is free of saturation model.Moreover,the inductance estimation is robust to the change of other machine parameters.The proposed approach can effectively improve estimation accuracy especially under the condition with low current magnitude.Experiments and comparisons are conducted on a test PMSM to validate the proposed approach.
基金the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52202213)the Shandong Province Youth Fund(Nos.ZR2024QE439,ZR2024QE532)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Fund of Dezhou University(No.30103540)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M730905)the Science Research Project of the Hebei Education Department(No.QN2024031)。
文摘A cost-effective Fe-P-C nanocrystalline alloy(Fe_(85)P_9C_6)was developed via melt-spinning by eliminating expensive alloying elements and post-annealing steps.The microstructure consists of an amorphous matrix with uniformly dispersed nanocrystalline clusters,featuring an average size of approximately 5 nm.This dual-phase structure remains thermally stable up to 569 K and results in excellent magnetic and mechanical performance,including a high saturation magnetic induction of 1.69 T,Vickers hardness of 621 HV,and outstanding bending ductility.Crystallization proceeds via the transformation of a metastable fcc-(Fe,P,C)phase intoα-Fe,Fe_(3)C,and Fe_(3)P,driven by internal stress arising from atomic size mismatch.Continuous heating and cooling transformation diagrams further reveal that this process can be precisely controlled to optimize phase evolution.The high Fe content and stress-relaxed nanocrystalline clusters contribute to enhanced in-plane magnetic anisotropy and rapid domain response.This simplified,annealing-free approach not only reduces material and processing costs but also provides a viable pathway for scalable fabrication of next-generation soft magnetic alloys with superior performance and manufacturability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2022YFC3004605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Science Fund(Grant No.52104087).
文摘To advance the theoretical understanding,technological development,and field application of electric charge induction for monitoring rock deformation and failure,this study investigates the induced electric charge generated during the deformation and failure of igneous rocks.The charge originates mainly from a combination of electrical polarization and triboelectric effects.Through laboratory experiments,we analyzed the time-frequency evolution of induced electric charge signals and identified relevant monitoring parameters.An online downhole electric charge induction monitoring system was developed and validated in the field.Experimental results show that the dominant frequency range of induced electric charge signals generated during igneous rock deformation and failure lies between 0 and 23 Hz,and a low-pass finite impulse response(FIR)filter effectively suppresses noise.Optimal sensor distances for monitoring cubic and cylindrical specimens were determined to be 17 mm and 13 mm,respectively.We proposed early warning indicators,including the maximum absolute value of the induced electric charge,the arithmetic mean value,the distribution dispersion coefficient,and the cumulative sum value.In field application,time-domain curves and spatial distribution charts of these warning indicators correspond well with changes in abutment stress ahead of the mining face,offering indirect insights into local stress evolution.This research provides technical and equipment support for the application of electric charge induction technology to monitoring and early warning of coal bursts.
文摘BACKGROUND The use of induction immunosuppression agents has improved kidney transplant outcomes,but selecting the optimal agent remains a point of debate.AIM To compare the long-term outcomes of kidney transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab vs basiliximab induction,focusing on graft function,acute rejection,infection,malignancy,post-transplant glomerulonephritis,and survival,using a propensity score matched cohort design.METHODS Kidney transplant recipients who received alemtuzumab or basiliximab induction from 2014 to 2019 across two nephrology centres in Northwest England were evaluated.Propensity score matching at a 1:1.5 ratio ensured comparability between cohorts.Baseline characteristics,immunosuppression regimens,and outcomes were analyzed.Linear,binary logistic and Cox proportional hazard regression models.RESULTS A total of 436 recipients were included,with a median follow-up of 5.2 years.The matched cohort(n=262)had a mean age of 51.1±13.5 years;39%were female and 92%were white.There was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of acute rejection[odds ratio(OR)=2.10;95%CI:0.9-4.9;P=0.110].Compared with basiliximab,alemtuzumab was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at 12 months(-6.6 mL/minute/1.73 m2;95%CI:-10.5 to-2.7;P<0.001)and higher risks of cytomegalovirus viremia(OR=3.2;95%CI:1.6-6.5;P<0.001),BK viremia(OR=2.4;95%CI:1.1-5.5;P=0.02),post-transplant malignancy(OR=6.2;95%CI:1.6-29.9;P=0.013),and death-censored graft loss(hazard ratio=3.6;95%CI:1.2-11.4;P=0.03).No significant differences were observed in post-transplant glomerulonephritis or recipient mortality.CONCLUSION In this propensity score-matched analysis,alemtuzumab induction was associated with lower graft function at 12 months and higher risks of viral infection,post-transplant malignancy,and graft loss compared with basiliximab.These findings highlight the need for further studies to confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of alemtuzumab in kidney transplantation.
基金supported by startup funding from Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
文摘Zinc oxide(ZnO)films,as representative piezoelectric semiconductors,have garnered considerable interest in ultrasonic testing.Current research challenges include maintaining the consistency of continuous c-axis orientation and determining the fundamental link between the electrical structure and piezoelectric response.Accordingly,we have proposed ZnO films incorporated with an orientation-inducing layer(OIL),utilizing orientation induction and rapid deposition technology to regulate the growth structure of the ZnO films.Furthermore,the influence of the competitive mechanism between the film growth and lateral diffusion on the film's growth structure has been investigated.Piezoelectric force microscopy(PFM)analysis demonstrated the regulation and enhancement of ZnO piezoelectric polarization by the OIL.The enhancement mechanism of OIL on film performance was revealed via experimental examination of the film structure,morphology,crystallization orientation,oxygen vacancies,carrier concentration,band structure,and density of states based on density functional theory(DFT).Benefiting from the superior electromechanical response of the ZnO OIL sensor,characterized by fast response recovery times of 2.4 ms/7.7 ms and a sensitivity of 1.09 V/N,the device has successfully demonstrated practical applications in both motion pressure detection and bolt axial force measurement.These findings provide new insights into the ultrasonic detection for aerospace applications of ZnO OIL piezoelectric devices and demonstrate significant potential for health monitoring in connection systems.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Henan Province(252102230017)the Doctoral Foundation of Henan University of Technology(2019BS005)+2 种基金the Talent Research Start-up Fund Project of Tongling University(2021tlxyrc23)the Natural Science Research Project of the Anhui Educational Committee(2023AH040234)the Scientific Research Projects of Tongling University(2022tlxyszZD04)。
文摘The development of aqueous zinc batteries(AZBs)is severely constrained by uncontrolled dendrite growth and parasitic interfacial reactions.Conventional solvation-dominated additives can mitigate these issues by altering the Zn^(2+)solvation structure,but they often compromise ion transport.Here,we introduce a molecular design principle for a non-solvating additive(NSA)based on inductive effects.Ethyl trifluoroacetate(ETFA),obtained by introducing an electron-withdrawing–CF_(3) group adjacent to the–C=O moiety of ethyl acetate(EA),participates minimally in the solvation structure but preferentially undergoes Gibbs adsorption at the Zn-electrolyte interface.This process reduces interfacial tension,reconstructs the electrical double layer,and orients ETFA molecules such that the hydrophilic–C=O groups face the electrolyte,modulating hydrogen-bonding networks,while the hydrophobic–CF_(3) groups anchor onto Zn to regulate deposition.As a result,dendrite formation and side reactions are simultaneously suppressed.With only 1 vol%ETFA,Zn-Cu cells achieve over 4000 stable cycles with 99.89%Coulombic efficiency.Zn-I_(2) full cells employing the modified electrolyte maintain stable operation for more than 500 cycles(6.8 mg cm^(-2),10μm Zn,N/P=2.86),and 0.3 Ah Zn-I_(2) pouch cells(30 mg cm^(-2),100μm Zn)can cycle stably for over 200 cycles.These findings highlight the critical role of Gibbs adsorption in interfacial regulation and provide insights for the molecular design of high-performance additives for stable Zn anodes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12075049 and 11935005)。
文摘Improving plasma uniformity is a critical issue in the development of large-area radio-frequency(RF)inductively coupled plasma(ICP)sources.In this work,the effects of coil structure and electromagnetic shielding on the spatial distribution and uniformity of the plasma are systematically investigated using a three-dimensional fluid model.The model integrates plasma and electromagnetic field modules to simulate the discharge characteristics of a large-area RF ICP source with dimensions of 100 cm×50 cm.The results reveal that the electron density distribution varies significantly with the coil structure.For the rotating and translating coil structures,the electron density is high at off-axis positions and low at the center.In contrast,the mirror coil structure exhibits a significantly higher electron density at the chamber center,resulting in a high-center and low-edge density distribution.Among the three configurations,the rotating coil structure provides the best plasma uniformity.The incorporation of electromagnetic shielding further improves plasma uniformity,particularly for the mirror coil structure.For the rotating and translating coil structures,the electron density exhibits a saddle-shaped distribution regardless of electromagnetic shielding.However,introducing electromagnetic shielding into the mirror coil structure reduces the electron density at the chamber center and decreases the non-uniformity degree by 18.4%.Overall,the mirror coil structure with electromagnetic shielding achieves the highest uniformity,with an exceptional plasma uniformity of 94%.This work offers valuable insights for the design of large-area ICP sources in advanced plasma processing systems.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Projects of State Grid Corporation of China(Project No.J2024136).
文摘To ensure an uninterrupted power supply,mobile power sources(MPS)are widely deployed in power grids during emergencies.Comprising mobile emergency generators(MEGs)and mobile energy storage systems(MESS),MPS are capable of supplying power to critical loads and serving as backup sources during grid contingencies,offering advantages such as flexibility and high resilience through electricity delivery via transportation networks.This paper proposes a design method for a 400 V–10 kV Dual-Winding Induction Generator(DWIG)intended for MEG applications,employing an improved particle swarmoptimization(PSO)algorithmbased on a back-propagation neural network(BPNN).A parameterized finite element(FE)model of the DWIG is established to derive constraints on its dimensional parameters,thereby simplifying the optimization space.Through sensitivity analysis between temperature rise and electromagnetic loss of the DWIG,the main factors influencing the machine’s temperature are identified,and electromagnetic loss is determined as the optimization objective.To obtain an accurate fitting function between electromagnetic loss and dimensional parameters,the BPNN is employed to predict the nonlinear relationship between the optimization objective and the parameters.The Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)method is used for random sampling in the FE model analysis for training,testing,and validation,which is then applied to compute the cost function in the PSO.Based on the relationships obtained by the BPNN,the PSO algorithm evaluates the fitness and cost functions to determine the optimal design point.The proposed optimization method is validated by comparing simulation results between the initial design and the optimized design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32201834 and 32201814)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.324RC530)+1 种基金the Hainan Provincial‘Nanhai NewStar’Science and Technology Innovation Platform Project,China(Grant No.NHXXRCXM-202362)the Research Startup Funding from Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University,China(Grant No.0201-6602-A12202).
文摘The significant variation in plant regeneration efficiency between indica and japonica rice poses a major challenge for crop improvement.However,the molecular basis for this divergence remains largely unclear.In this study,we investigated the role of Oryza sativa AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 13(OsARF13),a transcription factor involved in callus-related processes.We observed that OsARF13 expression is significantly higher in japonica rice callus than in indica rice callus.This differential expression might be associated with an allelic variation in the promoter region of OsARF13,where a deletion commonly found in indica rice corresponds to the loss of a conserved auxin-responsive element(AuxRE)motif.To functionally characterize OsARF13,we generated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mutants.These mutants exhibited a substantial reduction in callus fresh weight,demonstrating that OsARF13 is required for efficient callus induction.Transcriptome analysis of the osarf13 mutant further showed that OsARF13 influences the expression of genes involved in hormone signal transduction and stress responses.Our findings suggest that OsARF13 is a key component of the regulatory network governing callus induction and that natural variation in its promoter might provide a potential explanation for the differential regenerative capacity between japonica and indica rice subspecies.
文摘Kidney transplantation(KT)accounts for nearly three-fourths of organ transplants in India,with living donors contributing to 82%of cases.Induction immunosuppression is essential to optimize initial immunosuppression,reduce acute rejections,and enable tailored use of maintenance agents.Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin(rATG)and interleukin-2 receptor anatagonists(IL-2RA/IL-2RBs)are the most widely used induction therapies.However,data on induction practices across India are limited.To evaluate induction immunosuppression practices across KT centers in India and establish a consensus for different subsets of KT recipients.A nationwide online survey was conducted by the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation(ISOT)among its members(400 KT centers).Responses were analyzed to assess induction practices across diverse donor types,age groups,and immunological risk profiles.Heterogeneity in practices prompted consensus building using a modified Delphi process.Literature review and expert panel discussions(April 2024)were followed by structured voting,and 16 consensus statements were finalized.Of 400 centers approached,254 participated.rATG was the most commonly used induction therapy,followed by IL-2RBs;alemtuzumab was least used.Significant heterogeneity was observed in type,dose,and duration of induction therapy.Consensus recommendations were framed:rATG for high immunological risk recipients and deceased donor KTs;IL-2RB or low-dose rATG for low immunological risk;rituximab in ABOincompatible KTs;and tailoring based on age,diabetes,donor type,infection risk,and affordability.This first ISOT consensus provides 16 India-specific statements on induction therapy in KT.It emphasizes risk-stratified,evidenceinformed,and context-appropriate induction strategies,supporting standardization of care across the country.
基金Subject construction funding project of Institute for Chemical Drug Control(Grant No.2024HYZX42)in National Institutes for Food and Drug Control,Beijing,China。
文摘Elemental impurities(EIs)in drug products are a specific class of inorganic contaminants that may originate from various sources.These residual impurities provide no therapeutic benefit to patients and,in some cases,may even catalyze the degradation of drug substances.Therefore,their levels in drug products must be controlled within acceptable limits.The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use(ICH)approved the harmonised Guideline for Elemental Impurities(ICH Q3D)on November 12,2014.On January 10,2020,the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)announced the adoption of the ICH Q3D principles in China.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)offers distinct advantages in detecting trace levels of EIs in drug products.Various validation criteria for the analytical procedure of ICP-MS are specified in the pharmacopoeias.This study compared differences in the validation criteria for ICP-MS,highlighting that the criteria adopted in the United States Pharmacopeia(USP)and European Pharmacopoeia(EP)were particularly specific and detailed,thereby facilitating analytical method development for drug quality control.The aim was to provide a useful reference for analysts conducting EI determination using ICP-MS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41564001 and 41572185)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No.20151BAB203045)
文摘Small multi-turn coil devices are used with the transient electromagnetic method （TEM） in areas with limited space, particularly in underground environments such as coal mines roadways and engineering tunnels, and for detecting shallow geological targets in environmental and engineering fields. However, the equipment involved has strong mutual inductance coupling, which causes a lengthy turn-off time and a deep “blind zone”. This study proposes a new transmitter device with a conical-shape source and derives the radius formula of each coil and the mutual inductance coefficient of the cone. According to primary field characteristics, results of the two fields created, calculation of the conical-shaped source in a uniform medium using theoretical analysis, and a comparison of the inductance of the new device with that of the multi-turn coil, show that inductance of the multi-turn coil is nine times greater than that of the conical source with the same equivalent magnetic moment of 926.1 A·m2. This indicates that the new source leads to a much shallower “blind zone.” Furthermore, increasing the bottom radius and turn of the cone creates a larger mutual inductance but increasing the cone height results in a lower mutual inductance. Using the superposition principle, the primary and secondary magnetic fields for a conical source in a homogeneous medium are calculated; results indicate that the magnetic behavior of the cone is the same as that of the multi-turn coils, but the transient responses of the secondary field and the total field are more stronger than those of the multi-turn coils. To study the transient response characteristics using a cone-shaped source in a layered earth, a numerical filtering algorithm is then developed using the fast Hankel transform and the improved cosine transform, again using the superposition principle. During development, an average apparent resistivity inverted from the induced electromotive force using each coil is defined to represent the comprehensive resistivity of the conical source. To verify the forward calculation method, the transient responses of H type models and KH type models are calculated, and data are inverted using a “smoke ring” inversion. The results of inversion have good agreement with original models and show that the forward calculation method is effective. The results of this study provide an option for solving the problem of a deep “blind zone” and also provide a theoretical indicator for further research.
文摘We study the quantization of mesoscopic inductance coupling circuit and discuss its time evolution. Bymeans of the thermal field dynamics theory we study the quantum fluctuation of the system at finite temperature.
文摘We study the quantum fluctuations of the charge and current of two L-C dissipative mesoscopic circuit with the mutual inductance in the vacuum state.Our results show that the system state will evolve to a squeezed coherent state under the effect of external source.We find that the squeezing amplitude parameter is relative to the parameters of circuit and the mutual-inductance coefficient in the existence of dissipation.When the circuit has no dissipation or there is complete coupling between two meshes,the squeezing amplitude parameter only depends on the capacitance's ratio.
文摘New electronically-controllable lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed employing Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTA). The proposed grounded inductance (GI) circuit employs a single VDTA and one grounded capacitor whereas the floating inductance (FI) circuit employs two VDTAs and one grounded capacitor. The workability of the new circuits has been verified using SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.
文摘New Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier (VD-DIBA) based lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed. The proposed grounded simulated inductance circuit employs a single VD-DIBA, one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor. The floating simulated inductance (FI) circuits employ two VD-DIBAs with two passive components (one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor). The circuit for grounded inductance does not require any realization conditions where as in case of floating inductance circuits, a single matching condition is needed. Simulation results demonstrating the applications of the new simulated inductors using CMOS VD-DIBAs have been included to confirm the workability of the new circuits.
文摘Low-frequency double-resonance quartz crystal oscillator was developed with active inductance circuit aiming the start-up of stable oscillation of tuning fork-type quartz crystal resonator at 32.768 kHz within 0.37 ms. The initial oscillation is triggered by a part of crystal oscillator forming a CR oscillator. The negative resistance ranges to 4 MΩ at gmf of 4.1 μA/V. In a limited frequency range, the circuit shows negative reactance Ccci = -3.4 pF equivalent to inductance Lcc = 9.8 H. The Allan standard deviation indicated 10-11 to 10-10, showing high stability comparable to general quartz crystal oscillator.
文摘This paper deals with an analytical method to effectively calculate the inductance of an exterior-rotor switched reluctance motor(SRM),which evaluates the winding inductance of both the active section and the end section,accounting for the influence of core saturation.According to the inductance calculated by the analytical model,the flux linkage table and torque table can be established,and the steady state performance such as phase current,flux linkage,copper loss and core loss can be predicted.Effectiveness of this method is verified by the finite element method as well as by experimental results of a 12/8 SRM prototype.
