Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a common severe emergency in neurosurgery,causing tremendous economic pressure on families and society and devastating effects on patients both physically and psychologically,especially...Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a common severe emergency in neurosurgery,causing tremendous economic pressure on families and society and devastating effects on patients both physically and psychologically,especially among patients with poor functional outcomes.ICH is often accompanied by decreased consciousness and limb dysfunction.This seriously affects patients’ability to live independently.Although rapid advances in neurosurgery have greatly improved patient survival,there remains insufficient evidence that surgical treatment significantly improves long-term outcomes.With in-depth pathophysiological studies after ICH,increasing evidence has shown that secondary injury after ICH is related to long-term prognosis and that the key to secondary injury is various immune-mediated neuroinflammatory reactions after ICH.In basic and clinical studies of various systemic inflammatory diseases,triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1/2(TREM-1/2),and the TREM receptor family is closely related to the inflammatory response.Various inflammatory diseases can be upregulated and downregulated through receptor intervention.How the TREM receptor functions after ICH,the types of results from intervention,and whether the outcomes can improve secondary brain injury and the long-term prognosis of patients are unknown.An analysis of relevant research results from basic and clinical trials revealed that the inhibition of TREM-1 and the activation of TREM-2 can alleviate the neuroinflammatory immune response,significantly improve the long-term prognosis of neurological function in patients with cerebral hemorrhage,and thus improve the ability of patients to live independently.展开更多
Landslides triggered by seismic activity have led to substantial human and economic losses.Nevertheless,the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the vibration and rupture of rock slopes during earthquakes remain...Landslides triggered by seismic activity have led to substantial human and economic losses.Nevertheless,the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the vibration and rupture of rock slopes during earthquakes remain poorly understood.In this study,finite element method-based numerical simulations were conducted based on the rock slope at Dagangshan Hydropower Station in Sichuan province,China.Firstly,systematic analysis in both the time and frequency domains were performed to examine the seismic dynamic characteristics of the slope.Subsequently,the transfer function method and the multiple stepwise linear regression method were employed to clarify the underlying mechanism and determine critical factors influencing the slope instability during earthquakes.Time-domain analysis reveals that rock slope dynamic response exhibits notable elevation,surface,and local amplification effects.Specifically,the Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA)amplification coefficient(MPGA)is significantly higher at elevated locations,near the slope surface and in areas with protrusions.Moreover,the existence of fracture zones and anti-shear galleries minimally influences the dynamic responses but considerably affect the rupture.Specifically,fracture zones exacerbate rupture,while anti-shear galleries mitigate it.Frequency-domain analysis indicates that the dynamic responses of the slope are closely correlated with the degree of slope rupture.As earthquake magnitude increases,the rupture degree of the slope intensifies,and the dominant frequency of the response within the slope decreases,e.g.,its value shifts from 3.63 to 2.75 Hz at measurement point 9near the slope surface.The transfer function of rock slope,calculated under the excitation of wide flat spectrum white noise can reflect the interrelationships between the inherent properties and the rupture degree.Notably,the peak of the transfer function undergoes inversion as the degree of rupture increases.Furthermore,through multiple stepwise linear regression analysis,four key factors influencing the surface dynamic response of the slope were identified:rock strength,slope angle,elevation,and seismic dominant frequency.These findings provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of rock slope dynamic responses triggered by earthquakes,offering essential guidance for understanding and mitigating seismic impacts on rock slopes.展开更多
The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast contin...The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.展开更多
Earthquakes not only release the long-term accumulated stress on the seismogenic fault but may also increase the stress on some surrounding faults or other segments of the seismogenic fault,thereby raising the seismic...Earthquakes not only release the long-term accumulated stress on the seismogenic fault but may also increase the stress on some surrounding faults or other segments of the seismogenic fault,thereby raising the seismic risk on these faults.This study investigates the impact of the April 2,2024,Mw 7.4 earthquake in Hualien,Taiwan,China,on the surrounding faults and aftershocks.We analyze stress-triggering effects by calculating Coulomb stress changes(ΔCFS)using rupture models and focal mechanism data.Historical focal mechanism nodal planes serve as receiver fault parameters forΔCFS calculations.Our findings indicate signifi cant Coulomb stress loading on the Longitudinal Valley fault and Central Range structure due to the mainshock,promoting their seismic activity.Loading effects vary by fault type,with thrust and strike-slip faults experiencing more stress loading than normal and odd faults.Conversely,the rupture’s coseismic slip concentration area shows predominant stress unloading,inhibiting seismic activity in the region.Aftershocks mainly experience increasedΔCFS,suggesting that the stress-triggering induced by the mainshock considerably influences the earthquake sequence evolution.These insights are crucial for understanding aftershock patterns and enhancing seismic hazard assessments.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a progressive disease.Without effective interventions,NAFLD can gradually develop to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,fatty liver fibrosis,liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellula...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a progressive disease.Without effective interventions,NAFLD can gradually develop to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,fatty liver fibrosis,liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma.It is still to investigate the precise molecular mechanism behind the pathophysiology of NAFLD.Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2)can sense tissue injury and mediate immune remodeling,thereby inducing phagocytosis,lipid metabolism,and metabolic transfer,promoting cell survival and combating inflammatory activation.NAFLD might develop as a result of TREM2's regulatory role.We here briefly summarize the biological characteristics of TREM2 and its functions in the disease progression of NAFLD.Moreover,we propose to broaden the therapeutic strategy for NAFLD by targeting TREM2.展开更多
Since the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)in 2003,numerous slopes have experienced noticeable movement or destabilization owing to reservoir level changes and seasonal rainfall.One case is the Outang landsli...Since the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)in 2003,numerous slopes have experienced noticeable movement or destabilization owing to reservoir level changes and seasonal rainfall.One case is the Outang landslide,a large-scale and active landslide,on the south bank of the Yangtze River.The latest monitoring data and site investigations available are analyzed to establish spatial and temporal landslide deformation characteristics.Data mining technology,including the two-step clustering and Apriori algorithm,is then used to identify the dominant triggers of landslide movement.In the data mining process,the two-step clustering method clusters the candidate triggers and displacement rate into several groups,and the Apriori algorithm generates correlation criteria for the cause-and-effect.The analysis considers multiple locations of the landslide and incorporates two types of time scales:longterm deformation on a monthly basis and short-term deformation on a daily basis.This analysis shows that the deformations of the Outang landslide are driven by both rainfall and reservoir water while its deformation varies spatiotemporally mainly due to the difference in local responses to hydrological factors.The data mining results reveal different dominant triggering factors depending on the monitoring frequency:the monthly and bi-monthly cumulative rainfall control the monthly deformation,and the 10-d cumulative rainfall and the 5-d cumulative drop of water level in the reservoir dominate the daily deformation of the landslide.It is concluded that the spatiotemporal deformation pattern and data mining rules associated with precipitation and reservoir water level have the potential to be broadly implemented for improving landslide prevention and control in the dam reservoirs and other landslideprone areas.展开更多
The 2022 Honghe M_(S)5.0 seismic event is intriguing due to its occurrence in the south of the Red River Fault,an area historically lacking seismic activities greater than M_(S)5.0.To elucidate the seismogenic mechani...The 2022 Honghe M_(S)5.0 seismic event is intriguing due to its occurrence in the south of the Red River Fault,an area historically lacking seismic activities greater than M_(S)5.0.To elucidate the seismogenic mechanism and scrutinize stress-triggered interactions,we calculated co-seismic and post-seismic Coulomb stress alterations induced by nine historical seismic events(M≥6.0).The analysis reveals that these substantial seismic events provoked co-seismic stress augmentations of 1.409 bar and postseismic stress increments of 0.159 bar.Noteworthy seismic events,such as the 1833 Songming,1877Shiping,1913 Eshan,and 1970 Tonghai earthquakes,catalyzed the occurrence of the Honghe earthquake.Areas of heightened future seismic risk include the southern region of the Red River Fault and the eastern segments of the Shiping-Jianshui and Qujiang faults.Additionally,we assessed the correlation between the spatial distribution of aftershocks and the Coulomb stress shift triggered by the mainshock,taking into account the influence of calculation parameter settings.展开更多
Negative Indian Ocean Dipole(nIOD)can exert great impacts on global climate and can also strongly influence the climate in China.Early nIOD is a major type of nIOD,which can induce more pronounced climate anomalies in...Negative Indian Ocean Dipole(nIOD)can exert great impacts on global climate and can also strongly influence the climate in China.Early nIOD is a major type of nIOD,which can induce more pronounced climate anomalies in summer than La Niña-related nIOD.However,the characteristics and triggering mechanisms of early nIOD are unclear.Our results based on reanalysis datasets indicate that the early nIOD and La Niña-related nIOD are the two major types of nIOD,and the former accounts for over one third of all the nIOD events in the past six decades.These two types of nIODs are similar in their intensities,but are different in their spatial patterns and seasonal cycles.The early nIOD,which develops in spring and peaks in summer,is one season earlier than the La Niña-related nIOD.The spatial pattern of the wind anomaly associated with early nIOD exhibits a winter monsoon-like pattern,with strong westerly anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean and eastly anomalies in the northern Indian Ocean.Opposite to the triggering mechanism of early positve IOD,the early nIOD is induced by delayed Indian summer monsoon onset.The results of this study are helpful for improving the prediction skill of IOD and its climate impacts.展开更多
Mechanisms have been proposed to explain the triggering,development,and persistence of soil liquefaction.The mechanism explaining the horizontal failure plane(triggering)and its depth below the phreatic surface is gov...Mechanisms have been proposed to explain the triggering,development,and persistence of soil liquefaction.The mechanism explaining the horizontal failure plane(triggering)and its depth below the phreatic surface is governed by the flux properties and effective stress at that plane.At the failure plane,the pore water pressure was higher than the effective stress,and the volume change was the highest.The pore water pressure is a function of the soil profile features(particularly the phreatic zone width)and bedrock motion(horizontal acceleration).The volume change at the failure plane is a function of the intrinsic permeability of the soil and bedrock displacement.The failure plane was predicted to occur during the oscillation with the highest amplitude,disregarding further bedrock motion,which was consistent with low seismic energy densities.Two mechanisms were proposed to explain the persistence of soil liquefaction.The first is the existence of low-permeability layers in the depth range in which the failure planes are predicted to occur.The other allows for the persistence and development of soil liquefaction;it is consistent with homogeneous soils and requires water inflow from bedrock water springs.The latter explains many of the features of soil liquefaction observed during earthquakes,namely,surficial effects,“instant”liquefaction,and the occurrence of short-and long-term changes in the level of the phreatic surfaces.This model(hypothesis),the relationship between the flux characteristics and loss of soil shear strength,provides self-consistent constraints on the depth below the phreatic surfaces where the failure planes are observed(expected to occur).It requires further experimental and observational evidence.Similar reasoning can be used to explain other saturated soil phenomena.展开更多
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged therapeutic effects of a 35 kDa molecular weight hyaluronan fragment (HA35) in alleviating pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Hyaluronan interac...Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged therapeutic effects of a 35 kDa molecular weight hyaluronan fragment (HA35) in alleviating pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Hyaluronan interacts with various receptors in the human body, including CD44, LYVE-1, RHAMM, and TLR2, and is well-known for its analgesic effects when used in intra-articular or ultrasound-guided nerve trunk injections. Studies have shown that hyaluronidase cleaves high molecular weight HA to generate HA35, a low molecular weight fragment with enhanced tissue permeability, capable of binding to HA receptors on cell surfaces to produce broad-spectrum analgesic effects. Methods: Ten patients diagnosed with MPS were treated and assessed in this study. HA35 was administered through injection at a dosage of 100 mg daily for 15 days. Patients evaluated their MPS, overall pain levels, and treatment satisfaction using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Global Pain Scale (GPS), and the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4). Follow-up evaluations were performed three months post-treatment to assess the duration of therapeutic effects. Results: Significant improvements were observed in NPRS, GPS, and TSQM scores both during and after the treatment period (P Conclusions: HA35 provides effective and sustained relief from pain associated with MPS, demonstrating a prolonged therapeutic benefit.展开更多
ICF(inertial confinement fusion)holds significant potential for achieving controlled nuclear fusion,but challenges related to efficient energy transfer and plasma stabilization remains.This article explores the ion-bu...ICF(inertial confinement fusion)holds significant potential for achieving controlled nuclear fusion,but challenges related to efficient energy transfer and plasma stabilization remains.This article explores the ion-bubble trigger mechanism as a promising solution for improving the compression and energy deposition processes in ICF,particularly when coupled with external magnetic fields,wigglers,undulators,and trapped magnetic fields.The ion-bubble mechanism enhances energy transfer by creating localized heating in the plasma,increasing the likelihood of fusion ignition.External magnetic fields,through their interaction with plasma particles,can optimize ion-bubble interactions by influencing particle trajectories and stabilizing plasma instabilities.Additionally,wigglers and undulators—devices that create oscillating magnetic fields—offer a means to fine-tune the interaction between plasma and electromagnetic radiation,further enhancing the ion-bubble effect.Trapped magnetic fields,formed through plasma compression,also contribute to plasma confinement and stability,offering further support for the ion-bubble trigger mechanism.By combining these factors,the ion-bubble trigger mechanism in ICF could significantly improve fusion efficiency and bring us closer to realizing sustainable fusion energy.展开更多
Bacterial infection,excessive inflammatory response,and impaired angiogenesis caused by the hyperglycemic microenvironment of diabetic wounds are the primary factors of non-healing wounds.Most contemporary wound repai...Bacterial infection,excessive inflammatory response,and impaired angiogenesis caused by the hyperglycemic microenvironment of diabetic wounds are the primary factors of non-healing wounds.Most contemporary wound repair materials passively release loaded drugs,resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes.In this study,we designed sequentially triggered triple-responsive hydrogels containing alginate(ALG)-phenylboronic acid(PBA),copper polydopamine(Cu-PDA),metformin(MET),and deferoxamine mesylate(DFO)to cover the continuous process of diabetic-infected wound healing and improve the wound microenvironment through warming in the infectious phase and on-demand drug release in the inflammatory and proliferative phase.The hydrogels exhibited good adhesivity,injectability,self-healing ability,and biocompatibility.The hydrogels show remarkable photothermal responsiveness due to the presence of PDA.Studies showed that appropriate high temperatures and the release of Cu2+resulted in the hydrogels displaying excellent bactericidal properties in the infectious phase.Furthermore,the instability of the phenyl borate bond in a hyperglycemic and acidic microenvironment enables the glucose/pH responsiveness of the release of MET and DFO from the hydrogels.Mechanistic studies have shown that the hydrogels could suppress the activity of the NOD-,LRR-,and pyrin structural domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)/caspase-1/GasderminD(GSDMD)/IL-1βpathway and activate the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha(HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)pathway.These effects enabled the hydrogels to promote the healing of diabetic-infected wounds.展开更多
The earthquake early warning system is an effective means of disaster reduction to reduce losses caused by earthquakes,it can release earthquake warning information to the public before destructive seismic waves reach...The earthquake early warning system is an effective means of disaster reduction to reduce losses caused by earthquakes,it can release earthquake warning information to the public before destructive seismic waves reach the warning target area,and carry out automatic disposal of lifeline engineering facilities.Through the construction of the National Earthquake Intensity Rapid Reporting and Early Warning Project,an earthquake early warning network consisting of over 1900 monitoring stations has been established in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration.The early warning system has achieved second level earthquake warning and minute level intensity rapid reporting.The implementation of these functions relies on the system's ability to timely,accurately,and reliably identify seismic waves.But with the development of social economy,the background noise of earthquake observation environment is becoming increasingly complex,which brings certain challenges to earthquake wave recognition,some interference events have the risk of triggering the earthquake warning system incorrectly.Therefore,this article focuses on seismic wave recognition in complex noise environments and proposes a seismic wave detection method based on triangulation to enhance the antiinterference ability and recognition accuracy of early warning systems.展开更多
To obtain the certificate of airworthiness,it is essential to conduct a full-scale aircraft static test.During such test,accurate and comprehensive wing deformation measurement is crucial for assessing its strength,st...To obtain the certificate of airworthiness,it is essential to conduct a full-scale aircraft static test.During such test,accurate and comprehensive wing deformation measurement is crucial for assessing its strength,stiffness,and bearing capability.This paper proposes a novel and cost-effective videogrammetric method using multi-camera system to achieve the non-contact,highprecision,and 3D measurement of overall static deformation for the large-scale wing structure.To overcome the difficulties of making,carrying,and employing the large 2D or 3D target for calibrating the cameras with large field of view,a flexible stereo cameras calibration method combining 1D target and epipolar geometry is proposed.The global calibration method,aided by a total station,is employed to unify the 3D data obtained from various binocular subsystems.A series of static load tests using a 10-meter-long large-scale wing have been conducted to validate the proposed system and methods.Furthermore,the proposed method was applied to the practical wing deformation measurement of both wings with a wingspan of 33.6 m in the full-size civil aircraft static test.The overall 3D profile and displacement data of the tested wing under various loads can be accurately obtained.The maximum error of distance and displacement measurement is less than 4.5 mm within the measurement range of 35 m in all load cases.These results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves effective,high-accuracy,on-site,and visualized wing deformation measurement,making it a promising approach for full-scale aircraft wing static test.展开更多
This study utilizes data from a 3D lightning location system,polarimetric radar,and current measurements from channels of triggered lightning flashes(TLFs)to analyze the structural characteristics of the parent thunde...This study utilizes data from a 3D lightning location system,polarimetric radar,and current measurements from channels of triggered lightning flashes(TLFs)to analyze the structural characteristics of the parent thunderstorms associated with negative TLFs in South China.The triggered-flash region(TFR)displays distinct stratiform cloud characteristics,including lower radar reflectivity heights and a predominance of ice crystals and dry snow above the 0℃ layer.In contrast,the thunderstorm convection core region(CCR)tends to have more graupel particles in the mixed-phase layers and exhibits an ice-water content peak approximately 3.4 times that of the TFR.The charge regions involved in discharges in TFRs exhibit a dipolar charge structure,with the-5℃ layer roughly dividing the upper positive and lower negative charge regions.Conversely,the CCRs feature a typical tripolar charge structure.The dominant dipole charge structure in the TFR results in an increase in the negative charge field below the negative charge region with height,providing a necessary condition for successfully triggering negative TLFs.Furthermore,the horizontal extent of TLFs is positively correlated with their duration and charge transfer.Regions where TLF channels with larger charge transfers propagate tend to have greater maximum radar reflectivity but lower average radar reflectivity compared to regions with TLFs with smaller charge transfer.展开更多
Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world.Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments,disentangl...Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world.Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments,disentangling climate-glacier linkages,and mitigating downstream hazards.Most glacier surges occur in the compound glaciers;however,attention paid to the trigger mechanisms of such surges is minimal.This study confirmed two surges in the northern and southern branches of the Aru-4 glacier,respectively,in the Western Tibetan Plateau,using multisource remote sensing data.The northern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 1999 and the active phase lasted for 6 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 2007 and the active phase lasted for 9 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier experienced a long period of retreat before the northern branch surged and their tongues were in a detached state.The northern branch surge carried a large amount of ice to the frontal area,blocking the downward transport of ice from the southern branch and initiated surge.Through the analysis of two surge processes of Aru-4 glacier,we found a new surge mechanism for compound glaciers.It was revealed that surges in such glaciers are not only triggered by the reduction in basal sliding resistance caused by the internal factors.These surges initiated in the upper part of the glacier then propagated to down glacier by intense compression force.Furthermore,surges can also be triggered by external intervention of blocking by other branches.This external trigger initiates the surge in the lower part of the glacier then propagated to the upper part by longitudinal traction force.In addition,comparing with the surge triggered by the internal factors,the surge triggered by the external intervention may have a more dramatic process.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter deals with the stabilization problem of nonlinear stochastic systems via self-triggered impulsive control(STIC), where the timing of impulsive control actions is not dependent on continuous sta...Dear Editor,This letter deals with the stabilization problem of nonlinear stochastic systems via self-triggered impulsive control(STIC), where the timing of impulsive control actions is not dependent on continuous state monitoring. In contrast to the existing self-triggered control method, novel self-triggered mechanism(STM) is proposed by incorporating a waiting time for stabilizing impulses. This allows for direct prediction of the next impulsive instant.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter deals with the stabilization of a resilient model predictive control(MPC)algorithm with a dynamic event-triggered mechanism subject to Denial-of-Service(Do S)attacks.Different from previous wor...Dear Editor,This letter deals with the stabilization of a resilient model predictive control(MPC)algorithm with a dynamic event-triggered mechanism subject to Denial-of-Service(Do S)attacks.Different from previous works,this letter is based on the designed threshold function to dynamically trigger and gives the upper bound conditions for intersampling intervals with attack and attack-free scenarios to converge.展开更多
AIM To investigate potential triggering factors leading to acute liver failure(ALF) as the initial presentation of autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).METHODS A total of 565 patients treated at our Department between 2005 and 2...AIM To investigate potential triggering factors leading to acute liver failure(ALF) as the initial presentation of autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).METHODS A total of 565 patients treated at our Department between 2005 and 2017 for histologically-proven AIH were retrospectively analyzed. However, 52 patients(9.2%) fulfilled the criteria for ALF defined by the "American Association for the Study of the Liver(AASLD)". According to this definition, patients with "acute-on-chronic" or "acute-on-cirrhosis" liver failure were excluded. Following parameters with focus on potential triggering factors were evaluated: Patients' demographics, causation of liver failure, laboratory data(liver enzymes, MELD-score, autoimmune markers, virus serology), liver histology, immunosuppressive regime, and finally, outcome of our patients.RESULTS The majority of patients with ALF were female(84.6%) and mean age was 43.6 ± 14.9 years. Interestingly, none of the patients with ALF was positive for antiliver kidney microsomal antibody(LKM). We could identify potential triggering factors in 26/52(50.0%) of previously healthy patients presenting ALF as their first manifestation of AIH. These were drug-induced ALF(57.7%), virus-induced ALF(30.8%), and preceding surgery in general anesthesia(11.5%), respectively. Unfortunately, 6 out of 52 patients(11.5%) did not survive ALF and 3 patients(5.7%) underwent liver transplantation(LT). Comparing data of survivors and patients with non-recovery following treatment, MELDscore(P < 0.001), age(P < 0.05), creatinine(P < 0.01), and finally, ALT-values(P < 0.05) reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION Drugs, viral infections, and previous surgery may trigger ALF as the initial presentation of AIH. Advanced age and high MELD-score were associated with lethal outcome.展开更多
A high precision laser trigger system is built up in the single test module of Primary Test Stand （PTS） facility. A fourth harmonic, with a wavelength A of 266 nm, Q-switched Nd：YAG laser was used to trigger the 5 ...A high precision laser trigger system is built up in the single test module of Primary Test Stand （PTS） facility. A fourth harmonic, with a wavelength A of 266 nm, Q-switched Nd：YAG laser was used to trigger the 5 MV multi-gap multi-channel gas switch which was filled with high pressure SF6-N2 mixture gas. The maximum deviation and the standard deviation in the jitter time of the trigger system is 4- 0.7 ns and 0.3 ns respectively. The maximum deviation and the standard deviation in the jitter time for the multi-gap multi-channel laser triggering switch is 4- 2.4 ns and 1.5 ns respectively. The curve of switch delay-time versus laser energy is obtained, which is helpful for the choice of fitting laser energy. The successful test with two lasers indicated that the design of using twenty-four lasers to trigger twenty-four switches respectively is feasible in ＂PTS＂.展开更多
基金Supported by Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Plan Project,No.2020ZDLSF01-02Doctor Foundation of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University,No.X2Y-R11.
文摘Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a common severe emergency in neurosurgery,causing tremendous economic pressure on families and society and devastating effects on patients both physically and psychologically,especially among patients with poor functional outcomes.ICH is often accompanied by decreased consciousness and limb dysfunction.This seriously affects patients’ability to live independently.Although rapid advances in neurosurgery have greatly improved patient survival,there remains insufficient evidence that surgical treatment significantly improves long-term outcomes.With in-depth pathophysiological studies after ICH,increasing evidence has shown that secondary injury after ICH is related to long-term prognosis and that the key to secondary injury is various immune-mediated neuroinflammatory reactions after ICH.In basic and clinical studies of various systemic inflammatory diseases,triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1/2(TREM-1/2),and the TREM receptor family is closely related to the inflammatory response.Various inflammatory diseases can be upregulated and downregulated through receptor intervention.How the TREM receptor functions after ICH,the types of results from intervention,and whether the outcomes can improve secondary brain injury and the long-term prognosis of patients are unknown.An analysis of relevant research results from basic and clinical trials revealed that the inhibition of TREM-1 and the activation of TREM-2 can alleviate the neuroinflammatory immune response,significantly improve the long-term prognosis of neurological function in patients with cerebral hemorrhage,and thus improve the ability of patients to live independently.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52274075,42122052,52379098)。
文摘Landslides triggered by seismic activity have led to substantial human and economic losses.Nevertheless,the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the vibration and rupture of rock slopes during earthquakes remain poorly understood.In this study,finite element method-based numerical simulations were conducted based on the rock slope at Dagangshan Hydropower Station in Sichuan province,China.Firstly,systematic analysis in both the time and frequency domains were performed to examine the seismic dynamic characteristics of the slope.Subsequently,the transfer function method and the multiple stepwise linear regression method were employed to clarify the underlying mechanism and determine critical factors influencing the slope instability during earthquakes.Time-domain analysis reveals that rock slope dynamic response exhibits notable elevation,surface,and local amplification effects.Specifically,the Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA)amplification coefficient(MPGA)is significantly higher at elevated locations,near the slope surface and in areas with protrusions.Moreover,the existence of fracture zones and anti-shear galleries minimally influences the dynamic responses but considerably affect the rupture.Specifically,fracture zones exacerbate rupture,while anti-shear galleries mitigate it.Frequency-domain analysis indicates that the dynamic responses of the slope are closely correlated with the degree of slope rupture.As earthquake magnitude increases,the rupture degree of the slope intensifies,and the dominant frequency of the response within the slope decreases,e.g.,its value shifts from 3.63 to 2.75 Hz at measurement point 9near the slope surface.The transfer function of rock slope,calculated under the excitation of wide flat spectrum white noise can reflect the interrelationships between the inherent properties and the rupture degree.Notably,the peak of the transfer function undergoes inversion as the degree of rupture increases.Furthermore,through multiple stepwise linear regression analysis,four key factors influencing the surface dynamic response of the slope were identified:rock strength,slope angle,elevation,and seismic dominant frequency.These findings provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of rock slope dynamic responses triggered by earthquakes,offering essential guidance for understanding and mitigating seismic impacts on rock slopes.
基金supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2021SP318)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20190391)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Geological Processes and Natural Disasters around the South China Sea founded by the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province(No.2016ZT06N331)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2019A1515110305,2021A1515011130,2021A1515110288)。
文摘The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42364005,42174074,42064008 and 41704053)Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(Grant No.2023FY201500)+1 种基金Science and Technology Plan Project of Jiangxi Province(20212BCJ23002,20232ACB213013)the East China University of Technology Research Foundation for Advanced Talents(ECUT)(DHBK2019084)。
文摘Earthquakes not only release the long-term accumulated stress on the seismogenic fault but may also increase the stress on some surrounding faults or other segments of the seismogenic fault,thereby raising the seismic risk on these faults.This study investigates the impact of the April 2,2024,Mw 7.4 earthquake in Hualien,Taiwan,China,on the surrounding faults and aftershocks.We analyze stress-triggering effects by calculating Coulomb stress changes(ΔCFS)using rupture models and focal mechanism data.Historical focal mechanism nodal planes serve as receiver fault parameters forΔCFS calculations.Our findings indicate signifi cant Coulomb stress loading on the Longitudinal Valley fault and Central Range structure due to the mainshock,promoting their seismic activity.Loading effects vary by fault type,with thrust and strike-slip faults experiencing more stress loading than normal and odd faults.Conversely,the rupture’s coseismic slip concentration area shows predominant stress unloading,inhibiting seismic activity in the region.Aftershocks mainly experience increasedΔCFS,suggesting that the stress-triggering induced by the mainshock considerably influences the earthquake sequence evolution.These insights are crucial for understanding aftershock patterns and enhancing seismic hazard assessments.
基金Supported by Henan Province's"Double First-Class"Creation of Scientific Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine,No.HSRPDFCTCM-2023-7-23 and No.STG-ZYX02-202117National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base Scientific Research Special Project,No.2022JDZX098 and No.2022JDZX114+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82205086The 9th China Association for Science and Technology Young Talent Support Project,No.2023QNRC001.
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a progressive disease.Without effective interventions,NAFLD can gradually develop to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,fatty liver fibrosis,liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma.It is still to investigate the precise molecular mechanism behind the pathophysiology of NAFLD.Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2)can sense tissue injury and mediate immune remodeling,thereby inducing phagocytosis,lipid metabolism,and metabolic transfer,promoting cell survival and combating inflammatory activation.NAFLD might develop as a result of TREM2's regulatory role.We here briefly summarize the biological characteristics of TREM2 and its functions in the disease progression of NAFLD.Moreover,we propose to broaden the therapeutic strategy for NAFLD by targeting TREM2.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.ZR2021QD032)。
文摘Since the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)in 2003,numerous slopes have experienced noticeable movement or destabilization owing to reservoir level changes and seasonal rainfall.One case is the Outang landslide,a large-scale and active landslide,on the south bank of the Yangtze River.The latest monitoring data and site investigations available are analyzed to establish spatial and temporal landslide deformation characteristics.Data mining technology,including the two-step clustering and Apriori algorithm,is then used to identify the dominant triggers of landslide movement.In the data mining process,the two-step clustering method clusters the candidate triggers and displacement rate into several groups,and the Apriori algorithm generates correlation criteria for the cause-and-effect.The analysis considers multiple locations of the landslide and incorporates two types of time scales:longterm deformation on a monthly basis and short-term deformation on a daily basis.This analysis shows that the deformations of the Outang landslide are driven by both rainfall and reservoir water while its deformation varies spatiotemporally mainly due to the difference in local responses to hydrological factors.The data mining results reveal different dominant triggering factors depending on the monitoring frequency:the monthly and bi-monthly cumulative rainfall control the monthly deformation,and the 10-d cumulative rainfall and the 5-d cumulative drop of water level in the reservoir dominate the daily deformation of the landslide.It is concluded that the spatiotemporal deformation pattern and data mining rules associated with precipitation and reservoir water level have the potential to be broadly implemented for improving landslide prevention and control in the dam reservoirs and other landslideprone areas.
基金funded by the Youth Seismic Regime Tracking Project of CEA(2023010129)。
文摘The 2022 Honghe M_(S)5.0 seismic event is intriguing due to its occurrence in the south of the Red River Fault,an area historically lacking seismic activities greater than M_(S)5.0.To elucidate the seismogenic mechanism and scrutinize stress-triggered interactions,we calculated co-seismic and post-seismic Coulomb stress alterations induced by nine historical seismic events(M≥6.0).The analysis reveals that these substantial seismic events provoked co-seismic stress augmentations of 1.409 bar and postseismic stress increments of 0.159 bar.Noteworthy seismic events,such as the 1833 Songming,1877Shiping,1913 Eshan,and 1970 Tonghai earthquakes,catalyzed the occurrence of the Honghe earthquake.Areas of heightened future seismic risk include the southern region of the Red River Fault and the eastern segments of the Shiping-Jianshui and Qujiang faults.Additionally,we assessed the correlation between the spatial distribution of aftershocks and the Coulomb stress shift triggered by the mainshock,taking into account the influence of calculation parameter settings.
基金The Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China under contract No.2022S02the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41976021.
文摘Negative Indian Ocean Dipole(nIOD)can exert great impacts on global climate and can also strongly influence the climate in China.Early nIOD is a major type of nIOD,which can induce more pronounced climate anomalies in summer than La Niña-related nIOD.However,the characteristics and triggering mechanisms of early nIOD are unclear.Our results based on reanalysis datasets indicate that the early nIOD and La Niña-related nIOD are the two major types of nIOD,and the former accounts for over one third of all the nIOD events in the past six decades.These two types of nIODs are similar in their intensities,but are different in their spatial patterns and seasonal cycles.The early nIOD,which develops in spring and peaks in summer,is one season earlier than the La Niña-related nIOD.The spatial pattern of the wind anomaly associated with early nIOD exhibits a winter monsoon-like pattern,with strong westerly anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean and eastly anomalies in the northern Indian Ocean.Opposite to the triggering mechanism of early positve IOD,the early nIOD is induced by delayed Indian summer monsoon onset.The results of this study are helpful for improving the prediction skill of IOD and its climate impacts.
文摘Mechanisms have been proposed to explain the triggering,development,and persistence of soil liquefaction.The mechanism explaining the horizontal failure plane(triggering)and its depth below the phreatic surface is governed by the flux properties and effective stress at that plane.At the failure plane,the pore water pressure was higher than the effective stress,and the volume change was the highest.The pore water pressure is a function of the soil profile features(particularly the phreatic zone width)and bedrock motion(horizontal acceleration).The volume change at the failure plane is a function of the intrinsic permeability of the soil and bedrock displacement.The failure plane was predicted to occur during the oscillation with the highest amplitude,disregarding further bedrock motion,which was consistent with low seismic energy densities.Two mechanisms were proposed to explain the persistence of soil liquefaction.The first is the existence of low-permeability layers in the depth range in which the failure planes are predicted to occur.The other allows for the persistence and development of soil liquefaction;it is consistent with homogeneous soils and requires water inflow from bedrock water springs.The latter explains many of the features of soil liquefaction observed during earthquakes,namely,surficial effects,“instant”liquefaction,and the occurrence of short-and long-term changes in the level of the phreatic surfaces.This model(hypothesis),the relationship between the flux characteristics and loss of soil shear strength,provides self-consistent constraints on the depth below the phreatic surfaces where the failure planes are observed(expected to occur).It requires further experimental and observational evidence.Similar reasoning can be used to explain other saturated soil phenomena.
文摘Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged therapeutic effects of a 35 kDa molecular weight hyaluronan fragment (HA35) in alleviating pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Hyaluronan interacts with various receptors in the human body, including CD44, LYVE-1, RHAMM, and TLR2, and is well-known for its analgesic effects when used in intra-articular or ultrasound-guided nerve trunk injections. Studies have shown that hyaluronidase cleaves high molecular weight HA to generate HA35, a low molecular weight fragment with enhanced tissue permeability, capable of binding to HA receptors on cell surfaces to produce broad-spectrum analgesic effects. Methods: Ten patients diagnosed with MPS were treated and assessed in this study. HA35 was administered through injection at a dosage of 100 mg daily for 15 days. Patients evaluated their MPS, overall pain levels, and treatment satisfaction using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Global Pain Scale (GPS), and the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4). Follow-up evaluations were performed three months post-treatment to assess the duration of therapeutic effects. Results: Significant improvements were observed in NPRS, GPS, and TSQM scores both during and after the treatment period (P Conclusions: HA35 provides effective and sustained relief from pain associated with MPS, demonstrating a prolonged therapeutic benefit.
文摘ICF(inertial confinement fusion)holds significant potential for achieving controlled nuclear fusion,but challenges related to efficient energy transfer and plasma stabilization remains.This article explores the ion-bubble trigger mechanism as a promising solution for improving the compression and energy deposition processes in ICF,particularly when coupled with external magnetic fields,wigglers,undulators,and trapped magnetic fields.The ion-bubble mechanism enhances energy transfer by creating localized heating in the plasma,increasing the likelihood of fusion ignition.External magnetic fields,through their interaction with plasma particles,can optimize ion-bubble interactions by influencing particle trajectories and stabilizing plasma instabilities.Additionally,wigglers and undulators—devices that create oscillating magnetic fields—offer a means to fine-tune the interaction between plasma and electromagnetic radiation,further enhancing the ion-bubble effect.Trapped magnetic fields,formed through plasma compression,also contribute to plasma confinement and stability,offering further support for the ion-bubble trigger mechanism.By combining these factors,the ion-bubble trigger mechanism in ICF could significantly improve fusion efficiency and bring us closer to realizing sustainable fusion energy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81974288,82170253,and 82241018).
文摘Bacterial infection,excessive inflammatory response,and impaired angiogenesis caused by the hyperglycemic microenvironment of diabetic wounds are the primary factors of non-healing wounds.Most contemporary wound repair materials passively release loaded drugs,resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes.In this study,we designed sequentially triggered triple-responsive hydrogels containing alginate(ALG)-phenylboronic acid(PBA),copper polydopamine(Cu-PDA),metformin(MET),and deferoxamine mesylate(DFO)to cover the continuous process of diabetic-infected wound healing and improve the wound microenvironment through warming in the infectious phase and on-demand drug release in the inflammatory and proliferative phase.The hydrogels exhibited good adhesivity,injectability,self-healing ability,and biocompatibility.The hydrogels show remarkable photothermal responsiveness due to the presence of PDA.Studies showed that appropriate high temperatures and the release of Cu2+resulted in the hydrogels displaying excellent bactericidal properties in the infectious phase.Furthermore,the instability of the phenyl borate bond in a hyperglycemic and acidic microenvironment enables the glucose/pH responsiveness of the release of MET and DFO from the hydrogels.Mechanistic studies have shown that the hydrogels could suppress the activity of the NOD-,LRR-,and pyrin structural domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)/caspase-1/GasderminD(GSDMD)/IL-1βpathway and activate the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha(HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)pathway.These effects enabled the hydrogels to promote the healing of diabetic-infected wounds.
基金supported by the Spark Program of Earthquake Science and Technology(No.XH23003C)。
文摘The earthquake early warning system is an effective means of disaster reduction to reduce losses caused by earthquakes,it can release earthquake warning information to the public before destructive seismic waves reach the warning target area,and carry out automatic disposal of lifeline engineering facilities.Through the construction of the National Earthquake Intensity Rapid Reporting and Early Warning Project,an earthquake early warning network consisting of over 1900 monitoring stations has been established in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration.The early warning system has achieved second level earthquake warning and minute level intensity rapid reporting.The implementation of these functions relies on the system's ability to timely,accurately,and reliably identify seismic waves.But with the development of social economy,the background noise of earthquake observation environment is becoming increasingly complex,which brings certain challenges to earthquake wave recognition,some interference events have the risk of triggering the earthquake warning system incorrectly.Therefore,this article focuses on seismic wave recognition in complex noise environments and proposes a seismic wave detection method based on triangulation to enhance the antiinterference ability and recognition accuracy of early warning systems.
文摘To obtain the certificate of airworthiness,it is essential to conduct a full-scale aircraft static test.During such test,accurate and comprehensive wing deformation measurement is crucial for assessing its strength,stiffness,and bearing capability.This paper proposes a novel and cost-effective videogrammetric method using multi-camera system to achieve the non-contact,highprecision,and 3D measurement of overall static deformation for the large-scale wing structure.To overcome the difficulties of making,carrying,and employing the large 2D or 3D target for calibrating the cameras with large field of view,a flexible stereo cameras calibration method combining 1D target and epipolar geometry is proposed.The global calibration method,aided by a total station,is employed to unify the 3D data obtained from various binocular subsystems.A series of static load tests using a 10-meter-long large-scale wing have been conducted to validate the proposed system and methods.Furthermore,the proposed method was applied to the practical wing deformation measurement of both wings with a wingspan of 33.6 m in the full-size civil aircraft static test.The overall 3D profile and displacement data of the tested wing under various loads can be accurately obtained.The maximum error of distance and displacement measurement is less than 4.5 mm within the measurement range of 35 m in all load cases.These results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves effective,high-accuracy,on-site,and visualized wing deformation measurement,making it a promising approach for full-scale aircraft wing static test.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2342215)Key Laboratory of South China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province(Grant No.SCSF202302)。
文摘This study utilizes data from a 3D lightning location system,polarimetric radar,and current measurements from channels of triggered lightning flashes(TLFs)to analyze the structural characteristics of the parent thunderstorms associated with negative TLFs in South China.The triggered-flash region(TFR)displays distinct stratiform cloud characteristics,including lower radar reflectivity heights and a predominance of ice crystals and dry snow above the 0℃ layer.In contrast,the thunderstorm convection core region(CCR)tends to have more graupel particles in the mixed-phase layers and exhibits an ice-water content peak approximately 3.4 times that of the TFR.The charge regions involved in discharges in TFRs exhibit a dipolar charge structure,with the-5℃ layer roughly dividing the upper positive and lower negative charge regions.Conversely,the CCRs feature a typical tripolar charge structure.The dominant dipole charge structure in the TFR results in an increase in the negative charge field below the negative charge region with height,providing a necessary condition for successfully triggering negative TLFs.Furthermore,the horizontal extent of TLFs is positively correlated with their duration and charge transfer.Regions where TLF channels with larger charge transfers propagate tend to have greater maximum radar reflectivity but lower average radar reflectivity compared to regions with TLFs with smaller charge transfer.
基金funded by the Open Research Fund of TPESER(Grant No.TPESER202502)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFF0810700)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Program Project of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.25JRRA138)the Hydraulic Science Experimental Research and Technology Extension Project of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.25GSLK094)the Open Foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System,Lanzhou Universitythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.1zujbky-2025-jdzx02)。
文摘Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world.Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments,disentangling climate-glacier linkages,and mitigating downstream hazards.Most glacier surges occur in the compound glaciers;however,attention paid to the trigger mechanisms of such surges is minimal.This study confirmed two surges in the northern and southern branches of the Aru-4 glacier,respectively,in the Western Tibetan Plateau,using multisource remote sensing data.The northern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 1999 and the active phase lasted for 6 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 2007 and the active phase lasted for 9 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier experienced a long period of retreat before the northern branch surged and their tongues were in a detached state.The northern branch surge carried a large amount of ice to the frontal area,blocking the downward transport of ice from the southern branch and initiated surge.Through the analysis of two surge processes of Aru-4 glacier,we found a new surge mechanism for compound glaciers.It was revealed that surges in such glaciers are not only triggered by the reduction in basal sliding resistance caused by the internal factors.These surges initiated in the upper part of the glacier then propagated to down glacier by intense compression force.Furthermore,surges can also be triggered by external intervention of blocking by other branches.This external trigger initiates the surge in the lower part of the glacier then propagated to the upper part by longitudinal traction force.In addition,comparing with the surge triggered by the internal factors,the surge triggered by the external intervention may have a more dramatic process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62403393,12202058,62103118)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021T140160,2023 T160051)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB 2023NSCQ-MSX0152)
文摘Dear Editor,This letter deals with the stabilization problem of nonlinear stochastic systems via self-triggered impulsive control(STIC), where the timing of impulsive control actions is not dependent on continuous state monitoring. In contrast to the existing self-triggered control method, novel self-triggered mechanism(STM) is proposed by incorporating a waiting time for stabilizing impulses. This allows for direct prediction of the next impulsive instant.
文摘Dear Editor,This letter deals with the stabilization of a resilient model predictive control(MPC)algorithm with a dynamic event-triggered mechanism subject to Denial-of-Service(Do S)attacks.Different from previous works,this letter is based on the designed threshold function to dynamically trigger and gives the upper bound conditions for intersampling intervals with attack and attack-free scenarios to converge.
文摘AIM To investigate potential triggering factors leading to acute liver failure(ALF) as the initial presentation of autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).METHODS A total of 565 patients treated at our Department between 2005 and 2017 for histologically-proven AIH were retrospectively analyzed. However, 52 patients(9.2%) fulfilled the criteria for ALF defined by the "American Association for the Study of the Liver(AASLD)". According to this definition, patients with "acute-on-chronic" or "acute-on-cirrhosis" liver failure were excluded. Following parameters with focus on potential triggering factors were evaluated: Patients' demographics, causation of liver failure, laboratory data(liver enzymes, MELD-score, autoimmune markers, virus serology), liver histology, immunosuppressive regime, and finally, outcome of our patients.RESULTS The majority of patients with ALF were female(84.6%) and mean age was 43.6 ± 14.9 years. Interestingly, none of the patients with ALF was positive for antiliver kidney microsomal antibody(LKM). We could identify potential triggering factors in 26/52(50.0%) of previously healthy patients presenting ALF as their first manifestation of AIH. These were drug-induced ALF(57.7%), virus-induced ALF(30.8%), and preceding surgery in general anesthesia(11.5%), respectively. Unfortunately, 6 out of 52 patients(11.5%) did not survive ALF and 3 patients(5.7%) underwent liver transplantation(LT). Comparing data of survivors and patients with non-recovery following treatment, MELDscore(P < 0.001), age(P < 0.05), creatinine(P < 0.01), and finally, ALT-values(P < 0.05) reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION Drugs, viral infections, and previous surgery may trigger ALF as the initial presentation of AIH. Advanced age and high MELD-score were associated with lethal outcome.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10574096)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No.20050610010)
文摘A high precision laser trigger system is built up in the single test module of Primary Test Stand （PTS） facility. A fourth harmonic, with a wavelength A of 266 nm, Q-switched Nd：YAG laser was used to trigger the 5 MV multi-gap multi-channel gas switch which was filled with high pressure SF6-N2 mixture gas. The maximum deviation and the standard deviation in the jitter time of the trigger system is 4- 0.7 ns and 0.3 ns respectively. The maximum deviation and the standard deviation in the jitter time for the multi-gap multi-channel laser triggering switch is 4- 2.4 ns and 1.5 ns respectively. The curve of switch delay-time versus laser energy is obtained, which is helpful for the choice of fitting laser energy. The successful test with two lasers indicated that the design of using twenty-four lasers to trigger twenty-four switches respectively is feasible in ＂PTS＂.
