The simple adjusted estimator of risk difference in each center is easy constructed by adding a value c on the number of successes and on the number of failures in each arm of the proportion estimator. Assessing a tre...The simple adjusted estimator of risk difference in each center is easy constructed by adding a value c on the number of successes and on the number of failures in each arm of the proportion estimator. Assessing a treatment effect in multi-center studies, we propose minimum MSE (mean square error) weights of an adjusted summary estimate of risk difference under the assumption of a constant of common risk difference over all centers. To evaluate the performance of the proposed weights, we compare not only in terms of estimation based on bias, variance, and MSE with two other conventional weights, such as the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel weights and the inverse variance (weighted least square) weights, but also we compare the potential tests based on the type I error probability and the power of test in a variety of situations. The results illustrate that the proposed weights in terms of point estimation and hypothesis testing perform well and should be recommended to use as an alternative choice. Finally, two applications are illustrated for the practical use.展开更多
Virtual data center is a new form of cloud computing concept applied to data center. As one of the most important challenges, virtual data center embedding problem has attracted much attention from researchers. In dat...Virtual data center is a new form of cloud computing concept applied to data center. As one of the most important challenges, virtual data center embedding problem has attracted much attention from researchers. In data centers, energy issue is very important for the reality that data center energy consumption has increased by dozens of times in the last decade. In this paper, we are concerned about the cost-aware multi-domain virtual data center embedding problem. In order to solve this problem, this paper first addresses the energy consumption model. The model includes the energy consumption model of the virtual machine node and the virtual switch node, to quantify the energy consumption in the virtual data center embedding process. Based on the energy consumption model above, this paper presents a heuristic algorithm for cost-aware multi-domain virtual data center embedding. The algorithm consists of two steps: inter-domain embedding and intra-domain embedding. Inter-domain virtual data center embedding refers to dividing virtual data center requests into several slices to select the appropriate single data center. Intra-domain virtual data center refers to embedding virtual data center requests in each data center. We first propose an inter-domain virtual data center embedding algorithm based on label propagation to select the appropriate single data center. We then propose a cost-aware virtual data center embedding algorithm to perform the intra-domain data center embedding. Extensive simulation results show that our proposed algorithm in this paper can effectively reduce the energy consumption while ensuring the success ratio of embedding.展开更多
Yinshan anticline is the product of tectono-dynamic deformation - metamorphism .Along the axis of the anticline exists a brittle-ductile shearing zone which obviously controls the ore-formation . Mineralization occurs...Yinshan anticline is the product of tectono-dynamic deformation - metamorphism .Along the axis of the anticline exists a brittle-ductile shearing zone which obviously controls the ore-formation . Mineralization occurs along the axis of the anticline in a width of about 1000m .In the mining area .volcano- subvolcanic rocks of Early Yanshan period are divided into three cycles :Ⅰ intermediate acidic dacite lava and dacite porphyry ;Ⅱ acidic amphibole liparite and quartz porphyry;Ⅲ intermediate andesite porphyrite . Among them activities of ⅠandⅡ cycles are more intensive and are intimately related to the mineralization . Yinshan ore deposit is the result of combinative processes of tectono -dynamic and volcano -magmatic hydrothermal fluids, so that mere are two centers of metallogenic zoning, one being the axial strain zone of Yinshan anticline which is the center of first order, and the other being porphyry stock , 2nd order.展开更多
Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to investigate volume effect and safety of up to 50 mL/kg BW 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 in adult and pediatric patients undergoing major elective surgery. The need ...Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to investigate volume effect and safety of up to 50 mL/kg BW 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 in adult and pediatric patients undergoing major elective surgery. The need to infuse human albumin may be reduced or avoided in Japan if these large doses 6% HES 130/0.4 can be infused. Methods: The study was an uncontrolled, open-labeled, multi-center trial. Fifteen adult and 5 pediatric patients undergoing major elective surgery received 6% HES 130/0.4 (Voluven®) with a maximum dose of 50 mL/kg from the start of surgery until 2 hours after the end of surgery according to a treatment algorithm. The primary efficacy endpoint was the volume effect of 6% HES 130/0.4 determined by the volume of saved albumin during the investigational period and the time course of hemodynamic stability in adult and pediatric patients. Safety parameters were fluid balance, hemodynamic and laboratory parameters ECG, local and systemic tolerance and adverse events. Results: Adult patients received a mean of 32.0 mL/kg of 6% HES 130/0.4. For 12 out of 15 adult patients an average amount of 1033.8 mL (18.6 mL/kg) albumin could be saved. The other 3 adult patients did not receive more than 1000 mL of HES 130/0.4. All pediatric patients received approximately 50 mL/kg of HES 130/0.4;for these patients an average amount of 39.9 mL/kg body weight albumin could be saved. The majority of adult patients, and all pediatric patients were hemodynamically stable at all 3 time points. The observed changes of the assessed laboratory parameters including hematological and coagulation parameters or in any other safety parameter determined did not reveal any safety concern related to the administration of 6% HES 130/0.4 up to doses of 50 mL/kg body weight. Conclusion: The study results indicate that 6% HES 130/0.4 has a reliable volume effect, could contribute to significant human albumin savings and was safe and well tolerated up to a maximum dose of 50 mL/kg body weight in adult and pediatric patients undergoing major elective surgery.展开更多
In this paper, we consider a method of centers for solving multi-objective programming problems, where the objective functions involved are concave functions and the set of feasible points is convex. The algorithm is ...In this paper, we consider a method of centers for solving multi-objective programming problems, where the objective functions involved are concave functions and the set of feasible points is convex. The algorithm is defined so that the sub-problems that must be solved during its execution may be solved by finite-step procedures. Conditions are given under which the algorithm generates sequences of feasible points and constraint multiplier vectors that have accumulation points satisfying the KKT conditions. Finally, we establish convergence of the proposed method of centers algorithm for solving multiobjective programming problems.展开更多
Many ＂rich - connected＂ topologies with multiple parallel paths between smwers have been proposed for data center networks recently to provide high bisection bandwidth, but it re mains challenging to fully utilize t...Many ＂rich - connected＂ topologies with multiple parallel paths between smwers have been proposed for data center networks recently to provide high bisection bandwidth, but it re mains challenging to fully utilize the high network capacity by appropriate multi- path routing algorithms. As flow-level path splitting may lead to trafl＇ic imbalance between paths due to flow- size difference, packet-level path splitting attracts more attention lately, which spreads packets from flows into multiple available paths and significantly improves link utilizations. However, it may cause packet reordering, confusing the TCP congestion control algorithm and lowering the throughput of flows. In this paper, we design a novel packetlevel multi-path routing scheme called SOPA, which leverag- es OpenFlow to perform packet-level path splitting in a round- robin fashion, and hence significantly mitigates the packet reordering problem and improves the network throughput. Moreover, SOPA leverages the topological feature of data center networks to encode a very small number of switches along the path into the packet header, resulting in very light overhead. Compared with random packet spraying （RPS）, Hedera and equal-cost multi-path routing （ECMP）, our simulations demonstrate that SOPA achieves 29.87%, 50.41% and 77.74% higher network throughput respectively under permutation workload, and reduces average data transfer completion time by 53.65%, 343.31% and 348.25% respectively under production workload.展开更多
Hazard maps are usually prepared for each disaster, including seismic hazard maps, flood hazard maps, and landslide hazard maps. However, when the general public attempts to check their own disaster risk, most are lik...Hazard maps are usually prepared for each disaster, including seismic hazard maps, flood hazard maps, and landslide hazard maps. However, when the general public attempts to check their own disaster risk, most are likely not aware of the specific types of disaster. So, first of all, we need to know what kind<span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> of hazards are important. However, the information that integrates multiple hazards is not well maintained, and there are few such studies. On the other hand, in Japan, a lot of hazard information is being released on the Internet. So, we summarized and assessed hazard data that can be accessed online regarding shelters (where evacuees live during disasters) and their catchments (areas assigned to each shelter) in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture. Based on the results, we investigated whether a grouping by cluster analysis would allow for multi-hazard assessment. We used four natural disasters (seismic, flood, tsunami, sediment disaster) and six parameters of other population and senior population. However, since the characteristics of the population and the senior population were almost the same, only population data was used in the final examination. From the cluster analysis, it was found that it is appropriate to group the designated evacuation centers in Yokohama City into six groups. In addition, each of the six groups was found <span>to have explainable characteristics, confirming the effectiveness of multi-hazard</span> creation using cluster analysis. For example, we divided, all hazards are low, both flood and Seismic hazards are high, sediment hazards are high, etc. In many Japanese cities, disaster prevention measures have been constructed in consideration of ground hazards, mainly for earthquake disasters. In this paper, we confirmed the consistency between the evaluation results of the multi-hazard evaluated here and the existing ground hazard map and examined the usefulness of the designated evacuation center. Finally, the validity was confirmed by comparing this result with the ground hazard based on the actual measurement by the past research. In places where the seismic hazard is large, the two are consistent with the fact that the easiness of shaking by actual measurement is also large.</span>展开更多
文摘The simple adjusted estimator of risk difference in each center is easy constructed by adding a value c on the number of successes and on the number of failures in each arm of the proportion estimator. Assessing a treatment effect in multi-center studies, we propose minimum MSE (mean square error) weights of an adjusted summary estimate of risk difference under the assumption of a constant of common risk difference over all centers. To evaluate the performance of the proposed weights, we compare not only in terms of estimation based on bias, variance, and MSE with two other conventional weights, such as the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel weights and the inverse variance (weighted least square) weights, but also we compare the potential tests based on the type I error probability and the power of test in a variety of situations. The results illustrate that the proposed weights in terms of point estimation and hypothesis testing perform well and should be recommended to use as an alternative choice. Finally, two applications are illustrated for the practical use.
基金supported in part by the following funding agencies of China:National Natural Science Foundation under Grant 61602050 and U1534201National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2016QY01W0200
文摘Virtual data center is a new form of cloud computing concept applied to data center. As one of the most important challenges, virtual data center embedding problem has attracted much attention from researchers. In data centers, energy issue is very important for the reality that data center energy consumption has increased by dozens of times in the last decade. In this paper, we are concerned about the cost-aware multi-domain virtual data center embedding problem. In order to solve this problem, this paper first addresses the energy consumption model. The model includes the energy consumption model of the virtual machine node and the virtual switch node, to quantify the energy consumption in the virtual data center embedding process. Based on the energy consumption model above, this paper presents a heuristic algorithm for cost-aware multi-domain virtual data center embedding. The algorithm consists of two steps: inter-domain embedding and intra-domain embedding. Inter-domain virtual data center embedding refers to dividing virtual data center requests into several slices to select the appropriate single data center. Intra-domain virtual data center refers to embedding virtual data center requests in each data center. We first propose an inter-domain virtual data center embedding algorithm based on label propagation to select the appropriate single data center. We then propose a cost-aware virtual data center embedding algorithm to perform the intra-domain data center embedding. Extensive simulation results show that our proposed algorithm in this paper can effectively reduce the energy consumption while ensuring the success ratio of embedding.
文摘Yinshan anticline is the product of tectono-dynamic deformation - metamorphism .Along the axis of the anticline exists a brittle-ductile shearing zone which obviously controls the ore-formation . Mineralization occurs along the axis of the anticline in a width of about 1000m .In the mining area .volcano- subvolcanic rocks of Early Yanshan period are divided into three cycles :Ⅰ intermediate acidic dacite lava and dacite porphyry ;Ⅱ acidic amphibole liparite and quartz porphyry;Ⅲ intermediate andesite porphyrite . Among them activities of ⅠandⅡ cycles are more intensive and are intimately related to the mineralization . Yinshan ore deposit is the result of combinative processes of tectono -dynamic and volcano -magmatic hydrothermal fluids, so that mere are two centers of metallogenic zoning, one being the axial strain zone of Yinshan anticline which is the center of first order, and the other being porphyry stock , 2nd order.
文摘Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to investigate volume effect and safety of up to 50 mL/kg BW 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 in adult and pediatric patients undergoing major elective surgery. The need to infuse human albumin may be reduced or avoided in Japan if these large doses 6% HES 130/0.4 can be infused. Methods: The study was an uncontrolled, open-labeled, multi-center trial. Fifteen adult and 5 pediatric patients undergoing major elective surgery received 6% HES 130/0.4 (Voluven®) with a maximum dose of 50 mL/kg from the start of surgery until 2 hours after the end of surgery according to a treatment algorithm. The primary efficacy endpoint was the volume effect of 6% HES 130/0.4 determined by the volume of saved albumin during the investigational period and the time course of hemodynamic stability in adult and pediatric patients. Safety parameters were fluid balance, hemodynamic and laboratory parameters ECG, local and systemic tolerance and adverse events. Results: Adult patients received a mean of 32.0 mL/kg of 6% HES 130/0.4. For 12 out of 15 adult patients an average amount of 1033.8 mL (18.6 mL/kg) albumin could be saved. The other 3 adult patients did not receive more than 1000 mL of HES 130/0.4. All pediatric patients received approximately 50 mL/kg of HES 130/0.4;for these patients an average amount of 39.9 mL/kg body weight albumin could be saved. The majority of adult patients, and all pediatric patients were hemodynamically stable at all 3 time points. The observed changes of the assessed laboratory parameters including hematological and coagulation parameters or in any other safety parameter determined did not reveal any safety concern related to the administration of 6% HES 130/0.4 up to doses of 50 mL/kg body weight. Conclusion: The study results indicate that 6% HES 130/0.4 has a reliable volume effect, could contribute to significant human albumin savings and was safe and well tolerated up to a maximum dose of 50 mL/kg body weight in adult and pediatric patients undergoing major elective surgery.
文摘In this paper, we consider a method of centers for solving multi-objective programming problems, where the objective functions involved are concave functions and the set of feasible points is convex. The algorithm is defined so that the sub-problems that must be solved during its execution may be solved by finite-step procedures. Conditions are given under which the algorithm generates sequences of feasible points and constraint multiplier vectors that have accumulation points satisfying the KKT conditions. Finally, we establish convergence of the proposed method of centers algorithm for solving multiobjective programming problems.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 program)under Grant No.2014CB347800 and No.2012CB315803the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(863 program)under Grant No.2013AA013303+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61170291,No.61133006,and No.61161140454ZTE IndustryAcademia-Research Cooperation Funds
文摘Many ＂rich - connected＂ topologies with multiple parallel paths between smwers have been proposed for data center networks recently to provide high bisection bandwidth, but it re mains challenging to fully utilize the high network capacity by appropriate multi- path routing algorithms. As flow-level path splitting may lead to trafl＇ic imbalance between paths due to flow- size difference, packet-level path splitting attracts more attention lately, which spreads packets from flows into multiple available paths and significantly improves link utilizations. However, it may cause packet reordering, confusing the TCP congestion control algorithm and lowering the throughput of flows. In this paper, we design a novel packetlevel multi-path routing scheme called SOPA, which leverag- es OpenFlow to perform packet-level path splitting in a round- robin fashion, and hence significantly mitigates the packet reordering problem and improves the network throughput. Moreover, SOPA leverages the topological feature of data center networks to encode a very small number of switches along the path into the packet header, resulting in very light overhead. Compared with random packet spraying （RPS）, Hedera and equal-cost multi-path routing （ECMP）, our simulations demonstrate that SOPA achieves 29.87%, 50.41% and 77.74% higher network throughput respectively under permutation workload, and reduces average data transfer completion time by 53.65%, 343.31% and 348.25% respectively under production workload.
文摘Hazard maps are usually prepared for each disaster, including seismic hazard maps, flood hazard maps, and landslide hazard maps. However, when the general public attempts to check their own disaster risk, most are likely not aware of the specific types of disaster. So, first of all, we need to know what kind<span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> of hazards are important. However, the information that integrates multiple hazards is not well maintained, and there are few such studies. On the other hand, in Japan, a lot of hazard information is being released on the Internet. So, we summarized and assessed hazard data that can be accessed online regarding shelters (where evacuees live during disasters) and their catchments (areas assigned to each shelter) in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture. Based on the results, we investigated whether a grouping by cluster analysis would allow for multi-hazard assessment. We used four natural disasters (seismic, flood, tsunami, sediment disaster) and six parameters of other population and senior population. However, since the characteristics of the population and the senior population were almost the same, only population data was used in the final examination. From the cluster analysis, it was found that it is appropriate to group the designated evacuation centers in Yokohama City into six groups. In addition, each of the six groups was found <span>to have explainable characteristics, confirming the effectiveness of multi-hazard</span> creation using cluster analysis. For example, we divided, all hazards are low, both flood and Seismic hazards are high, sediment hazards are high, etc. In many Japanese cities, disaster prevention measures have been constructed in consideration of ground hazards, mainly for earthquake disasters. In this paper, we confirmed the consistency between the evaluation results of the multi-hazard evaluated here and the existing ground hazard map and examined the usefulness of the designated evacuation center. Finally, the validity was confirmed by comparing this result with the ground hazard based on the actual measurement by the past research. In places where the seismic hazard is large, the two are consistent with the fact that the easiness of shaking by actual measurement is also large.</span>
