On April 30,the 22nd China Xiza ng Mountai neering Conventi on in 2025 comme need.As its flagship eve nt,the Luodui Peak Mountaineering Expedition took place from May 2 to 3 in Yangbajain Town of Lhasa,attracting more...On April 30,the 22nd China Xiza ng Mountai neering Conventi on in 2025 comme need.As its flagship eve nt,the Luodui Peak Mountaineering Expedition took place from May 2 to 3 in Yangbajain Town of Lhasa,attracting more than 160 mountain climbing enthusiasts from all over the country.展开更多
This is an in-depth journey to experience the ice and snow of Changbai Mountain.In these few days,you will explore Changbai Mountain and enjoy powder skiing;gallop on the ski trail;watch the stunning wonders of snow r...This is an in-depth journey to experience the ice and snow of Changbai Mountain.In these few days,you will explore Changbai Mountain and enjoy powder skiing;gallop on the ski trail;watch the stunning wonders of snow rime on thousands of trees;conquer the ice and snow wilderness on a snowmobile and start an in depth magical mystery tour in lilin Province.展开更多
This study represents a pioneering effort to analyze the impact of avalanches descending into Morskie Oko from Marchwiczny Gully,the most active avalanche path around the lake.It focuses on catastrophic avalanches tha...This study represents a pioneering effort to analyze the impact of avalanches descending into Morskie Oko from Marchwiczny Gully,the most active avalanche path around the lake.It focuses on catastrophic avalanches that descended from the analyzed gully,as reported in the literature from the 1900s until now.However,only the data collected in recent years,our field studies,combined with modern LIDAR data and GIS-based modeling,allowed us to perform a detailed analysis.The GIS-based approach effectively uses spatial data to address snow avalanche modeling challenges.Although the study area lies within Tatra National Park,no official services carry out systematic avalanche monitoring or measurements.The impact of hazardous events,such as snow avalanches,on the most famous Polish mountain lake,Morskie Oko,has been poorly described in the literature and has yet to be discovered.Therefore,to analyze the selected avalanche parameters,we mainly used our ground and additional aerial photographs taken by local mountain services and related field measurements.Our analysis resulted in figurative estimates of the extent and volume of avalanche snow and its weight,both on the surface of the ice sheet and the part of the avalanche that did not reach the lake's shore and remained on the slope of Marchwiczny Gully.For example,the values for the mighty avalanche on February 3,2023,are 23,500 m~3 and 4,700 tons on the ice surface and 20,000 m~3 and 4,000 tons on the slope.It was determined that avalanches that descend onto the studied lake's surface result in its shallowing.This process occurs because of sedimentation of slope material carried by avalanches,especially during the final phase of ice cover melting.When openings appear in the solid ice cover in spring,floating ice can migrate,driven by wind pressure,and deposit avalanche material in various parts of the lake bottom.Thus,avalanches contributed to the gradual disappearance of the lake.展开更多
Acute mountain sickness(AMS) is an illness caused by hypoxia due to rapid ascent to altitudes above 2,500 m. Symptoms include headache,nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, all of which usually improve within 1 to 2...Acute mountain sickness(AMS) is an illness caused by hypoxia due to rapid ascent to altitudes above 2,500 m. Symptoms include headache,nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, all of which usually improve within 1 to 2 days. However,untreated AMS can progress to life-threatening conditions such as high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema(HACE and HAPE, respectively)^([1]).展开更多
Chalet farming,as a specific type of agricultural landscape management,has been established in many European mountain ranges,including the Krkono?e Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains in Czechia.During the ...Chalet farming,as a specific type of agricultural landscape management,has been established in many European mountain ranges,including the Krkono?e Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains in Czechia.During the operation of such farming from 16/17th century till 1945,many changes in land use/land cover and landscape at all occurred,which are generally evaluated positively.Turbulent events including political,economic and social changes and the displacement of the German-speaking population associated with them in the mid-20th century rapidly ended this development,causing significant landscape changes,such as the abandonment of agricultural land and succession,afforestation,expansion of the alpine tree line,reduction of diversity.The aim of our study is to evaluate changes of land cover(forests,dwarf pine,grasslands,other areas)from 1936/1946 till 2021,secondary succession and driving forces of change for selected meadow enclaves in the Krkonose Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains after the decline of mountain chalet farming since the middle of 20th century.We used remote sensing methods(aerial imagery)and field research(dendrochronology and comparative photography)to detect the land use/land cover changes in the selected study areas in the Krkono?e Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains.We documented the process of the succession,which occurred almost immediately after the end of farming,peaking about 10–20 years later,with an earlier start in the Hruby Jeseník Mountains.The succession led to the significant change of land use/land cover and these processes were similar in both mountain ranges.The largest changes were a decrease in grasslands by 62%–64%and an increase in forest area by 33%–40%for both study areas.The abandonment of land is the main consequence of a crucial political driving forces(displacement of German-speaking population)in the Krkono?e Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains.展开更多
The mountainous rural regions of China are undergoing enormous changes in space and time.To a certain extent,this change has increased the difficulties in our understanding of rural development in mountainous areas an...The mountainous rural regions of China are undergoing enormous changes in space and time.To a certain extent,this change has increased the difficulties in our understanding of rural development in mountainous areas and brought challenges to development policies and revitalization strategies in mountainous rural regions,especially in karst mountainous areas.In light of the difficulty in and as the key to the development of China's mountainous rural areas,the scientific and systematic construction of indicators for evaluating the level of rural revitalization development and clarifying the level of rural revitalization development and influential factors in karst mountainous areas are of great significance to the implementation of the development of the strategy for the revitalization of the rural areas in karst mountainous areas in China.This study constructed an evaluation index system of the rural regional system and rural revitalization development(RTSRD)from the perspective of rural regional system theory,assessed the spatial differentiation patterns and influential factors of RTSRD,and refined a typical territorial model of rural revitalization development in karst mountainous areas by taking Guizhou Province,a typical karst mountainous region,as a case study area.The evaluation and spatial analyses show that the RTSRD indices of karst mountainous areas in the system perspective show a linear growth trend in all single dimensions,with industrial revitalization(IR)showing the most significant increase each year.In time,the RTSRD of karst mountainous regions has developed from low to high,with evident improvement;spatially,the RTSRD shows the characteristics of‘high in the middle and low in the surroundings,and low in the plateau and low in the depression,'with apparent spatial heterogeneity.In addition,this study found that the spatial and temporal differences in RTSRD result from a combination of endogenous push and exogenous pull in the rural system.In particular,this study has refined a typical regional model of rural revitalization development in karst mountainous regions,which provides theoretical support and case practice for rural development in other karst mountainous regions.At the same time,it provides a basis for decision-making for the county level government and rural development planning.展开更多
Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distri...Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distribution,and their associated effects on the ice accretion mechanism in the mountainous region of Southwest China.The maximum ice weight was positively correlated with the duration of ice accretion in the mountainous area.The duration of precipitation accounted for less than 20%of the icing period in the mountainous area,with solid-phase hydrometeors being predominant.Icing events,dominated by freezing rain(FR)and mixed rain–graupel(more than 70%),were characterized by glaze or highdensity mixed icing.The relationship between the melting energy and refreezing energy reflected the distribution characteristics of the proportion of FR under mixed-phase precipitation.The intensity of the warm layer and the dominant precipitation phase significantly affected the variations in the microphysical properties of FR.The melting of large dry snowflakes significantly contributed to FR in the mountainous areas,resulting in smaller generalized intercepts and larger mass-weighted mean diameters in the presence of a stronger warm layer.Under a weaker warm layer,the value of the massweighted mean diameter was significantly smaller because of the inability of large solid particles to melt.Finally,FR in the mountainous area dominated the ice weight during the rapid ice accumulation period.A numerical simulation of FR icing on wires effectively revealed the evolution of disaster-causing icing in mountainous areas.展开更多
The middle reaches of the Yellow River represent a critically ecologically sensitive and fragile area within the Yellow River Basin(YRB),holding significant scientific value for ecological security assessment and envi...The middle reaches of the Yellow River represent a critically ecologically sensitive and fragile area within the Yellow River Basin(YRB),holding significant scientific value for ecological security assessment and environmental management strategies.This study comprehensively evaluates the evolution of the eco-environment in the“Two Mountains,Seven Rivers,and One Basin”(TSO)area of Shanxi Province from 2000 to 2020 based on fraction vegetation cover(FVC)derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),net primary productivity(NPP)calculated via the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach(CASA),and the remote sensing ecological index(RSEI).The results indicate a significant improvement in the TSO’s eco-environment from 2000 to 2020,with the RSEI values increased from 0.34 in 2000 to 0.41 in 2020(an increase of 17.76%).Both FVC and NPP demonstrated notable upward trends,with FVC increasing by 22.74%and NPP by 53.11%.Spatially,FVC rose by 21.84%,19.72%and 26.06%,respectively in the Two Mountains,Seven Rivers,and the YRB in Shanxi Province.Similarly,the NPPs increased by 51.60%,48.60%,and 61.65%in these regions over the past 21 years.Both FVC and NPP exhibited decreasing patterns from southeast to northwest,with significant eco-environmental improvements in the northern region and slower recovery in the southern region.Precipitation was the primary causes influencing vegetation recovery,showing positive trends in the central and northern TSO regions,while this trend reversed in the southern.The RSEI value indicate substantial eco-environment improvements in the central and northern areas(Sanggan,Daqing and Hutuo River Basins),whereas the southern regions(e.g.,Zhang,Qin,Fen and Sushui River Basins)remain in poor grade.Human activities,particularly land use/cover changes marked by increased forestation and urbanization alongside decreased cultivated land,significantly affected vegetation cover patterns.This study provides scientific references for formulating policies on ecological construction and high-quality development in the YRB.展开更多
Prediction of water inflow into a tunnel is a crucial prerequisite for the waterproof and drainage design of mountain tunnels in water-rich areas.Based on the proposed Baiyun Mountain Tunnel project in Guangzhou,a num...Prediction of water inflow into a tunnel is a crucial prerequisite for the waterproof and drainage design of mountain tunnels in water-rich areas.Based on the proposed Baiyun Mountain Tunnel project in Guangzhou,a numerical percolation model of random fractured rock of a tunnel underpassing a water reservoir is established to study the seepage characteristics of surrounding rock,the law of water inflow,and the change of lining water pressure,considering the local artificial boundary conditions for seepage in large rock mass,.In addition,the influences of rock permeability,fracture aperture,grouting circle thickness,and penetration are analyzed.The results show that:(1)Only fractures with aperture wider than 0.1 mm can play a significant role in water conduction in rocks with the permeability lower than 10^(-11)m^(2);(2)The greater the permeability difference between the fractures and rocks,the more remarkable the effects of fractures on the surrounding rock seepage field and cavern water inflow;(3)The sensitivity of grouting waterproof function to grouting circle thickness,grouting ring penetration,and rock permeability is significantly higher than that of tunnel buried depth and fracture aperture;(4)The lining water head is much more sensitive to the grouting circle thickness and penetration than to the tunnel buried depth;(5)With the grouting range enlarging,the impact of grouting circle permeability on the precipitation pressure role of the grouting ring increases;(6)For the interesting tunnel designed to be built at the depth of 70 m,the grouting circle with the thickness of 0.5 m and permeability of 10-^(14)m^(2)is recommended.展开更多
Irrigated agriculture in Cameroon is practiced on a large scale by large private firms and parastatals, and on a small scale by individual producers in different production areas of the country. Although small-scale i...Irrigated agriculture in Cameroon is practiced on a large scale by large private firms and parastatals, and on a small scale by individual producers in different production areas of the country. Although small-scale irrigation can supply local and sub-regional markets with food in the off-season, it has received little research and its challenges are therefore rarely addressed. In order to contribute to the knowledge of these small-scale irrigation systems, with a view to improving their structure and the management of irrigation water and energy, an assessment of small-scale irrigation in the southern slopes of the Bamboutos Mountains has been done. After direct observations, field measurements, surveys of 100 irrigators with questionnaires and interviews with administrative managers, analyses were carried out using Xlstat software. It was found out that about 226 small-scale irrigation systems designed and managed by producers have been installed on this slope between the end of December 2022 and mid-March 2023. Intended for market garden crops, 84.96% of these irrigation systems use sprinklers and 15.04% surface irrigation (furrow irrigation). Surface or underground water is mobilized using gravity (50%), fossil fuels (34.51%), electricity (14.6%) or solar energy (0.9%). Sprinkler irrigation is mainly carried out using locally manufactured hydraulic turnstiles. There is a lack of formal associations of irrigators in an environment marked by conflicts between water users, when there is not allocation for water withdrawal. Apart from the high cost of pumping energy ($1.32 per liter of fuel), the main constraint identified, which has become more acute over the years, is the lack of irrigation water during the water shortage period (from mid-January to mid-March). These constraints have led to a transition from surface irrigation to sprinkler irrigation, and the adoption of new energy supply and water mobilization technologies. The construction of collective surface and groundwater catchment structures with solar-powered pumping systems, the setting up of formal irrigators’ associations and an irrigation support service, could improve the availability of water throughout the irrigation season, thereby helping to improve the income generated by irrigated market-garden farming on the southern slopes of the Bamboutos Mountains.展开更多
In a small village nestled at the foot of a towering mountain lived a young woman named Maya.She had always been fascinated by the mountains majestic beauty and often dreamed of reaching its summit.Every day,she would...In a small village nestled at the foot of a towering mountain lived a young woman named Maya.She had always been fascinated by the mountains majestic beauty and often dreamed of reaching its summit.Every day,she would look up at the peak,imagining what it would be like to stand on top of the mountain,and see the world from that height.展开更多
Soil organic carbon(SOC)from different sources and with distinct chemical properties exhibit variations in their accumulation mechanisms.Exploring the effects of different litter treatments on SOC storage is of great ...Soil organic carbon(SOC)from different sources and with distinct chemical properties exhibit variations in their accumulation mechanisms.Exploring the effects of different litter treatments on SOC storage is of great significance for understanding the formation and accumulation mechanisms of the SOC pool.The feedback mechanisms of new and old SOC in response to tree species and litter treatments were quantitatively analyzed by the C3 plant/C4 soil replacement method.The litter treatments included no litter,aboveground litter,belowground forest litter,and aboveground+belowground litter,totaling four treatments.The results showed that in the first year,cork oak(Quercusvariabilis)exhibited the highest net SOC content increment and net new SOC increment,but the values declined rapidly from the second year onward.The net increment in SOC content was positive at all sample sites,while the priming effect was not significant at any site.Litter treatments had a significant impact on both SOC content and net SOC increment.Compared with aboveground litter,belowground litter was more effective in increasing SOC Content and net SOC increment.展开更多
In the early hours of August 18 in 2022,a mountain flood disaster occurred in Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County,Xining City,Qinghai Province,resulting in 31 deaths.This typical incident of multiple casualties result...In the early hours of August 18 in 2022,a mountain flood disaster occurred in Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County,Xining City,Qinghai Province,resulting in 31 deaths.This typical incident of multiple casualties resulting from a mountain flood disaster caused by heavy precipitation.In this paper,the mountain flood disaster was analyzed from three aspects,the distribution of the observation station network,assessment of minute-level precipitation,and quantitative precipitation estimated by Xining radar data during August 17-18,2022.It aims to identify the critical gap in comprehensive monitoring systems,and explore effective monitoring methods and estimation algorithms of minute-level quantitative precipitation.Moreover,subsequent defense countermeasures were proposed.These findings offer significant guidance for enhancing meteorological disaster prevention capabilities,strengthening the first line of defense in disaster prevention and mitigation,and supporting evidence-based decision-making for local governments and flood control departments.展开更多
Soil erosion(SE)is a critical form of land degradation that significantly threatens the health of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide.The Qinba Mountains represent a vital geo-ecological transition zone in China.Therefor...Soil erosion(SE)is a critical form of land degradation that significantly threatens the health of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide.The Qinba Mountains represent a vital geo-ecological transition zone in China.Therefore,analyzing the dynamics of SE in relation to climate changes and land use/cover(LULC)change is essential for guiding ecological conservation efforts in this region.The soil erosion intensity(SEI)from 2001 to 2020 was estimated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE).For the period of 2021–2040,SEI projections were made based on CMIP6 data,utilizing the Statistical Downscaling Model alongside the CA-Markov model.Variations in SEI under four distinct shared socio-economic pathways were compared.Additionally,statistical methods were employed to evaluate the long-term impacts of climate and LULC change on SE.Findings indicate that between 2021and 2040,both precipitation and rainfall erosivity are expected to increase by approximately 8%–12%and 3%–14%,respectively.Based on differing socio-economic pathways,the soil erosion rate(SER)is predicted to rise by 12%–32%,with SSP2-4.5 anticipated to result in the highest SER.An analysis of contributing factors revealed that precipitation intensity and total precipitation are likely to escalate SE,while elevated temperatures may mitigate it.Among all types of LULC,barren land is particularly susceptible to erosion and remains a priority for conservation.The generated SEI maps will aid in promoting sustainable land use and provide crucial support for mitigating ecological risks from climate change.展开更多
This paper conducted a systematic survey and zoogeographical region analysis of the family Sphingidae in the Guokui Mountain,Heilongjiang Province.Collections were made from May 2023 to August 2024 using the light-tra...This paper conducted a systematic survey and zoogeographical region analysis of the family Sphingidae in the Guokui Mountain,Heilongjiang Province.Collections were made from May 2023 to August 2024 using the light-trap method.A total of 14 species and 11 subspecies from 18 genera and three subfamilies were recorded.One species(Ambulyx tobii)and two subspecies(Ambulyx japonica koreana and Clanis undulosa undulosa)were new records for Heilongjiang Province.The study showed that the subfamily Smerinthinae had the most species(subspecies),while the subfamily Sphinginae had the fewest.Among the world's zoogeographical region,most species(subspecies)in the Guokui Mountain belonged to the palearctic region,with eight species and seven subspecies were also found in the oriental region.This indicated a close biogeographic connection between the two regions.Among the Chinese zoogeographical regions,the northeastern territory,northern territory and northwestern territory had the most abundant species(subspecies).It was also found that the distribution pattern types of hawkmoths in the Guokui Mountain were diverse,with the'northeastern territory-northern territory-northwestern territory'and'northeastern territory-northern territorynorthwestern territory-western plateau-southwestern territory-central territory-southeastern territory'types having the most species(subspecies).In addition,the Guokui Mountain hawkmoths were mostly distributed interregionally.The distribution patterns that contained the northeastern territory were the most numerous,followed by the northern territory.The rich diversity of the family Sphingidae in the Guokui Mountain was closely related to the unique climate,environment and vegetation types in the area.The results could help to improve the biodiversity database of Heilongjiang Province and researches on hawkmoths.展开更多
This study investigates extreme rainfall episodes along the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains in North China from 30 July to 1 August 2023.It focuses on two types of extreme hourly rainfall rates(HRRs),i.e.,t...This study investigates extreme rainfall episodes along the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains in North China from 30 July to 1 August 2023.It focuses on two types of extreme hourly rainfall rates(HRRs),i.e.,the maximum regionalaverage HRR and site-observed HRR,which exhibited sequential development over southern,middle,and northern key regions.These rainfall extremes occurred in an environment where a high-pressure barrier over North China prevented the intrusion of cold air masses from the north while a northward-moving typhoon remnant vortex and its associated low-level jet(LLJ)transported warm and moist airflow from the south.Two distinct echo evolution modes and convection initiation mechanisms are identified for the two types of extreme HRRs.The maximum regional-average HRR occurred when the LLJ arrived to the east of the key regions,while the maximum site-observed HRR occurred when the warmer vortex center influenced the regions.Taking the northern key region as a representation,at the time of the maximum regional-average HRR,slantwise ascent of the airflow along a warm-frontal-like boundary released energy related to symmetrical instability,resulting in stratiform rainfall with weak convective cores.The transport of locally initiated convection over the eastern plain region,where the atmospheric stratification was more potentially unstable,also significantly contributed.When the maximum site-observed HRR occurred,the terrain lifting of warm and moist southeast airflow led to intense convection over the mountain foothills.Overall,the passage of the warm-core typhoon remnant vortex and interaction with Taihang Mountains determined the timing and location of extreme HRRs across the key regions.展开更多
Long-term droughts,temperature rise,and extreme weather events cause changes in runoff,evaporation,and transpiration in basins.These changes are more severe in arid and semi-arid regions.Since 2007,the discharge of ba...Long-term droughts,temperature rise,and extreme weather events cause changes in runoff,evaporation,and transpiration in basins.These changes are more severe in arid and semi-arid regions.Since 2007,the discharge of baseflow of the Zagros Mountain has decreased and made the supply of agricultural,industrial,and drinking water a big challenge.In this investigation,utilizing data from weather stations,the output of CORDEX,and the WetSpass model,the impact of climate change on river discharge in the Great Karun Basin(GKB)was examined.The temperature and precipitation projections for the period 2019-2040 were analyzed using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Six(CMIP6)under scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.The findings reveal that the minimum and maximum temperatures are expected to increase by 0.2℃ to 5.1℃ and 0.1℃ to 3.6℃,respectively.Annual precipitation will decrease between 1.3%and 16.7%in scenario SSP2-4.5 and 23.4%in scenario SSP5-8.5.The results of the WetSpass Model for predicting future scenarios indicate a decrease in direct flow(5%),total discharge(27%),and interception(15%).As evapotranspiration will increase by 15%due to climate change,it will be more difficult to predict the water resources’volume of the Karoun Basin for the next decades.Adapting to climate change is the appropriate solution to solve this problem.Changes in temperature and precipitation in these areas pose major challenges to water resources.展开更多
This study selects geochemical data of basalts from different seamounts in the Mid-Pacific Mountains province and conducts analyses of major and trace elements as well as Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes to explore the tectonic evol...This study selects geochemical data of basalts from different seamounts in the Mid-Pacific Mountains province and conducts analyses of major and trace elements as well as Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes to explore the tectonic evolution,petrogenesis,and mantle-source magama characteristics of the Mid-Pacific Mountains.The basalts from the Mid-Pacific Mountains are predominantly alkali basalts,rich in alkalies,and changing in potassium.They exhibit geochemical features of ocean island basalts(OIB),with distinct fractionation between light and heavy rare-earth elements and a pronounced Ce negative anomaly(δ_(Ce)=0.16–1.10,average 0.84),along with enrichment in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs).The Mid-Pacific Mountains are intraplate ocean island basalts formed by mantle plume(hotspot)activity,originating mainly from an enriched mantle magma source region,and most of them have undergone low degree of partial melting and a certain degree of crystalline differentiation,with negligible contamination from oceanic crust materials.The Mid-Pacific Mountains exhibit ratios of^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr(i)(0.702733–0.704313,average 0.703452)and^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd(i)(0.512698–0.512996,average 0.512846)which are close to the HIMU mantle endmember,and ratios of 206Pb/204Pb(18.953–19.803),^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb(15.54–15.62)and^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb(38.813–39.514)which are close to the EMII mantle end-member.Combined with the isotopic geochemical characteristics in the West Pacific Seamounts province,the basalts from the Mid-Pacific Mountains were considered to represent a certain proportion of mixing mantle end-members between the HIMU and EMII,possibly formed by the mixing of the HIMU superplume in the South Pacific hotspot region with the EMII secondary mantle plume in the transition zone during their ascent.展开更多
文摘On April 30,the 22nd China Xiza ng Mountai neering Conventi on in 2025 comme need.As its flagship eve nt,the Luodui Peak Mountaineering Expedition took place from May 2 to 3 in Yangbajain Town of Lhasa,attracting more than 160 mountain climbing enthusiasts from all over the country.
文摘This is an in-depth journey to experience the ice and snow of Changbai Mountain.In these few days,you will explore Changbai Mountain and enjoy powder skiing;gallop on the ski trail;watch the stunning wonders of snow rime on thousands of trees;conquer the ice and snow wilderness on a snowmobile and start an in depth magical mystery tour in lilin Province.
文摘This study represents a pioneering effort to analyze the impact of avalanches descending into Morskie Oko from Marchwiczny Gully,the most active avalanche path around the lake.It focuses on catastrophic avalanches that descended from the analyzed gully,as reported in the literature from the 1900s until now.However,only the data collected in recent years,our field studies,combined with modern LIDAR data and GIS-based modeling,allowed us to perform a detailed analysis.The GIS-based approach effectively uses spatial data to address snow avalanche modeling challenges.Although the study area lies within Tatra National Park,no official services carry out systematic avalanche monitoring or measurements.The impact of hazardous events,such as snow avalanches,on the most famous Polish mountain lake,Morskie Oko,has been poorly described in the literature and has yet to be discovered.Therefore,to analyze the selected avalanche parameters,we mainly used our ground and additional aerial photographs taken by local mountain services and related field measurements.Our analysis resulted in figurative estimates of the extent and volume of avalanche snow and its weight,both on the surface of the ice sheet and the part of the avalanche that did not reach the lake's shore and remained on the slope of Marchwiczny Gully.For example,the values for the mighty avalanche on February 3,2023,are 23,500 m~3 and 4,700 tons on the ice surface and 20,000 m~3 and 4,000 tons on the slope.It was determined that avalanches that descend onto the studied lake's surface result in its shallowing.This process occurs because of sedimentation of slope material carried by avalanches,especially during the final phase of ice cover melting.When openings appear in the solid ice cover in spring,floating ice can migrate,driven by wind pressure,and deposit avalanche material in various parts of the lake bottom.Thus,avalanches contributed to the gradual disappearance of the lake.
文摘Acute mountain sickness(AMS) is an illness caused by hypoxia due to rapid ascent to altitudes above 2,500 m. Symptoms include headache,nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, all of which usually improve within 1 to 2 days. However,untreated AMS can progress to life-threatening conditions such as high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema(HACE and HAPE, respectively)^([1]).
基金funded by the European Commission,CINEA Horizon Europe project no.101081307“Towards Sustainable Land-Use in the Context of Climate Change and Biodiversity in Europe(Europe-LAND)”。
文摘Chalet farming,as a specific type of agricultural landscape management,has been established in many European mountain ranges,including the Krkono?e Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains in Czechia.During the operation of such farming from 16/17th century till 1945,many changes in land use/land cover and landscape at all occurred,which are generally evaluated positively.Turbulent events including political,economic and social changes and the displacement of the German-speaking population associated with them in the mid-20th century rapidly ended this development,causing significant landscape changes,such as the abandonment of agricultural land and succession,afforestation,expansion of the alpine tree line,reduction of diversity.The aim of our study is to evaluate changes of land cover(forests,dwarf pine,grasslands,other areas)from 1936/1946 till 2021,secondary succession and driving forces of change for selected meadow enclaves in the Krkonose Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains after the decline of mountain chalet farming since the middle of 20th century.We used remote sensing methods(aerial imagery)and field research(dendrochronology and comparative photography)to detect the land use/land cover changes in the selected study areas in the Krkono?e Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains.We documented the process of the succession,which occurred almost immediately after the end of farming,peaking about 10–20 years later,with an earlier start in the Hruby Jeseník Mountains.The succession led to the significant change of land use/land cover and these processes were similar in both mountain ranges.The largest changes were a decrease in grasslands by 62%–64%and an increase in forest area by 33%–40%for both study areas.The abandonment of land is the main consequence of a crucial political driving forces(displacement of German-speaking population)in the Krkono?e Mountains and the Hruby Jeseník Mountains.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42061035)the Guizhou Provincial Program on Commercialization of Scientific and Technological Achievements([2022]010)。
文摘The mountainous rural regions of China are undergoing enormous changes in space and time.To a certain extent,this change has increased the difficulties in our understanding of rural development in mountainous areas and brought challenges to development policies and revitalization strategies in mountainous rural regions,especially in karst mountainous areas.In light of the difficulty in and as the key to the development of China's mountainous rural areas,the scientific and systematic construction of indicators for evaluating the level of rural revitalization development and clarifying the level of rural revitalization development and influential factors in karst mountainous areas are of great significance to the implementation of the development of the strategy for the revitalization of the rural areas in karst mountainous areas in China.This study constructed an evaluation index system of the rural regional system and rural revitalization development(RTSRD)from the perspective of rural regional system theory,assessed the spatial differentiation patterns and influential factors of RTSRD,and refined a typical territorial model of rural revitalization development in karst mountainous areas by taking Guizhou Province,a typical karst mountainous region,as a case study area.The evaluation and spatial analyses show that the RTSRD indices of karst mountainous areas in the system perspective show a linear growth trend in all single dimensions,with industrial revitalization(IR)showing the most significant increase each year.In time,the RTSRD of karst mountainous regions has developed from low to high,with evident improvement;spatially,the RTSRD shows the characteristics of‘high in the middle and low in the surroundings,and low in the plateau and low in the depression,'with apparent spatial heterogeneity.In addition,this study found that the spatial and temporal differences in RTSRD result from a combination of endogenous push and exogenous pull in the rural system.In particular,this study has refined a typical regional model of rural revitalization development in karst mountainous regions,which provides theoretical support and case practice for rural development in other karst mountainous regions.At the same time,it provides a basis for decision-making for the county level government and rural development planning.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42325503)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation and the Meteorological Innovation and Development Project of China(Grant Nos.2023AFD096 and 2022CFD122)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(Grant No.2024020901030454)the Beijige Foundation of NJIAS(Grant No.BJG202304)。
文摘Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distribution,and their associated effects on the ice accretion mechanism in the mountainous region of Southwest China.The maximum ice weight was positively correlated with the duration of ice accretion in the mountainous area.The duration of precipitation accounted for less than 20%of the icing period in the mountainous area,with solid-phase hydrometeors being predominant.Icing events,dominated by freezing rain(FR)and mixed rain–graupel(more than 70%),were characterized by glaze or highdensity mixed icing.The relationship between the melting energy and refreezing energy reflected the distribution characteristics of the proportion of FR under mixed-phase precipitation.The intensity of the warm layer and the dominant precipitation phase significantly affected the variations in the microphysical properties of FR.The melting of large dry snowflakes significantly contributed to FR in the mountainous areas,resulting in smaller generalized intercepts and larger mass-weighted mean diameters in the presence of a stronger warm layer.Under a weaker warm layer,the value of the massweighted mean diameter was significantly smaller because of the inability of large solid particles to melt.Finally,FR in the mountainous area dominated the ice weight during the rapid ice accumulation period.A numerical simulation of FR icing on wires effectively revealed the evolution of disaster-causing icing in mountainous areas.
基金This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(202203021212497,20210302123265)the Shanxi Normal University School Fund(Research Project on Major Issues of High-Quality Development in Shanxi Province,GZLFZ2327).
文摘The middle reaches of the Yellow River represent a critically ecologically sensitive and fragile area within the Yellow River Basin(YRB),holding significant scientific value for ecological security assessment and environmental management strategies.This study comprehensively evaluates the evolution of the eco-environment in the“Two Mountains,Seven Rivers,and One Basin”(TSO)area of Shanxi Province from 2000 to 2020 based on fraction vegetation cover(FVC)derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),net primary productivity(NPP)calculated via the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach(CASA),and the remote sensing ecological index(RSEI).The results indicate a significant improvement in the TSO’s eco-environment from 2000 to 2020,with the RSEI values increased from 0.34 in 2000 to 0.41 in 2020(an increase of 17.76%).Both FVC and NPP demonstrated notable upward trends,with FVC increasing by 22.74%and NPP by 53.11%.Spatially,FVC rose by 21.84%,19.72%and 26.06%,respectively in the Two Mountains,Seven Rivers,and the YRB in Shanxi Province.Similarly,the NPPs increased by 51.60%,48.60%,and 61.65%in these regions over the past 21 years.Both FVC and NPP exhibited decreasing patterns from southeast to northwest,with significant eco-environmental improvements in the northern region and slower recovery in the southern region.Precipitation was the primary causes influencing vegetation recovery,showing positive trends in the central and northern TSO regions,while this trend reversed in the southern.The RSEI value indicate substantial eco-environment improvements in the central and northern areas(Sanggan,Daqing and Hutuo River Basins),whereas the southern regions(e.g.,Zhang,Qin,Fen and Sushui River Basins)remain in poor grade.Human activities,particularly land use/cover changes marked by increased forestation and urbanization alongside decreased cultivated land,significantly affected vegetation cover patterns.This study provides scientific references for formulating policies on ecological construction and high-quality development in the YRB.
文摘Prediction of water inflow into a tunnel is a crucial prerequisite for the waterproof and drainage design of mountain tunnels in water-rich areas.Based on the proposed Baiyun Mountain Tunnel project in Guangzhou,a numerical percolation model of random fractured rock of a tunnel underpassing a water reservoir is established to study the seepage characteristics of surrounding rock,the law of water inflow,and the change of lining water pressure,considering the local artificial boundary conditions for seepage in large rock mass,.In addition,the influences of rock permeability,fracture aperture,grouting circle thickness,and penetration are analyzed.The results show that:(1)Only fractures with aperture wider than 0.1 mm can play a significant role in water conduction in rocks with the permeability lower than 10^(-11)m^(2);(2)The greater the permeability difference between the fractures and rocks,the more remarkable the effects of fractures on the surrounding rock seepage field and cavern water inflow;(3)The sensitivity of grouting waterproof function to grouting circle thickness,grouting ring penetration,and rock permeability is significantly higher than that of tunnel buried depth and fracture aperture;(4)The lining water head is much more sensitive to the grouting circle thickness and penetration than to the tunnel buried depth;(5)With the grouting range enlarging,the impact of grouting circle permeability on the precipitation pressure role of the grouting ring increases;(6)For the interesting tunnel designed to be built at the depth of 70 m,the grouting circle with the thickness of 0.5 m and permeability of 10-^(14)m^(2)is recommended.
文摘Irrigated agriculture in Cameroon is practiced on a large scale by large private firms and parastatals, and on a small scale by individual producers in different production areas of the country. Although small-scale irrigation can supply local and sub-regional markets with food in the off-season, it has received little research and its challenges are therefore rarely addressed. In order to contribute to the knowledge of these small-scale irrigation systems, with a view to improving their structure and the management of irrigation water and energy, an assessment of small-scale irrigation in the southern slopes of the Bamboutos Mountains has been done. After direct observations, field measurements, surveys of 100 irrigators with questionnaires and interviews with administrative managers, analyses were carried out using Xlstat software. It was found out that about 226 small-scale irrigation systems designed and managed by producers have been installed on this slope between the end of December 2022 and mid-March 2023. Intended for market garden crops, 84.96% of these irrigation systems use sprinklers and 15.04% surface irrigation (furrow irrigation). Surface or underground water is mobilized using gravity (50%), fossil fuels (34.51%), electricity (14.6%) or solar energy (0.9%). Sprinkler irrigation is mainly carried out using locally manufactured hydraulic turnstiles. There is a lack of formal associations of irrigators in an environment marked by conflicts between water users, when there is not allocation for water withdrawal. Apart from the high cost of pumping energy ($1.32 per liter of fuel), the main constraint identified, which has become more acute over the years, is the lack of irrigation water during the water shortage period (from mid-January to mid-March). These constraints have led to a transition from surface irrigation to sprinkler irrigation, and the adoption of new energy supply and water mobilization technologies. The construction of collective surface and groundwater catchment structures with solar-powered pumping systems, the setting up of formal irrigators’ associations and an irrigation support service, could improve the availability of water throughout the irrigation season, thereby helping to improve the income generated by irrigated market-garden farming on the southern slopes of the Bamboutos Mountains.
文摘In a small village nestled at the foot of a towering mountain lived a young woman named Maya.She had always been fascinated by the mountains majestic beauty and often dreamed of reaching its summit.Every day,she would look up at the peak,imagining what it would be like to stand on top of the mountain,and see the world from that height.
基金Sponsored by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271848).
文摘Soil organic carbon(SOC)from different sources and with distinct chemical properties exhibit variations in their accumulation mechanisms.Exploring the effects of different litter treatments on SOC storage is of great significance for understanding the formation and accumulation mechanisms of the SOC pool.The feedback mechanisms of new and old SOC in response to tree species and litter treatments were quantitatively analyzed by the C3 plant/C4 soil replacement method.The litter treatments included no litter,aboveground litter,belowground forest litter,and aboveground+belowground litter,totaling four treatments.The results showed that in the first year,cork oak(Quercusvariabilis)exhibited the highest net SOC content increment and net new SOC increment,but the values declined rapidly from the second year onward.The net increment in SOC content was positive at all sample sites,while the priming effect was not significant at any site.Litter treatments had a significant impact on both SOC content and net SOC increment.Compared with aboveground litter,belowground litter was more effective in increasing SOC Content and net SOC increment.
基金the Key Research and Development and Transformation Plan Project of Science and Technology Department of Qinghai Province in 2023(2023-SF-111).
文摘In the early hours of August 18 in 2022,a mountain flood disaster occurred in Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County,Xining City,Qinghai Province,resulting in 31 deaths.This typical incident of multiple casualties resulting from a mountain flood disaster caused by heavy precipitation.In this paper,the mountain flood disaster was analyzed from three aspects,the distribution of the observation station network,assessment of minute-level precipitation,and quantitative precipitation estimated by Xining radar data during August 17-18,2022.It aims to identify the critical gap in comprehensive monitoring systems,and explore effective monitoring methods and estimation algorithms of minute-level quantitative precipitation.Moreover,subsequent defense countermeasures were proposed.These findings offer significant guidance for enhancing meteorological disaster prevention capabilities,strengthening the first line of defense in disaster prevention and mitigation,and supporting evidence-based decision-making for local governments and flood control departments.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Youth Program),No.42201110。
文摘Soil erosion(SE)is a critical form of land degradation that significantly threatens the health of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide.The Qinba Mountains represent a vital geo-ecological transition zone in China.Therefore,analyzing the dynamics of SE in relation to climate changes and land use/cover(LULC)change is essential for guiding ecological conservation efforts in this region.The soil erosion intensity(SEI)from 2001 to 2020 was estimated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE).For the period of 2021–2040,SEI projections were made based on CMIP6 data,utilizing the Statistical Downscaling Model alongside the CA-Markov model.Variations in SEI under four distinct shared socio-economic pathways were compared.Additionally,statistical methods were employed to evaluate the long-term impacts of climate and LULC change on SE.Findings indicate that between 2021and 2040,both precipitation and rainfall erosivity are expected to increase by approximately 8%–12%and 3%–14%,respectively.Based on differing socio-economic pathways,the soil erosion rate(SER)is predicted to rise by 12%–32%,with SSP2-4.5 anticipated to result in the highest SER.An analysis of contributing factors revealed that precipitation intensity and total precipitation are likely to escalate SE,while elevated temperatures may mitigate it.Among all types of LULC,barren land is particularly susceptible to erosion and remains a priority for conservation.The generated SEI maps will aid in promoting sustainable land use and provide crucial support for mitigating ecological risks from climate change.
基金Supported by the Department of Ecology and Environment of Heilongjiang Province(HST2022ST003)。
文摘This paper conducted a systematic survey and zoogeographical region analysis of the family Sphingidae in the Guokui Mountain,Heilongjiang Province.Collections were made from May 2023 to August 2024 using the light-trap method.A total of 14 species and 11 subspecies from 18 genera and three subfamilies were recorded.One species(Ambulyx tobii)and two subspecies(Ambulyx japonica koreana and Clanis undulosa undulosa)were new records for Heilongjiang Province.The study showed that the subfamily Smerinthinae had the most species(subspecies),while the subfamily Sphinginae had the fewest.Among the world's zoogeographical region,most species(subspecies)in the Guokui Mountain belonged to the palearctic region,with eight species and seven subspecies were also found in the oriental region.This indicated a close biogeographic connection between the two regions.Among the Chinese zoogeographical regions,the northeastern territory,northern territory and northwestern territory had the most abundant species(subspecies).It was also found that the distribution pattern types of hawkmoths in the Guokui Mountain were diverse,with the'northeastern territory-northern territory-northwestern territory'and'northeastern territory-northern territorynorthwestern territory-western plateau-southwestern territory-central territory-southeastern territory'types having the most species(subspecies).In addition,the Guokui Mountain hawkmoths were mostly distributed interregionally.The distribution patterns that contained the northeastern territory were the most numerous,followed by the northern territory.The rich diversity of the family Sphingidae in the Guokui Mountain was closely related to the unique climate,environment and vegetation types in the area.The results could help to improve the biodiversity database of Heilongjiang Province and researches on hawkmoths.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3003903)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(Grant No.8222079)and of China(Grant No.42475014,U2442204)the Basic Research Fund of CAMS(2023Z001).
文摘This study investigates extreme rainfall episodes along the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains in North China from 30 July to 1 August 2023.It focuses on two types of extreme hourly rainfall rates(HRRs),i.e.,the maximum regionalaverage HRR and site-observed HRR,which exhibited sequential development over southern,middle,and northern key regions.These rainfall extremes occurred in an environment where a high-pressure barrier over North China prevented the intrusion of cold air masses from the north while a northward-moving typhoon remnant vortex and its associated low-level jet(LLJ)transported warm and moist airflow from the south.Two distinct echo evolution modes and convection initiation mechanisms are identified for the two types of extreme HRRs.The maximum regional-average HRR occurred when the LLJ arrived to the east of the key regions,while the maximum site-observed HRR occurred when the warmer vortex center influenced the regions.Taking the northern key region as a representation,at the time of the maximum regional-average HRR,slantwise ascent of the airflow along a warm-frontal-like boundary released energy related to symmetrical instability,resulting in stratiform rainfall with weak convective cores.The transport of locally initiated convection over the eastern plain region,where the atmospheric stratification was more potentially unstable,also significantly contributed.When the maximum site-observed HRR occurred,the terrain lifting of warm and moist southeast airflow led to intense convection over the mountain foothills.Overall,the passage of the warm-core typhoon remnant vortex and interaction with Taihang Mountains determined the timing and location of extreme HRRs across the key regions.
基金Iran Water Resources Management Company (IWRMC)the Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology at the University of Isfahan
文摘Long-term droughts,temperature rise,and extreme weather events cause changes in runoff,evaporation,and transpiration in basins.These changes are more severe in arid and semi-arid regions.Since 2007,the discharge of baseflow of the Zagros Mountain has decreased and made the supply of agricultural,industrial,and drinking water a big challenge.In this investigation,utilizing data from weather stations,the output of CORDEX,and the WetSpass model,the impact of climate change on river discharge in the Great Karun Basin(GKB)was examined.The temperature and precipitation projections for the period 2019-2040 were analyzed using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Six(CMIP6)under scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.The findings reveal that the minimum and maximum temperatures are expected to increase by 0.2℃ to 5.1℃ and 0.1℃ to 3.6℃,respectively.Annual precipitation will decrease between 1.3%and 16.7%in scenario SSP2-4.5 and 23.4%in scenario SSP5-8.5.The results of the WetSpass Model for predicting future scenarios indicate a decrease in direct flow(5%),total discharge(27%),and interception(15%).As evapotranspiration will increase by 15%due to climate change,it will be more difficult to predict the water resources’volume of the Karoun Basin for the next decades.Adapting to climate change is the appropriate solution to solve this problem.Changes in temperature and precipitation in these areas pose major challenges to water resources.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2244222).
文摘This study selects geochemical data of basalts from different seamounts in the Mid-Pacific Mountains province and conducts analyses of major and trace elements as well as Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes to explore the tectonic evolution,petrogenesis,and mantle-source magama characteristics of the Mid-Pacific Mountains.The basalts from the Mid-Pacific Mountains are predominantly alkali basalts,rich in alkalies,and changing in potassium.They exhibit geochemical features of ocean island basalts(OIB),with distinct fractionation between light and heavy rare-earth elements and a pronounced Ce negative anomaly(δ_(Ce)=0.16–1.10,average 0.84),along with enrichment in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs).The Mid-Pacific Mountains are intraplate ocean island basalts formed by mantle plume(hotspot)activity,originating mainly from an enriched mantle magma source region,and most of them have undergone low degree of partial melting and a certain degree of crystalline differentiation,with negligible contamination from oceanic crust materials.The Mid-Pacific Mountains exhibit ratios of^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr(i)(0.702733–0.704313,average 0.703452)and^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd(i)(0.512698–0.512996,average 0.512846)which are close to the HIMU mantle endmember,and ratios of 206Pb/204Pb(18.953–19.803),^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb(15.54–15.62)and^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb(38.813–39.514)which are close to the EMII mantle end-member.Combined with the isotopic geochemical characteristics in the West Pacific Seamounts province,the basalts from the Mid-Pacific Mountains were considered to represent a certain proportion of mixing mantle end-members between the HIMU and EMII,possibly formed by the mixing of the HIMU superplume in the South Pacific hotspot region with the EMII secondary mantle plume in the transition zone during their ascent.
