The leaves of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic poplar (Populus nigra L.) and CpTI (Cowpea trypsin inhibitor) transgenic poplar ((P. tomentosa×P. bolleana)×P. Tomentosa) were taken to feed the 4th-5th-i...The leaves of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic poplar (Populus nigra L.) and CpTI (Cowpea trypsin inhibitor) transgenic poplar ((P. tomentosa×P. bolleana)×P. Tomentosa) were taken to feed the 4th-5th-instar larvae of American white moth (Hyphantria cunea (Drury)) for determination of the activities of the protective enzyme system inside larvae’s body. The physiological and biochemical effects of the transgenic poplars on the larvae were studied. The results showed that the two kinds of transgenic poplars had similar effects on the protective enzyme system in the midgut of larvae. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in midgut of the larvae increased gradually, reached the highest value at a certain time, and then decreased suddenly. For the larvae that were fed with the leaves of Bt transgenic poplar, the peak value of superoxide dismutase and catalase presented at the time of 24-h feeding, while the peak of peroxidase took place at the time of 12-h feeding. The activities of these protective enzymes for the larvae that were fed with leaves of CpTI transgenic poplar peaked 12 h later than that of those fed with leaves of Bt transgenic poplar. The comparison of activities of the protective enzymes was also carried out between the larvae with different levels of intoxication. It was found that the activities of protective enzyme of the seriously intoxicant larvae were higher than that of the lightly intoxicant larvae. This difference was more obvious in the group treated with CpTI transgenic poplar.展开更多
Peeling trunk,binding insect-attracting belt,cleaning orchard and soil-covering under the crown were the control methods on overwintering generation of oriental fruit moth.However,they had not been applied widely on t...Peeling trunk,binding insect-attracting belt,cleaning orchard and soil-covering under the crown were the control methods on overwintering generation of oriental fruit moth.However,they had not been applied widely on the production because of the lack of systematic quantitative evaluation.Aiming at this fact,the control effects of these technical measures were studied in peach with different ripening period.The results showed that peeling trunk was the best with the control effect of88.64%.The control effect of binding insect-attracting belt of grass bundle was74.13%,which was the most economical and efficient.Covering with soil layer of 3cm under the crown during the middle ten days of March could holdback the adult getting out from soil.Cleaning deadwood could clean out the overwintering larvae on the ground.展开更多
American white moth is a remarkable worldwide quarantine pest. By the results combination of indoor incubation and field observation of American white moth in Langfang City of Hebei Province, series prevention and con...American white moth is a remarkable worldwide quarantine pest. By the results combination of indoor incubation and field observation of American white moth in Langfang City of Hebei Province, series prevention and control bottleneck factors for the invasive agricultural pest are analyzed, such as the main operation mode of the pest against host trees, diffusion and migration charaeteristies, biological characteristics, natural enemy control, pesticide prevention and so on. The re- search aims to search for the breakthrough point of the development of environment-friendly control techniques against American white moth, which also provides the reference for further improvement of integrated pest management system.展开更多
The model for predicting vegetable pest diamondback moth was established based on E-Support Vector Regression algorithms in the multiply occurrence season of diamondback moth. The experimental data of diamondback moth...The model for predicting vegetable pest diamondback moth was established based on E-Support Vector Regression algorithms in the multiply occurrence season of diamondback moth. The experimental data of diamondback moth in Guangdong vegetable were analyzed, and the result showed that when penalty factor c was 43, kernel function parameter k was O. 2, the better prediction result could be obtained by the early warning model of E-Support Vector Regression algorithms.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to study the parasitic ability and field control effect of Pyemotes sp. against oriental fruit moth （Grapholitha molesta Bussck） which caused damage on Photinia. [ Method] The indoor infec...[ Objective] The paper was to study the parasitic ability and field control effect of Pyemotes sp. against oriental fruit moth （Grapholitha molesta Bussck） which caused damage on Photinia. [ Method] The indoor infection test and field control test of Pyemotes sp. against oriental fruit moth was carried out. The parasitic ability and activity characteristic of Pyemotes sp. were observed, and the effect of environmental factors such as humidity and temperature on the para- sitic ability of Pyemotes sp. was studied. [Result] Pyemotes sp. had good control effect on oriental fruit moth under the proper conditions; the host searching abili- ties of Pyemotes sp. were different at different temperature and humidity conditions, humidity had large impact on the activity of Pyemotes sp., while temperature had large impact on the individual activity. [ Conclusion] The result showed that Pyemotes sp. had effective control effort on oriental fruit moth.展开更多
The tea geometridEctropis obliquais one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea （Camelia sinensis） in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attr...The tea geometridEctropis obliquais one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea （Camelia sinensis） in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attractive toE. obliqua moths, no synthetic attractants for E. obliqua moths have been developed. By measuring the behavioral responses of the moth to a series of chemicals in the lab, we found that a blend containing a ternary mixture containing （Z）-3-hexenal, （Z）-3-hexenyl hexanoate and benzyl alcohol clearly attracted toE. obliqua moths of both sex and that （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate could enhance the attractiveness of the ternary blend. Moreover, we found that the volatiles emitted from the plant-E. obliqua larva com-plex have the same attractiveness as： 1） the blend of volatiles containing the ternary mixture and 2） the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture to both male and female moths. In a ifeld bioassay, more male moths were observed on traps that were baited with the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture than on control traps. Our study raises the tantalizing possibility that synthetic blends could be deployed as attractants for pests in the ifeld.展开更多
To obtain transgenic cabbage line with broad insect resistance, a new synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylBa3 gene was introduced into white cabbage via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and 37 transf...To obtain transgenic cabbage line with broad insect resistance, a new synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylBa3 gene was introduced into white cabbage via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and 37 transformants were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and Southern blot analyses confirmed that crylBa3 was successfully inserted into the genome of cabbage. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） demonstrated that crylBa3 was expressed. Western blot results confirmed the production of insecticidal protein encoded by crylBa3. Insect bioassays showed that transgenic cabbages effectively controlled both susceptible and CrylAc-resistant diamondback moth （DBM） larvae.展开更多
The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield ...The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM,field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM.Three intercropping patterns were tested,which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2,3,or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M,2 P:3 M,and 2 P:4 M),and the monocropped potato as the control,2 rows of potatoes,without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M).Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M,due to the enhancement of natural enemies.Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns.The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M.We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations,and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism.The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize.These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.展开更多
The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 valu...The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.展开更多
Cells and cell-free solutions of the culture filtrate of the bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophila taken from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in aqueous broth suspensions were lethal to lar...Cells and cell-free solutions of the culture filtrate of the bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophila taken from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in aqueous broth suspensions were lethal to larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. Their application on leaves of Chinese cabbage indicated that the cells can penetrate into the insects in the absence of the nematode vector. Cell-free solutions containing metabolites were also proved as effective as bacterial cells suspension. The application of aqueous suspensions of cells of X.nematophila or solutions containing its toxic metabolites to the leaves represents a possible new strategy for controlling insect pests on foliage.展开更多
The silver Y moth Autographa gamma undertakes windbome spring and fall migrations between winter breeding re- gions around the Mediterranean and summer breeding regions in northern Europe. Flight behaviors facilitatin...The silver Y moth Autographa gamma undertakes windbome spring and fall migrations between winter breeding re- gions around the Mediterranean and summer breeding regions in northern Europe. Flight behaviors facilitating these migrations include： （i） selection of seasonally-favorable tailwinds; （ii） flying at the altitude of the fastest winds; （iii） adopting flight headings that partially counteract crosswind drift; and （iv） seasonal reversal of preferred directions between spring and fall. In the UK, ra- dar measurements indicate that migratory activity is pronounced during the spring and fall, but is usually very low during mid- summer （July）. However, an atypically intense period of high-altitude flight was recorded during July 2006, and in this study we compare the flight behavior of A. gamma during these midsummer movements with the more typical spring and fall migrations. During July 2006, activity was most intense at significantly lower altitudes than occurred in spring or fall, and was not associated with the height of the fastest winds; consequently displacement speeds were significantly slower. The most striking difference was an absence of tailwind selectivity in July with windborne movements occurring on almost every night of the month and on tailwinds from all directions. Finally, orientation behavior was quantitatively different during July, with significantly greater dis- persion of flight headings and displacements than observed in spring and fall. We discuss mechanisms which could have caused these differences, and conclude that a lack of appropriate photopcriod cues during development of the summer generation resulted in randomly-oriented ＇dispersive＇ movements that were strikingly different from typical seasonal migrations .展开更多
Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(Cp...Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(CpJHE-like) which is comprised of a 1 761 bp coding sequence(CDS) encoding 587 amino acid residues from the transcriptome data.The deduced protein sequence of CpJHE-like showed the highest identity of 60.44% with the Adoxophyes honmai JHE(AhJHE) and the minimal identity of 25.81% with Aedes aegypti JHE(AaJHE).CpJHE-like exhibited all the seven typical motifs of the functional JHEs and had the highly consistent tertiary structure with Manduca sexta JHE(MsJHE).Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CpJHE-like was close to two JHEs from the family Tortricidae.The CpJHE-like transcript level take a leap in the 3-day-old fifth instar larva,increased about 300-fold compared to the basal level.Tissue-specific expression profile showed that the CpJHE-like transcript was expressed mainly in the fat body.This study indicates that the CpJHE-like is the functional JHE,which may play vital roles in the development and reproduction of C.pomonella.展开更多
Large-area polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)films with variably sized moth-eye structures were fabricated to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.An approach that incorporated photolithography,bilayer PDMS deposi...Large-area polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)films with variably sized moth-eye structures were fabricated to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.An approach that incorporated photolithography,bilayer PDMS deposition and replication was used in the fabrication process.By simply attaching the moth-eye PDMS films to the transparent substrates of perovskite solar cells,the optical properties of the devices could be tuned by changing the size of the moth-eye structures.The device with 300-nm moth-eye PDMS films greatly enhanced power conversion efficiency of ~21 % due to the antireflective effect of the moth-eye structure.Furthermore,beautiful coloration was observed on the 1000-nm moth-eye PDMS films through optical interference caused by the diffraction grating effect.Our results imply that moth-eye PDMS films can greatly enhance the efficiency of perovskite solar cells and building-integrated photovoltaics.展开更多
文摘The leaves of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic poplar (Populus nigra L.) and CpTI (Cowpea trypsin inhibitor) transgenic poplar ((P. tomentosa×P. bolleana)×P. Tomentosa) were taken to feed the 4th-5th-instar larvae of American white moth (Hyphantria cunea (Drury)) for determination of the activities of the protective enzyme system inside larvae’s body. The physiological and biochemical effects of the transgenic poplars on the larvae were studied. The results showed that the two kinds of transgenic poplars had similar effects on the protective enzyme system in the midgut of larvae. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in midgut of the larvae increased gradually, reached the highest value at a certain time, and then decreased suddenly. For the larvae that were fed with the leaves of Bt transgenic poplar, the peak value of superoxide dismutase and catalase presented at the time of 24-h feeding, while the peak of peroxidase took place at the time of 12-h feeding. The activities of these protective enzymes for the larvae that were fed with leaves of CpTI transgenic poplar peaked 12 h later than that of those fed with leaves of Bt transgenic poplar. The comparison of activities of the protective enzymes was also carried out between the larvae with different levels of intoxication. It was found that the activities of protective enzyme of the seriously intoxicant larvae were higher than that of the lightly intoxicant larvae. This difference was more obvious in the group treated with CpTI transgenic poplar.
文摘Peeling trunk,binding insect-attracting belt,cleaning orchard and soil-covering under the crown were the control methods on overwintering generation of oriental fruit moth.However,they had not been applied widely on the production because of the lack of systematic quantitative evaluation.Aiming at this fact,the control effects of these technical measures were studied in peach with different ripening period.The results showed that peeling trunk was the best with the control effect of88.64%.The control effect of binding insect-attracting belt of grass bundle was74.13%,which was the most economical and efficient.Covering with soil layer of 3cm under the crown during the middle ten days of March could holdback the adult getting out from soil.Cleaning deadwood could clean out the overwintering larvae on the ground.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Planning Project in Langfang City(2009012009)~~
文摘American white moth is a remarkable worldwide quarantine pest. By the results combination of indoor incubation and field observation of American white moth in Langfang City of Hebei Province, series prevention and control bottleneck factors for the invasive agricultural pest are analyzed, such as the main operation mode of the pest against host trees, diffusion and migration charaeteristies, biological characteristics, natural enemy control, pesticide prevention and so on. The re- search aims to search for the breakthrough point of the development of environment-friendly control techniques against American white moth, which also provides the reference for further improvement of integrated pest management system.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Projects in Guangdong Province(2009CD058,2009CD078,2009CD079,2009CD080)~~
文摘The model for predicting vegetable pest diamondback moth was established based on E-Support Vector Regression algorithms in the multiply occurrence season of diamondback moth. The experimental data of diamondback moth in Guangdong vegetable were analyzed, and the result showed that when penalty factor c was 43, kernel function parameter k was O. 2, the better prediction result could be obtained by the early warning model of E-Support Vector Regression algorithms.
基金Supported by Wuhan Landscape Gardening Bureau Project(Wu Park[2006]No.49)~~
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to study the parasitic ability and field control effect of Pyemotes sp. against oriental fruit moth （Grapholitha molesta Bussck） which caused damage on Photinia. [ Method] The indoor infection test and field control test of Pyemotes sp. against oriental fruit moth was carried out. The parasitic ability and activity characteristic of Pyemotes sp. were observed, and the effect of environmental factors such as humidity and temperature on the para- sitic ability of Pyemotes sp. was studied. [Result] Pyemotes sp. had good control effect on oriental fruit moth under the proper conditions; the host searching abili- ties of Pyemotes sp. were different at different temperature and humidity conditions, humidity had large impact on the activity of Pyemotes sp., while temperature had large impact on the individual activity. [ Conclusion] The result showed that Pyemotes sp. had effective control effort on oriental fruit moth.
基金sponsored by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201403030)the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB114104)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31272053)the Division of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, China (2015C32081)
文摘The tea geometridEctropis obliquais one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea （Camelia sinensis） in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attractive toE. obliqua moths, no synthetic attractants for E. obliqua moths have been developed. By measuring the behavioral responses of the moth to a series of chemicals in the lab, we found that a blend containing a ternary mixture containing （Z）-3-hexenal, （Z）-3-hexenyl hexanoate and benzyl alcohol clearly attracted toE. obliqua moths of both sex and that （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate could enhance the attractiveness of the ternary blend. Moreover, we found that the volatiles emitted from the plant-E. obliqua larva com-plex have the same attractiveness as： 1） the blend of volatiles containing the ternary mixture and 2） the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture to both male and female moths. In a ifeld bioassay, more male moths were observed on traps that were baited with the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture than on control traps. Our study raises the tantalizing possibility that synthetic blends could be deployed as attractants for pests in the ifeld.
基金supported by the grants from the National High Technology Researchand Development Program of China (863 Program,2008AA10Z155)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071697)the earmarked fund for the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China (nycytx-35-gw01)
文摘To obtain transgenic cabbage line with broad insect resistance, a new synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylBa3 gene was introduced into white cabbage via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and 37 transformants were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and Southern blot analyses confirmed that crylBa3 was successfully inserted into the genome of cabbage. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） demonstrated that crylBa3 was expressed. Western blot results confirmed the production of insecticidal protein encoded by crylBa3. Insect bioassays showed that transgenic cabbages effectively controlled both susceptible and CrylAc-resistant diamondback moth （DBM） larvae.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0200703 and 2018YFD0200802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (3176059 and 31660537)
文摘The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM,field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM.Three intercropping patterns were tested,which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2,3,or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M,2 P:3 M,and 2 P:4 M),and the monocropped potato as the control,2 rows of potatoes,without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M).Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M,due to the enhancement of natural enemies.Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns.The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M.We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations,and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism.The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize.These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.
基金support for this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30971922)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (B0320003, B0410015, 2004J010, and2007F5021)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science,China (STIF-Y07)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Fujian Province, China,to Associate Professor Gu Xiaojun
文摘The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.
文摘Cells and cell-free solutions of the culture filtrate of the bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophila taken from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in aqueous broth suspensions were lethal to larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. Their application on leaves of Chinese cabbage indicated that the cells can penetrate into the insects in the absence of the nematode vector. Cell-free solutions containing metabolites were also proved as effective as bacterial cells suspension. The application of aqueous suspensions of cells of X.nematophila or solutions containing its toxic metabolites to the leaves represents a possible new strategy for controlling insect pests on foliage.
文摘The silver Y moth Autographa gamma undertakes windbome spring and fall migrations between winter breeding re- gions around the Mediterranean and summer breeding regions in northern Europe. Flight behaviors facilitating these migrations include： （i） selection of seasonally-favorable tailwinds; （ii） flying at the altitude of the fastest winds; （iii） adopting flight headings that partially counteract crosswind drift; and （iv） seasonal reversal of preferred directions between spring and fall. In the UK, ra- dar measurements indicate that migratory activity is pronounced during the spring and fall, but is usually very low during mid- summer （July）. However, an atypically intense period of high-altitude flight was recorded during July 2006, and in this study we compare the flight behavior of A. gamma during these midsummer movements with the more typical spring and fall migrations. During July 2006, activity was most intense at significantly lower altitudes than occurred in spring or fall, and was not associated with the height of the fastest winds; consequently displacement speeds were significantly slower. The most striking difference was an absence of tailwind selectivity in July with windborne movements occurring on almost every night of the month and on tailwinds from all directions. Finally, orientation behavior was quantitatively different during July, with significantly greater dis- persion of flight headings and displacements than observed in spring and fall. We discuss mechanisms which could have caused these differences, and conclude that a lack of appropriate photopcriod cues during development of the summer generation resulted in randomly-oriented ＇dispersive＇ movements that were strikingly different from typical seasonal migrations .
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1201200,2017YFC1200600 and 2016YFC1200602)the Basic Research on Science and Technology Project of Shenzhen,China(JCYJ20160530191934833)the Dapeng New District Industrial Development Special Fund of Shenzhen,China(KY20180215)
文摘Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(CpJHE-like) which is comprised of a 1 761 bp coding sequence(CDS) encoding 587 amino acid residues from the transcriptome data.The deduced protein sequence of CpJHE-like showed the highest identity of 60.44% with the Adoxophyes honmai JHE(AhJHE) and the minimal identity of 25.81% with Aedes aegypti JHE(AaJHE).CpJHE-like exhibited all the seven typical motifs of the functional JHEs and had the highly consistent tertiary structure with Manduca sexta JHE(MsJHE).Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CpJHE-like was close to two JHEs from the family Tortricidae.The CpJHE-like transcript level take a leap in the 3-day-old fifth instar larva,increased about 300-fold compared to the basal level.Tissue-specific expression profile showed that the CpJHE-like transcript was expressed mainly in the fat body.This study indicates that the CpJHE-like is the functional JHE,which may play vital roles in the development and reproduction of C.pomonella.
基金supported in part by the Global Frontier R&D Program of the Center for Multiscale Energy Systems funded by the National Research Foundation under the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Korea (2012M3A6A7054855)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (No. 2017RICIB1005834)newly appointed professor research fund of Hanbat National University in 2018
文摘Large-area polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)films with variably sized moth-eye structures were fabricated to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.An approach that incorporated photolithography,bilayer PDMS deposition and replication was used in the fabrication process.By simply attaching the moth-eye PDMS films to the transparent substrates of perovskite solar cells,the optical properties of the devices could be tuned by changing the size of the moth-eye structures.The device with 300-nm moth-eye PDMS films greatly enhanced power conversion efficiency of ~21 % due to the antireflective effect of the moth-eye structure.Furthermore,beautiful coloration was observed on the 1000-nm moth-eye PDMS films through optical interference caused by the diffraction grating effect.Our results imply that moth-eye PDMS films can greatly enhance the efficiency of perovskite solar cells and building-integrated photovoltaics.
