Organisms have evolved a strain limiting mechanism,reflected as a non-linear elastic constitutive,to prevent large deformations from threatening soft tissue integrity.Compared with linear elastic substrates,the wrinkl...Organisms have evolved a strain limiting mechanism,reflected as a non-linear elastic constitutive,to prevent large deformations from threatening soft tissue integrity.Compared with linear elastic substrates,the wrinkle of films on non-linear elastic substrates has received less attention.In this article,a unique wrinkle evolution of the film-substrate system with a J-shaped non-linear stress-strain relation is reported.The result shows that a concave hexagonal array pattern is formed with the shrinkage strain of the film-substrate systems developing.As the interconnection of hexagonal arrays,a unit cell ridge network appears with properties such as chirality and helix.The subparagraph maze pattern formed with high compression is mainly composed of special single-cell ridge networks such as spiral single cores,chiral double cores,and combined multi-cores.This evolutionary model is highly consistent with the results of experiments,and it also predicts wrinkle morphology that has not yet been reported.These findings can serve as a novel explanation for the surface wrinkle of biological soft tissue,as well as provide references for the preparation of artificial biomaterials and programmable soft matter.展开更多
The toughness of thermoplastic polymers such as polypropylene(PP)can be improved by adding elastomers-based toughening agents,and the phase morphology of these toughening agents is very important for the strength and ...The toughness of thermoplastic polymers such as polypropylene(PP)can be improved by adding elastomers-based toughening agents,and the phase morphology of these toughening agents is very important for the strength and toughness of PP.The low-temperature toughness of PP was improved by inserting high-density polyethylene(HDPE)between PP and polystyrene-b-ethylene-co-propyleneb-polystyrene(SEPS)to form an unusual SEPS@HDPE core–shell structure,with SEPS as the core and HDPE as the shell.Based on the microtopography and rheological behavior characterization,HDPE in PP/SEPS/HDPE composites was found to serve as an emulsifier,decrease the size of SEPS particles,and promote the homogeneous dispersion of dispersed phase particles in the matrix.An increase in the HDPE content shifted the toughening mechanism of PP composites from cavitation to matrix shear yielding.The reduction in the distance between the dispersed core–shell structure particles promoted shear yielding in the PP composites,leading to increased toughness.The creation of an intermediate HDPE layer with a moderate modulus was crucial for dispersing stress concentrations and significantly improving toughness without compromising the tensile strength.These findings will facilitate the fabrication of high-toughness PP products at low temperatures.展开更多
Didelphid marsupials are considered a morphologically unspecialized group with a generalist diet that includes vertebrates,invertebrates,and plant matter.While cranium and scapula variation has alreadybeen examined wi...Didelphid marsupials are considered a morphologically unspecialized group with a generalist diet that includes vertebrates,invertebrates,and plant matter.While cranium and scapula variation has alreadybeen examined within Didelphidae,variation inmandible shape,usually associated with diet or phylogeny in other mammalian groups,has not yet been properly assessed in the family.We evaluated the variation in mandible shape and size of didelphids(2470 specimens belonging to 94 species)using 2D geometric morphometrics.We classified the diet of the didel-phids into four broad categories to assess whether morphospace ordination relates to dietary habits.We also provided the most comprehensive phylogeny for the family(i23 out of the 126 living species)using 10 nuclear and mitochondrial genes.We then mapped mandible size and shape onto that phylogeny for 93 selected taxa and ancestral size and shapes were reconstructed by parsimony.We found phylogenetically structured variation in mandible morphology between didelphid groups,and our results indicate that they have a significant phylogenetic signal.The main axis of shape variation is poorly related to size,but the second is strongly allometric,indicating that allometry is not the main factor in shaping morphological diversity on their mandibles.Our results indicate that the shape and size of the ancestral mandible of didelphids would be similar to that of the current species of the genus Marmosa.展开更多
Bio-based cyclodextrins(CDs)are a common research object in supramolecular chemistry.The special cavity structure of CDs can form supramolecular self-assemblies such as vesicles and microcrystals through weak interact...Bio-based cyclodextrins(CDs)are a common research object in supramolecular chemistry.The special cavity structure of CDs can form supramolecular self-assemblies such as vesicles and microcrystals through weak interaction with vip molecules.The different forms of supramolecular self-assemblies can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.The regulation of supramolecular self-assembly is not only helpful to understand the self-assembly principle,but also beneficial to its application.In the present study,the self-assembly behavior of epoxy-β-cyclodextrin(EP-β-CD)and mixed anionic and cationic surfactant system(sodium dodecyl sulfate/dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,SDS/DTAB)in aqueous solution was studied.Morphological and particle size characterization found that the SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD complex,as the basic building unit,self-assembled into worm-like micelles at lower temperatures and vesicles at higher temperatures.Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis revealed that the driving force for the formation of vesicles and worm-like micelles was the hydrogen bonds between EP-β-CD molecules,while water molecules played an important role in promoting vesicle formation between SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD units.Herein,the mechanism of the morphologic transformation of SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD supramolecular aggregates induced by temperature was elucidated by exploring the self-assembly process,which may provide an excellent basis for the development of delivery carriers.展开更多
The evolution of self organized Ge quantum dots structure is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy during annealing treatment up to 700℃ in an ultra high vacuum(UHV) system.When t...The evolution of self organized Ge quantum dots structure is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy during annealing treatment up to 700℃ in an ultra high vacuum(UHV) system.When the sample temperature rises to 630℃,a great amount of new dots emerge on the wetting layer,which are believed to be incoherent islands compared with the dislocation free coherent islands formed during molecular beam epitaxy growth.展开更多
The tidal flats of the Wanggang area, on the Jiangsu coast, represent the largest continuously distributed coastal wetland in terms of area coverage in China, and the dynamics of tidal flat accretion and erosion is hi...The tidal flats of the Wanggang area, on the Jiangsu coast, represent the largest continuously distributed coastal wetland in terms of area coverage in China, and the dynamics of tidal flat accretion and erosion is highly complicated. The cord-grass Spartina alterniflora, which was introduced artificially into the Jiangsu coast, has significant influences on the regional tidal flat evolution in terms of deposition rate, spacial sediment distribution patterns and tidal creek morphology. On the basis of the data set of bed elevation and accumulation rate for different periods of time, the applicability of the Pethick - Allen model to the Jiangsu tidal salt marshes is discussed. In addition, caesium-137 dating was carried out for sediment samples collected from the salt marsh of the Wangang area. In combination with the caesium-137 analysis and the data collected from literature, the Pethick - Allen model was used to derive the accumulation rate in the Wanggang tidal flat for the various periods. The results show that the pattern of tidal flat accretion has been modified, due to more rapid accretion following the iatroduction of S. alterniflora to the region. Surficial sediment samples were collected from representative profiles and analyzed for grain size with a laser particle analyzer. The result shows that fine-grained sediment has been trapped by the plant, with most of the sediment deposited on the Suaeda salsa and Spartina angelica flats being derived from drainage creeks rather than the from gently sloping tidal flats. Remote sensing analysis and in situ observations indicate that the creeks formed in the S. alterniflora flat have a relatively small ratio of width to depth, a relatively high density, and are more stable than the other tidal flat creek systems in the study area.展开更多
The effect of the melt holding temperature on the morphological evolution and sedimentation behavior of iron-rich intermetallics in Al-7.0 Si-1.0 Fe-1.2 Mn-0.25 Mg alloy was investigated using an optical microscope,sc...The effect of the melt holding temperature on the morphological evolution and sedimentation behavior of iron-rich intermetallics in Al-7.0 Si-1.0 Fe-1.2 Mn-0.25 Mg alloy was investigated using an optical microscope,scanning electron microscope and differential thermal analyzer.The results show that as the holding temperature decreases,the morphologies of the primary iron-rich phase in matrix change from star-like to polygonal,and the number of the primary phases gradually decreases and disappears at 615°C.Finally,the Chinese script phases with small size,high compact and uniform distribution are obtained.In contrast,the primary iron-rich phases in slag transform into a coarser polygonal shape with lower roundness,and some of them have hollow structures.Furthermore,the area fraction of intermetallics and Fe content in the matrix decrease gradually due to the formation and growth of sludge and subsequent natural sedimentation during melt holding.With the decrease of holding temperature,the main factors hindering the settlement of the primary phases are morphology,size,and density in turn.展开更多
A petal-like icosahedral quasicrystal with five branches,which is considered to be the representative morphology of the icosahedral quasicrystal,has been observed in the Y-rich Mg-Zn-Y ternary alloys. Moreover,the pol...A petal-like icosahedral quasicrystal with five branches,which is considered to be the representative morphology of the icosahedral quasicrystal,has been observed in the Y-rich Mg-Zn-Y ternary alloys. Moreover,the polygon-like morphology,another pattern of the icosahedral quasicrystal,has also been found in the Y-rich Mg-Zn-Y ternary alloys. The latter morphology results from the evolution of the former one. The growth mechanism of the petal-like morphology of the icosahedral quasicrystal was also discussed. Alloying composition,i.e.,Y element content,is a major factor inducing the morphology evolution of the icosahedral quasicrystal.展开更多
Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolut...Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam （TGD）. Our conclusions are as follows. （1） The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period： G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition （CECD）, and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion （CDCE）. Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period, （2） Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. （3） Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m^3/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. （4） During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m^3/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.展开更多
Owing to the intensive human activities, the Modaomen Estuary has been significantly modified since 1950s, which has resulted in considerable changes of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the area. In this paper, the...Owing to the intensive human activities, the Modaomen Estuary has been significantly modified since 1950s, which has resulted in considerable changes of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the area. In this paper, the effects of the anthropogenic activities on the hydrodynamics and morphological evolution in the estuary at different stages are systematically assessed based on the detailed bathymetric data and field survey. The results show that the human activities have caused the channelization of the enclosed sea area in the Modamen Estuary;fast seaward movement of the mouth bar with high siltation;expansion of the channel volume due to channel deepening. The paper also highlights the main hydrodynamic changes in the estuary, including the rise of the water level;the distinguishing changes of tidal range before and after the 1990s （decrease and increase respectively）; as well as the increase of the divided flow ratio. It is found that reclamation is the main factor promoting the transition of nature of the estuary from runoff dominant to runoff and wave dominant, and sand mining activities are mainly to strengthen the tidal dynamic and to low the water level. The results provide useful guidance for better planning of the future developments in the estuary and further research in the area.展开更多
A model for the morphological evolution of a void under thermal and mechanical loads is established, and the thermodynamics potential of the model is given based on energy principle. Thus, the path and the bifurcation...A model for the morphological evolution of a void under thermal and mechanical loads is established, and the thermodynamics potential of the model is given based on energy principle. Thus, the path and the bifurcation condition of the morphological evolution of the void are described, which gives some insight into the reliability of the interconnect under combined thermal and mechanical loads.展开更多
To solve the wall-wetting problem in internal combustion engines,the physical and chemical etching methods are used to prepare different wettability surfaces with various microstructures.The evaporation characteristic...To solve the wall-wetting problem in internal combustion engines,the physical and chemical etching methods are used to prepare different wettability surfaces with various microstructures.The evaporation characteristics and morphological evolution processes of diesel and n-butanol droplets after hitting the various surfaces are investigated.The results show that the surface microstructures increase the surface roughness(Ra),enhancing the oleophilic property of the oleophilic surfaces.Compared with n-butanol droplets,the same surface shows stronger oleophobicity to diesel droplets.When a droplet hits an oleophilic property surface with a lower temperature,the stronger the oleophilicity,the shorter the evaporation time.For oleophilic surfaces,larger Ra leads to a higher Leidenfrost temperature(TLeid).The low TLeid caused by enhanced oleophobicity,dense microstructures and increased convex dome height facilitates droplet rebound and promotes the evaporation of the wall-impinging droplets into the cylinder.The evaporation rate of the droplets is not only related to the characteristics of the solid surfaces and the fuel droplets but also affected by the heat transfer rate to the droplets in different boiling regimes.The spreading diameter of a droplet on an oleophobic surface varies significantly less with time than that on an oleophilic surface under the same surface temperature.展开更多
The stability of estuarine channel-shoal systems is important for port utilization,navigation maintenance,habitat protection and ecosystem service functions.This paper uses the South Channel of the Changjiang(Yangtze ...The stability of estuarine channel-shoal systems is important for port utilization,navigation maintenance,habitat protection and ecosystem service functions.This paper uses the South Channel of the Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary as a typical example to investigate the channel-shoal adjustment mechanism and its future trend.The combined approaches of bathymetric data analysis and process-based modeling(Delft3D)are applied.Quantitative analysis of morphological changes indicates that the South Channel experienced remarkable channel-shoal adjustment during 1958–2018.Periodic evolution was identified,including shoal migration,incision and emergence under natural conditions before the mid-1980s.Since then,fluvial sediment decline and local human intervention have interrupted the periodic processes.After 1986,as river sediment discharge started to decline,the South Channel converted to net erosion,and both the mid-channel shoal at the bifurcation node and the tail of the Ruifeng Shoal showed significant scour.Process-based hydrodynamic simulations revealed that the northern rotation of the mainstream downstream of Wusong triggered the erosion of the Ruifeng Shoal,while unordered sand mining at the shoal tail in approximately 2002 enhanced shoal shrinkage.In addition,the self-adjustment of the transverse section shape resulted in abnormal accretion in 2002–2007.Afterward,the South Channel underwent overall erosion as sediment discharge decreased to a low level(<150 Mt/a).Five stages of channel-shoal pattern adjustment and accretion/erosion status during the past 60years were defined,i.e.,the accretion stage(1958–1965),remarkable channel-shoal adjustment stage(1978–1986),slow erosion stage(1986–1997),shoal scour and shrinkage stage(1997–2007)and overall channel-shoal erosion stage(2007–2018).Model prediction of the evolutionary trend indicates that overall erosion within the South Channel is most likely to continue in 2015–2050.Further adjustment of the South Channel under extremely low sediment discharge may threaten the riverbed stability and the sustainable development of this large-scale estuary.Future work on adaptive strategies for varying conditions is recommended.展开更多
In this study, the maleic anhydride （MAH） and styrene （St） dual monomers grafted polypropylene （PP） and poly[styrene-b- （ethylene-co-butylene）-b-styrene] （SEBS）, i.e. PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and SEBS-g-（MAH-co-S...In this study, the maleic anhydride （MAH） and styrene （St） dual monomers grafted polypropylene （PP） and poly[styrene-b- （ethylene-co-butylene）-b-styrene] （SEBS）, i.e. PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） are prepared as multi-phase compatibilizers and used to compatibilize the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS （70/10/10/10） model quaternary blends. Both PS and SEBS are encapsulated by the hard shell of PP-g-（MAH-co-St） in the dispersed domains （about 2 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP-g-（MAH-co-St）/SEBS （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend. In contrast, inside the dispersed domains （about 1 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend, the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） encapsulates both the hard PS and PP phases and separates them. With increasing the content of the compatibilizers equally, the morphology of the PA6/PS/（PP＋PP-g-（MAH-co-St））/（SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blends evolves from the soft （SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） encapsulating PS and partially encapsulating PP （about 1 μm）, then to PS exclusively encapsulated by the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） and then separated by PP-g-（MAH-co-St） inside the smaller domains （about 0.6 μm）. This morphology evolution has been well predicted by spreading coefficients and explained by the reaction between the matrix PA6 and the compatibilizers. The quaternary blends compatibilized by more compatibilizers exhibit stronger hierarchical interfacial adhesions and smaller dispersed domain, which results in the further improved mechanical properties. Compared to the uncompatibilized blend, the blend with both 10 wt% PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and 10 wt% SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） has the best mechanical properties with the stress at break, strain at break and impact failure energy improved significantly by 97%, 71% and 261%, respectively. There is a strong correlation between the structure and property in the blends.展开更多
(γ’+β)two-phase Ni-Al is a promising high-temperature protective coating material used on Ni-base superalloys since it has good interfacial compatibility with superalloys due to the low Al content compared to singl...(γ’+β)two-phase Ni-Al is a promising high-temperature protective coating material used on Ni-base superalloys since it has good interfacial compatibility with superalloys due to the low Al content compared to single-phaseβ-NiA l.In this paper,we aim to improve the oxidation resistance,whereby Ni-34Al-0.1Dy,a(γ’+β)two-phase Ni-Al alloy,was treated by laser shock processing(LSP)and the oxidation behavior at 1150℃ was investigated.The results showed that after oxidation,Al_(2)O_(3)scale formed on the originalβphase of the untreated alloy with a small grain size(200-800 nm),while for the LSP-treated samples,the scale grown on the originalβphase was dominantly composed of larger Al_(2)O_(3)grains with a size of 2-3μm.The distinction was attributed to the promotion ofθ-Al_(2)O_(3)toα-Al_(2)O_(3)transformation induced by the LSP,because the dislocation density,as well as surface roughness,were increased during LSP treatment which can provide heterogeneous nucleation sites forα-Al_(2)O_(3).In addition,the larger-size Al_(2)O_(3)particles,derived from the direct conversion of needle-likeθ-Al_(2)O_(3)in the initial oxidation stage,could rapidly overspread the wholeβphase surface thus reducing the scale growth rate.展开更多
The microstructure, chemical composition and morphology evolution of icosahedral quasicrystalline phase of Mg67.4Zn28.9Y3.7 ternary alloy were investigated in detail at different pouring temperatures by X-ray diffract...The microstructure, chemical composition and morphology evolution of icosahedral quasicrystalline phase of Mg67.4Zn28.9Y3.7 ternary alloy were investigated in detail at different pouring temperatures by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy-dispersive spectrum （EDS）. Low interracial energy favors the formation of l-phase. The experimental results show that the primary l-phase reveals petal-shaped with five and six branches, where each branch has facetted growth morphology with the size ranging from 50 to 100μm. As the temperature decreases, the polygon-shaped l-phase forms, attributed to the decomposition of branch of petal-shaped l-phase, and then it grows bigger and some of the fine polygons join together to form large polygons. Besides these, （α-Mg＋l-phase） eutectic structures disappear and the relative amount of Mg7Zn3 phase increases as the pouring temperature decreases. The chemical composition and morphology evolution of l-phase were also discussed.展开更多
Solid-liquid phase conversion between various sulfur species in lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is a fundamental reaction of the sulfur cathode.Disclosing the morphological evolution of solid sulfur species upon cycling...Solid-liquid phase conversion between various sulfur species in lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is a fundamental reaction of the sulfur cathode.Disclosing the morphological evolution of solid sulfur species upon cycling is of great significance to achieving high energy densities.However,an in-depth investigation of the internal reaction is still lacking.In this work,the evolution process of solid sulfur species on carbon substrates is systematically studied by using an operando light microscope combined with in situ electrochemical impedance spectra technology.The observation of phenomena such as bulk solid sulfur species can form and dissolve independently of the conductive substrates and the transformation of supercooled liquid sulfur to crystalline sulfur.Based on the phenomena mentioned above,a possible mechanism was proposed in which the dissolution reaction of solid sulfur species is a spatially free reaction that involves isotropic physical dissolution,diffusion of molecules,and finally the electrochemical reaction.Correspondingly,the formation of solid sulfur species tends to be a form of crystallization in a saturated solution rather than electrodeposition,as is commonly believed.Our findings offer new insights into the reaction of sulfur cathodes and provide new opportunities to design advanced sulfur cathodes for Li-S batteries.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Youth Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(Grant No.22B0334)the Bridge and Tunnel Engineering Innovation Project of Changsha University of Science&Technology(Grant No.11ZDXK11)and the Practical Innovation and Entrepreneurship Capacity Improvement Plan of Changsha University of Science and Technology(Grant No.CLSJCX23029).
文摘Organisms have evolved a strain limiting mechanism,reflected as a non-linear elastic constitutive,to prevent large deformations from threatening soft tissue integrity.Compared with linear elastic substrates,the wrinkle of films on non-linear elastic substrates has received less attention.In this article,a unique wrinkle evolution of the film-substrate system with a J-shaped non-linear stress-strain relation is reported.The result shows that a concave hexagonal array pattern is formed with the shrinkage strain of the film-substrate systems developing.As the interconnection of hexagonal arrays,a unit cell ridge network appears with properties such as chirality and helix.The subparagraph maze pattern formed with high compression is mainly composed of special single-cell ridge networks such as spiral single cores,chiral double cores,and combined multi-cores.This evolutionary model is highly consistent with the results of experiments,and it also predicts wrinkle morphology that has not yet been reported.These findings can serve as a novel explanation for the surface wrinkle of biological soft tissue,as well as provide references for the preparation of artificial biomaterials and programmable soft matter.
基金supported by the Taiyuan Major Science and Technology Project Fund in 2021,Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project,”Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(202102040201011)the Zhanjiang Marine Equipment and Marine Biological Industry Unveiled the Talent Team Project(2021E05034).
文摘The toughness of thermoplastic polymers such as polypropylene(PP)can be improved by adding elastomers-based toughening agents,and the phase morphology of these toughening agents is very important for the strength and toughness of PP.The low-temperature toughness of PP was improved by inserting high-density polyethylene(HDPE)between PP and polystyrene-b-ethylene-co-propyleneb-polystyrene(SEPS)to form an unusual SEPS@HDPE core–shell structure,with SEPS as the core and HDPE as the shell.Based on the microtopography and rheological behavior characterization,HDPE in PP/SEPS/HDPE composites was found to serve as an emulsifier,decrease the size of SEPS particles,and promote the homogeneous dispersion of dispersed phase particles in the matrix.An increase in the HDPE content shifted the toughening mechanism of PP composites from cavitation to matrix shear yielding.The reduction in the distance between the dispersed core–shell structure particles promoted shear yielding in the PP composites,leading to increased toughness.The creation of an intermediate HDPE layer with a moderate modulus was crucial for dispersing stress concentrations and significantly improving toughness without compromising the tensile strength.These findings will facilitate the fabrication of high-toughness PP products at low temperatures.
文摘Didelphid marsupials are considered a morphologically unspecialized group with a generalist diet that includes vertebrates,invertebrates,and plant matter.While cranium and scapula variation has alreadybeen examined within Didelphidae,variation inmandible shape,usually associated with diet or phylogeny in other mammalian groups,has not yet been properly assessed in the family.We evaluated the variation in mandible shape and size of didelphids(2470 specimens belonging to 94 species)using 2D geometric morphometrics.We classified the diet of the didel-phids into four broad categories to assess whether morphospace ordination relates to dietary habits.We also provided the most comprehensive phylogeny for the family(i23 out of the 126 living species)using 10 nuclear and mitochondrial genes.We then mapped mandible size and shape onto that phylogeny for 93 selected taxa and ancestral size and shapes were reconstructed by parsimony.We found phylogenetically structured variation in mandible morphology between didelphid groups,and our results indicate that they have a significant phylogenetic signal.The main axis of shape variation is poorly related to size,but the second is strongly allometric,indicating that allometry is not the main factor in shaping morphological diversity on their mandibles.Our results indicate that the shape and size of the ancestral mandible of didelphids would be similar to that of the current species of the genus Marmosa.
基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M681125)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272254,31901618)Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics.
文摘Bio-based cyclodextrins(CDs)are a common research object in supramolecular chemistry.The special cavity structure of CDs can form supramolecular self-assemblies such as vesicles and microcrystals through weak interaction with vip molecules.The different forms of supramolecular self-assemblies can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.The regulation of supramolecular self-assembly is not only helpful to understand the self-assembly principle,but also beneficial to its application.In the present study,the self-assembly behavior of epoxy-β-cyclodextrin(EP-β-CD)and mixed anionic and cationic surfactant system(sodium dodecyl sulfate/dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,SDS/DTAB)in aqueous solution was studied.Morphological and particle size characterization found that the SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD complex,as the basic building unit,self-assembled into worm-like micelles at lower temperatures and vesicles at higher temperatures.Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis revealed that the driving force for the formation of vesicles and worm-like micelles was the hydrogen bonds between EP-β-CD molecules,while water molecules played an important role in promoting vesicle formation between SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD units.Herein,the mechanism of the morphologic transformation of SDS/DTAB@EP-β-CD supramolecular aggregates induced by temperature was elucidated by exploring the self-assembly process,which may provide an excellent basis for the development of delivery carriers.
文摘The evolution of self organized Ge quantum dots structure is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy during annealing treatment up to 700℃ in an ultra high vacuum(UHV) system.When the sample temperature rises to 630℃,a great amount of new dots emerge on the wetting layer,which are believed to be incoherent islands compared with the dislocation free coherent islands formed during molecular beam epitaxy growth.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40231010 and 40476041the Marine Science Youth Fund of State 0ceanic Administration of China under contract No.2006312.
文摘The tidal flats of the Wanggang area, on the Jiangsu coast, represent the largest continuously distributed coastal wetland in terms of area coverage in China, and the dynamics of tidal flat accretion and erosion is highly complicated. The cord-grass Spartina alterniflora, which was introduced artificially into the Jiangsu coast, has significant influences on the regional tidal flat evolution in terms of deposition rate, spacial sediment distribution patterns and tidal creek morphology. On the basis of the data set of bed elevation and accumulation rate for different periods of time, the applicability of the Pethick - Allen model to the Jiangsu tidal salt marshes is discussed. In addition, caesium-137 dating was carried out for sediment samples collected from the salt marsh of the Wangang area. In combination with the caesium-137 analysis and the data collected from literature, the Pethick - Allen model was used to derive the accumulation rate in the Wanggang tidal flat for the various periods. The results show that the pattern of tidal flat accretion has been modified, due to more rapid accretion following the iatroduction of S. alterniflora to the region. Surficial sediment samples were collected from representative profiles and analyzed for grain size with a laser particle analyzer. The result shows that fine-grained sediment has been trapped by the plant, with most of the sediment deposited on the Suaeda salsa and Spartina angelica flats being derived from drainage creeks rather than the from gently sloping tidal flats. Remote sensing analysis and in situ observations indicate that the creeks formed in the S. alterniflora flat have a relatively small ratio of width to depth, a relatively high density, and are more stable than the other tidal flat creek systems in the study area.
基金Project(2017GDASCX-0117)supported by the Guangdong Academy of Sciences,ChinaProject(201806010126)supported by the Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou,China+3 种基金Projects(2017A050503004,2017A07071029)supported by the Guangdong Provincial Program of Science and Technology,ChinaProject(18126010)supported by the Guangxi Autonomous Regional Program of Science and Technology,ChinaProject(201802030012)supported by the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau,ChinaProject(2017A0109005)supported by the Sihui Plan Project of Science and Technology,China.
文摘The effect of the melt holding temperature on the morphological evolution and sedimentation behavior of iron-rich intermetallics in Al-7.0 Si-1.0 Fe-1.2 Mn-0.25 Mg alloy was investigated using an optical microscope,scanning electron microscope and differential thermal analyzer.The results show that as the holding temperature decreases,the morphologies of the primary iron-rich phase in matrix change from star-like to polygonal,and the number of the primary phases gradually decreases and disappears at 615°C.Finally,the Chinese script phases with small size,high compact and uniform distribution are obtained.In contrast,the primary iron-rich phases in slag transform into a coarser polygonal shape with lower roundness,and some of them have hollow structures.Furthermore,the area fraction of intermetallics and Fe content in the matrix decrease gradually due to the formation and growth of sludge and subsequent natural sedimentation during melt holding.With the decrease of holding temperature,the main factors hindering the settlement of the primary phases are morphology,size,and density in turn.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50571081)the Aviation Foundation of China (No. 04G53024).
文摘A petal-like icosahedral quasicrystal with five branches,which is considered to be the representative morphology of the icosahedral quasicrystal,has been observed in the Y-rich Mg-Zn-Y ternary alloys. Moreover,the polygon-like morphology,another pattern of the icosahedral quasicrystal,has also been found in the Y-rich Mg-Zn-Y ternary alloys. The latter morphology results from the evolution of the former one. The growth mechanism of the petal-like morphology of the icosahedral quasicrystal was also discussed. Alloying composition,i.e.,Y element content,is a major factor inducing the morphology evolution of the icosahedral quasicrystal.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.51479146 Doctoral Foundation of Northwest A＆F University No.2452015337 National Key Research and Development Plan, No.2016YFC0402303, No.2016YFC0402101
文摘Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam （TGD）. Our conclusions are as follows. （1） The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period： G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition （CECD）, and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion （CDCE）. Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period, （2） Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. （3） Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m^3/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. （4） During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m^3/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.
基金funded by the Program of International S&T Cooperation(Grant No.2010DFA24470)the Non-profitable Special Scientific Research Project from the Ministry of Water Resources,China(Grant No.200901034–01)
文摘Owing to the intensive human activities, the Modaomen Estuary has been significantly modified since 1950s, which has resulted in considerable changes of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the area. In this paper, the effects of the anthropogenic activities on the hydrodynamics and morphological evolution in the estuary at different stages are systematically assessed based on the detailed bathymetric data and field survey. The results show that the human activities have caused the channelization of the enclosed sea area in the Modamen Estuary;fast seaward movement of the mouth bar with high siltation;expansion of the channel volume due to channel deepening. The paper also highlights the main hydrodynamic changes in the estuary, including the rise of the water level;the distinguishing changes of tidal range before and after the 1990s （decrease and increase respectively）; as well as the increase of the divided flow ratio. It is found that reclamation is the main factor promoting the transition of nature of the estuary from runoff dominant to runoff and wave dominant, and sand mining activities are mainly to strengthen the tidal dynamic and to low the water level. The results provide useful guidance for better planning of the future developments in the estuary and further research in the area.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10602034,10572088)
文摘A model for the morphological evolution of a void under thermal and mechanical loads is established, and the thermodynamics potential of the model is given based on energy principle. Thus, the path and the bifurcation condition of the morphological evolution of the void are described, which gives some insight into the reliability of the interconnect under combined thermal and mechanical loads.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project code:51676084)Jilin Province Specific Project of Industrial Technology Research&Development(Project code:2020C025-2)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(Project code:20220101212JC)Free Exploration Project of Changsha Automotive Innovation Research Institute of Jilin University(Project code:JCZT20220202)2021“Interdisciplinary Integration and Innovation”Project of Jilin University(Project code:XJRCYB07).
文摘To solve the wall-wetting problem in internal combustion engines,the physical and chemical etching methods are used to prepare different wettability surfaces with various microstructures.The evaporation characteristics and morphological evolution processes of diesel and n-butanol droplets after hitting the various surfaces are investigated.The results show that the surface microstructures increase the surface roughness(Ra),enhancing the oleophilic property of the oleophilic surfaces.Compared with n-butanol droplets,the same surface shows stronger oleophobicity to diesel droplets.When a droplet hits an oleophilic property surface with a lower temperature,the stronger the oleophilicity,the shorter the evaporation time.For oleophilic surfaces,larger Ra leads to a higher Leidenfrost temperature(TLeid).The low TLeid caused by enhanced oleophobicity,dense microstructures and increased convex dome height facilitates droplet rebound and promotes the evaporation of the wall-impinging droplets into the cylinder.The evaporation rate of the droplets is not only related to the characteristics of the solid surfaces and the fuel droplets but also affected by the heat transfer rate to the droplets in different boiling regimes.The spreading diameter of a droplet on an oleophobic surface varies significantly less with time than that on an oleophilic surface under the same surface temperature.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China-Ministry of Water Resources-China Three Gorges Corporation Joint Fund for Changjiang Water Science Research,No.U2040202National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42006156,No.52009008+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,No.CKSF2021530/HLResearch Project on Major Scientific and Technological Issues in Watershed Water Management,No.CKSC2020791/HL。
文摘The stability of estuarine channel-shoal systems is important for port utilization,navigation maintenance,habitat protection and ecosystem service functions.This paper uses the South Channel of the Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary as a typical example to investigate the channel-shoal adjustment mechanism and its future trend.The combined approaches of bathymetric data analysis and process-based modeling(Delft3D)are applied.Quantitative analysis of morphological changes indicates that the South Channel experienced remarkable channel-shoal adjustment during 1958–2018.Periodic evolution was identified,including shoal migration,incision and emergence under natural conditions before the mid-1980s.Since then,fluvial sediment decline and local human intervention have interrupted the periodic processes.After 1986,as river sediment discharge started to decline,the South Channel converted to net erosion,and both the mid-channel shoal at the bifurcation node and the tail of the Ruifeng Shoal showed significant scour.Process-based hydrodynamic simulations revealed that the northern rotation of the mainstream downstream of Wusong triggered the erosion of the Ruifeng Shoal,while unordered sand mining at the shoal tail in approximately 2002 enhanced shoal shrinkage.In addition,the self-adjustment of the transverse section shape resulted in abnormal accretion in 2002–2007.Afterward,the South Channel underwent overall erosion as sediment discharge decreased to a low level(<150 Mt/a).Five stages of channel-shoal pattern adjustment and accretion/erosion status during the past 60years were defined,i.e.,the accretion stage(1958–1965),remarkable channel-shoal adjustment stage(1978–1986),slow erosion stage(1986–1997),shoal scour and shrinkage stage(1997–2007)and overall channel-shoal erosion stage(2007–2018).Model prediction of the evolutionary trend indicates that overall erosion within the South Channel is most likely to continue in 2015–2050.Further adjustment of the South Channel under extremely low sediment discharge may threaten the riverbed stability and the sustainable development of this large-scale estuary.Future work on adaptive strategies for varying conditions is recommended.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51633003)State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (No. OIC-201601006)
文摘In this study, the maleic anhydride （MAH） and styrene （St） dual monomers grafted polypropylene （PP） and poly[styrene-b- （ethylene-co-butylene）-b-styrene] （SEBS）, i.e. PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） are prepared as multi-phase compatibilizers and used to compatibilize the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS （70/10/10/10） model quaternary blends. Both PS and SEBS are encapsulated by the hard shell of PP-g-（MAH-co-St） in the dispersed domains （about 2 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP-g-（MAH-co-St）/SEBS （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend. In contrast, inside the dispersed domains （about 1 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend, the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） encapsulates both the hard PS and PP phases and separates them. With increasing the content of the compatibilizers equally, the morphology of the PA6/PS/（PP＋PP-g-（MAH-co-St））/（SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blends evolves from the soft （SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） encapsulating PS and partially encapsulating PP （about 1 μm）, then to PS exclusively encapsulated by the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） and then separated by PP-g-（MAH-co-St） inside the smaller domains （about 0.6 μm）. This morphology evolution has been well predicted by spreading coefficients and explained by the reaction between the matrix PA6 and the compatibilizers. The quaternary blends compatibilized by more compatibilizers exhibit stronger hierarchical interfacial adhesions and smaller dispersed domain, which results in the further improved mechanical properties. Compared to the uncompatibilized blend, the blend with both 10 wt% PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and 10 wt% SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） has the best mechanical properties with the stress at break, strain at break and impact failure energy improved significantly by 97%, 71% and 261%, respectively. There is a strong correlation between the structure and property in the blends.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51901011)the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant Nos.2017-Ⅵ-0002-0072 and 2017-VII-0007-0100)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(Grant No.YWF-21-BJ-J-1034)the support from Youth Talent Support Program of Beihang University。
文摘(γ’+β)two-phase Ni-Al is a promising high-temperature protective coating material used on Ni-base superalloys since it has good interfacial compatibility with superalloys due to the low Al content compared to single-phaseβ-NiA l.In this paper,we aim to improve the oxidation resistance,whereby Ni-34Al-0.1Dy,a(γ’+β)two-phase Ni-Al alloy,was treated by laser shock processing(LSP)and the oxidation behavior at 1150℃ was investigated.The results showed that after oxidation,Al_(2)O_(3)scale formed on the originalβphase of the untreated alloy with a small grain size(200-800 nm),while for the LSP-treated samples,the scale grown on the originalβphase was dominantly composed of larger Al_(2)O_(3)grains with a size of 2-3μm.The distinction was attributed to the promotion ofθ-Al_(2)O_(3)toα-Al_(2)O_(3)transformation induced by the LSP,because the dislocation density,as well as surface roughness,were increased during LSP treatment which can provide heterogeneous nucleation sites forα-Al_(2)O_(3).In addition,the larger-size Al_(2)O_(3)particles,derived from the direct conversion of needle-likeθ-Al_(2)O_(3)in the initial oxidation stage,could rapidly overspread the wholeβphase surface thus reducing the scale growth rate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50571081)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Grant No.04G53042)
文摘The microstructure, chemical composition and morphology evolution of icosahedral quasicrystalline phase of Mg67.4Zn28.9Y3.7 ternary alloy were investigated in detail at different pouring temperatures by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy-dispersive spectrum （EDS）. Low interracial energy favors the formation of l-phase. The experimental results show that the primary l-phase reveals petal-shaped with five and six branches, where each branch has facetted growth morphology with the size ranging from 50 to 100μm. As the temperature decreases, the polygon-shaped l-phase forms, attributed to the decomposition of branch of petal-shaped l-phase, and then it grows bigger and some of the fine polygons join together to form large polygons. Besides these, （α-Mg＋l-phase） eutectic structures disappear and the relative amount of Mg7Zn3 phase increases as the pouring temperature decreases. The chemical composition and morphology evolution of l-phase were also discussed.
基金the financial support from The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0104200)。
文摘Solid-liquid phase conversion between various sulfur species in lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is a fundamental reaction of the sulfur cathode.Disclosing the morphological evolution of solid sulfur species upon cycling is of great significance to achieving high energy densities.However,an in-depth investigation of the internal reaction is still lacking.In this work,the evolution process of solid sulfur species on carbon substrates is systematically studied by using an operando light microscope combined with in situ electrochemical impedance spectra technology.The observation of phenomena such as bulk solid sulfur species can form and dissolve independently of the conductive substrates and the transformation of supercooled liquid sulfur to crystalline sulfur.Based on the phenomena mentioned above,a possible mechanism was proposed in which the dissolution reaction of solid sulfur species is a spatially free reaction that involves isotropic physical dissolution,diffusion of molecules,and finally the electrochemical reaction.Correspondingly,the formation of solid sulfur species tends to be a form of crystallization in a saturated solution rather than electrodeposition,as is commonly believed.Our findings offer new insights into the reaction of sulfur cathodes and provide new opportunities to design advanced sulfur cathodes for Li-S batteries.
