Region-Growing Algorithms （RGAs） are used to grade the quality of manufactured wood flooring. Traditional RGAs are hampered by prob- lems of long segmentation time and low inspection accuracy caused by neighborhood ...Region-Growing Algorithms （RGAs） are used to grade the quality of manufactured wood flooring. Traditional RGAs are hampered by prob- lems of long segmentation time and low inspection accuracy caused by neighborhood search. We used morphological reconstruction with the R com- ponent to construct a novel flaw segmentation method. We initially designed two template images for low and high thresholds, and these were used for seed optimization and inflation growth, respectively. Then the extraction of the flaw skeleton from the low threshold image was realized by applying the erosion termination rules. The seeds in the flaw skeleton were optimized by the pruning method. The geodesic inflection was applied by the high threshold template to realize rapid growth of the flaw area in the floor plate, and region filling and pruning operations were applied for margin optimization. Experi- ments were conducted on 512×512, 256×256 and 128×128 pixel sizes, re- spectively. The 256×256 pixel size proved superior in time-consumption at 0.06 s with accuracy of 100%. But with the region-growing method the same process took 0.22 s with accuracy of 70%. Compared with RGA, our pro- posed method can realize more accurate segmentation, and the speed and accuracy of segmentation can satisfy the requirements for on-line grading of wood flooring.展开更多
The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction(eNO_(3)^(-)RR)is considered an effective approach for converting nitrate-containing wastewater to ammonia.The adsorption and activation of NO_(3)^(-)is the critical step ...The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction(eNO_(3)^(-)RR)is considered an effective approach for converting nitrate-containing wastewater to ammonia.The adsorption and activation of NO_(3)^(-)is the critical step for many materials and the high energy barrier inhibits the continuation of the reduction reaction.The Co nanoparticles encapsulated in the carbon layer we prepared spontaneously react with NO_(3)^(-)and the resulting Co^(2+)is then reduced by electroreduction to Co^(0),which circulates continuously.This resulted in overcoming the energy input required for NO_(3)^(-)adsorption and conversion,thereby increasing the catalytic activity.At the same time,the morphology of the catalyst reconstructed from a dodecahedron to an interwoven nanosheet structure and the increased surface area also gives it better properties.The obtained Co(OH)_(2)@Co-N-C has an excellent eNO_(3)^(-)RR of 2774.7μg·h^(-1)·cm^(-2)with a Faraday efficiency of 81.4%in neutral solution.At the same time,the material-modified electrode can run stably for more than 100 h.Our work provides a new idea for the design of Co-based catalysts for eNO_(3)^(-)RR.展开更多
The orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)is involved in diverse brain functions via its extensive projections to multiple target regions.There is a growing understanding of the overall outputs of the OFC at the population level,b...The orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)is involved in diverse brain functions via its extensive projections to multiple target regions.There is a growing understanding of the overall outputs of the OFC at the population level,but reports of the projection patterns of individual OFC neurons across different cortical layers remain rare.Here,by combining neuronal sparse and bright labeling with a whole-brain florescence imaging system(fMOST),we obtained an uninterrupted three-dimensional whole-brain dataset and achieved the full morphological reconstruction of 25 OFC pyramidal neurons.We compared the wholebrain projection targets of these individual OFC neurons in different cortical layers as well as in the same cortical layer.We found cortical layer-dependent projections characterized by divergent patterns for information delivery.Our study not only provides a structural basis for understanding the principles of laminar organizations in the OFC,but also provides clues for future functional and behavioral studies on OFC pyramidal neurons.展开更多
Focal cortical dysplasia(FCD)is one of the most common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy.Dysmorphic neurons are the major histopathological feature of typeⅡFCD,but their role in seizure genesis in FCD is unclear.Here...Focal cortical dysplasia(FCD)is one of the most common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy.Dysmorphic neurons are the major histopathological feature of typeⅡFCD,but their role in seizure genesis in FCD is unclear.Here we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recording and morphological reconstruction of cortical principal neurons in postsurgical brain tissue from drug-resistant epilepsy patients.Quantitative analyses revealed distinct morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the upper layer dysmorphic neurons in typeⅡFCD,including an enlarged soma,aberrant dendritic arbors,increased current injection for rheobase action potential firing,and reduced action potential firing frequency.Intriguingly,the upper layer dysmorphic neurons received decreased glutamatergic and increased GABAergic synaptic inputs that were coupled with upregulation of the Na^(+)-K^(+)-Cl^(−)cotransporter.In addition,we found a depolarizing shift of the GABA reversal potential in the CamKⅡ-cre::PTENflox/flox mouse model of drug-resistant epilepsy,suggesting that enhanced GABAergic inputs might depolarize dysmorphic neurons.Thus,imbalance of synaptic excitation and inhibition of dysmorphic neurons may contribute to seizure genesis in typeⅡFCD.展开更多
The sensorimotor cortex participates in diverse functions with different reciprocally connected subregions and projection-defined pyramidal neuron types therein,while the fundamental organizational logic of its circui...The sensorimotor cortex participates in diverse functions with different reciprocally connected subregions and projection-defined pyramidal neuron types therein,while the fundamental organizational logic of its circuit elements at the single-cell level is still largely unclear.Here,using mouse Cre driver lines and highresolution whole-brain imaging to selectively trace the axons and dendrites of cortical pyramidal tract(PT)and intratelencephalic(IT)neurons,we reconstructed the complete morphology of 1,023 pyramidal neurons and generated a projectome of 6 subregions within the sensorimotor cortex.Our morphological data revealed substantial hierarchical and layer differences in the axonal innervation patterns of pyramidal neurons.We found that neurons located in the medial motor cortex had more diverse projection patterns than those in the lateral motor and sensory cortices.The morphological characteristics of IT neurons in layer 5 were more complex than those in layer 2/3.Furthermore,the soma location and morphological characteristics of individual neurons exhibited topographic correspondence.Different subregions and layers were composed of different proportions of projection subtypes that innervate downstream areas differentially.While the axonal terminals of PT neuronal population in each cortical subregion were distributed in specific subdomains of the superior colliculus(SC)and zona incerta(Zl),single neurons selectively innervated a combination of these projection targets.Overall,our data provide a comprehensive list of projection types of pyramidal neurons in the sensorimotor cortex and begin to unveilthe organizational principle of these projection types in different subregions and layers.展开更多
An inventory of topographic modifications is essential to addressing their impacts on hydrological and morphological processes in human-altered watersheds.However,such inventories are generally lacking.This study pres...An inventory of topographic modifications is essential to addressing their impacts on hydrological and morphological processes in human-altered watersheds.However,such inventories are generally lacking.This study presents two workflows for semi-automatic detection of linear earthen runoff and erosion control berms in rangelands using high-resolution topographic data.The workflows consist of initial object identification by applying either morphological grayscale reconstruction(MGR)or the Geomorphon(GEO)method,followed by identification refinements through filters based on objects’horizontal and vertical information.Three sites were selected within the Altar Valley,Arizona,in the southwestern United States.One site was used for developing workflows and optimizing filter thresholds,and the other two sites were used to validate workflows.The results showed that:1)The MGR-based workflow methodology could produce final precision and detection rates of up to 92%and 75%,respectively,and take less than 5 s for a 10.1 km^(2) site;2)The workflow based on the MGR method yielded greater identification accuracy than did the GEO workflow;3)Object length,orientation,and eccentricity were important characteristics for identifying earthen berms,and are sensitive to general channel flow direction and berm shape;4)Manual interrogation of topographic data and imagery can significantly improve identification precision rates.The proposed workflows will be useful for developing inventories of runoff and erosion control structures in support of sustainable rangeland management.展开更多
Weeds that grow among crops are undesirable plants and have adversely affected crop growth and yield.Therefore,the study explores corn identification and positioning methods based on machine vision.The ultra-green fea...Weeds that grow among crops are undesirable plants and have adversely affected crop growth and yield.Therefore,the study explores corn identification and positioning methods based on machine vision.The ultra-green feature algorithm and maximum betweenclass variance method(OTSU)were used to segment maize corn,weeds,and land;the segmentation effect was significant and can meet the following shape feature extraction requirements.Finally,the identification and positioning of corn were achieved by morphological reconstruction and pixel projection histogram method.The experiment reveals that when a weeding robot travels at a speed of 1.6 km/h,the recognition accuracy can reach 94.1%.The technique used in this study is accessible for normal cases and can make a good recognition effect;the accuracy and real-time requirements of robot recognition are improved and reduced the calculation time.展开更多
Medical images are usually degraded by numerous noises during acquisition or transmission,which often causes low contrast leading to deterioration of image quality.As such,medical image denoising and enhancement has b...Medical images are usually degraded by numerous noises during acquisition or transmission,which often causes low contrast leading to deterioration of image quality.As such,medical image denoising and enhancement has become a paramount routine task.To overcome this problem,we propose a cutting-edge joint statistical and morphological model for the denoising and enhancement operation.Firstly,we propose a statistical model in formulating the marginal distribution of the wavelet coefficients.This model is integrated into a Bayesian inference framework to develop a maximum a posterior(MAP)estimator of the noise-free coefficient.Based on the statistical model,we eliminate the need for noise level estimation,and allows the model to automatically adapts to the observed image data.Secondly,we propose an adjustable morphological reconstruction model to eliminate known and unknown noises associated with medical images,while preserving the image details.After these operations,the image is decomposed into several wavelet subbands to extract the illumination and detail components.The image is then reconstructed based on the inverse wavelet to generate the enhanced noise-free image.Experimental results show that the proposed framework obtained high EME values of 41.04,48.81,47.81,and 45.75 for OCTA,FFA,CT,and X-ray imaging modalities,and performs better than the state-of-the-art methods.The proposed algorithm can effectively and efficiently enhance medical images,which will assist the clinicians in disease diagnosis,monitoring,and treatment.展开更多
Brain regenerative studies require precise visualization of the morphological structures. However, few imaging methods can effectively detect the adult zebrafish brain in real time with high resolution and good penetr...Brain regenerative studies require precise visualization of the morphological structures. However, few imaging methods can effectively detect the adult zebrafish brain in real time with high resolution and good penetration depth. Long-term in vivo monitoring of brain injuries and brain regeneration on adult zebrafish is achieved in this study by using 1325 nm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography（SD-OCT）. The SD-OCT is able to noninvasively visualize the skull injury and brain lesion of adult zebrafish. Valuable phenomenon such as the fractured skull, swollen brain tissues, and part of the brain regeneration process can be conducted based on the SD-OCT images at different time points during a period of 43 days.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DL12EB04-03),(DL13CB02)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LC2011C25)
文摘Region-Growing Algorithms （RGAs） are used to grade the quality of manufactured wood flooring. Traditional RGAs are hampered by prob- lems of long segmentation time and low inspection accuracy caused by neighborhood search. We used morphological reconstruction with the R com- ponent to construct a novel flaw segmentation method. We initially designed two template images for low and high thresholds, and these were used for seed optimization and inflation growth, respectively. Then the extraction of the flaw skeleton from the low threshold image was realized by applying the erosion termination rules. The seeds in the flaw skeleton were optimized by the pruning method. The geodesic inflection was applied by the high threshold template to realize rapid growth of the flaw area in the floor plate, and region filling and pruning operations were applied for margin optimization. Experi- ments were conducted on 512×512, 256×256 and 128×128 pixel sizes, re- spectively. The 256×256 pixel size proved superior in time-consumption at 0.06 s with accuracy of 100%. But with the region-growing method the same process took 0.22 s with accuracy of 70%. Compared with RGA, our pro- posed method can realize more accurate segmentation, and the speed and accuracy of segmentation can satisfy the requirements for on-line grading of wood flooring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22175030)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials(No.sklssm 202406).
文摘The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction(eNO_(3)^(-)RR)is considered an effective approach for converting nitrate-containing wastewater to ammonia.The adsorption and activation of NO_(3)^(-)is the critical step for many materials and the high energy barrier inhibits the continuation of the reduction reaction.The Co nanoparticles encapsulated in the carbon layer we prepared spontaneously react with NO_(3)^(-)and the resulting Co^(2+)is then reduced by electroreduction to Co^(0),which circulates continuously.This resulted in overcoming the energy input required for NO_(3)^(-)adsorption and conversion,thereby increasing the catalytic activity.At the same time,the morphology of the catalyst reconstructed from a dodecahedron to an interwoven nanosheet structure and the increased surface area also gives it better properties.The obtained Co(OH)_(2)@Co-N-C has an excellent eNO_(3)^(-)RR of 2774.7μg·h^(-1)·cm^(-2)with a Faraday efficiency of 81.4%in neutral solution.At the same time,the material-modified electrode can run stably for more than 100 h.Our work provides a new idea for the design of Co-based catalysts for eNO_(3)^(-)RR.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61827825,31770924,31470056,and 31600692)the Science Fund for Creative Research Group of China(61721092)the Director Fund of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics。
文摘The orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)is involved in diverse brain functions via its extensive projections to multiple target regions.There is a growing understanding of the overall outputs of the OFC at the population level,but reports of the projection patterns of individual OFC neurons across different cortical layers remain rare.Here,by combining neuronal sparse and bright labeling with a whole-brain florescence imaging system(fMOST),we obtained an uninterrupted three-dimensional whole-brain dataset and achieved the full morphological reconstruction of 25 OFC pyramidal neurons.We compared the wholebrain projection targets of these individual OFC neurons in different cortical layers as well as in the same cortical layer.We found cortical layer-dependent projections characterized by divergent patterns for information delivery.Our study not only provides a structural basis for understanding the principles of laminar organizations in the OFC,but also provides clues for future functional and behavioral studies on OFC pyramidal neurons.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology(2019YFA0110103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81870898,82071287,and 81870916)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019FZA7009 and 2021FZZX001-37)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LR18H090002).
文摘Focal cortical dysplasia(FCD)is one of the most common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy.Dysmorphic neurons are the major histopathological feature of typeⅡFCD,but their role in seizure genesis in FCD is unclear.Here we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recording and morphological reconstruction of cortical principal neurons in postsurgical brain tissue from drug-resistant epilepsy patients.Quantitative analyses revealed distinct morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the upper layer dysmorphic neurons in typeⅡFCD,including an enlarged soma,aberrant dendritic arbors,increased current injection for rheobase action potential firing,and reduced action potential firing frequency.Intriguingly,the upper layer dysmorphic neurons received decreased glutamatergic and increased GABAergic synaptic inputs that were coupled with upregulation of the Na^(+)-K^(+)-Cl^(−)cotransporter.In addition,we found a depolarizing shift of the GABA reversal potential in the CamKⅡ-cre::PTENflox/flox mouse model of drug-resistant epilepsy,suggesting that enhanced GABAergic inputs might depolarize dysmorphic neurons.Thus,imbalance of synaptic excitation and inhibition of dysmorphic neurons may contribute to seizure genesis in typeⅡFCD.
基金supported by the STI2030-Major Projects(nos.2021ZD0201001 and 2021ZD0201002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32192412)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(no.2019-12M-5-014).
文摘The sensorimotor cortex participates in diverse functions with different reciprocally connected subregions and projection-defined pyramidal neuron types therein,while the fundamental organizational logic of its circuit elements at the single-cell level is still largely unclear.Here,using mouse Cre driver lines and highresolution whole-brain imaging to selectively trace the axons and dendrites of cortical pyramidal tract(PT)and intratelencephalic(IT)neurons,we reconstructed the complete morphology of 1,023 pyramidal neurons and generated a projectome of 6 subregions within the sensorimotor cortex.Our morphological data revealed substantial hierarchical and layer differences in the axonal innervation patterns of pyramidal neurons.We found that neurons located in the medial motor cortex had more diverse projection patterns than those in the lateral motor and sensory cortices.The morphological characteristics of IT neurons in layer 5 were more complex than those in layer 2/3.Furthermore,the soma location and morphological characteristics of individual neurons exhibited topographic correspondence.Different subregions and layers were composed of different proportions of projection subtypes that innervate downstream areas differentially.While the axonal terminals of PT neuronal population in each cortical subregion were distributed in specific subdomains of the superior colliculus(SC)and zona incerta(Zl),single neurons selectively innervated a combination of these projection targets.Overall,our data provide a comprehensive list of projection types of pyramidal neurons in the sensorimotor cortex and begin to unveilthe organizational principle of these projection types in different subregions and layers.
文摘An inventory of topographic modifications is essential to addressing their impacts on hydrological and morphological processes in human-altered watersheds.However,such inventories are generally lacking.This study presents two workflows for semi-automatic detection of linear earthen runoff and erosion control berms in rangelands using high-resolution topographic data.The workflows consist of initial object identification by applying either morphological grayscale reconstruction(MGR)or the Geomorphon(GEO)method,followed by identification refinements through filters based on objects’horizontal and vertical information.Three sites were selected within the Altar Valley,Arizona,in the southwestern United States.One site was used for developing workflows and optimizing filter thresholds,and the other two sites were used to validate workflows.The results showed that:1)The MGR-based workflow methodology could produce final precision and detection rates of up to 92%and 75%,respectively,and take less than 5 s for a 10.1 km^(2) site;2)The workflow based on the MGR method yielded greater identification accuracy than did the GEO workflow;3)Object length,orientation,and eccentricity were important characteristics for identifying earthen berms,and are sensitive to general channel flow direction and berm shape;4)Manual interrogation of topographic data and imagery can significantly improve identification precision rates.The proposed workflows will be useful for developing inventories of runoff and erosion control structures in support of sustainable rangeland management.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China[Grant numbers:2019YFB1312303].
文摘Weeds that grow among crops are undesirable plants and have adversely affected crop growth and yield.Therefore,the study explores corn identification and positioning methods based on machine vision.The ultra-green feature algorithm and maximum betweenclass variance method(OTSU)were used to segment maize corn,weeds,and land;the segmentation effect was significant and can meet the following shape feature extraction requirements.Finally,the identification and positioning of corn were achieved by morphological reconstruction and pixel projection histogram method.The experiment reveals that when a weeding robot travels at a speed of 1.6 km/h,the recognition accuracy can reach 94.1%.The technique used in this study is accessible for normal cases and can make a good recognition effect;the accuracy and real-time requirements of robot recognition are improved and reduced the calculation time.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62250410370)National Science and Technology Funding for Foreign Youth Talent Program(QN2022033002 L)+2 种基金Guangxi Natural Science Foundation for Youth Science and Technology(2021GXNSFBA220075)a grant from the Guangxi Postdoctoral Special Support Fund(C21RSC90ZN02 and C22RSC90ZN01)Scientific Research Fund(YXRSZN03 and UF20035Y).
文摘Medical images are usually degraded by numerous noises during acquisition or transmission,which often causes low contrast leading to deterioration of image quality.As such,medical image denoising and enhancement has become a paramount routine task.To overcome this problem,we propose a cutting-edge joint statistical and morphological model for the denoising and enhancement operation.Firstly,we propose a statistical model in formulating the marginal distribution of the wavelet coefficients.This model is integrated into a Bayesian inference framework to develop a maximum a posterior(MAP)estimator of the noise-free coefficient.Based on the statistical model,we eliminate the need for noise level estimation,and allows the model to automatically adapts to the observed image data.Secondly,we propose an adjustable morphological reconstruction model to eliminate known and unknown noises associated with medical images,while preserving the image details.After these operations,the image is decomposed into several wavelet subbands to extract the illumination and detail components.The image is then reconstructed based on the inverse wavelet to generate the enhanced noise-free image.Experimental results show that the proposed framework obtained high EME values of 41.04,48.81,47.81,and 45.75 for OCTA,FFA,CT,and X-ray imaging modalities,and performs better than the state-of-the-art methods.The proposed algorithm can effectively and efficiently enhance medical images,which will assist the clinicians in disease diagnosis,monitoring,and treatment.
基金supported by MYRG2014-00093-FHS,MYRG 2015-00036-FHS,and MYRG2016-00110-FHS grants from the University of Macao in MacaoFDCT026/2014/A1 and FDCT 025/2015/A1 grants from Macao government
文摘Brain regenerative studies require precise visualization of the morphological structures. However, few imaging methods can effectively detect the adult zebrafish brain in real time with high resolution and good penetration depth. Long-term in vivo monitoring of brain injuries and brain regeneration on adult zebrafish is achieved in this study by using 1325 nm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography（SD-OCT）. The SD-OCT is able to noninvasively visualize the skull injury and brain lesion of adult zebrafish. Valuable phenomenon such as the fractured skull, swollen brain tissues, and part of the brain regeneration process can be conducted based on the SD-OCT images at different time points during a period of 43 days.
