The development of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors with extended exciton diffusion lengths has positioned the sequential layer-by-layer(LBL)solution processing technique as a promising approach for fabricatin...The development of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors with extended exciton diffusion lengths has positioned the sequential layer-by-layer(LBL)solution processing technique as a promising approach for fabricating high-performance and large-area organic solar cells(OSCs).This method allows for the independent dissolution and deposition of donor and acceptor materials,enabling precise morphology control.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the LBL processing technique,focusing on the morphology of the active layer.The swelling intercalation phase-separation(SIPS)model is introduced as the mainstream theory of morphology evolution,with a detailed discussion on vertical phase separation.We summarize recent strategies for morphology optimization.Additionally,we review the progress in LBL-based large-area device and module fabrication,as well as green processing approaches.Finally,we highlight current challenges and future prospects,paving the way for the commercialization of LBL-processed OSCs.展开更多
Taking the bottom grey space with great influence on outdoor thermal comfort as the research object,this paper summarizes the morphological characteristics and climate response methods of two types of bottom grey spac...Taking the bottom grey space with great influence on outdoor thermal comfort as the research object,this paper summarizes the morphological characteristics and climate response methods of two types of bottom grey space:overhead grey space and canopy grey space.The spatial form indexes that greatly affect the ecological performance of architectural grey space such as ventilation,shading,etc.are discussed,and two passive spatial form indexes of spatial scale and location orientation are studied.According to the research of related scholars and literature summary,the optimization strategies for passive form design of architectural grey space based on climate adaptability are put forward,which will provide a reference for the climate adaptive design of architectural grey space,and helps to improve the outdoor thermal environment from the micro scale and create a better living environment.展开更多
The power co nversion efficiency(PCE)of OFQx-T:PC_(71)BM blend films reaches 7.59%.On this basis,ternary organic solar cells(OSCs)were fabricated with ITIC or PTB7-Th as the third component.The ternary OSCs with 50 wt...The power co nversion efficiency(PCE)of OFQx-T:PC_(71)BM blend films reaches 7.59%.On this basis,ternary organic solar cells(OSCs)were fabricated with ITIC or PTB7-Th as the third component.The ternary OSCs with 50 wt%ITIC in acceptors exhibits an enhanced efficiency,from 7.59%to 8.17%.Also,the PCE of ternary OSCs with 50 wt%PTB7-Th in donors achieves 8.72%,which is 13%higher than that of binary OSCs.The PCE improvement of two ternary OSCs is mainly due to the increase of short-circuit current density(J_(SC)),which can be attributed to the complementary absorption spectra and improved film morphology.This work suggests that the selection of an appropriate third component plays a critical role in improving the PCE of ternary OSCs.展开更多
With the emergence of non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs),the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of allsmall-molecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs)have been significantly improved.However,due to the strong crystallinities o...With the emergence of non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs),the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of allsmall-molecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs)have been significantly improved.However,due to the strong crystallinities of small molecules,it is much more challenging to obtain the ideal phase separation morphology and efficient charge transport pathways for ASM-OSCs.Here,a high-efficiency ternary ASMOSC has been successfully constructed based on H11/IDIC-4 F system by introduction of IDIC with a similar backbone as IDIC-4F but weak crystallinity.Notably,the addition of IDIC has effectively suppressed large-scale phase aggregation and optimized the morphology of the blend film.More importantly,the molecular orientation has also been significantly adjusted,and a mixed face-on and edge-on orientation has formed,thus establishing a more favorable three-dimensional(3D)charge pathways in the active layer.With these improvements,the enhanced short-circuit current density(JSC)and fill factor(FF)of the ternary system have been achieved.In addition,because of the high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy level of IDIC as well as the alloyed structure of the IDIC and IDIC-4F,the promoted open circuit voltage(VOC)of the ternary system has also been realized.展开更多
In the integrated circuit manufacturing process, the critical area extraction is a bottleneck to the layout optimization and the integrated circuit yield estimation. In this paper, we study the problem that the missin...In the integrated circuit manufacturing process, the critical area extraction is a bottleneck to the layout optimization and the integrated circuit yield estimation. In this paper, we study the problem that the missing material defects may result in the open circuit fault. Combining the mathematical morphology theory, we present a new computation model and a novel extraction algorithm for the open critical area based on the net flow-axis. Firstly, we find the net flow-axis for different nets. Then, the net flow-edges based on the net flow-axis are obtained. Finally, we can extract the open critical area by the mathematical morphology. Compared with the existing methods, the nets need not to divide into the horizontal nets and the vertical nets, and the experimental results show that our model and algorithm can accurately extract the size of the open critical area and obtain the location information of the open circuit critical area.展开更多
Polymeric acceptors are prone to over-ag-gregate in photovoltaic thin films due to the entanglement of their long macromolecular chains,which hampers the exciton dissociation during the power conversion process.Althou...Polymeric acceptors are prone to over-ag-gregate in photovoltaic thin films due to the entanglement of their long macromolecular chains,which hampers the exciton dissociation during the power conversion process.Although high boiling point solvent can retard the over-aggregation of polymeric acceptors,the structural order is often suppressed which will limit the charge transport in all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs).In this work,the solvent additive 1-CN and solid additive INMB-F are combined to overcome the above issue,realizing enhanced structural order with refined phase se-paration in a cutting-edge PM6:PY-IT all-PSC,with a re-markable power conversion efficiency of 19.1%,which is one of the highest efficiency reported for binary PY-IT based all-PSCs.Molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray diffraction indicate that 1-CN can facilitate the disentanglement of PY-IT chains,while INMB-F can interact with these disentangled chains to promote ordered molecular stacking,thereby en-hancing exciton dissociation and charge transport simulta-neously.展开更多
Halogenated thiophenes are generally used units for constructing organic semiconductor materials for photovoltaic applications.Here,we introduced thiophene,2-bromothiophene,and 2-chlorothiophene units to the central c...Halogenated thiophenes are generally used units for constructing organic semiconductor materials for photovoltaic applications.Here,we introduced thiophene,2-bromothiophene,and 2-chlorothiophene units to the central core of quinoxaline-based acceptors and obtained three acceptors,Qx-H,Qx-Br,and Qx-Cl,respectively.Compared with Qx-H,Qx-Br and Qx-Cl showed enhanced absorption,down-shifted energy levels,improved crystallinity,and reduced energy disorder.The improved crystallinity significantly optimized the blend morphology,leading to efficient charge generation and transport and,therefore,less bimolecular recombination.Eventually,PM6:Qx-Br-based devices exhibited an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 17.42%with a high open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 0.915 V.Furthermore,Y6 was introduced into the PM6:Qx-Br binary system to improve the light utilization,and the resulting ternary devices delivered a high PCE of 18.36%.This study demonstrated the great potential of halogenated thiophene substitution in quinoxaline-based acceptors for building high-performance organic solar cell acceptor materials.展开更多
Precise modulation of the active layer morphology to optimize exciton dissociation and charge collection efficiency is the research priority in organic solar cells(OSCs).In this work,two novel additives,TFFB as well a...Precise modulation of the active layer morphology to optimize exciton dissociation and charge collection efficiency is the research priority in organic solar cells(OSCs).In this work,two novel additives,TFFB as well as TCFB,are proposed and doped into acceptor using layer-by-layer deposition method to realize high-performance bilayer OSCs based on D18-Cl/Y6 system.The asymmetric additive TFFB was introduced to improve molecular polarity,facilitate molecular stacking and promote film crystallization.Compared to the control devices without additive-treated,power conversion efficiency(PCE)of D18-Cl/Y6(TFFB)OSCs was increased from 18.04%to 18.85%.Furthermore,TCFB with trichloromethyl instead of trifluoromethyl caused large quadrupole moment,which further enhanced the intermolecular interactions and induced the components distribution to form a better three-dimensional morphology structure.Corresponding D18-Cl/Y6(TCFB)devices achieved an excellent PCE of 19.15%,one of the highest PCE reported for binary OSCs to date.In addition,TCFB-treated devices exhibited favorable storage stability,remaining over 95%of the original efficiency after 2500 hours of placement.This study presents a simple and valid method that utilizing the role of quadrupole moment to optimize the hierarchical morphology and improve the charge dynamics process,finally realizing highly efficient and stable OSCs.展开更多
Organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as promising candidates for next‐generation photovoltaics,yet traditional bulk heterojunction(BHJ)devices face inherent limitations in morphology control and phase separation.La...Organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as promising candidates for next‐generation photovoltaics,yet traditional bulk heterojunction(BHJ)devices face inherent limitations in morphology control and phase separation.Layer‐by‐layer(LbL)processing with a p–i–n configuration offers an innovative solution by enabling precise control over donor–acceptor distribution and interfacial characteristics.Here,we systematically investigate nine halogen‐functionalized additives across three categories—methyl halides,thiophene halides,and benzene halides—for optimizing LbL device performance.These additives,distinguished by their diverse thermal properties and solid–liquid transformation capabilities below 100°C,are functionalized as both nucleation centers and morphology‐modulating plasticizers during thermal treatment.Among them,2‐bromo‐5‐iodothiophene(BIT)demonstrates superior performance through synergistic effects of its bromine–iodine combination and thiophene core in mediating donor–acceptor interactions.LbL devices processed with BIT achieve exceptional metrics in the PM6/L8‐BO system,including a open‐circuit voltage of 0.916 V,a short‐circuit current density of 27.12 mA cm−2,and an fill factor of 80.97%,resulting in an impressive power conversion efficiency of 20.12%.This study establishes a molecular design strategy for halogen‐functionalized additives that simultaneously optimizes both donor and acceptor layers while maintaining processing simplicity for potential industrial applications.展开更多
Optimizing the photoactive layer morphology is a simple,promising way to improve the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs).Here,we compared different post-processing treatments on PM6:Y6 blen...Optimizing the photoactive layer morphology is a simple,promising way to improve the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs).Here,we compared different post-processing treatments on PM6:Y6 blend films and relevant effects on device performances,including as-cast,thermal annealing and solvent annealing.This solvent annealing processes can effectively improve the vertical distribution and aggregation of polymer donors and small molecule acceptors,then optimize the active layer film morphology,ultimately elevating PCE.Thus,one of champion efficiencies of 18.01%was achieved based on the PM6:Y6 binary OSCs.In addition,a relatively high light utilization efficiency(2.53%)was achieved when a transparent electrode made of Cu(1 nm)and Ag(15 nm)was utilized to fabricate a semitransparent OSC with a remarkable PCE of 13.07%and 19.33%average visible-light transmittance.These results demonstrated that carefully optimizing morphology of active layer is conducive to achieving a high-performance OSC.展开更多
基金Project(22408404)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘The development of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors with extended exciton diffusion lengths has positioned the sequential layer-by-layer(LBL)solution processing technique as a promising approach for fabricating high-performance and large-area organic solar cells(OSCs).This method allows for the independent dissolution and deposition of donor and acceptor materials,enabling precise morphology control.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the LBL processing technique,focusing on the morphology of the active layer.The swelling intercalation phase-separation(SIPS)model is introduced as the mainstream theory of morphology evolution,with a detailed discussion on vertical phase separation.We summarize recent strategies for morphology optimization.Additionally,we review the progress in LBL-based large-area device and module fabrication,as well as green processing approaches.Finally,we highlight current challenges and future prospects,paving the way for the commercialization of LBL-processed OSCs.
基金General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing City(8202017)Youth Talent Support Program of 2018 Beijing Municipal University Academic Human Resources Development(PXM2018_014212_000043)。
文摘Taking the bottom grey space with great influence on outdoor thermal comfort as the research object,this paper summarizes the morphological characteristics and climate response methods of two types of bottom grey space:overhead grey space and canopy grey space.The spatial form indexes that greatly affect the ecological performance of architectural grey space such as ventilation,shading,etc.are discussed,and two passive spatial form indexes of spatial scale and location orientation are studied.According to the research of related scholars and literature summary,the optimization strategies for passive form design of architectural grey space based on climate adaptability are put forward,which will provide a reference for the climate adaptive design of architectural grey space,and helps to improve the outdoor thermal environment from the micro scale and create a better living environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21506258)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Nos.2016JJ3134,2017JJ2325)。
文摘The power co nversion efficiency(PCE)of OFQx-T:PC_(71)BM blend films reaches 7.59%.On this basis,ternary organic solar cells(OSCs)were fabricated with ITIC or PTB7-Th as the third component.The ternary OSCs with 50 wt%ITIC in acceptors exhibits an enhanced efficiency,from 7.59%to 8.17%.Also,the PCE of ternary OSCs with 50 wt%PTB7-Th in donors achieves 8.72%,which is 13%higher than that of binary OSCs.The PCE improvement of two ternary OSCs is mainly due to the increase of short-circuit current density(J_(SC)),which can be attributed to the complementary absorption spectra and improved film morphology.This work suggests that the selection of an appropriate third component plays a critical role in improving the PCE of ternary OSCs.
基金supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21822503,51973043,51822301 and 91963126)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(Nos.2016YFA0200700,2017YFA0206600)+4 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB36020000)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(No.BNLMS201907)Youth Innovation Promotion AssociationK.C.Wong Education Foundationthe CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program。
文摘With the emergence of non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs),the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of allsmall-molecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs)have been significantly improved.However,due to the strong crystallinities of small molecules,it is much more challenging to obtain the ideal phase separation morphology and efficient charge transport pathways for ASM-OSCs.Here,a high-efficiency ternary ASMOSC has been successfully constructed based on H11/IDIC-4 F system by introduction of IDIC with a similar backbone as IDIC-4F but weak crystallinity.Notably,the addition of IDIC has effectively suppressed large-scale phase aggregation and optimized the morphology of the blend film.More importantly,the molecular orientation has also been significantly adjusted,and a mixed face-on and edge-on orientation has formed,thus establishing a more favorable three-dimensional(3D)charge pathways in the active layer.With these improvements,the enhanced short-circuit current density(JSC)and fill factor(FF)of the ternary system have been achieved.In addition,because of the high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy level of IDIC as well as the alloyed structure of the IDIC and IDIC-4F,the promoted open circuit voltage(VOC)of the ternary system has also been realized.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61173088 and 61070143)the 111 Project(Grant No.B08038)
文摘In the integrated circuit manufacturing process, the critical area extraction is a bottleneck to the layout optimization and the integrated circuit yield estimation. In this paper, we study the problem that the missing material defects may result in the open circuit fault. Combining the mathematical morphology theory, we present a new computation model and a novel extraction algorithm for the open critical area based on the net flow-axis. Firstly, we find the net flow-axis for different nets. Then, the net flow-edges based on the net flow-axis are obtained. Finally, we can extract the open critical area by the mathematical morphology. Compared with the existing methods, the nets need not to divide into the horizontal nets and the vertical nets, and the experimental results show that our model and algorithm can accurately extract the size of the open critical area and obtain the location information of the open circuit critical area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52273196, 52073221 and 52203238)。
文摘Polymeric acceptors are prone to over-ag-gregate in photovoltaic thin films due to the entanglement of their long macromolecular chains,which hampers the exciton dissociation during the power conversion process.Although high boiling point solvent can retard the over-aggregation of polymeric acceptors,the structural order is often suppressed which will limit the charge transport in all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs).In this work,the solvent additive 1-CN and solid additive INMB-F are combined to overcome the above issue,realizing enhanced structural order with refined phase se-paration in a cutting-edge PM6:PY-IT all-PSC,with a re-markable power conversion efficiency of 19.1%,which is one of the highest efficiency reported for binary PY-IT based all-PSCs.Molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray diffraction indicate that 1-CN can facilitate the disentanglement of PY-IT chains,while INMB-F can interact with these disentangled chains to promote ordered molecular stacking,thereby en-hancing exciton dissociation and charge transport simulta-neously.
基金We acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51973043)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB36000000).
文摘Halogenated thiophenes are generally used units for constructing organic semiconductor materials for photovoltaic applications.Here,we introduced thiophene,2-bromothiophene,and 2-chlorothiophene units to the central core of quinoxaline-based acceptors and obtained three acceptors,Qx-H,Qx-Br,and Qx-Cl,respectively.Compared with Qx-H,Qx-Br and Qx-Cl showed enhanced absorption,down-shifted energy levels,improved crystallinity,and reduced energy disorder.The improved crystallinity significantly optimized the blend morphology,leading to efficient charge generation and transport and,therefore,less bimolecular recombination.Eventually,PM6:Qx-Br-based devices exhibited an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 17.42%with a high open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 0.915 V.Furthermore,Y6 was introduced into the PM6:Qx-Br binary system to improve the light utilization,and the resulting ternary devices delivered a high PCE of 18.36%.This study demonstrated the great potential of halogenated thiophene substitution in quinoxaline-based acceptors for building high-performance organic solar cell acceptor materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grant Nos.52130304,62222503 and 52073040)Sichuan Science and Technology Project(2023NSFSC1973,2024NSFSC0012,2024NSFSC1447,2025ZNSFSC1460 and 2025ZNSFSC0037)National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB2604101).
文摘Precise modulation of the active layer morphology to optimize exciton dissociation and charge collection efficiency is the research priority in organic solar cells(OSCs).In this work,two novel additives,TFFB as well as TCFB,are proposed and doped into acceptor using layer-by-layer deposition method to realize high-performance bilayer OSCs based on D18-Cl/Y6 system.The asymmetric additive TFFB was introduced to improve molecular polarity,facilitate molecular stacking and promote film crystallization.Compared to the control devices without additive-treated,power conversion efficiency(PCE)of D18-Cl/Y6(TFFB)OSCs was increased from 18.04%to 18.85%.Furthermore,TCFB with trichloromethyl instead of trifluoromethyl caused large quadrupole moment,which further enhanced the intermolecular interactions and induced the components distribution to form a better three-dimensional morphology structure.Corresponding D18-Cl/Y6(TCFB)devices achieved an excellent PCE of 19.15%,one of the highest PCE reported for binary OSCs to date.In addition,TCFB-treated devices exhibited favorable storage stability,remaining over 95%of the original efficiency after 2500 hours of placement.This study presents a simple and valid method that utilizing the role of quadrupole moment to optimize the hierarchical morphology and improve the charge dynamics process,finally realizing highly efficient and stable OSCs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB4200500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,22379101 and 22422904)Sichuan Natural Science Foundation(2024NSFSC0001 and 2025ZNSFSC0960).
文摘Organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as promising candidates for next‐generation photovoltaics,yet traditional bulk heterojunction(BHJ)devices face inherent limitations in morphology control and phase separation.Layer‐by‐layer(LbL)processing with a p–i–n configuration offers an innovative solution by enabling precise control over donor–acceptor distribution and interfacial characteristics.Here,we systematically investigate nine halogen‐functionalized additives across three categories—methyl halides,thiophene halides,and benzene halides—for optimizing LbL device performance.These additives,distinguished by their diverse thermal properties and solid–liquid transformation capabilities below 100°C,are functionalized as both nucleation centers and morphology‐modulating plasticizers during thermal treatment.Among them,2‐bromo‐5‐iodothiophene(BIT)demonstrates superior performance through synergistic effects of its bromine–iodine combination and thiophene core in mediating donor–acceptor interactions.LbL devices processed with BIT achieve exceptional metrics in the PM6/L8‐BO system,including a open‐circuit voltage of 0.916 V,a short‐circuit current density of 27.12 mA cm−2,and an fill factor of 80.97%,resulting in an impressive power conversion efficiency of 20.12%.This study establishes a molecular design strategy for halogen‐functionalized additives that simultaneously optimizes both donor and acceptor layers while maintaining processing simplicity for potential industrial applications.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(21925506)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20331,51773212,81903743,51875384)+2 种基金Ningbo S&T Innovation 2025 Major Special Programme(2018B10055)CAS Key Project of Frontier Science Research(QYZDBSSW-SYS030)Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(2021J192)。
文摘Optimizing the photoactive layer morphology is a simple,promising way to improve the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs).Here,we compared different post-processing treatments on PM6:Y6 blend films and relevant effects on device performances,including as-cast,thermal annealing and solvent annealing.This solvent annealing processes can effectively improve the vertical distribution and aggregation of polymer donors and small molecule acceptors,then optimize the active layer film morphology,ultimately elevating PCE.Thus,one of champion efficiencies of 18.01%was achieved based on the PM6:Y6 binary OSCs.In addition,a relatively high light utilization efficiency(2.53%)was achieved when a transparent electrode made of Cu(1 nm)and Ag(15 nm)was utilized to fabricate a semitransparent OSC with a remarkable PCE of 13.07%and 19.33%average visible-light transmittance.These results demonstrated that carefully optimizing morphology of active layer is conducive to achieving a high-performance OSC.
