Zinc oxide(ZnO)serves as a crucial functional semiconductor with a wide direct bandgap of approximately 3.37 eV.Solvothermal reaction is commonly used in the synthesis of ZnO micro/nanostructures,given its low cost,si...Zinc oxide(ZnO)serves as a crucial functional semiconductor with a wide direct bandgap of approximately 3.37 eV.Solvothermal reaction is commonly used in the synthesis of ZnO micro/nanostructures,given its low cost,simplicity,and easy implementation.Moreover,ZnO morphology engineering has become desirable through the alteration of minor conditions in the reaction process,particularly at room temperature.In this work,ZnO micro/nanostructures were synthesized in a solution by varying the amounts of the ammonia added at low temperatures(including room temperature).The formation of Zn^(2+)complexes by ammonia in the precursor regulated the reaction rate of the morphology engineering of ZnO,which resulted in various structures,such as nanoparticles,nanosheets,microflowers,and single crystals.Finally,the obtained ZnO was used in the optoelectronic application of ultraviolet detectors.展开更多
Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play p...Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play pivotal roles in flagellar bending and spermatozoal movement.Mammalian sperm-associated antigen 17(SPAG17)encodes a conserved axonemal protein of cilia and flagella,forming part of the C1a projection of the central apparatus,with functions related to ciliary/flagellar motility,skeletal growth,and male fertility.This study investigated two novel homozygous SPAG17 mutations(M1:NM_206996.2,c.829+1G>T,p.Asp212_Glu276del;and M2:c.2120del,p.Leu707*)identified in four infertile patients from two consanguineous Pakistani families.These patients displayed the MMAF phenotype confirmed by Papanicolaou staining and scanning electron microscopy assays of spermatozoa.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)of patients’spermatozoa also revealed a significant decrease in SPAG17 mRNA expression,and immunofluorescence staining showed the absence of SPAG17 protein signals along the flagella.However,no apparent ciliary-related symptoms or skeletal malformations were observed in the chest X-rays of any of the patients.Transmission electron microscopy of axoneme cross-sections from the patients showed incomplete C1a projection and a higher frequency of missing microtubule doublets 1 and 9 compared with those from fertile controls.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses of spermatogenesis-associated protein 17(SPATA17),a component of the C1a projection,and sperm-associated antigen 6(SPAG6),a marker of the spring layer,revealed disrupted expression of both proteins in the patients’spermatozoa.Altogether,these findings demonstrated that SPAG17 maintains the integrity of spermatozoal flagellar axoneme,expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SPAG17 mutations in humans.展开更多
Morphological alterations in dendritic spines have been linked to changes in functional communication between neurons that affect learning and memory.Kinesin-4 KIF21A helps organize the microtubule-actin network at th...Morphological alterations in dendritic spines have been linked to changes in functional communication between neurons that affect learning and memory.Kinesin-4 KIF21A helps organize the microtubule-actin network at the cell cortex by interacting with KANK1;however,whether KIF21A modulates dendritic structure and function in neurons remains unknown.In this study,we found that KIF21A was distributed in a subset of dendritic spines,and that these KIF21A-positive spines were larger and more structurally plastic than KIF21A-negative spines.Furthermore,the interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 was found to be critical for dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity.Knockdown of either KIF21A or KANK1 inhibited dendritic spine morphogenesis and dendritic branching,and these deficits were fully rescued by coexpressing full-length KIF21A or KANK1,but not by proteins with mutations disrupting direct binding between KIF21A and KANK1 or binding between KANK1 and talin1.Knocking down KIF21A in the hippocampus of rats inhibited the amplitudes of long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation and negatively impacted the animals’cognitive abilities.Taken together,our findings demonstrate the function of KIF21A in modulating spine morphology and provide insight into its role in synaptic function.展开更多
The oligomerization of light olefins is considered a green production technology.Currently,the application of mordenite in isoamylene oligomerization faces two main challenges:low dimerization selectivity and poor sta...The oligomerization of light olefins is considered a green production technology.Currently,the application of mordenite in isoamylene oligomerization faces two main challenges:low dimerization selectivity and poor stability.In this work,a series of different SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio mordenite are synthesized by utilizing hexamethyleneimine(HMI)as the organic structure directing agent,and it turns out that the rod-like zeolite with the ratio of SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)=14 exhibits the higher dimerization selectivity.The incorporation of TPOAC optimizes the pore structure and acid site distribution of the rod-like zeolite,which enables the samples to not only exhibit a conversion rate of isoamylene over 88.30% within 12 h,while maintaining good dimerization selectivity.These findings provide a promising approach for improving the efficiency and sustainability of olefin oligomerization processes.展开更多
The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xi...The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xiushanensis n.sp.infecting the gill filaments of Carassius auratus from Chongqing,China,as well as the associated pathological impacts.A multifaceted analysis at various levels and perspectives was carried out by the approach integrating morphology,molecular systematics,histopathology,combined host and habitat,as well as SSU rDNA data.The results indicated that its mature myxospores displayed a tapering anterior and a blunt-rounded posterior,with a dropshape in front view and melon-seed shape in sutural view in morphology.The outer surface was covered with a transparent membrane sheath in valve view.The dimensions of myxospores were average(19.2±1.1)(17.1-21.0)×(10.0±0.7)(8.7-12.1)×(9.7±0.5)(9.1-10.8)μm.An elliptical polar capsule,containing four to five turns of single polar filament,measures(8.0±0.6)(6.9-9.1)×(6.6±0.3)(6.1-7.1)μm.Its SSU rDNA sequence demonstrated the closest similarity(99.95%)with an actinosporean Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7.Histopathological results indicated that numerous myxoplasmodia of T.xiushanensis n.sp.were located in the tips of the gill filaments,resulting in deformation and rupture of partial gill filaments.Furthermore,severely infected gill lamellae exhibited hyperplasia and fusion,accompanied by infiltration of numerous eosinophils.In addition,regenerated gill filaments were observed at the bases of partially ruptured gill filaments,indicating that the host’s gill tissue has the innate capacity to shed diseased tissues and regenerate new ones.This study has proved the present species and Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7 belong to the same myxosporean species but corresponding to different developmental stage,designated as a new species.This novel species is a potential pathogen for the host,which should not be ignored.This study not only enriches myxobolid biodiversity and demonstrates a potentially pathogenic agent,but also provides a valid diagnosis for the gill myxoboliosis caused by the present pathogen in aquaculture.展开更多
The preferential oxidation of CO(CO-PROX)reaction is a cost-effective method for eliminating trace amounts of CO from the fuel H2.Pt-based catalysts have been extensively studied for COPROX,with their activity influen...The preferential oxidation of CO(CO-PROX)reaction is a cost-effective method for eliminating trace amounts of CO from the fuel H2.Pt-based catalysts have been extensively studied for COPROX,with their activity influenced by the morphology of the support.Hydrothermal synthesis was employed to produce different morphologies ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3):flower-likeγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f)exposing(110)crystal faces,sheet-likeγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(s)revealing(100)crystal faces,and rod-likeγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(r)displaying(111)crystal faces,followed by loading PtCo nanoparticles.The exposed crystal faces of the support impact the alloying degree of the PtCo nanoparticles,and an increase in the alloying degree correlates with enhanced catalyst reactivity.Pt_(3)Co intermetallic compounds were identified onγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f)exposing(110)crystal faces,and PtCo/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f)showed high catalytic activity in the CO-PROX reaction,achieving 100%CO conversion across a broad temperature range of 50−225°C.In contrast,only partial alloying of PtCo was observed onγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(s).Furthermore,no alloying between Pt and Co occurred in PtCo/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)(r),resulting in a reaction rate at 50°C that was merely 11%of that of PtCo/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f).The formation of Pt3Co intermetallic compounds led to a more oxidized state of Pt,which significantly diminished the adsorption of CO on Pt and augmented the active oxygen species,thereby facilitating the selective oxidation of CO.展开更多
Introduction: the left atrial appendage, a dormant embryonic vestige, would play a major role in cardiac hemodynamic changes, volume homeostasis and thrombi formation. It, therefore constitutes a therapeutic target. I...Introduction: the left atrial appendage, a dormant embryonic vestige, would play a major role in cardiac hemodynamic changes, volume homeostasis and thrombi formation. It, therefore constitutes a therapeutic target. Its morphology is extremely variable. Objective: it consisted on determining the morphological variations of the left auricle as well as their interest in the prevention of thrombi in the Senegalese. Material and Method: This study was conducted by dissecting 36 fresh hearts from Senegalese anatomical subjects with a sampling of the left atrial appendage, including specimens with normal morphological appearance. Their morphology was studied using the fresh and frozen plaster molding method. The data obtained were analyzed statistically. Results: the average age of the subjects was 33 years, with a sex ratio of 1.06, the cauliflower shape was dominant with 57% of cases and the cactus shape (4%) was less frequent. The cauliflower shape presented a clear angulation compared to the others without statistically significant differences according to age. Conclusion: This work showed a great morphological variability of the left atrial appendage. It can provide an update on the specificity of Senegalese. Taking these variations into account is important in the safe management of hemodynamic conditions and the improvement of the management of recurrent strokes.展开更多
In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of lo...In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of local species. Conducted in 6 localities in the Far North Region of Cameroon (Doukoula, Yagoua, Guidiguis, Dziguilao, Maroua 3rd and Méri), a population of 240 local chickens, including 172 hens and 68 cocks were characterized in family farms. The choice of localities was made on the basis of their strong potential local chicken flocks in the region. To this end, each animal was the subject of a qualitative description based on the identification of the sex of the animal, the description of the colorations of the plumage and extremities, and the description of the types of format, plumage and crests. All observations were made with the naked eye and in daylight and then photographed. The main results show that the plumage colors are multiple and dominated by the White-Pied-Black (21.7%) and the Mille-fleur (20.8%);the wattles are dominated by the red (60%) and the pink (35.4%);the tarsi are dominated by the white (43.8%) and the black (32.08%);the white skin (92.5%) dominates over the pink skin (7.5%);the “Smooth-uniform” feather is dominant (97.08%), followed by the smooth-crested type (2.08%) and the fries type (0.82%);the medium size of the chickens is dominant (86.66%), followed by the dwarf size (9.58%) and the large size (3.75%). The results of this study demonstrate that there is a strong phenotypic diversity within the local chicken population. This diversity can serve as a basis for the development of selection, conservation and genetic potential improvement programs based on rational exploitation of the local chicken.展开更多
Harrat Lunayyir,a volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia,exhibits diverse geomorphological and topographical features shaped by volcanic,tectonic,and climatic processes.This study integrates field observations,remote ...Harrat Lunayyir,a volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia,exhibits diverse geomorphological and topographical features shaped by volcanic,tectonic,and climatic processes.This study integrates field observations,remote sensing,and GIS analysis to investigate the spatial distribution and relationships between volcanic landforms,lava flows,and topographical variation result obtained is a morphological classification of the cinder cones of Harrat Lunayyir,which can be sub-divided into four types:tephra rings,horseshoe-shaped volcanoes,multiple volcanoes and volcanoes without craters.All of these are monogenetic volcanoes,unlike central volcanoes(stratovolcanoes)which live for tens or hundreds of thousands of years and erupt numerous times.In Harrat Lunayyir,there is a clear dominance of arched horseshoe-shaped volcanoes(58)over ring-shaped cinder cones(10),A1_symmetric cones(circular,uniform cinder cones with a single crater)(32),A2_asymmetric cones(elongated,irregular cones and may feature one or more craters)(8),volcanoes without craters(55)and multiple volcanoes(20).The classification presented in this paper makes it possible to include all morphological types of volcanoes found in the region.This fact also renders the present classification a useful tool to apply in other,both insular and continental volcanic areas to eventually analyze and systematize the study of eruptive edifices with similar traits.Hence,this research will explore the standard physical volcanology literature so as to follow accepted definitions.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was h...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was historically used as Hegu(LI4)in Japan,through morphological,biomechanical,and histological analyses.METHODS:We defined distally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-D and proximally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-P.The distance from the skin surface to the blood vessels as well as the biomechanical properties of the two Hegu(LI4)samples were measured using an ultrasound device and Myoton PRO(Myoton AS,Tallinn,Estonia),respectively,in 20 healthy adult volunteers.Sympathetic fibers under the two Hegu(LI4)samples were histologically observed using tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)immunostaining in 10 cadavers.RESULTS:Hegu(LI4)-D was classified into type 1 with blood vessels<4 mm away from the skin surface,and type 2 with blood vessels>10 mm away from the skin surface.In Hegu(LI4)-P,blood vessels were approximately 10 mm away from the surface.Further,Hegu(LI4)-P had significantly higher tone,stiffness,and elasticity than Hegu(LI4)-D(P<0.0001).TH-positive fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.CONCLUSION:Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P differed in terms of hardness and the distance between the skin surface and blood vessels.Furthermore,sympathetic nerve fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.Taken together,these results suggest that there is site specificity of morphological,biomechanical,and histological differences between the Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P.展开更多
This is a correction to:Isabela R R Moraes,Mariana Antunes,Laura S Lopez-Greco,Fernando Jose Zara,Antonio Leao Castilho,Functional reproductive morphology of the snapping shrimp genus Synalpheus Spence Bate,1888(Decap...This is a correction to:Isabela R R Moraes,Mariana Antunes,Laura S Lopez-Greco,Fernando Jose Zara,Antonio Leao Castilho,Functional reproductive morphology of the snapping shrimp genus Synalpheus Spence Bate,1888(Decapoda,Alpheidae),Current Zoology,2024,71,338-352;https:/doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoae053.展开更多
Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for...Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for this phenomenon has still been under debate.Our results showed that temperature partly explained the changes in the morphology of U.prolifera,with a determining factor of 0.498.The ratio of highly branched thalli decreased as the temperature increased from around 25 to 30℃.Because morphological changes and physiological acclimation synergistically occurred in floating macroalgae,we hypothesized that if the morphology of U.prolifera is also determined by its development state,and the U.prolifea thalli with different development states should have distinct morphological and physiological traits even under the same environmental conditions.To test the hypothesis,we investigated the photosynthesis of U.prolifera and found a higher photosynthetic capacity but lower photoprotective capacity in algae that grew in the branched development state compared to those in the unbranched development state.Combined with other field observations and lab experiments,we suggest that both temperature and development state contribute to the morphological changes of U.prolifera.Given the varying trends of temperature during U.prolifera blooms in past eleven years and the initial occurrence of U.prolifera thalli in the branched development state in the source of algal bloom,we emphasize the need for source management of green tides.展开更多
Interfacial compatibilization is essential to generate compatible blend structures with synergistically enhanced properties.However,the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of compatibilizers is not properl...Interfacial compatibilization is essential to generate compatible blend structures with synergistically enhanced properties.However,the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of compatibilizers is not properly known.This study investigates the compatibilization effect of multifunctional,epoxy-based Joncryl chain extender in blends of polylactide(PLA)and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate(PBAT)using PLA with varying D-lactide contents and molecular weights.These PLAs were high molecular weight amorphous PLA(aPLA)with D-content of 12 mol%and semi-crystalline PLA(scPLA)grades with D-contents below 1.5 mol%at both high(h)and low(l)molecular weights.The reactivity of Joncryl was assessed with each individual neat polymer,and its compatibilization effectwas examined in blends at aweight ratio of 75 wt/25wt using small amplitude oscillatory shear(SAOS)rheological analysis.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),tensile and impact tests,as well as scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations,were conducted to characterize the blends.The addition of Joncryl resulted in remarkable improvements rheological behavior of all neat polymers and noticeably refined PBAT droplets in all blends,particularly in aPLA/PBAT and scPLA(l)/PBAT.The ductility,toughness and impact strength of these blends were significantly enhanced,while their tensile strength and modulus also showed slight improvements.Although the addition of Joncryl retarded the crystallization of the scPLA samples,the scPLA(h)/PBAT blend with Joncryl exhibited the highest thermomechanical performance over a wide temperature range.This was attributed to the higher crystallinity of scPLA(h),which,even in the presence of Joncryl,provided high thermal stability.展开更多
This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Fi...This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Field surveys and statistical analyses reveal that these potholes exhibit diverse geometries(calibers:0.2-2.5 m;depths:0.03-1.98 m;depth-to-caliber ratios:0.08-1.63),predominantly elliptical and shallow,reflecting distinct developmental stages.These potholes show no spatial correlation with bedrock joints,and their long-axis orientations diverge from dominant joint trends.Instead,they exhibit consistent alignment with the river’s prevailing flow direction.Furthermore,pothole dimensions(e.g.,depth and diameter)strongly correlate with gravel size,indicating sediment-driven abrasion as the primary formation mechanism.The uplift of the Xuefeng Mountains relative to the Dongting Basin since the Late Quaternary,which drove the incision of the lower Zijiang River,transforming it from an alluvial channel to a bedrock-dominated channel,is the primary precondition enabling pothole development in this region.Additionally,the influence of climatic factors and human activities cannot be overlooked.The progressive formation,coalescence,and evolution of potholes into grooves constitute the primary mechanism driving riverbed erosion by the Zijiang River at Quanfengtan.展开更多
The East China Sea(ECS)off the Coast of Zhoushan Archipelago,Zhejiang(ECS-CZA)is home to abundant fishery resources and an important spawning,feeding,and nursing ground for a variety of fish species.Due to long-term o...The East China Sea(ECS)off the Coast of Zhoushan Archipelago,Zhejiang(ECS-CZA)is home to abundant fishery resources and an important spawning,feeding,and nursing ground for a variety of fish species.Due to long-term overfishing,the ichthyoplankton structure has been dramatically altered.Understanding the species composition and distribution of fish eggs and larvae is one of the most essential tasks to accurately regulate fishery resources and formulate effective management policies;however,little is known about the ichthyoplankton in this region.In this study,an integrated strategy of morphology identification(MI)and mitochondrial COI DNA barcoding was used to identify species of fish eggs and larvae collected from the ECSCZA.MI revealed 15 fish egg species belonging to 12 families and 12 fish larva species belonging to 12 families;in contrast,DNA barcoding altogether identified 30 species,including 18 fish egg species and 13 fish larva species.One species was shared between the egg and larva samples.Our study offers useful tools and critical scientific information for further understanding the diversity,distribution,and conservation management of various ichthyoplankton species in the marine environment.展开更多
Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-sub...Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-subfamily classification of Dryopteridaceae was based primarily on molecular phylogenetic relationships but lacked morphological evidence,and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and genera of Dryopteridaceae are only partially resolved.A comprehensive and robust phylogeny is urgently needed.The heterogeneous morphology of the current members of Dryopteridaceae makes the family and its subfamilies difficult to define by single morphological characteristics or even character combinations.We carried out phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct a highly supported phylogeny of Dryopteridaceae.Our analyses recovered 24 strongly supported clades grouped into seven major clades of Dryopteridaceae.Seven morphological characters including habit,rhizome shape,frond morphology,rachis-costae architecture,appendages on stipe base and lamina,and soral arrangement were found to be informative for identifying different major clades and clades in Dryopteridaceae.Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and morphological analysis,we presented an updated infra-familial classification of Dryopteridaceae with seven subfamilies and 24 genera including four newly proposed subfamilies(Ctenitidoideae,Lastreopsidoideae,Pleocnemioideae,and Polystichopsidoideae).Morphological character combinations of each subfamily are summarized,and a key is provided.Most genera sensu PPG I are recognized,with Stigmatopetris reclassified into Dryopteridoideae and Arthrobotrya considered a synonym of Teratophyllum.A new genus Pseudarachniodes is introduced.This revised classification will serve as a foundational framework for future investigations on taxonomy,biogeography,and diversification of the most species-rich Dryopteridaceae in ferns.展开更多
This study aims to develop a high-precision and cost-efficient method for the threedimensional reconstruction of large particles in natural gravel and blasted rock fragments,utilizing Structure from Motion(SfM)and Mul...This study aims to develop a high-precision and cost-efficient method for the threedimensional reconstruction of large particles in natural gravel and blasted rock fragments,utilizing Structure from Motion(SfM)and Multi-View Stereo(MVS)techniques.The proposed approach was applied to characterize the three-dimensional morphology of rockfill dam materials at a real construction site.Particle shape was quantitatively analyzed using shape indices of sphericity,convexity,and angularity.The predominant morphology of natural gravel is characterized as slightly elongated and slightly flat,while rock fragments are slightly elongated and not flat.Probability density distributions of shape indices follow a skewed normal distribution:sphericity and convexity show leftward skewness,whereas angularity is right-skewed.Skewness parameters of sphericity and angularity are consistent between natural gravel and blasted rock fragments,indicating comparable shape asymmetry.Convexity skewness is significantly higher in natural gravel compared to rock fragments,by approximately an order of magnitude.The relationship between size and particle shape shows that form ratios and associated shape descriptors change linearly with the logarithm of size;larger particles approach spherical or cubic forms.The innovative measurements contribute to the particle shape data set of rockfill dam materials,providing valuable insights into the three-dimensional and statistical morphological characteristics of relatively large particles in natural gravel and blasted rock fragments.This approach enhances understanding of particle morphology's impact on the mechanical behavior of granular materials.展开更多
Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the und...Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the understanding of their propagation mechanisms along the river and provide appropriate control measures.In this study,seven Ambrosia trifida populations along the Liaohe River were used as study subjects.The results showed that the seven A.trifida populations were closely related and exhibited a certain gene exchange,but the absence of evidence of directed gene flow among populations did not confirm that rivers were the medium of seed dispersal of A.trifida.Along the Liaohe River,from top to bottom,the positive view area,length,width,perimeter,and thousand seed weight of A.trifida seeds showed an increasing trend.The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the river water of the A.trifida population in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River were higher than those at the other sites.Furthermore,along the river,from top to bottom,the available nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,available potassium,and organic matter contents in the soil in which A.trifida populations grew showed significant increasing trends.River structure,water quality,and soil nutrients had direct and indirect effects on seed morphology.Soil total nitrogen,available potassium,and organic matter had significant positive effects on seed positive view area and perimeter,suggesting that the maternal effect played a critical role in shaping seed morphology.Our analysis showed that soil nutrients along the river may be the primary driver that governs changes in A.trifida seed traits.展开更多
Advertisement calls are essential for communication among anuran amphibians,with their production influenced by a range of environmental factors and morphological traits.To understand the primary sources of variation ...Advertisement calls are essential for communication among anuran amphibians,with their production influenced by a range of environmental factors and morphological traits.To understand the primary sources of variation of advertisement calls in male Leptobrachium liui,we recorded their advertisement calls during the breeding season and analyzed two primary acoustic parameters: call duration(CD) and dominant frequency(DF),along with their within-individual coefficients of variation.Additionally,we collected nest-related environmental parameters and morphological traits to investigate how these factors influence the variation in advertisement calls.Our analyses revealed that both nest-related environmental parameters(particularly water temperature) and individual morphological traits(especially head morphology) significantly influenced advertisement call characteristics in male L.liui.Water temperature showed a negative relationship with CD,while head morphology was positively associated with both CD and DF.These findings enhance our understanding of the factors shaping acoustic communication in L.liui during the breeding season and highlight the importance of both environmental and morphological factors in anuran vocalization.展开更多
The fine control of active blend morphologies is crucial to achieve efficient and stable organic solar cells(OSCs).Herein,by introducing structurally simple,non-halogenated volatile solid additives,we have demonstrate...The fine control of active blend morphologies is crucial to achieve efficient and stable organic solar cells(OSCs).Herein,by introducing structurally simple,non-halogenated volatile solid additives,we have demonstrated that the polar 2-naphthonitrile(2-CAN)additives help modulate the kinetics of blend morphological evolution during film drying.It is revealed that 2-CAN favorably interacted with acceptor moieties,and the transition from presence to absence of additives triggered the arrangement and aggregation of acceptors,hence yielding the ordered molecular stacks in the bulk heterojunction(BHJ)blends.Optimal blend morphologies with fibril networks were established to improve the excitonic and charge dynamics of active blends,enabling PM6:L8-BO binary OSCs with the promising efficiency of 19.08%(with 2-CAN),which outperformed that of devices with non-polar naphthalene(NA)additives(18.18%)or without additive treatments(17.43%).Meanwhile,non-halogenated 2-CAN exhibited excellent processing features of reproducibility and versatility toward different active blends for fabricating efficient devices.Such 2-CAN-assisted devices with robust transport layers allowed maintaining decent thermal stabilities under continuous 85℃ of thermal annealing.Overall,this work provides an effective strategy on tuning blend morphologies for efficient organic photovoltaics.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science F oundation of China(No.52172205)。
文摘Zinc oxide(ZnO)serves as a crucial functional semiconductor with a wide direct bandgap of approximately 3.37 eV.Solvothermal reaction is commonly used in the synthesis of ZnO micro/nanostructures,given its low cost,simplicity,and easy implementation.Moreover,ZnO morphology engineering has become desirable through the alteration of minor conditions in the reaction process,particularly at room temperature.In this work,ZnO micro/nanostructures were synthesized in a solution by varying the amounts of the ammonia added at low temperatures(including room temperature).The formation of Zn^(2+)complexes by ammonia in the precursor regulated the reaction rate of the morphology engineering of ZnO,which resulted in various structures,such as nanoparticles,nanosheets,microflowers,and single crystals.Finally,the obtained ZnO was used in the optoelectronic application of ultraviolet detectors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82171599 and No.32270901)the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2022YFC2702601 and 2022YFA0806303)the Global Select Project(DJKLX-2022010)of the Institute of Health and Medicine,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center.
文摘Male infertility can result from impaired sperm motility caused by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella(MMAF).Distinct projections encircling the central microtubules of the spermatozoal axoneme play pivotal roles in flagellar bending and spermatozoal movement.Mammalian sperm-associated antigen 17(SPAG17)encodes a conserved axonemal protein of cilia and flagella,forming part of the C1a projection of the central apparatus,with functions related to ciliary/flagellar motility,skeletal growth,and male fertility.This study investigated two novel homozygous SPAG17 mutations(M1:NM_206996.2,c.829+1G>T,p.Asp212_Glu276del;and M2:c.2120del,p.Leu707*)identified in four infertile patients from two consanguineous Pakistani families.These patients displayed the MMAF phenotype confirmed by Papanicolaou staining and scanning electron microscopy assays of spermatozoa.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)of patients’spermatozoa also revealed a significant decrease in SPAG17 mRNA expression,and immunofluorescence staining showed the absence of SPAG17 protein signals along the flagella.However,no apparent ciliary-related symptoms or skeletal malformations were observed in the chest X-rays of any of the patients.Transmission electron microscopy of axoneme cross-sections from the patients showed incomplete C1a projection and a higher frequency of missing microtubule doublets 1 and 9 compared with those from fertile controls.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses of spermatogenesis-associated protein 17(SPATA17),a component of the C1a projection,and sperm-associated antigen 6(SPAG6),a marker of the spring layer,revealed disrupted expression of both proteins in the patients’spermatozoa.Altogether,these findings demonstrated that SPAG17 maintains the integrity of spermatozoal flagellar axoneme,expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SPAG17 mutations in humans.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2021ZD0202503(to AHT)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.31872759(to AHT)and 32070707(to CF)+1 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,No.RCJC20210609104333007(to ZW)Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science,Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions,No.2021SHIBS0002(to ZW).
文摘Morphological alterations in dendritic spines have been linked to changes in functional communication between neurons that affect learning and memory.Kinesin-4 KIF21A helps organize the microtubule-actin network at the cell cortex by interacting with KANK1;however,whether KIF21A modulates dendritic structure and function in neurons remains unknown.In this study,we found that KIF21A was distributed in a subset of dendritic spines,and that these KIF21A-positive spines were larger and more structurally plastic than KIF21A-negative spines.Furthermore,the interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 was found to be critical for dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity.Knockdown of either KIF21A or KANK1 inhibited dendritic spine morphogenesis and dendritic branching,and these deficits were fully rescued by coexpressing full-length KIF21A or KANK1,but not by proteins with mutations disrupting direct binding between KIF21A and KANK1 or binding between KANK1 and talin1.Knocking down KIF21A in the hippocampus of rats inhibited the amplitudes of long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation and negatively impacted the animals’cognitive abilities.Taken together,our findings demonstrate the function of KIF21A in modulating spine morphology and provide insight into its role in synaptic function.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21776505)。
文摘The oligomerization of light olefins is considered a green production technology.Currently,the application of mordenite in isoamylene oligomerization faces two main challenges:low dimerization selectivity and poor stability.In this work,a series of different SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio mordenite are synthesized by utilizing hexamethyleneimine(HMI)as the organic structure directing agent,and it turns out that the rod-like zeolite with the ratio of SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)=14 exhibits the higher dimerization selectivity.The incorporation of TPOAC optimizes the pore structure and acid site distribution of the rod-like zeolite,which enables the samples to not only exhibit a conversion rate of isoamylene over 88.30% within 12 h,while maintaining good dimerization selectivity.These findings provide a promising approach for improving the efficiency and sustainability of olefin oligomerization processes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970409)Projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0731)。
文摘The exploration and understanding of myxosporean,one of the crucial stressors causing fish disease,have always been highly regarded.The present study aims to fully understand a novel myxobolid species,Thelohanellus xiushanensis n.sp.infecting the gill filaments of Carassius auratus from Chongqing,China,as well as the associated pathological impacts.A multifaceted analysis at various levels and perspectives was carried out by the approach integrating morphology,molecular systematics,histopathology,combined host and habitat,as well as SSU rDNA data.The results indicated that its mature myxospores displayed a tapering anterior and a blunt-rounded posterior,with a dropshape in front view and melon-seed shape in sutural view in morphology.The outer surface was covered with a transparent membrane sheath in valve view.The dimensions of myxospores were average(19.2±1.1)(17.1-21.0)×(10.0±0.7)(8.7-12.1)×(9.7±0.5)(9.1-10.8)μm.An elliptical polar capsule,containing four to five turns of single polar filament,measures(8.0±0.6)(6.9-9.1)×(6.6±0.3)(6.1-7.1)μm.Its SSU rDNA sequence demonstrated the closest similarity(99.95%)with an actinosporean Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7.Histopathological results indicated that numerous myxoplasmodia of T.xiushanensis n.sp.were located in the tips of the gill filaments,resulting in deformation and rupture of partial gill filaments.Furthermore,severely infected gill lamellae exhibited hyperplasia and fusion,accompanied by infiltration of numerous eosinophils.In addition,regenerated gill filaments were observed at the bases of partially ruptured gill filaments,indicating that the host’s gill tissue has the innate capacity to shed diseased tissues and regenerate new ones.This study has proved the present species and Neoactinomyxum sp.NEO-7 belong to the same myxosporean species but corresponding to different developmental stage,designated as a new species.This novel species is a potential pathogen for the host,which should not be ignored.This study not only enriches myxobolid biodiversity and demonstrates a potentially pathogenic agent,but also provides a valid diagnosis for the gill myxoboliosis caused by the present pathogen in aquaculture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22376063,21976057)the Fund of the National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology(NELMS2020A05)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The preferential oxidation of CO(CO-PROX)reaction is a cost-effective method for eliminating trace amounts of CO from the fuel H2.Pt-based catalysts have been extensively studied for COPROX,with their activity influenced by the morphology of the support.Hydrothermal synthesis was employed to produce different morphologies ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3):flower-likeγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f)exposing(110)crystal faces,sheet-likeγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(s)revealing(100)crystal faces,and rod-likeγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(r)displaying(111)crystal faces,followed by loading PtCo nanoparticles.The exposed crystal faces of the support impact the alloying degree of the PtCo nanoparticles,and an increase in the alloying degree correlates with enhanced catalyst reactivity.Pt_(3)Co intermetallic compounds were identified onγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f)exposing(110)crystal faces,and PtCo/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f)showed high catalytic activity in the CO-PROX reaction,achieving 100%CO conversion across a broad temperature range of 50−225°C.In contrast,only partial alloying of PtCo was observed onγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(s).Furthermore,no alloying between Pt and Co occurred in PtCo/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)(r),resulting in a reaction rate at 50°C that was merely 11%of that of PtCo/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)(f).The formation of Pt3Co intermetallic compounds led to a more oxidized state of Pt,which significantly diminished the adsorption of CO on Pt and augmented the active oxygen species,thereby facilitating the selective oxidation of CO.
文摘Introduction: the left atrial appendage, a dormant embryonic vestige, would play a major role in cardiac hemodynamic changes, volume homeostasis and thrombi formation. It, therefore constitutes a therapeutic target. Its morphology is extremely variable. Objective: it consisted on determining the morphological variations of the left auricle as well as their interest in the prevention of thrombi in the Senegalese. Material and Method: This study was conducted by dissecting 36 fresh hearts from Senegalese anatomical subjects with a sampling of the left atrial appendage, including specimens with normal morphological appearance. Their morphology was studied using the fresh and frozen plaster molding method. The data obtained were analyzed statistically. Results: the average age of the subjects was 33 years, with a sex ratio of 1.06, the cauliflower shape was dominant with 57% of cases and the cactus shape (4%) was less frequent. The cauliflower shape presented a clear angulation compared to the others without statistically significant differences according to age. Conclusion: This work showed a great morphological variability of the left atrial appendage. It can provide an update on the specificity of Senegalese. Taking these variations into account is important in the safe management of hemodynamic conditions and the improvement of the management of recurrent strokes.
文摘In order to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of local chicken populations, this study focused on the description of the essential qualitative parameters in the phenotypic characterization of local species. Conducted in 6 localities in the Far North Region of Cameroon (Doukoula, Yagoua, Guidiguis, Dziguilao, Maroua 3rd and Méri), a population of 240 local chickens, including 172 hens and 68 cocks were characterized in family farms. The choice of localities was made on the basis of their strong potential local chicken flocks in the region. To this end, each animal was the subject of a qualitative description based on the identification of the sex of the animal, the description of the colorations of the plumage and extremities, and the description of the types of format, plumage and crests. All observations were made with the naked eye and in daylight and then photographed. The main results show that the plumage colors are multiple and dominated by the White-Pied-Black (21.7%) and the Mille-fleur (20.8%);the wattles are dominated by the red (60%) and the pink (35.4%);the tarsi are dominated by the white (43.8%) and the black (32.08%);the white skin (92.5%) dominates over the pink skin (7.5%);the “Smooth-uniform” feather is dominant (97.08%), followed by the smooth-crested type (2.08%) and the fries type (0.82%);the medium size of the chickens is dominant (86.66%), followed by the dwarf size (9.58%) and the large size (3.75%). The results of this study demonstrate that there is a strong phenotypic diversity within the local chicken population. This diversity can serve as a basis for the development of selection, conservation and genetic potential improvement programs based on rational exploitation of the local chicken.
文摘Harrat Lunayyir,a volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia,exhibits diverse geomorphological and topographical features shaped by volcanic,tectonic,and climatic processes.This study integrates field observations,remote sensing,and GIS analysis to investigate the spatial distribution and relationships between volcanic landforms,lava flows,and topographical variation result obtained is a morphological classification of the cinder cones of Harrat Lunayyir,which can be sub-divided into four types:tephra rings,horseshoe-shaped volcanoes,multiple volcanoes and volcanoes without craters.All of these are monogenetic volcanoes,unlike central volcanoes(stratovolcanoes)which live for tens or hundreds of thousands of years and erupt numerous times.In Harrat Lunayyir,there is a clear dominance of arched horseshoe-shaped volcanoes(58)over ring-shaped cinder cones(10),A1_symmetric cones(circular,uniform cinder cones with a single crater)(32),A2_asymmetric cones(elongated,irregular cones and may feature one or more craters)(8),volcanoes without craters(55)and multiple volcanoes(20).The classification presented in this paper makes it possible to include all morphological types of volcanoes found in the region.This fact also renders the present classification a useful tool to apply in other,both insular and continental volcanic areas to eventually analyze and systematize the study of eruptive edifices with similar traits.Hence,this research will explore the standard physical volcanology literature so as to follow accepted definitions.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the site specificity and differences of the Hegu(LI4)located on the midpoint of the second metacarpal and the point where the bases of the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsum was historically used as Hegu(LI4)in Japan,through morphological,biomechanical,and histological analyses.METHODS:We defined distally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-D and proximally located Hegu(LI4)as Hegu(LI4)-P.The distance from the skin surface to the blood vessels as well as the biomechanical properties of the two Hegu(LI4)samples were measured using an ultrasound device and Myoton PRO(Myoton AS,Tallinn,Estonia),respectively,in 20 healthy adult volunteers.Sympathetic fibers under the two Hegu(LI4)samples were histologically observed using tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)immunostaining in 10 cadavers.RESULTS:Hegu(LI4)-D was classified into type 1 with blood vessels<4 mm away from the skin surface,and type 2 with blood vessels>10 mm away from the skin surface.In Hegu(LI4)-P,blood vessels were approximately 10 mm away from the surface.Further,Hegu(LI4)-P had significantly higher tone,stiffness,and elasticity than Hegu(LI4)-D(P<0.0001).TH-positive fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.CONCLUSION:Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P differed in terms of hardness and the distance between the skin surface and blood vessels.Furthermore,sympathetic nerve fibers were present near the artery in Hegu(LI4)-P.Taken together,these results suggest that there is site specificity of morphological,biomechanical,and histological differences between the Hegu(LI4)-D and Hegu(LI4)-P.
文摘This is a correction to:Isabela R R Moraes,Mariana Antunes,Laura S Lopez-Greco,Fernando Jose Zara,Antonio Leao Castilho,Functional reproductive morphology of the snapping shrimp genus Synalpheus Spence Bate,1888(Decapoda,Alpheidae),Current Zoology,2024,71,338-352;https:/doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoae053.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3106000)the major innovation project for the science education industry integration pilot project of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences)(No.2023JBZ03)+1 种基金the talent research projects of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Science)(No.2023RCKY039)the open funding project of Key Laboratory of Marine ecological monitoring and restoration technologies,MNR,China(No.MEMRT202301)。
文摘Since 2007,the world's largest transregional green tides caused by Ulva prolifera have periodically occurred in China.The morphology of U.prolifera drastically changes during the drifting period,but the reason for this phenomenon has still been under debate.Our results showed that temperature partly explained the changes in the morphology of U.prolifera,with a determining factor of 0.498.The ratio of highly branched thalli decreased as the temperature increased from around 25 to 30℃.Because morphological changes and physiological acclimation synergistically occurred in floating macroalgae,we hypothesized that if the morphology of U.prolifera is also determined by its development state,and the U.prolifea thalli with different development states should have distinct morphological and physiological traits even under the same environmental conditions.To test the hypothesis,we investigated the photosynthesis of U.prolifera and found a higher photosynthetic capacity but lower photoprotective capacity in algae that grew in the branched development state compared to those in the unbranched development state.Combined with other field observations and lab experiments,we suggest that both temperature and development state contribute to the morphological changes of U.prolifera.Given the varying trends of temperature during U.prolifera blooms in past eleven years and the initial occurrence of U.prolifera thalli in the branched development state in the source of algal bloom,we emphasize the need for source management of green tides.
基金supported by the Istanbul Technical University-Scientific Research Projects(ITUBAP)with project number of 45964Additional financial support was granted by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)under the 2218 Domestic Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship Program(Project No.118C574).
文摘Interfacial compatibilization is essential to generate compatible blend structures with synergistically enhanced properties.However,the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of compatibilizers is not properly known.This study investigates the compatibilization effect of multifunctional,epoxy-based Joncryl chain extender in blends of polylactide(PLA)and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate(PBAT)using PLA with varying D-lactide contents and molecular weights.These PLAs were high molecular weight amorphous PLA(aPLA)with D-content of 12 mol%and semi-crystalline PLA(scPLA)grades with D-contents below 1.5 mol%at both high(h)and low(l)molecular weights.The reactivity of Joncryl was assessed with each individual neat polymer,and its compatibilization effectwas examined in blends at aweight ratio of 75 wt/25wt using small amplitude oscillatory shear(SAOS)rheological analysis.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),tensile and impact tests,as well as scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations,were conducted to characterize the blends.The addition of Joncryl resulted in remarkable improvements rheological behavior of all neat polymers and noticeably refined PBAT droplets in all blends,particularly in aPLA/PBAT and scPLA(l)/PBAT.The ductility,toughness and impact strength of these blends were significantly enhanced,while their tensile strength and modulus also showed slight improvements.Although the addition of Joncryl retarded the crystallization of the scPLA samples,the scPLA(h)/PBAT blend with Joncryl exhibited the highest thermomechanical performance over a wide temperature range.This was attributed to the higher crystallinity of scPLA(h),which,even in the presence of Joncryl,provided high thermal stability.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42101005)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2025JJ50182)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant No.24A0582).
文摘This study investigates the morphological characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of stream potholes in the granodiorite riverbed of the Quanfengtan reach,located in the lower Zijiang River,Hunan Province,China.Field surveys and statistical analyses reveal that these potholes exhibit diverse geometries(calibers:0.2-2.5 m;depths:0.03-1.98 m;depth-to-caliber ratios:0.08-1.63),predominantly elliptical and shallow,reflecting distinct developmental stages.These potholes show no spatial correlation with bedrock joints,and their long-axis orientations diverge from dominant joint trends.Instead,they exhibit consistent alignment with the river’s prevailing flow direction.Furthermore,pothole dimensions(e.g.,depth and diameter)strongly correlate with gravel size,indicating sediment-driven abrasion as the primary formation mechanism.The uplift of the Xuefeng Mountains relative to the Dongting Basin since the Late Quaternary,which drove the incision of the lower Zijiang River,transforming it from an alluvial channel to a bedrock-dominated channel,is the primary precondition enabling pothole development in this region.Additionally,the influence of climatic factors and human activities cannot be overlooked.The progressive formation,coalescence,and evolution of potholes into grooves constitute the primary mechanism driving riverbed erosion by the Zijiang River at Quanfengtan.
文摘The East China Sea(ECS)off the Coast of Zhoushan Archipelago,Zhejiang(ECS-CZA)is home to abundant fishery resources and an important spawning,feeding,and nursing ground for a variety of fish species.Due to long-term overfishing,the ichthyoplankton structure has been dramatically altered.Understanding the species composition and distribution of fish eggs and larvae is one of the most essential tasks to accurately regulate fishery resources and formulate effective management policies;however,little is known about the ichthyoplankton in this region.In this study,an integrated strategy of morphology identification(MI)and mitochondrial COI DNA barcoding was used to identify species of fish eggs and larvae collected from the ECSCZA.MI revealed 15 fish egg species belonging to 12 families and 12 fish larva species belonging to 12 families;in contrast,DNA barcoding altogether identified 30 species,including 18 fish egg species and 13 fish larva species.One species was shared between the egg and larva samples.Our study offers useful tools and critical scientific information for further understanding the diversity,distribution,and conservation management of various ichthyoplankton species in the marine environment.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31970232)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB954100).
文摘Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-subfamily classification of Dryopteridaceae was based primarily on molecular phylogenetic relationships but lacked morphological evidence,and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and genera of Dryopteridaceae are only partially resolved.A comprehensive and robust phylogeny is urgently needed.The heterogeneous morphology of the current members of Dryopteridaceae makes the family and its subfamilies difficult to define by single morphological characteristics or even character combinations.We carried out phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct a highly supported phylogeny of Dryopteridaceae.Our analyses recovered 24 strongly supported clades grouped into seven major clades of Dryopteridaceae.Seven morphological characters including habit,rhizome shape,frond morphology,rachis-costae architecture,appendages on stipe base and lamina,and soral arrangement were found to be informative for identifying different major clades and clades in Dryopteridaceae.Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and morphological analysis,we presented an updated infra-familial classification of Dryopteridaceae with seven subfamilies and 24 genera including four newly proposed subfamilies(Ctenitidoideae,Lastreopsidoideae,Pleocnemioideae,and Polystichopsidoideae).Morphological character combinations of each subfamily are summarized,and a key is provided.Most genera sensu PPG I are recognized,with Stigmatopetris reclassified into Dryopteridoideae and Arthrobotrya considered a synonym of Teratophyllum.A new genus Pseudarachniodes is introduced.This revised classification will serve as a foundational framework for future investigations on taxonomy,biogeography,and diversification of the most species-rich Dryopteridaceae in ferns.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51809290,51979093,52239009Project funded by Tibet Autonomous Region Key R&D Plan,Grant/Award Number:XZ202101ZY0002GPostgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:No.KYCX22_0656。
文摘This study aims to develop a high-precision and cost-efficient method for the threedimensional reconstruction of large particles in natural gravel and blasted rock fragments,utilizing Structure from Motion(SfM)and Multi-View Stereo(MVS)techniques.The proposed approach was applied to characterize the three-dimensional morphology of rockfill dam materials at a real construction site.Particle shape was quantitatively analyzed using shape indices of sphericity,convexity,and angularity.The predominant morphology of natural gravel is characterized as slightly elongated and slightly flat,while rock fragments are slightly elongated and not flat.Probability density distributions of shape indices follow a skewed normal distribution:sphericity and convexity show leftward skewness,whereas angularity is right-skewed.Skewness parameters of sphericity and angularity are consistent between natural gravel and blasted rock fragments,indicating comparable shape asymmetry.Convexity skewness is significantly higher in natural gravel compared to rock fragments,by approximately an order of magnitude.The relationship between size and particle shape shows that form ratios and associated shape descriptors change linearly with the logarithm of size;larger particles approach spherical or cubic forms.The innovative measurements contribute to the particle shape data set of rockfill dam materials,providing valuable insights into the three-dimensional and statistical morphological characteristics of relatively large particles in natural gravel and blasted rock fragments.This approach enhances understanding of particle morphology's impact on the mechanical behavior of granular materials.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1301004)the National Key R&D Program(2023YFC2604500).
文摘Rivers are crucial in the spread of invasive plants.Invasive plants alter their seed traits to adapt to environmental changes and promote invasion.Studying the trait changes in invasive plant seeds may improve the understanding of their propagation mechanisms along the river and provide appropriate control measures.In this study,seven Ambrosia trifida populations along the Liaohe River were used as study subjects.The results showed that the seven A.trifida populations were closely related and exhibited a certain gene exchange,but the absence of evidence of directed gene flow among populations did not confirm that rivers were the medium of seed dispersal of A.trifida.Along the Liaohe River,from top to bottom,the positive view area,length,width,perimeter,and thousand seed weight of A.trifida seeds showed an increasing trend.The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the river water of the A.trifida population in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River were higher than those at the other sites.Furthermore,along the river,from top to bottom,the available nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,available potassium,and organic matter contents in the soil in which A.trifida populations grew showed significant increasing trends.River structure,water quality,and soil nutrients had direct and indirect effects on seed morphology.Soil total nitrogen,available potassium,and organic matter had significant positive effects on seed positive view area and perimeter,suggesting that the maternal effect played a critical role in shaping seed morphology.Our analysis showed that soil nutrients along the river may be the primary driver that governs changes in A.trifida seed traits.
基金supported by the County-School Cooperation Project in Suichang County (2024-HZ12)Ecological Discipline Construction Fund of Lishui University。
文摘Advertisement calls are essential for communication among anuran amphibians,with their production influenced by a range of environmental factors and morphological traits.To understand the primary sources of variation of advertisement calls in male Leptobrachium liui,we recorded their advertisement calls during the breeding season and analyzed two primary acoustic parameters: call duration(CD) and dominant frequency(DF),along with their within-individual coefficients of variation.Additionally,we collected nest-related environmental parameters and morphological traits to investigate how these factors influence the variation in advertisement calls.Our analyses revealed that both nest-related environmental parameters(particularly water temperature) and individual morphological traits(especially head morphology) significantly influenced advertisement call characteristics in male L.liui.Water temperature showed a negative relationship with CD,while head morphology was positively associated with both CD and DF.These findings enhance our understanding of the factors shaping acoustic communication in L.liui during the breeding season and highlight the importance of both environmental and morphological factors in anuran vocalization.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22125901)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0705900)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2024-00005)the Scientific Research Project of China Three Gorges Corporation(202303014)。
文摘The fine control of active blend morphologies is crucial to achieve efficient and stable organic solar cells(OSCs).Herein,by introducing structurally simple,non-halogenated volatile solid additives,we have demonstrated that the polar 2-naphthonitrile(2-CAN)additives help modulate the kinetics of blend morphological evolution during film drying.It is revealed that 2-CAN favorably interacted with acceptor moieties,and the transition from presence to absence of additives triggered the arrangement and aggregation of acceptors,hence yielding the ordered molecular stacks in the bulk heterojunction(BHJ)blends.Optimal blend morphologies with fibril networks were established to improve the excitonic and charge dynamics of active blends,enabling PM6:L8-BO binary OSCs with the promising efficiency of 19.08%(with 2-CAN),which outperformed that of devices with non-polar naphthalene(NA)additives(18.18%)or without additive treatments(17.43%).Meanwhile,non-halogenated 2-CAN exhibited excellent processing features of reproducibility and versatility toward different active blends for fabricating efficient devices.Such 2-CAN-assisted devices with robust transport layers allowed maintaining decent thermal stabilities under continuous 85℃ of thermal annealing.Overall,this work provides an effective strategy on tuning blend morphologies for efficient organic photovoltaics.
