Foxtail millet(Setaria italica) is one of the primary multigrain crops originating from China, with a long history of cultivation and significant importance in Chinese farming civilization(Diao 2019). However, the exc...Foxtail millet(Setaria italica) is one of the primary multigrain crops originating from China, with a long history of cultivation and significant importance in Chinese farming civilization(Diao 2019). However, the excessive height of foxtail millet plants makes them susceptible to lodging, severely impacting the yield(Tian et al. 2010;Diao et al. 2024). During the “Green Revolution”, many types of cereals, including rice(Oryza sativa L.) and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)(Brosius 1991;Peng et al. 1999), were bred to dwarf, resulting in significantly increased yields. Consequently, reducing plant height has become a key breeding objective for foxtail millet.展开更多
Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASDs)are reported as a group of neurodevelopmental disorders.The structural changes of brain regions including the hippocampus were widely reported in autistic patients and mouse models with ...Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASDs)are reported as a group of neurodevelopmental disorders.The structural changes of brain regions including the hippocampus were widely reported in autistic patients and mouse models with dysfunction of ASD risk genes,but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.Here,we report that deletion of Trio,a high-susceptibility gene of ASDs,causes a postnatal dentate gyrus(DG)hypoplasia with a zigzagged suprapyramidal blade,and the Trio-defcient mice display autism-like behaviors.The impaired morphogenesis of DG is mainly caused by disturbing the postnatal distribution of postmitotic granule cells(GCs),which further results in a migration defcit of neural progenitors.Furthermore,we reveal that Trio plays diferent roles in various excitatory neural cells by spatial transcriptomic sequencing,especially the role of regulating the migration of postmitotic GCs.In summary,our fndings provide evidence of cellular mechanisms that Trio is involved in postnatal DG morphogenesis.展开更多
The marine green algae genus Chaetomorpha is a common source of“green tide”and is widespread on coasts around the world.In this study,based on invasive Chaetomorpha valida collected from the Shandong Peninsula,the m...The marine green algae genus Chaetomorpha is a common source of“green tide”and is widespread on coasts around the world.In this study,based on invasive Chaetomorpha valida collected from the Shandong Peninsula,the morphogenesis and reproductive characteristics of two strains that are morphologically different from each other,were observed using experimental biology methods.The main results are as follows:(1)significant difference in the size of reproductive cells produced by Strains 1 and 2;(2)gametes produced by Strain 2 are isogamous and same gametangial during the binding process of gametes,whereas those of Strain 1 are isogamous but hetero-cystic;(3)progeny from Strain 1 has rhizoidal holdfast,whereas that of Strain 2 has discoid holdfast;(4)gametophytic“branching”was found in Strain 1.These results could validate the high phenotypic plasticity of macroalgae and offered an interpretation of habitat adaptation.Furthermore,this study innovatively provided fundamental research on the selection of macroalgal traits and explored competitive strategies for the dominant survival of macroalgae from a new perspective.展开更多
Cotton has enormous economic potential,providing high-quality protein,oil,and fibre.But the comprehensive utilization of cottonseed is limited by the presence of pigment gland and its inclusion.Pigment gland is a comm...Cotton has enormous economic potential,providing high-quality protein,oil,and fibre.But the comprehensive utilization of cottonseed is limited by the presence of pigment gland and its inclusion.Pigment gland is a common characteristic of Gossypium genus and its relatives,appearing as visible dark opaque dots in most tissues and organs of cotton plants.Secondary metabolites,such as gossypol,synthesized and stored in the cavities of pigment glands act as natural phytoalexins,but are toxic to humans and other monogastric animals.However,only a few cotton genes have been identified as being associated with pigment gland morphogenesis to date,and the developmental processes and regulatory mechanism involved in pigment gland formation remain largely unclear.Here,the research progress on the process of pigment gland morphogenesis and the genetic basis of cotton pigment glands is reviewed,for providing a theoretical basis for cultivating cotton with the ideal pigment gland trait.展开更多
The hepatitis B virus （HBV） particle consists of an envelope containing three related surface proteins and probably lipid and an icosahedral nucleocapsid of approximately 30 nm diameter enclosing the viral DNA genom...The hepatitis B virus （HBV） particle consists of an envelope containing three related surface proteins and probably lipid and an icosahedral nucleocapsid of approximately 30 nm diameter enclosing the viral DNA genome and DNA polymerase. The capsid is formed in the cytosol of the infected cell during packaging of an RNA pregenome replication complex by multiple copies of a 21-kDa C protein. The capsid gains the ability to bud during synthesis of the viral DNA genome by reverse transcription of the pregenome in the lumen of the particle. The three envelope proteins S, t4, and L shape a complex transmembrane fold at the endoplasmic reticulum, and form disulfide-linked homoand heterodimers. The transmembrane topology of a fraction of the large envelope protein L changes posttranslationally, therefore, the N terminal domain of L （preS） finally appears on both sides of the membrane. During budding at an intracellular membrane, a short linear domain in the cytosolic preS region interacts with binding sites on the capsid surface. The virions are subsequently secreted into the blood. In addition, the surface proteins can bud in the absence of capsids and form subviral lipoprotein particles of 20 nm diameter which are also secreted.展开更多
The basidiomycetous fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes sugarcane smut that leads to severe economic losses in the major sugarcane growing areas in China,India and Brazil,etc.Autophagy is a conserved pathway in euka...The basidiomycetous fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes sugarcane smut that leads to severe economic losses in the major sugarcane growing areas in China,India and Brazil,etc.Autophagy is a conserved pathway in eukaryotes for bulk degradation and cellular recycling,and was shown to be important for fungal cell growth,development,and pathogenicity.However,physiological function of autophagy has not been studied in S.scitamineum.In this study,we identified a conserved Atg8 protein,named as SsAtg8 and characterized its function.Our results showed that autophagy was blocked in the ssatg8Δ mutant,in nitrogen starvation.The ssatg8Δ mutant formed pseudohypha frequently and was hypersensitive to oxidative stress.However,mating or filamenation was unaffected in the ssatg8Δ mutant in vitro.Overall we demonstrate that autophagy is dispensable for S.scitamineum mating/filamentation,while critical for oxidative stress tolerance and proper morphology in sporidial stage.展开更多
Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chem...Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides （atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, triadimefon, and glyphosate） in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked. We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The effects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures affect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.展开更多
During embryonic development,organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms.While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogene...During embryonic development,organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms.While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis,mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well.These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations,shape and size changes,proliferation and differentiation,as well as gene expression changes,and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions.In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures,including the tooth,the mandible,the palate,and the cranium.We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.展开更多
The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops.For trioecious papaya(Carica papaya),highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is control...The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops.For trioecious papaya(Carica papaya),highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is controlled by gene networks and influenced by environmental factors,but the regulatory mechanism in gynoecium morphogenesis is unclear.Gynodioecious and dioecious papaya varieties were used for analysis of differentially expressed genes followed by experiments using auxin and an auxin transporter inhibitor.We first compared differential gene expression in functional and rudimentary gynoecium at early stage of their development and detected significant difference in phytohormone modulating and transduction processes,particularly auxin.Enhanced auxin signal transduction in rudimentary gynoecium was observed.To determine the role auxin plays in the papaya gynoecium,auxin transport inhibitor(N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid,NPA)and synthetic auxin analogs with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the trunk apex of male and female plants of dioecious papaya.Weakening of auxin transport by 10 mg/L NPA treatment resulted in female fertility restoration in male flowers,while female flowers did not show changes.NPA treatment with higher concentration(30 and 50 mg/L)caused deformed flowers in both male and female plants.We hypothesize that the occurrence of rudimentary gynoecium patterning might associate with auxin homeostasis alteration.Proper auxin concentration and auxin homeostasis might be crucial for functional gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya flowers.These results will lead to further investigation on the auxin homeostasis and gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya.展开更多
Morphogenesis during cell division was investigated in oligotrichous ciliate,Halteria grandinella utilizing protargol impregnated specimens. The cortical morphogenetical pattern of Hdteria grandinella is generally sim...Morphogenesis during cell division was investigated in oligotrichous ciliate,Halteria grandinella utilizing protargol impregnated specimens. The cortical morphogenetical pattern of Hdteria grandinella is generally similar to that given by Faure-Fremiet. The prater inherits the parental adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) appar ently unchanged; in the opisthe the oral primordium develops de novo from a single AZM-anlage; somatic cirri for both the proter and opisthe are separately differentiated from 10 (seldom 9) cirral primordia that originate de novo from 10 latitudinal developmental anlagen. The anlage of paroral membrane of opisthe forms just to the right of the posterior end of the oral primordium. Each streak of cirral primordia develops 4 groups of basal body pairs: both of the anterior two consist of only one pair of basal bodies, on the contrary, each of the last two groups has 2 basal body pairs.展开更多
A multi-glume （mg） mutant was obtained by screening the T-DNA inserted mutant pool. Anatomical observation revealed that the florets of the mutant showed elongated leafy paleas/lemmas and palea/lemma-like structures...A multi-glume （mg） mutant was obtained by screening the T-DNA inserted mutant pool. Anatomical observation revealed that the florets of the mutant showed elongated leafy paleas/lemmas and palea/lemma-like structures, just like multi-glumes. Among the 215 observed florets of the mutant, 14.27% were failed to produce pistil and stamens, 23.72% showed extra floret generated on the same rachilla, while 62.01% consisted of one to nine stamens and one to three pistils in a single floret. On the other hand, in some cases the transparent bulged vesile-like tissue could be observed at the basis of filament. The mutant showed glumaceous Iodicules, which prevented the florets from opening in natural conditions, while the absolute male and female sterility was an obvious character of the current mutant. Observation on the process of floral organ morphogenesis by a scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that no phenotype difference in floret primordia was found between the wild-type and the mutant. Meanwhile, for the mutant, the beginning of stamen and pistil primordial differentiation was later than the wild type and the palea/lemma-like structure continued to differentiate after the formation of normal palea and lemma. Furthermore, in the mutant the asymmetrical division of floral primordial caused variation in the number of stamens and pistils. Therefore, the genetic analyses indicated that the mutation phenotype was a recessive trait controlled by a single gene and co-segregated with the T-DNA. Based on the phenotypic characteristics, it could be deduced that the mutant was the result of homeotic conversion from the function of the class E genes in ABCD model.展开更多
The cortical development and macronuclear evolution of the marine hypotrichous ciliate Anteholosticha manca, collected from the coastal waters near Qingdao, China, were investigated using the protargol impregnation me...The cortical development and macronuclear evolution of the marine hypotrichous ciliate Anteholosticha manca, collected from the coastal waters near Qingdao, China, were investigated using the protargol impregnation method. The morphogenesis of A. manca is generally typical for the genus, and can be characterized as the following features ： （ 1 ） in the proter, a new oral primordium is formed on the bottom （beneath the pellicle） of the buccal cavity, disorganization of the parental undulating membranes do not contribute to the formation of this primordium ; （2） FVT-cirral anlagen in both dividers develop independently, and very likely only a few midventral cirri join in the formation of these primordia; （ 3 ） both marginal row and dorsal kinety anlagen develop intrakinetally within the parental structure; （4） at the middle stage, macronuclear segments fuse together to form a single mass as observed in most of its related forms.展开更多
The topology optimization method of continuum structures is adopted for the morphogenesis of dendriforms during the conceptual design phase. The topology optimization model with minimizing structural strain energy as ...The topology optimization method of continuum structures is adopted for the morphogenesis of dendriforms during the conceptual design phase. The topology optimization model with minimizing structural strain energy as objective and subject to structural weight constraint is established by the independent continuous mapping method (ICM) which is a popular and efficient method for the topology optimization of continuum structures. This optimization model is an optimization problem with a single constraint and can be solved by the iteration formula established based on the saddle condition. Taking the morphogenesis of a plane dendriform as an example, the influences on topologies of the dendriform are discussed for several factors such as the ratio of the reserved weight to the total weight, the stiffness and the geometry shape of the roof structure, the height of the design area, and so on. And several examples of application scenarios are presented, too. Numerical examples show that the proposed structural topology optimization method for the morphogenesis of dendriforms is feasible. It can provide diversiform topologies for the conceptual design of dendriforms.展开更多
This article describes the lake basins of the Jom-Bolok volcanic region in the East Sayan (the largest manifestation of the Holocene eruptions in Central Asia).The geomorphological position,origins,aspects of the stru...This article describes the lake basins of the Jom-Bolok volcanic region in the East Sayan (the largest manifestation of the Holocene eruptions in Central Asia).The geomorphological position,origins,aspects of the structure and development are reviewed considering its sedimentary filling.The limnic morphogenesis here develops under the conditions of contrasting relief,high energy of neotectonic and exogenous processes.We established that Lake Khara-Nur,formed as a result of lava-damming of the Jom-Bolok river valley,emerged in its present form approximately 6500 years ago.A complex record on the environment and climatic changes,acquired from its sediments,made it possible to determine for the first time in this region the long-term trends in the development of the Middle and Late Holocene mountain geosystems and also the distinction of several paleogeographic stages of the formation of the natural environment.An average geochemical record resolution for the bottom sediments of the lake was made uniquely for the East Siberian lake records and is equal to 35 years,while the palynological record approximates 110 years.展开更多
Microtubules play important roles in neuronal morphogenesis, including cellular polarization, neurite growth, and branching. A microtubule is a polymer of a- and β-tubulin heterodimers that are formed by a multistep ...Microtubules play important roles in neuronal morphogenesis, including cellular polarization, neurite growth, and branching. A microtubule is a polymer of a- and β-tubulin heterodimers that are formed by a multistep process assisted by at least five tubulin-fold- ing cofactors （TBCA-E） （Lopez-Fanarraga et al., 2001）. Newly syn- thesized α- and β-tubulins associate with the cytosolic chaperonin complex （CCT）, and then the quasi-native tubulins interact with five tubulin-folding cofactors. The α- and β-tubulins first interact with TBCB and TBCA, which are further transferred to TBCE and TBCD, respectively. The α- and β-tubulins, TBCC, TBCD, and TBCE form a supercomplex, and guanosine triphosphate （GTP） hydrolysis occurs within the supercomplex, releasing a tubulin heterodimer. In addition to their functions in tubulin folding and tubulin heterodimer formation, excess amounts of TBCD or TBCE may interact with tubulin heterodimers, leading to their degrada- tion. Thus, tubulin-folding cofactors may play a role in both the synthesis and degradation of tubulin heterodimers.展开更多
The object of this study was to adapt in vitro system for morphogenesis and regeneration of microshoots of common milkweed （Asclepias syriaca L.） applying different concentrations of hydrogen ion （H＋） and cytokin...The object of this study was to adapt in vitro system for morphogenesis and regeneration of microshoots of common milkweed （Asclepias syriaca L.） applying different concentrations of hydrogen ion （H＋） and cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine （BAP）. The influence of BAP and hydrogen ion （H＋） on the level of primary （chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids） and secondary （flavonoids and hydrolyzable and condensed tannins） metabolites in in vitro grown Asclepias syriaca L, were evaluated. Six different concentrations of BAP （0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ~tmol/L） and three different concentrations of hydrogen ion （pH 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5） were applied to the woody plant medium （WPM） medium used for microshoots propagation. The most effective morphogenesis of Asclepias syriaca L. was observed in culture medium supplemented with 2 p, mol/L BAP. However, synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites was the most intensive when cytokinin concentration reached the value of 3 gmol/L BAP. It was determined that the activity of hydrogen ion （H＋）, measured as the pH of culture medium, had a significant effect on secondary metabolites in the shoots in vitro.展开更多
Oasis of the Rheris is located in the South-East of Morocco in the province of Errachidia, in the region of Draa-Tafilalt. This zone of study contains in its administrative unit the municipality of Goulmima, and two r...Oasis of the Rheris is located in the South-East of Morocco in the province of Errachidia, in the region of Draa-Tafilalt. This zone of study contains in its administrative unit the municipality of Goulmima, and two rural communes: Gheris El Ouloui and Gheris Essoufli. The cretaceous basin of Gheris constitutes of the principal geomorphological entities is limited by the carbonated Jurassic High-Atlas in Tadighoust in north and west. In the south, the Anti-Atlas chain of Mellab and Tinjdad is dominated by a Precambrian base which supports with its back a thick cover of the Paleozoic. And in the center there is Rheris Oasis which characterizes this bioclimatic zone. This oasis looks like an island in the saharan desert. Finally, Hammada de Meski is located in the east. In the tourist literature of Morocco, it mentions the gravitational landscapes in the south of Morocco, of which are geomorphosites of Goulmima that offer superb landscapes. From my point of view, the primary reason behind this research task is to promote geo-eco-tourism for sustainable development of this area. Several tourists cross the zone of study, especially Amellagou-Tinjdad circuit because they are attracted much when they arrive at the beautiful landscape of Rheris, such as geomorphlogical landscape (Tifounassine: full of fresh water). There are many other sources like Tamda N’mssoud, Boukhazm and Asdram of a distance from important observation which offers a beautiful vision on the synclinorium infracenomanian. According to Panizza (2001), the geomorphosites are forms of the relief which have acquired a scientific, cultural and historical, aesthetic, didactic and/or socio-economic value because of their perception. The cartography of the geomorphosites fundamentally aims at giving to the users an immediate perception of the space distribution and representation of the forms of the relief [1]. Today, the use of the Geographical Information Systems has acquired an important growing because of the possibilities of update and interaction with the user with a view to natural regional planning. The digital models of ground (MNT), extracted from the satellite pictures offer valuable help for the analysis and the detailed cartography of the reliefs. The GIS applied to the geographical zone of Goulmima led to the construction and the reading of the results produced by several cards sets of themes.展开更多
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of intestinal organoid morphogenesis remains a fundamental chal-lenge in organoid biology.Emerging evidence highlights mechanical bistability as a critical regulator,mediated by...Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of intestinal organoid morphogenesis remains a fundamental chal-lenge in organoid biology.Emerging evidence highlights mechanical bistability as a critical regulator,mediated by dynamic lumen-actomyosin feedback.The recently developed 3D vertex model demonstrates that crypt curvature modulates actomyosin localization via mechanosensitive pathways,creating two stable morphological states-bulged or budded-depending on mechanical history.This model advances beyond static vertex models by incorporating epithelial thickness variations and lumen pressure effects,explaining previously unresolved phenomena like irreversible crypt budding and snap-through transitions.The findings establish a new framework for understanding mechanical decision-making in epithelial tissues,with implications for organoid engineering and developmental biology.展开更多
The Shroom(Shrm)family of actin-binding proteins has a unique and highly conserved Apx/Shrm Domain 2(ASD2)motif.Shroom protein directs the subcellular localization of Rho-associated kinase(ROCK),which remodels the act...The Shroom(Shrm)family of actin-binding proteins has a unique and highly conserved Apx/Shrm Domain 2(ASD2)motif.Shroom protein directs the subcellular localization of Rho-associated kinase(ROCK),which remodels the actomyosin cytoskeleton and changes cellular morphology via its ability to phosphorylate and activate non-muscle myosin II.Therefore,the Shrm-ROCK complex is critical for the cellular shape and the development of many tissues,including the neural tube,eye,intestines,heart,and vasculature system.Importantly,the structure and expression of Shrm proteins are also associated with neural tube defects,chronic kidney disease,metastasis of carcinoma,and X-link mental retardation.Therefore,a better understanding of Shrm-mediated signaling transduction pathways is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies to minimize damage resulting in abnormal Shrm proteins.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the various Shrm proteins and their roles in morphogenesis and disease.展开更多
Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem a...Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how threedimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32200222)the High-level Talents Start-up Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University, China (J242198006)+2 种基金the Start-up Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University, China (2021BQ84)the Shanxi Province Outstanding Doctoral and Post-Doctoral Scholarship Award Foundation,China(SXBYKY 2021055 and SXBYKY2022033)the Houji Laboratory Foundation, China (202204010910001-32)。
文摘Foxtail millet(Setaria italica) is one of the primary multigrain crops originating from China, with a long history of cultivation and significant importance in Chinese farming civilization(Diao 2019). However, the excessive height of foxtail millet plants makes them susceptible to lodging, severely impacting the yield(Tian et al. 2010;Diao et al. 2024). During the “Green Revolution”, many types of cereals, including rice(Oryza sativa L.) and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)(Brosius 1991;Peng et al. 1999), were bred to dwarf, resulting in significantly increased yields. Consequently, reducing plant height has become a key breeding objective for foxtail millet.
基金supported by grants from the Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071541,81971283,82271576,and 82101570)the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2023-PT320-08).
文摘Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASDs)are reported as a group of neurodevelopmental disorders.The structural changes of brain regions including the hippocampus were widely reported in autistic patients and mouse models with dysfunction of ASD risk genes,but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.Here,we report that deletion of Trio,a high-susceptibility gene of ASDs,causes a postnatal dentate gyrus(DG)hypoplasia with a zigzagged suprapyramidal blade,and the Trio-defcient mice display autism-like behaviors.The impaired morphogenesis of DG is mainly caused by disturbing the postnatal distribution of postmitotic granule cells(GCs),which further results in a migration defcit of neural progenitors.Furthermore,we reveal that Trio plays diferent roles in various excitatory neural cells by spatial transcriptomic sequencing,especially the role of regulating the migration of postmitotic GCs.In summary,our fndings provide evidence of cellular mechanisms that Trio is involved in postnatal DG morphogenesis.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32270219,31970216)。
文摘The marine green algae genus Chaetomorpha is a common source of“green tide”and is widespread on coasts around the world.In this study,based on invasive Chaetomorpha valida collected from the Shandong Peninsula,the morphogenesis and reproductive characteristics of two strains that are morphologically different from each other,were observed using experimental biology methods.The main results are as follows:(1)significant difference in the size of reproductive cells produced by Strains 1 and 2;(2)gametes produced by Strain 2 are isogamous and same gametangial during the binding process of gametes,whereas those of Strain 1 are isogamous but hetero-cystic;(3)progeny from Strain 1 has rhizoidal holdfast,whereas that of Strain 2 has discoid holdfast;(4)gametophytic“branching”was found in Strain 1.These results could validate the high phenotypic plasticity of macroalgae and offered an interpretation of habitat adaptation.Furthermore,this study innovatively provided fundamental research on the selection of macroalgal traits and explored competitive strategies for the dominant survival of macroalgae from a new perspective.
基金National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001403)National Science Foundation of China(32101764).
文摘Cotton has enormous economic potential,providing high-quality protein,oil,and fibre.But the comprehensive utilization of cottonseed is limited by the presence of pigment gland and its inclusion.Pigment gland is a common characteristic of Gossypium genus and its relatives,appearing as visible dark opaque dots in most tissues and organs of cotton plants.Secondary metabolites,such as gossypol,synthesized and stored in the cavities of pigment glands act as natural phytoalexins,but are toxic to humans and other monogastric animals.However,only a few cotton genes have been identified as being associated with pigment gland morphogenesis to date,and the developmental processes and regulatory mechanism involved in pigment gland formation remain largely unclear.Here,the research progress on the process of pigment gland morphogenesis and the genetic basis of cotton pigment glands is reviewed,for providing a theoretical basis for cultivating cotton with the ideal pigment gland trait.
文摘The hepatitis B virus （HBV） particle consists of an envelope containing three related surface proteins and probably lipid and an icosahedral nucleocapsid of approximately 30 nm diameter enclosing the viral DNA genome and DNA polymerase. The capsid is formed in the cytosol of the infected cell during packaging of an RNA pregenome replication complex by multiple copies of a 21-kDa C protein. The capsid gains the ability to bud during synthesis of the viral DNA genome by reverse transcription of the pregenome in the lumen of the particle. The three envelope proteins S, t4, and L shape a complex transmembrane fold at the endoplasmic reticulum, and form disulfide-linked homoand heterodimers. The transmembrane topology of a fraction of the large envelope protein L changes posttranslationally, therefore, the N terminal domain of L （preS） finally appears on both sides of the membrane. During budding at an intracellular membrane, a short linear domain in the cytosolic preS region interacts with binding sites on the capsid surface. The virions are subsequently secreted into the blood. In addition, the surface proteins can bud in the absence of capsids and form subviral lipoprotein particles of 20 nm diameter which are also secreted.
基金supported by the National 973 Program of China(2015CB150600)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2017A030310144)
文摘The basidiomycetous fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes sugarcane smut that leads to severe economic losses in the major sugarcane growing areas in China,India and Brazil,etc.Autophagy is a conserved pathway in eukaryotes for bulk degradation and cellular recycling,and was shown to be important for fungal cell growth,development,and pathogenicity.However,physiological function of autophagy has not been studied in S.scitamineum.In this study,we identified a conserved Atg8 protein,named as SsAtg8 and characterized its function.Our results showed that autophagy was blocked in the ssatg8Δ mutant,in nitrogen starvation.The ssatg8Δ mutant formed pseudohypha frequently and was hypersensitive to oxidative stress.However,mating or filamenation was unaffected in the ssatg8Δ mutant in vitro.Overall we demonstrate that autophagy is dispensable for S.scitamineum mating/filamentation,while critical for oxidative stress tolerance and proper morphology in sporidial stage.
基金NSF REU (DBI 0649190)Tufts Summer Scholars and Marshall Awards for funding
文摘Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides （atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, triadimefon, and glyphosate） in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked. We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The effects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures affect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.
基金supported by NSFC 81900965 from National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaJ.H.is supported by R00DE025874 from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research(NIH/NIDCR).
文摘During embryonic development,organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms.While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis,mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well.These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations,shape and size changes,proliferation and differentiation,as well as gene expression changes,and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions.In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures,including the tooth,the mandible,the palate,and the cranium.We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
基金supported by startup fund from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and the NSF Plant Genome Research Program Award 1546890.It was also supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701889)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2018J01601).
文摘The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops.For trioecious papaya(Carica papaya),highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is controlled by gene networks and influenced by environmental factors,but the regulatory mechanism in gynoecium morphogenesis is unclear.Gynodioecious and dioecious papaya varieties were used for analysis of differentially expressed genes followed by experiments using auxin and an auxin transporter inhibitor.We first compared differential gene expression in functional and rudimentary gynoecium at early stage of their development and detected significant difference in phytohormone modulating and transduction processes,particularly auxin.Enhanced auxin signal transduction in rudimentary gynoecium was observed.To determine the role auxin plays in the papaya gynoecium,auxin transport inhibitor(N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid,NPA)and synthetic auxin analogs with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the trunk apex of male and female plants of dioecious papaya.Weakening of auxin transport by 10 mg/L NPA treatment resulted in female fertility restoration in male flowers,while female flowers did not show changes.NPA treatment with higher concentration(30 and 50 mg/L)caused deformed flowers in both male and female plants.We hypothesize that the occurrence of rudimentary gynoecium patterning might associate with auxin homeostasis alteration.Proper auxin concentration and auxin homeostasis might be crucial for functional gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya flowers.These results will lead to further investigation on the auxin homeostasis and gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya.
基金This Project was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Morphogenesis during cell division was investigated in oligotrichous ciliate,Halteria grandinella utilizing protargol impregnated specimens. The cortical morphogenetical pattern of Hdteria grandinella is generally similar to that given by Faure-Fremiet. The prater inherits the parental adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) appar ently unchanged; in the opisthe the oral primordium develops de novo from a single AZM-anlage; somatic cirri for both the proter and opisthe are separately differentiated from 10 (seldom 9) cirral primordia that originate de novo from 10 latitudinal developmental anlagen. The anlage of paroral membrane of opisthe forms just to the right of the posterior end of the oral primordium. Each streak of cirral primordia develops 4 groups of basal body pairs: both of the anterior two consist of only one pair of basal bodies, on the contrary, each of the last two groups has 2 basal body pairs.
文摘A multi-glume （mg） mutant was obtained by screening the T-DNA inserted mutant pool. Anatomical observation revealed that the florets of the mutant showed elongated leafy paleas/lemmas and palea/lemma-like structures, just like multi-glumes. Among the 215 observed florets of the mutant, 14.27% were failed to produce pistil and stamens, 23.72% showed extra floret generated on the same rachilla, while 62.01% consisted of one to nine stamens and one to three pistils in a single floret. On the other hand, in some cases the transparent bulged vesile-like tissue could be observed at the basis of filament. The mutant showed glumaceous Iodicules, which prevented the florets from opening in natural conditions, while the absolute male and female sterility was an obvious character of the current mutant. Observation on the process of floral organ morphogenesis by a scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that no phenotype difference in floret primordia was found between the wild-type and the mutant. Meanwhile, for the mutant, the beginning of stamen and pistil primordial differentiation was later than the wild type and the palea/lemma-like structure continued to differentiate after the formation of normal palea and lemma. Furthermore, in the mutant the asymmetrical division of floral primordial caused variation in the number of stamens and pistils. Therefore, the genetic analyses indicated that the mutation phenotype was a recessive trait controlled by a single gene and co-segregated with the T-DNA. Based on the phenotypic characteristics, it could be deduced that the mutant was the result of homeotic conversion from the function of the class E genes in ABCD model.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos30570236 and 30430090the Darwin Initiative Programme of UKunder contract No 14-015the Center of Excellence in Biodiversity,King Saud University,Saudi Arabia
文摘The cortical development and macronuclear evolution of the marine hypotrichous ciliate Anteholosticha manca, collected from the coastal waters near Qingdao, China, were investigated using the protargol impregnation method. The morphogenesis of A. manca is generally typical for the genus, and can be characterized as the following features ： （ 1 ） in the proter, a new oral primordium is formed on the bottom （beneath the pellicle） of the buccal cavity, disorganization of the parental undulating membranes do not contribute to the formation of this primordium ; （2） FVT-cirral anlagen in both dividers develop independently, and very likely only a few midventral cirri join in the formation of these primordia; （ 3 ） both marginal row and dorsal kinety anlagen develop intrakinetally within the parental structure; （4） at the middle stage, macronuclear segments fuse together to form a single mass as observed in most of its related forms.
文摘The topology optimization method of continuum structures is adopted for the morphogenesis of dendriforms during the conceptual design phase. The topology optimization model with minimizing structural strain energy as objective and subject to structural weight constraint is established by the independent continuous mapping method (ICM) which is a popular and efficient method for the topology optimization of continuum structures. This optimization model is an optimization problem with a single constraint and can be solved by the iteration formula established based on the saddle condition. Taking the morphogenesis of a plane dendriform as an example, the influences on topologies of the dendriform are discussed for several factors such as the ratio of the reserved weight to the total weight, the stiffness and the geometry shape of the roof structure, the height of the design area, and so on. And several examples of application scenarios are presented, too. Numerical examples show that the proposed structural topology optimization method for the morphogenesis of dendriforms is feasible. It can provide diversiform topologies for the conceptual design of dendriforms.
基金The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation,the State Assignment No.IX.130.3.1.(0350-2016-0026),No.IX.136.2.(0346-2016-0005)Russian Science Foundation,No.16-17-10079(geomorphology,pollen and isotopic studies)+1 种基金Russian Foundation for Basic Research,No.16-05-00586The Project,No.074-02-2018-334
文摘This article describes the lake basins of the Jom-Bolok volcanic region in the East Sayan (the largest manifestation of the Holocene eruptions in Central Asia).The geomorphological position,origins,aspects of the structure and development are reviewed considering its sedimentary filling.The limnic morphogenesis here develops under the conditions of contrasting relief,high energy of neotectonic and exogenous processes.We established that Lake Khara-Nur,formed as a result of lava-damming of the Jom-Bolok river valley,emerged in its present form approximately 6500 years ago.A complex record on the environment and climatic changes,acquired from its sediments,made it possible to determine for the first time in this region the long-term trends in the development of the Middle and Late Holocene mountain geosystems and also the distinction of several paleogeographic stages of the formation of the natural environment.An average geochemical record resolution for the bottom sediments of the lake was made uniquely for the East Siberian lake records and is equal to 35 years,while the palynological record approximates 110 years.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology in Japan to MM and TCthe Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to MO,MM,and TCthe Japan Science and Technology Agency to M.M.and TC
文摘Microtubules play important roles in neuronal morphogenesis, including cellular polarization, neurite growth, and branching. A microtubule is a polymer of a- and β-tubulin heterodimers that are formed by a multistep process assisted by at least five tubulin-fold- ing cofactors （TBCA-E） （Lopez-Fanarraga et al., 2001）. Newly syn- thesized α- and β-tubulins associate with the cytosolic chaperonin complex （CCT）, and then the quasi-native tubulins interact with five tubulin-folding cofactors. The α- and β-tubulins first interact with TBCB and TBCA, which are further transferred to TBCE and TBCD, respectively. The α- and β-tubulins, TBCC, TBCD, and TBCE form a supercomplex, and guanosine triphosphate （GTP） hydrolysis occurs within the supercomplex, releasing a tubulin heterodimer. In addition to their functions in tubulin folding and tubulin heterodimer formation, excess amounts of TBCD or TBCE may interact with tubulin heterodimers, leading to their degrada- tion. Thus, tubulin-folding cofactors may play a role in both the synthesis and degradation of tubulin heterodimers.
文摘The object of this study was to adapt in vitro system for morphogenesis and regeneration of microshoots of common milkweed （Asclepias syriaca L.） applying different concentrations of hydrogen ion （H＋） and cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine （BAP）. The influence of BAP and hydrogen ion （H＋） on the level of primary （chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids） and secondary （flavonoids and hydrolyzable and condensed tannins） metabolites in in vitro grown Asclepias syriaca L, were evaluated. Six different concentrations of BAP （0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ~tmol/L） and three different concentrations of hydrogen ion （pH 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5） were applied to the woody plant medium （WPM） medium used for microshoots propagation. The most effective morphogenesis of Asclepias syriaca L. was observed in culture medium supplemented with 2 p, mol/L BAP. However, synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites was the most intensive when cytokinin concentration reached the value of 3 gmol/L BAP. It was determined that the activity of hydrogen ion （H＋）, measured as the pH of culture medium, had a significant effect on secondary metabolites in the shoots in vitro.
文摘Oasis of the Rheris is located in the South-East of Morocco in the province of Errachidia, in the region of Draa-Tafilalt. This zone of study contains in its administrative unit the municipality of Goulmima, and two rural communes: Gheris El Ouloui and Gheris Essoufli. The cretaceous basin of Gheris constitutes of the principal geomorphological entities is limited by the carbonated Jurassic High-Atlas in Tadighoust in north and west. In the south, the Anti-Atlas chain of Mellab and Tinjdad is dominated by a Precambrian base which supports with its back a thick cover of the Paleozoic. And in the center there is Rheris Oasis which characterizes this bioclimatic zone. This oasis looks like an island in the saharan desert. Finally, Hammada de Meski is located in the east. In the tourist literature of Morocco, it mentions the gravitational landscapes in the south of Morocco, of which are geomorphosites of Goulmima that offer superb landscapes. From my point of view, the primary reason behind this research task is to promote geo-eco-tourism for sustainable development of this area. Several tourists cross the zone of study, especially Amellagou-Tinjdad circuit because they are attracted much when they arrive at the beautiful landscape of Rheris, such as geomorphlogical landscape (Tifounassine: full of fresh water). There are many other sources like Tamda N’mssoud, Boukhazm and Asdram of a distance from important observation which offers a beautiful vision on the synclinorium infracenomanian. According to Panizza (2001), the geomorphosites are forms of the relief which have acquired a scientific, cultural and historical, aesthetic, didactic and/or socio-economic value because of their perception. The cartography of the geomorphosites fundamentally aims at giving to the users an immediate perception of the space distribution and representation of the forms of the relief [1]. Today, the use of the Geographical Information Systems has acquired an important growing because of the possibilities of update and interaction with the user with a view to natural regional planning. The digital models of ground (MNT), extracted from the satellite pictures offer valuable help for the analysis and the detailed cartography of the reliefs. The GIS applied to the geographical zone of Goulmima led to the construction and the reading of the results produced by several cards sets of themes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12025207,12372319)USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(YD2090002024,YD2090092204).
文摘Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of intestinal organoid morphogenesis remains a fundamental chal-lenge in organoid biology.Emerging evidence highlights mechanical bistability as a critical regulator,mediated by dynamic lumen-actomyosin feedback.The recently developed 3D vertex model demonstrates that crypt curvature modulates actomyosin localization via mechanosensitive pathways,creating two stable morphological states-bulged or budded-depending on mechanical history.This model advances beyond static vertex models by incorporating epithelial thickness variations and lumen pressure effects,explaining previously unresolved phenomena like irreversible crypt budding and snap-through transitions.The findings establish a new framework for understanding mechanical decision-making in epithelial tissues,with implications for organoid engineering and developmental biology.
文摘The Shroom(Shrm)family of actin-binding proteins has a unique and highly conserved Apx/Shrm Domain 2(ASD2)motif.Shroom protein directs the subcellular localization of Rho-associated kinase(ROCK),which remodels the actomyosin cytoskeleton and changes cellular morphology via its ability to phosphorylate and activate non-muscle myosin II.Therefore,the Shrm-ROCK complex is critical for the cellular shape and the development of many tissues,including the neural tube,eye,intestines,heart,and vasculature system.Importantly,the structure and expression of Shrm proteins are also associated with neural tube defects,chronic kidney disease,metastasis of carcinoma,and X-link mental retardation.Therefore,a better understanding of Shrm-mediated signaling transduction pathways is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies to minimize damage resulting in abnormal Shrm proteins.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the various Shrm proteins and their roles in morphogenesis and disease.
基金The work of the authors is funded by the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） grant 2014CB943500, the National NaturalScience Foundation of China grants 31430010, 31401232, 31872835, and 3171101408, and partly supported by the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry （SKLPPBKF1805）. Y.J. is a Newton Advanced Fellow of the Royal Society.
文摘Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how threedimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.
