It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservat...It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.展开更多
Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built m...Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built mainly from granitic gneiss and marble have undergone marked weathering damages. According to the definitions,weathering forms were identified and they were categorized into展开更多
Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （gra...Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （granitic gneiss and marble） and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently-developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite （NaCa2Al2[PO4）]2 [F,OH]5·2H2O） is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens.展开更多
The territory of the Shimabara Peninsula could recover steadily from volcanic disasters associated with the eruption at Unzen during 1991-1995. The disasters and the recovery brought various lessons, related to respon...The territory of the Shimabara Peninsula could recover steadily from volcanic disasters associated with the eruption at Unzen during 1991-1995. The disasters and the recovery brought various lessons, related to responses to volcanic eruptions and hazards, support system for people impacted by the disasters and the method for socioeconomic recovery. After the eruption, education facilities to learn volcanic eruptions and disasters, such as the Mount Unzen Disaster Memorial Hall, were prepared, as well as scientific projects to clarify eruption mechanisms were carried out. Under these circumstances, holding two international conferences were invited. The 5th Cities on Volcanoes Conference and the 5th International UNESCO Conference on Geoparks were held in Shimabara in 2007 and 2012, respectively. Under these circumstances, holding two international conferences were invited. On the process that local people recovered from the disasters, the communities carried out disaster-prevention education and volcano tourism, utilizing the Mount Unzen Disaster Memorial Hall and the park of houses buried by mudflow deposits. The memorial hall archives valuable materials of the disasters and provides simulations of volcanic eruptions with the newest technology, by which visitors can learn about volcanic eruptions. Disaster remains, such as the memorial hall and park, are effective for visitors who did not experience volcanic disasters and are difficult to imagine the real volcanic hazard.展开更多
In the concern of the preservation of the main historic monuments of the cities of Rabat and Sale (Morocco), a botanical study was conducted in 2009. The prospecting of these monuments allowed raising an inventory of ...In the concern of the preservation of the main historic monuments of the cities of Rabat and Sale (Morocco), a botanical study was conducted in 2009. The prospecting of these monuments allowed raising an inventory of the flora populating their building materials, and it has proved that this flora is rich and diversified. Indeed, it consists of 171 adventitious species distributed in 46 botanical families. The most represented families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Geraniaceae, Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. They supply, to them only 49.7% of the specific size. The annual therophytes and the dicotyledon are dominant with respectively 66.7% and 84.7% of the specific size. Nevertheless, the presence of more than 20 species of trees and perennials constitutes a serious danger for bulwarks walls, especially by the phenomenon of fissuring by the action of the huge roots of these vegetables. These vegetables fitting into are placed on joints or cracks fissures have a chemical action on stones by acids that they release, and also a mechanical action by the growth of roots inside cracks fissures. They remain one of these are one of the important biological factors of the degradation of historic monuments. It is to note that the bulwarks walls of the site of Chella (Roman ruins) present more floral diversity than the other canvassed monuments (91 species) that are 53% of the total size.展开更多
The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influen...The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influence on literary thinking. Starting from some details about Lenin＇s vision and plan, the article will further present how the act of transposition of a monument into texts---the act of materialization monuments in literary signs--causes some kind of monumental spectrality or dematerialization and as a consequence, the disappearance of art in Rancieran sense in which the art disappears when it becomes transparent for itself. To prove this thesis, the article will analyze two main architectural examples： Tatlin＇s Monument to the Third International （as the great realization of Lenin＇s doctrine） and Polish Palace of Culture and Science which was the theme of many Polish Socialist poems. In conclusion, the article will also present some broader perspective of modem architectural utopias and their spectrality.展开更多
In caves and monuments, biocorrosion caused by bats occurs partly under accumulations of guano. Tests were carried out both at cave temperature and under hot conditions in the laboratory on 4 different limestones. A c...In caves and monuments, biocorrosion caused by bats occurs partly under accumulations of guano. Tests were carried out both at cave temperature and under hot conditions in the laboratory on 4 different limestones. A comparison of the results obtained using these two methods shows that the processes leading to the weathering of the limestones are the same, and that the hot laboratory tests accelerate them in a well-constrained way. The higher the porosity and capillarity of the limestone, the faster the weathering process. The presence of large calcite crystals also favors weathering. In caves, the ablation rates obtained (8 mm/ka) are sufficient to destroy engravings in a few decades. In monuments, ablation rates are even higher because of the temperature, and could theoretically reach 32 cm/ka in extreme conditions at 80˚C. The laboratory test developed here can be adapted to the temperature of each case study. It has already demonstrated the mechanisms that lead from weathering to the formation of a phosphate crust.展开更多
The way monuments hold sway seem stable and predictable,yet their‘meanings’migrate and their traditionally accepted roles shift.In South Africa there are monuments that commemorate achievements once considered lauda...The way monuments hold sway seem stable and predictable,yet their‘meanings’migrate and their traditionally accepted roles shift.In South Africa there are monuments that commemorate achievements once considered laudable,that have become symbols of oppressive systems.The challenge facing the current generation is to make sense of these monuments in a way that will dignify the lived situation of all stakeholders.One such contested monument is the statue of President M.T.Steyn that used to stand in front of the Main Building of the University of the Free State.The statue divided the campus community.It provoked some students to violent unrest,while others saw it as an important heritage marker.How could the seemingly irreconcilable conflict between these stakeholders be resolved while adhering to heritage laws and without alienating a significant portion of the student body?The complex process that followed relied on creative leaps to provoke public participation and stimulate new forms of appreciation amid shifting regions of concern.One important facet of this process was the construction of a reflective triangular prism installation which provoked new visual,experiential and spatial relationships with the monument,including the visual removal of the statue from the‘axis of power’,the celebration of oblique views,and opportunities to face the statue in a distorted mirror.This article will critically reflect on the poetic process of strange-making that was followed in the relocation of the President M.T.Steyn statue in order to illustrate how traditional conflict resolution strategies can be reinterpreted in terms of German philosopher,Martin Heidegger’s notion of inceptual thinking.The resulting approach opens new possibilities for creatively rescripting contested monuments;a way of thinking which engages the inceptual regionings impacting the way people live as beings of emplaced care.展开更多
Kenya’s coastal monuments,crucial for its cultural heritage,face increasing threats from climate change,including sea-level rise and erosion.This research investigated the conditions of the monuments as impacted by c...Kenya’s coastal monuments,crucial for its cultural heritage,face increasing threats from climate change,including sea-level rise and erosion.This research investigated the conditions of the monuments as impacted by climate change and the need for adaptation strategies to protect these sites.Employing a mixed-methods approach,including literature reviews,on-site observations,and interviews with professionals and locals,the study documented significant climate-related damages,such as wall flaking,erosion,and structural decay.The findings revealed a critical gap in current conservation practices,highlighting the necessity for a holistic adaptation framework.This framework comprises four key components:vulnerability assessment,risk management,community engagement,and policy integration.Vulnerability assessment involves mapping climate risks,while risk management integrates engineering solutions with traditional conservation methods.Community engagement ensures local participation in decision-making,and policy integration necessitates incorporating climate adaptation into heritage management plans.The proposed framework aims to enhance the resilience of these monuments,ensuring their preservation for future generations.This research contributes to the knowledge base on climate change adaptation in heritage conservation,providing a practical,context-specific approach for safeguarding cultural heritage in vulnerable coastal environments.展开更多
Water stability of soil is crucial to the durability of earthen monuments,especially those located in the humid weather condition.This paper discusses the selection reason of materials(tung oil and quicklime) for eart...Water stability of soil is crucial to the durability of earthen monuments,especially those located in the humid weather condition.This paper discusses the selection reason of materials(tung oil and quicklime) for earthen monument treatment,and then validates the applicability of these materials with tests of soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC),aggregate stability test(AST) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The soil tested was sampled from Da Bao'en temple in Nanjing,Jiangsu province,China.The test results indicate that the carbonation reaction of quicklime offers a favorable environment for the formation of tung oil film.Meanwhile,the regulatory function of tung oil restricts the crystallinity of calcium carbonate(CaCO3) and forms fine crystals.Soil treated with both of tung oil and quicklime has good water repellency and aggregate stability without obvious changing in aesthetic appearance.Hydrophobicity and carbonation treatment can be applied prospectively in the conservation of earthen monument located in humid weather condition.展开更多
During the last decade,countryside conservation and rural revitalisation have gained increasing public attention in Hong Kong,after the recent launching of conservation policies and funding mechanisms.Occurring primar...During the last decade,countryside conservation and rural revitalisation have gained increasing public attention in Hong Kong,after the recent launching of conservation policies and funding mechanisms.Occurring primarily between the city’s urban cores and the natural wilderness,countryside conservation is promoted not because of a desire to retain the rural landscape for traditional farming,but rather,it is done more for urbanites to rediscover and enjoy the cultural diversity and natural environments.展开更多
Archaeologists(考古学家)have unearthed the remains of a Mayan city nearly 3,000 years old in northern Guatemala,with pyramids(金字塔)and monuments that showcase its significance as an important ceremonial site.The May...Archaeologists(考古学家)have unearthed the remains of a Mayan city nearly 3,000 years old in northern Guatemala,with pyramids(金字塔)and monuments that showcase its significance as an important ceremonial site.The Mayan civilization arose around 2000 BC,reaching its height between 400 AD and 900 AD in what is present-day southern Mexico and Guatemala,as well as parts of Belize,El Salvador and Honduras.展开更多
The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to ...The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to generation to keep it alive.There is a risk lying that a certain element could die or disappear if the chain broke.Pakistan is home of the centuries-old civilizations like Mehrgarh,Indus Valley,and Gandhara.It hosts scores of archaeological sites dated back more than to 9,000 years.Many of them revered for not only the followers of the world’s three major religions namely Buddhism,Sikhism,and Hinduism but also from some pre-historic religions such as Aryan,Barhaman,and ancient Iranian and Greek religions.The northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province of Pakistan hosts 70%of the sites in the country sacred to Sikhs and Buddhists religion.At present the ratio of visitors to religious archaeological sites and monuments is very low as compared to other developing countries,especially the neighboring countries.We can increase in number of tourists from abroad as our country has great potential to attract visitors from the world to visit Hindu Temples,Sikh Gurdwaras,Christians Churches,Buddhist Stupas&Monasteries,Jain Temples,Muslims religious shrines,tombs,and other establishments.The best practices of protection and its proper projection both at home and abroad will increase the volume of travel and religious tourism in our country.Further by adopting such proposed measures and steps will not only present a soft image of Pakistan to the world but can contribute at large for the socio-economic development in the country.展开更多
This study investigates the impact of bedding plane orientation on sodium chloride(NaCl)precipitation in a calcarenite stone,subjected to salt weathering cycles.It involves conducting wetting-drying cycles using sodiu...This study investigates the impact of bedding plane orientation on sodium chloride(NaCl)precipitation in a calcarenite stone,subjected to salt weathering cycles.It involves conducting wetting-drying cycles using sodium chloride on two series of specimens sampled parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane.Capillary imbibition was carried out using saline solutions of two concentrations(15 g/L and 45 g/L).SEM observations show that,across all contaminated samples,halite precipitates mainly on the surface,in the form of efflorescence,while subflorescence remains negligible.The analysis identifies two distinct halite morphologies:(i)cubic crystals of 2 to 10μm at grain boundaries and(ii)xenomorphic aggregates on pore walls,reflecting that the size and morphology of halite crystals vary according to local nucleation conditions,influenced by the mineralogical composition of the substrates and the degree of supersaturation reached during the cycles.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed significantly higher halite precipitation in samples oriented perpendicular to the sediment bedding(4.53–5.22%)than in those oriented parallel(2.71–4.17%),indicating that bedding plane orientation is a determining factor in weathering processes and the evolution of petrophysical properties.These results demonstrate that capillary transport is intrinsically anisotropic in calcarenite,with bedding orientation controlling both the amount of precipitated salt and the location of crystallizations.This study thus establishes a solid mechanistic framework for predicting salt weathering patterns in stratified heritage stones,and offers concrete perspectives for optimizing conservation strategies in coastal environments.展开更多
Wars have been frequently commemorated in public space.In Spain,the Peninsular War has become key for memory policies almost since its beginning.More than 370 monuments from that period still stand today.Most of these...Wars have been frequently commemorated in public space.In Spain,the Peninsular War has become key for memory policies almost since its beginning.More than 370 monuments from that period still stand today.Most of these monuments recall heroic achievements by Spanish men or regiments,but some(more than twenty)provide reminders of the occupying troops coming from France.The most important of these is the obelisk built in Cabrera,in the Balearic archipelago,where many prisoners,who had been defeated in Bailén(1808),were taken.Many of those soldiers died and/or suffered several illnesses there,prompting the Prince of Joinville to commission a monument there in their memory.Although there Swiss,German,Polish and Italian soldiers were also present,only the French are engraved in the stone.Primary and secondary sources have been used to complete this research.Despite the difficult place of the monument and the limited number of recent studies,this paper studies and analyses the process that led to this memory antenna.展开更多
First Stop of the‘Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series’Launched in Bulgaria On 12 February,the first stop of the new series“Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series”organized by the Zhejiang Art ...First Stop of the‘Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series’Launched in Bulgaria On 12 February,the first stop of the new series“Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series”organized by the Zhejiang Art Museum opened at the Buzludzha Monument in Bulgaria.This exhibition used light as a medium and nomadism as a method.展开更多
Open and green spaces are essential elements of cities.With the COVID epidemic,the importance of the need for open and green spaces in urban areas has become more understood.The aim of this study is to create a new an...Open and green spaces are essential elements of cities.With the COVID epidemic,the importance of the need for open and green spaces in urban areas has become more understood.The aim of this study is to create a new and contemporary square in the working area where the current use and traffic create chaos,to add a new square to the open and green areas in Ankara(Turkey)and to create a connection between this area and the existing open and green areas.At the same time,health workers are honoured through a memorial area integrated into the square.The importance of the location chosen as the study area is that it is surrounded by many public health facilities and is a point of intersection of Ankara’s existing open green space systems.Throughout the three-stage design process,brainstorming sessions were held,drawings and sketches were made,and urban analyses were carried out on transport,culture,art,education,health,open and green spaces.Solutions were proposed for both indoor and outdoor spaces,and the forms were transformed into functional design elements and reflected in the space.As a result,after the pandemic,a city square has been created where people can socialise again,with a monument,a square,water surfaces,an amphitheatre,viewing terraces,a market area,a bridge,sitting and walking areas that are appropriate to the capital.展开更多
The monument thermal effect(MTE)displacements could result in periodical signals with several mil-limeters magnitudes in the vertical and horizontal GPS position time series.However,the interaction ofvarious origins o...The monument thermal effect(MTE)displacements could result in periodical signals with several mil-limeters magnitudes in the vertical and horizontal GPS position time series.However,the interaction ofvarious origins of periodic signals in GPS observations makes it difficult to isolate the millimeter-levelMTE displacement from other signals and noises.In this study,to assess the diurnal and semidiurnalsignals induced by MTE,we processed 12 very short GPS baselines(VSGB)with length<150 m.Themonument pairs for each baseline differ in their heights,horizontal structure,or base foundations.Meanwhile,two zero-baselines were also processed as the control group.Results showed that the sea-sonal signals observed in VSGB time series in the horizontal and vertical directions,were mainly inducedby seasonal MTE.Time-varying diurnal and semidiurnal signals with amplitude up to 4 mm wereobserved in the vertical direction for baselines with monument height difference(MHD)larger than10 m.Horizontal diurnal signal with an amplitude of about 2 mm was also detected for baselines withnon-axisymmetric monument structure.The orientation of the detected horizontal displacement wascoherent with the direction of daily temperature variation(DTV)driven by direct solar radiation,whichindicates that the diurnal and semidiurnal signals are likely induced by MTE.The observed high-frequency MTE displacements,if not well modeled and removed,may propagate into spurious long-term signals and bias the velocity estimation in the daily GPS time series.展开更多
On September 12,2023,in a reply letter to Jeffrey Greene,Chairman of the Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation,and Flying Tigers veterans Harry Moyer and Mel McMullen,President Xi Jinping noted,"In the past,...On September 12,2023,in a reply letter to Jeffrey Greene,Chairman of the Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation,and Flying Tigers veterans Harry Moyer and Mel McMullen,President Xi Jinping noted,"In the past,our two peoples fought the Japanese fascists together,and forged a deep friendship that stood the test of blood and fre."展开更多
文摘It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.
文摘Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built mainly from granitic gneiss and marble have undergone marked weathering damages. According to the definitions,weathering forms were identified and they were categorized into
文摘Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （granitic gneiss and marble） and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently-developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite （NaCa2Al2[PO4）]2 [F,OH]5·2H2O） is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens.
文摘The territory of the Shimabara Peninsula could recover steadily from volcanic disasters associated with the eruption at Unzen during 1991-1995. The disasters and the recovery brought various lessons, related to responses to volcanic eruptions and hazards, support system for people impacted by the disasters and the method for socioeconomic recovery. After the eruption, education facilities to learn volcanic eruptions and disasters, such as the Mount Unzen Disaster Memorial Hall, were prepared, as well as scientific projects to clarify eruption mechanisms were carried out. Under these circumstances, holding two international conferences were invited. The 5th Cities on Volcanoes Conference and the 5th International UNESCO Conference on Geoparks were held in Shimabara in 2007 and 2012, respectively. Under these circumstances, holding two international conferences were invited. On the process that local people recovered from the disasters, the communities carried out disaster-prevention education and volcano tourism, utilizing the Mount Unzen Disaster Memorial Hall and the park of houses buried by mudflow deposits. The memorial hall archives valuable materials of the disasters and provides simulations of volcanic eruptions with the newest technology, by which visitors can learn about volcanic eruptions. Disaster remains, such as the memorial hall and park, are effective for visitors who did not experience volcanic disasters and are difficult to imagine the real volcanic hazard.
文摘In the concern of the preservation of the main historic monuments of the cities of Rabat and Sale (Morocco), a botanical study was conducted in 2009. The prospecting of these monuments allowed raising an inventory of the flora populating their building materials, and it has proved that this flora is rich and diversified. Indeed, it consists of 171 adventitious species distributed in 46 botanical families. The most represented families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Geraniaceae, Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. They supply, to them only 49.7% of the specific size. The annual therophytes and the dicotyledon are dominant with respectively 66.7% and 84.7% of the specific size. Nevertheless, the presence of more than 20 species of trees and perennials constitutes a serious danger for bulwarks walls, especially by the phenomenon of fissuring by the action of the huge roots of these vegetables. These vegetables fitting into are placed on joints or cracks fissures have a chemical action on stones by acids that they release, and also a mechanical action by the growth of roots inside cracks fissures. They remain one of these are one of the important biological factors of the degradation of historic monuments. It is to note that the bulwarks walls of the site of Chella (Roman ruins) present more floral diversity than the other canvassed monuments (91 species) that are 53% of the total size.
文摘The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influence on literary thinking. Starting from some details about Lenin＇s vision and plan, the article will further present how the act of transposition of a monument into texts---the act of materialization monuments in literary signs--causes some kind of monumental spectrality or dematerialization and as a consequence, the disappearance of art in Rancieran sense in which the art disappears when it becomes transparent for itself. To prove this thesis, the article will analyze two main architectural examples： Tatlin＇s Monument to the Third International （as the great realization of Lenin＇s doctrine） and Polish Palace of Culture and Science which was the theme of many Polish Socialist poems. In conclusion, the article will also present some broader perspective of modem architectural utopias and their spectrality.
文摘In caves and monuments, biocorrosion caused by bats occurs partly under accumulations of guano. Tests were carried out both at cave temperature and under hot conditions in the laboratory on 4 different limestones. A comparison of the results obtained using these two methods shows that the processes leading to the weathering of the limestones are the same, and that the hot laboratory tests accelerate them in a well-constrained way. The higher the porosity and capillarity of the limestone, the faster the weathering process. The presence of large calcite crystals also favors weathering. In caves, the ablation rates obtained (8 mm/ka) are sufficient to destroy engravings in a few decades. In monuments, ablation rates are even higher because of the temperature, and could theoretically reach 32 cm/ka in extreme conditions at 80˚C. The laboratory test developed here can be adapted to the temperature of each case study. It has already demonstrated the mechanisms that lead from weathering to the formation of a phosphate crust.
文摘The way monuments hold sway seem stable and predictable,yet their‘meanings’migrate and their traditionally accepted roles shift.In South Africa there are monuments that commemorate achievements once considered laudable,that have become symbols of oppressive systems.The challenge facing the current generation is to make sense of these monuments in a way that will dignify the lived situation of all stakeholders.One such contested monument is the statue of President M.T.Steyn that used to stand in front of the Main Building of the University of the Free State.The statue divided the campus community.It provoked some students to violent unrest,while others saw it as an important heritage marker.How could the seemingly irreconcilable conflict between these stakeholders be resolved while adhering to heritage laws and without alienating a significant portion of the student body?The complex process that followed relied on creative leaps to provoke public participation and stimulate new forms of appreciation amid shifting regions of concern.One important facet of this process was the construction of a reflective triangular prism installation which provoked new visual,experiential and spatial relationships with the monument,including the visual removal of the statue from the‘axis of power’,the celebration of oblique views,and opportunities to face the statue in a distorted mirror.This article will critically reflect on the poetic process of strange-making that was followed in the relocation of the President M.T.Steyn statue in order to illustrate how traditional conflict resolution strategies can be reinterpreted in terms of German philosopher,Martin Heidegger’s notion of inceptual thinking.The resulting approach opens new possibilities for creatively rescripting contested monuments;a way of thinking which engages the inceptual regionings impacting the way people live as beings of emplaced care.
文摘Kenya’s coastal monuments,crucial for its cultural heritage,face increasing threats from climate change,including sea-level rise and erosion.This research investigated the conditions of the monuments as impacted by climate change and the need for adaptation strategies to protect these sites.Employing a mixed-methods approach,including literature reviews,on-site observations,and interviews with professionals and locals,the study documented significant climate-related damages,such as wall flaking,erosion,and structural decay.The findings revealed a critical gap in current conservation practices,highlighting the necessity for a holistic adaptation framework.This framework comprises four key components:vulnerability assessment,risk management,community engagement,and policy integration.Vulnerability assessment involves mapping climate risks,while risk management integrates engineering solutions with traditional conservation methods.Community engagement ensures local participation in decision-making,and policy integration necessitates incorporating climate adaptation into heritage management plans.The proposed framework aims to enhance the resilience of these monuments,ensuring their preservation for future generations.This research contributes to the knowledge base on climate change adaptation in heritage conservation,providing a practical,context-specific approach for safeguarding cultural heritage in vulnerable coastal environments.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R & D Program in the 11th Five Year Plan of China (Grant No. 2010BAK67B16)the Outstanding Doctorial Research Scholarship of Lanzhou University (Grant No. )
文摘Water stability of soil is crucial to the durability of earthen monuments,especially those located in the humid weather condition.This paper discusses the selection reason of materials(tung oil and quicklime) for earthen monument treatment,and then validates the applicability of these materials with tests of soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC),aggregate stability test(AST) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The soil tested was sampled from Da Bao'en temple in Nanjing,Jiangsu province,China.The test results indicate that the carbonation reaction of quicklime offers a favorable environment for the formation of tung oil film.Meanwhile,the regulatory function of tung oil restricts the crystallinity of calcium carbonate(CaCO3) and forms fine crystals.Soil treated with both of tung oil and quicklime has good water repellency and aggregate stability without obvious changing in aesthetic appearance.Hydrophobicity and carbonation treatment can be applied prospectively in the conservation of earthen monument located in humid weather condition.
文摘During the last decade,countryside conservation and rural revitalisation have gained increasing public attention in Hong Kong,after the recent launching of conservation policies and funding mechanisms.Occurring primarily between the city’s urban cores and the natural wilderness,countryside conservation is promoted not because of a desire to retain the rural landscape for traditional farming,but rather,it is done more for urbanites to rediscover and enjoy the cultural diversity and natural environments.
文摘Archaeologists(考古学家)have unearthed the remains of a Mayan city nearly 3,000 years old in northern Guatemala,with pyramids(金字塔)and monuments that showcase its significance as an important ceremonial site.The Mayan civilization arose around 2000 BC,reaching its height between 400 AD and 900 AD in what is present-day southern Mexico and Guatemala,as well as parts of Belize,El Salvador and Honduras.
文摘The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to generation to keep it alive.There is a risk lying that a certain element could die or disappear if the chain broke.Pakistan is home of the centuries-old civilizations like Mehrgarh,Indus Valley,and Gandhara.It hosts scores of archaeological sites dated back more than to 9,000 years.Many of them revered for not only the followers of the world’s three major religions namely Buddhism,Sikhism,and Hinduism but also from some pre-historic religions such as Aryan,Barhaman,and ancient Iranian and Greek religions.The northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province of Pakistan hosts 70%of the sites in the country sacred to Sikhs and Buddhists religion.At present the ratio of visitors to religious archaeological sites and monuments is very low as compared to other developing countries,especially the neighboring countries.We can increase in number of tourists from abroad as our country has great potential to attract visitors from the world to visit Hindu Temples,Sikh Gurdwaras,Christians Churches,Buddhist Stupas&Monasteries,Jain Temples,Muslims religious shrines,tombs,and other establishments.The best practices of protection and its proper projection both at home and abroad will increase the volume of travel and religious tourism in our country.Further by adopting such proposed measures and steps will not only present a soft image of Pakistan to the world but can contribute at large for the socio-economic development in the country.
文摘This study investigates the impact of bedding plane orientation on sodium chloride(NaCl)precipitation in a calcarenite stone,subjected to salt weathering cycles.It involves conducting wetting-drying cycles using sodium chloride on two series of specimens sampled parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane.Capillary imbibition was carried out using saline solutions of two concentrations(15 g/L and 45 g/L).SEM observations show that,across all contaminated samples,halite precipitates mainly on the surface,in the form of efflorescence,while subflorescence remains negligible.The analysis identifies two distinct halite morphologies:(i)cubic crystals of 2 to 10μm at grain boundaries and(ii)xenomorphic aggregates on pore walls,reflecting that the size and morphology of halite crystals vary according to local nucleation conditions,influenced by the mineralogical composition of the substrates and the degree of supersaturation reached during the cycles.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed significantly higher halite precipitation in samples oriented perpendicular to the sediment bedding(4.53–5.22%)than in those oriented parallel(2.71–4.17%),indicating that bedding plane orientation is a determining factor in weathering processes and the evolution of petrophysical properties.These results demonstrate that capillary transport is intrinsically anisotropic in calcarenite,with bedding orientation controlling both the amount of precipitated salt and the location of crystallizations.This study thus establishes a solid mechanistic framework for predicting salt weathering patterns in stratified heritage stones,and offers concrete perspectives for optimizing conservation strategies in coastal environments.
基金funded with the Research Project“La respetabilidad burguesa y sus dinámicas culturales,1830–1890”(PID2022-136358NB-I00),by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.
文摘Wars have been frequently commemorated in public space.In Spain,the Peninsular War has become key for memory policies almost since its beginning.More than 370 monuments from that period still stand today.Most of these monuments recall heroic achievements by Spanish men or regiments,but some(more than twenty)provide reminders of the occupying troops coming from France.The most important of these is the obelisk built in Cabrera,in the Balearic archipelago,where many prisoners,who had been defeated in Bailén(1808),were taken.Many of those soldiers died and/or suffered several illnesses there,prompting the Prince of Joinville to commission a monument there in their memory.Although there Swiss,German,Polish and Italian soldiers were also present,only the French are engraved in the stone.Primary and secondary sources have been used to complete this research.Despite the difficult place of the monument and the limited number of recent studies,this paper studies and analyses the process that led to this memory antenna.
文摘First Stop of the‘Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series’Launched in Bulgaria On 12 February,the first stop of the new series“Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series”organized by the Zhejiang Art Museum opened at the Buzludzha Monument in Bulgaria.This exhibition used light as a medium and nomadism as a method.
文摘Open and green spaces are essential elements of cities.With the COVID epidemic,the importance of the need for open and green spaces in urban areas has become more understood.The aim of this study is to create a new and contemporary square in the working area where the current use and traffic create chaos,to add a new square to the open and green areas in Ankara(Turkey)and to create a connection between this area and the existing open and green areas.At the same time,health workers are honoured through a memorial area integrated into the square.The importance of the location chosen as the study area is that it is surrounded by many public health facilities and is a point of intersection of Ankara’s existing open green space systems.Throughout the three-stage design process,brainstorming sessions were held,drawings and sketches were made,and urban analyses were carried out on transport,culture,art,education,health,open and green spaces.Solutions were proposed for both indoor and outdoor spaces,and the forms were transformed into functional design elements and reflected in the space.As a result,after the pandemic,a city square has been created where people can socialise again,with a monument,a square,water surfaces,an amphitheatre,viewing terraces,a market area,a bridge,sitting and walking areas that are appropriate to the capital.
基金funded by the Independent Innovation Project of Changjiang Institute of Survey,Planning,Design and Research Corporation (CX2020Z32)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers42204006 and 42104028)the Open Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory (Grant Numbers 230100020 and 230100019)
文摘The monument thermal effect(MTE)displacements could result in periodical signals with several mil-limeters magnitudes in the vertical and horizontal GPS position time series.However,the interaction ofvarious origins of periodic signals in GPS observations makes it difficult to isolate the millimeter-levelMTE displacement from other signals and noises.In this study,to assess the diurnal and semidiurnalsignals induced by MTE,we processed 12 very short GPS baselines(VSGB)with length<150 m.Themonument pairs for each baseline differ in their heights,horizontal structure,or base foundations.Meanwhile,two zero-baselines were also processed as the control group.Results showed that the sea-sonal signals observed in VSGB time series in the horizontal and vertical directions,were mainly inducedby seasonal MTE.Time-varying diurnal and semidiurnal signals with amplitude up to 4 mm wereobserved in the vertical direction for baselines with monument height difference(MHD)larger than10 m.Horizontal diurnal signal with an amplitude of about 2 mm was also detected for baselines withnon-axisymmetric monument structure.The orientation of the detected horizontal displacement wascoherent with the direction of daily temperature variation(DTV)driven by direct solar radiation,whichindicates that the diurnal and semidiurnal signals are likely induced by MTE.The observed high-frequency MTE displacements,if not well modeled and removed,may propagate into spurious long-term signals and bias the velocity estimation in the daily GPS time series.
文摘On September 12,2023,in a reply letter to Jeffrey Greene,Chairman of the Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation,and Flying Tigers veterans Harry Moyer and Mel McMullen,President Xi Jinping noted,"In the past,our two peoples fought the Japanese fascists together,and forged a deep friendship that stood the test of blood and fre."
