In this paper,the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst with 15%Ni content was prepared using cordierite as a matrix,and the catalyst was modified with 10%NaOH to study the methanation performance of biomass gasification...In this paper,the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst with 15%Ni content was prepared using cordierite as a matrix,and the catalyst was modified with 10%NaOH to study the methanation performance of biomass gasification simulated gas based on alkali-modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst.BET,TEM,H_(2)-TPR,XRD,CO_(2)-TPD and TG were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the catalyst before and after modification.The results indicated that the CO conversion rate trends of unmodified and modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalysts over 2 h were fundamentally consistent.However,the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts modified for 2 h demonstrated significantly enhanced performance compared to those modified for 1 h.Regarding CH4 selectivity,the modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst exhibited markedly better performance than the unmodified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst,confirming the enhanced methane performance of the alkali-modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst.Under optimized conditions(H_(2)/CO volume ratio of 3∶1,space velocity of 10000 mL/(g·h),and temperature of 400℃),the methanation performance of the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst modified for 2 h reached its peak,achieving a CO conversion rate of 97%with 100%CH4 selectivity.展开更多
Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sen...Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of the human skin,we have developed a flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system based on a holey MXene paste,where each vertical one-body unit simultaneously functions as a microsupercapacitor and pressure sensor.The in-plane mesopores of MXene significantly improve ion accessibility,mitigate the self-stacking of nanosheets,and allow the holey MXene to multifunctionally act as a sensing material,an active electrode,and a conductive interconnect,thus drastically reducing the interface mismatch and enhancing the mechanical robustness.Furthermore,we fabricate a large-scale device using a blade-coating and stamping method,which demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility,low-power consumption,rapid response,and stable long-term operation.As a proof-of-concept application,we integrate our sensing array into a smart access control system,leveraging deep learning to accurately identify users based on their unique pressing behaviors.This study provides a promising approach for designing highly integrated,intelligent,and flexible electronic systems for advanced human-computer interactions and personalized electronics.展开更多
Photonic neural networks(PNNs)of sufficiently large physical dimensions and high operation accuracies are envisaged as ideal candidates for breaking the major bottlenecks in the current artificial intelligence archite...Photonic neural networks(PNNs)of sufficiently large physical dimensions and high operation accuracies are envisaged as ideal candidates for breaking the major bottlenecks in the current artificial intelligence architectures in terms of latency,energy efficiency,and computational power.To achieve this vision,it is of vital importance to scale up the PNNs while simultaneously reducing the high demand on the dimensions required by them.The underlying cause of this strategy is the enormous gap between the scales of photonic and electronic integrated circuits.Here,we demonstrate monolithically integrated optical convolutional processors on thin film lithium niobate(TFLN)that harness inherent parallelism in photonics to enable large-scale programmable convolution kernels and,in turn,greatly reduce the dimensions required by subsequent fully connected layers.Experimental validation achieves high classification accuracies of 96%(86%)on the MNIST(Fashion-MNIST)dataset and 84.6%on the AG News dataset while dramatically reducing the required subsequent fully connected layer dimensions to 196×10(from 784×10)and 175×4(from 800×4),respectively.Furthermore,our devices can be driven by commercial field-programmable gate array systems;a unique advantage in addition to their scalable channel number and kernel size.Our architecture provides a solution to build practical machine learning photonic devices.展开更多
A promising structured catalyst was developed through proper coating of boron-modified ZSM-5 using SiO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3)-containing binders to investigate catalytic performance as well as mechanical stability of the...A promising structured catalyst was developed through proper coating of boron-modified ZSM-5 using SiO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3)-containing binders to investigate catalytic performance as well as mechanical stability of the catalyst in a monolithic reactor.The reference and boron-modified ZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal route.The adherence strength of catalyst samples was characterized using ultrasonic vibration method and FESEM analysis.A series of comparative performance tests were also conducted in two reactors,including monolithic and extruded catalysts for the production of propylene from methanol at atmospheric pressure,reaction temperatures of 500℃,and methanol weight hourly space velocity(WHSV)of 1.5 h^(-1).Initial findings demonstrate that applying the B-modified ZSM-5zeolite in a monolith reactor increased propylene selectivity by about 26%compared to the conventional extruded ZSM-5 catalyst.Moreover,silica bonded to the B-ZSM-5 catalyst in the monolithic reactor,owning sufficient adhesion properties;the proposed catalyst showed the best catalytic performance,with not only a high propylene selectivity(58.5%)but also a large propylene/ethylene(P/E)ratio(8.6).The findings attained in this work would be useful in the production of new efficient catalysts based on a zeolite-coated honeycomb monolith in the methanol-to-propylene process.展开更多
Membrane-based vapor permeation(VP) is regarded as a highly efficient technology,featuring low energy consumption and free salt fouling.In this study,we have demonstrated upscaling chabazite(CHA) zeolite membranes on ...Membrane-based vapor permeation(VP) is regarded as a highly efficient technology,featuring low energy consumption and free salt fouling.In this study,we have demonstrated upscaling chabazite(CHA) zeolite membranes on the 19-channel α-Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic supports synthesized from high-silica gel(SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio of 200) for the dehydration of acetic acid by VP.The monolithic membrane presents higher surface-to-volume ratio and a-tenfold greater mechanical strength compared to tubular ones.The micromorphology and crystallinity of the monolithic CHA zeolite membranes were characterized by scanning electron micrographs and X-ray diffraction analysis.The single-gas permeation test and the effects of temperature,feed water content and feed flow rate on the VP separation performance of monolithic CHA zeolite membrane for dehydration of acetic acid were investigated.Moreover,the stability test of monolithic CHA zeolite membranes was carried out.The 19-channel monolithic membrane achieved a comparable separation performance(water flux of 0.63 kg m^(-2)·h^(-1) and selectivity of 369 at 393 K) with the reported small-area zeolite membranes in water/acetic acid mixtures.It is demonstrated that the monolithic CHA zeolite membranes could be transformative candidates for industrial dehydration of acetic acid under harsh environments.展开更多
Monolithic catalysts have been widely investigated for CO_(2) methanation due to their fast mass and heat transfer rate,but the effect of the interaction between the catalyst layer and the monolithic support has been ...Monolithic catalysts have been widely investigated for CO_(2) methanation due to their fast mass and heat transfer rate,but the effect of the interaction between the catalyst layer and the monolithic support has been little studied.In this work,Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC monolithic catalysts,Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) powder catalysts and Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC-M catalysts were prepared to explore the effect of Si-Al interaction between the catalyst layer and SiC ceramic for CO_(2) methanation performance.Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC exhibited a CO_(2) conversion of 53% and a CH_(4) specific reaction rate of 0.05 m mol·g^(-1)·s^(-1) under conditions of 0.1 M Pa,4 00℃,and a WHSV of 60000 ml·g^(-1)·h^(-1).The CO_(2) conversion raised by 0.15-fold and the CH_(4) specific reaction rate raised by 0.25-fold compared to Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) with the same catalyst content.SEM,XRD,Raman,and other characterization results revealed that the formation of Si-Al interaction between the catalyst layer and SiC ceramic could weaken the interaction between Ni and Al_(2)O_(3),thereby improving the catalytic activity of Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC catalyst.However,the Si-Al interaction was further strengthened during the hightemperature reaction process,which significantly weakened the interaction between Ni and Al_(2)O_(3),thereby leading to a decline in the catalytic performance of Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC catalyst during an 80-h stability test.This study provides valuable insights for future research and development of monolithic catalysts.展开更多
Monolithic aerogels are promising candidates for use in atmospheric environmental purification due to their structural advantages,such as fine building block size together with high specific surface area,abundant pore...Monolithic aerogels are promising candidates for use in atmospheric environmental purification due to their structural advantages,such as fine building block size together with high specific surface area,abundant pore structure,etc.Additionally,monolithic aerogels possess a unique monolithic macrostructure that sets them apart from aerogel powders and nanoparticles in practical environmental clean-up applications.This review delves into the available synthesis strategies and atmospheric environmental applications of monolithic aerogels,covering types of monolithic aerogels including SiO_(2),graphene,metal oxides and their combinations,along with their preparation methods.In particular,recent developments for VOC adsorption,CO_(2)capture,catalytic oxidation of VOCs and catalytic reduction of CO_(2)are highlighted.Finally,challenges and future opportunities for monolithic aerogels in the atmospheric environmental purification field are proposed.This reviewprovides valuable insights for designing and utilizing monolithic aerogel-based functional materials.展开更多
Conventional powder/pellet-based systems used for mitigating the environmental challenges posed by CO_(2)emissions present inefficiencies in mass/heat transfer,pressure drop,and clogging.Monolithic adsorption material...Conventional powder/pellet-based systems used for mitigating the environmental challenges posed by CO_(2)emissions present inefficiencies in mass/heat transfer,pressure drop,and clogging.Monolithic adsorption materials have emerged as a promising alternative to such systems.Additive manufacturing(AM)enables precise structural optimization and active component control in monolithic adsorbents,enhancing the adsorption kinetics while minimizing mechanical wear.This review examines the progress in AM-driven CO_(2)adsorbent development,covering the following aspects:(1)fabrication techniques for monolithic adsorbents and key metrics for evaluating their mechanical and adsorption properties,(2)applications of AM methods(extrusion,coating,gel spinning,and 3D printing)under fixed-source and direct-air capture scenarios,and(3)integrated systems combining CO_(2)adsorption and conversion.However,balancing adsorption performance with mechanical strength is a critical challenge.The trade-off can be addressed through advanced AM strategies such as hybrid material architectures and computational design.Future advancements will hinge on hybrid AM techniques to decouple structural and functional demands,AI/ML-driven multi-objective optimization for pore structure refinement and stress distribution,and lifecycle sustainability analytics to reduce energy use and material waste.By synergizing these approaches,next-generation monolithic adsorbents can achieve high capacity,mechanical robustness,and cost-effectiveness,positioning AM as a scalable and sustainable platform for carbon capture technologies.展开更多
In the background of carbon neutrality,monolithic ceramic catalysts are universally used in energy conversion and chemical catalysis due to the high heat and mass transfer efficiencies,low bed pressures,and scalabilit...In the background of carbon neutrality,monolithic ceramic catalysts are universally used in energy conversion and chemical catalysis due to the high heat and mass transfer efficiencies,low bed pressures,and scalability through modular design.However,traditional manufacturing processes are limited by mold dependence,organic solvent toxicity,and insufficient molding capability for complex structures,resulting in difficulty achieving precise regulation of cross-scale pores.Additive manufacturing(AM)technology employs a digital layered molding strategy to achieve the cross-scale structural regulation of catalysts from macroscopic flow channels to mesopores and micropores.This paper summarizes recent advances in the structural design of monolithic catalysts enabled by AM technologies and highlights their emerging applications in catalytic processes.Structurally,AM-fabricated monoliths have been effectively employed in key chemical reactions such as fuel reforming,CO_(2)conversion,biofuel synthesis.Strategies such as geometrical topology optimization,multi-scale pore synergy,biomimetic structural design,and functional gradient integration have been utilized to enhance heat and mass transport,reduce pressure drops,and improve overall catalytic performance.By overcoming the limitations of traditional catalysts,AM technologies create a new paradigm for addressing the longstanding challenge of coupling mass transfer with reaction kinetics.This approach provides a feasible pathway for driving both theoretical innovation and practical implementation of high-efficiency catalytic systems.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))can be efficiently converted and utilized through the CO_(2) methanation reaction,which has significant potential benefits for the environment and the economy.The contradiction between the thermo...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))can be efficiently converted and utilized through the CO_(2) methanation reaction,which has significant potential benefits for the environment and the economy.The contradiction between the thermodynamics and kinetics of the CO_(2) methanation reaction process leads to low CO_(2) conversion at 200-350℃and low methane selectivity at 350-500℃.The utilization of catalysts can solve the contradiction between kinetics and thermodynamics,achieving high CO_(2) methanation efficiency at low temperatures.However,the poor thermal conductivity of powder catalysts leads to the rapid accumulation of heat,resulting in the formation of hot spots,which can cause the sintering or even deactivation of active species.To solve this problem,researchers have focused on monolithic catalysts with integrated reaction systems.This review categorizes the monolithic catalysts into two main groups based on their unique characteristics,namely structured catalysts and catalytic membrane reactors.The characteristics of these monolithic catalysts,commonly used support materials,preparation techniques,and their applications in the CO_(2) methanation reaction are discussed in depth.These studies provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and optimization of structured catalysts and catalytic membrane reactors.Finally,challenges and prospects in the application of monolithic catalysts for the CO_(2) methanation reaction are proposed for the future development.展开更多
Despite the exceptional efficiency of hole-selective self-assembled molecular layer(SAML),challenges persist due to SAML agglomeration and the incomplete passivation of buried perovskite defects,which hinder efficient...Despite the exceptional efficiency of hole-selective self-assembled molecular layer(SAML),challenges persist due to SAML agglomeration and the incomplete passivation of buried perovskite defects,which hinder efficient hole transfer and compromise device stability.In this study,we introduce a novel V-shaped molecule,4,4′-(perfluorocyclopent-1-ene-1,2-diyl)bis(N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline)(DPTAE),comprising a perfluorocyclopentene core flanked by two triphenylamine units,designed for incorporation at the perovskite buried interface.Owing to its sterically hindered,nonplanar structure,DPTAE functions as a“wedge”within the SAML,disrupting molecular aggregation and yielding an amorphous hole-selective layer.This redefined interfacial architecture facilitates enhanced charge extraction and minimizes interfacial defect states.As a result,the optimized wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells(PSCs)with a bandgap of 1.68 eV achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 22.33%and a fill factor(FF)of 86.24%.Notably,the encapsulated devices exhibited superior stability under damp-heat conditions(ISOS-D-3,85%RH,85℃)with a T_(88)of 1000 h,and maintained stable maximum power point tracking(ISOS-L-2,40%RH)with a T_(92)of 500 h.Furthermore,DPTAE-based monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells attained a remarkable efficiency of 30.50%.This innovative approach not only deepens our understanding of interfacial dynamics but also opens new avenues for engineering advanced solar cell architectures,thereby advancing perovskite-based photovoltaic technologies.展开更多
Electrochemical water splitting has attracted tremendous interest as a promising approach for generating sustainable hydrogen for transportation and other industrial applications.However,the oxygen evolution reaction(...Electrochemical water splitting has attracted tremendous interest as a promising approach for generating sustainable hydrogen for transportation and other industrial applications.However,the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)significantly limits the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting because of the sluggish reaction kinetics derived from the intrinsic four-electron-transfer process.In addition,the stability of OER electrocatalysts encounters significant challenges during long-term operation under harsh conditions.To overcome these challenges,we demonstrate that monolithic electrodes composed of medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)containing Fe,Co,Cr,and Ni can be used as efficient and stable OER catalysts in alkaline solutions.The monolithic FeCoCrNi alloy electrode exhibited a remarkably low overpotential of 237 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm^(2) in a 1 mol/L KOH solution.Significantly,the monolithic alloy electrode can operate stably for more than 2000 h at a practical current density of 1 A/cm^(2).The enhanced activity and stability of the alloy electrode are ascribed to surface reconstruction.This work presents a novel and effective approach for fabricating high-performance electrodes with excellent stability for the oxygen evolution reaction.展开更多
Monolithic catalysts with excellent O_(3)catalytic decomposition performance were prepared by in situ loading of Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(16)on the surface of nickel foam.The triple-layer structure with Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(1...Monolithic catalysts with excellent O_(3)catalytic decomposition performance were prepared by in situ loading of Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(16)on the surface of nickel foam.The triple-layer structure with Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(16)/Ni6MnO_(8)/Ni foam was grown spontaneously on the surface of nickel foam by tuning the molar ratio of KMnO_(4)to Co(NO_(3))_(2)·6H_(2)O precursors.Importantly,the formed Ni6MnO_(8)structure between KMn_(8)O_(16)and nickel foam during in situ synthesis process effectively protected nickel foam from further etching,which significantly enhanced the reaction stability of catalyst.The optimum amount of Co doping in KMn_(8)O_(16)was available when the molar ratio of Mn to Co species in the precursor solution was 2:1.And the Mn2Co1 catalyst had abundant oxygen vacancies and excellent hydrophobicity,thus creating outstanding O_(3)decomposition activity.The O_(3)conversion under dry conditions and relative humidity of 65%,90%over a period of 5 hr was 100%,94%and 80%with the space velocity of 28,000 hr^(−1),respectively.The in situ constructed Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(16)/Ni foam catalyst showed the advantages of low price and gradual applicability of the preparation process,which provided an opportunity for the design of monolithic catalyst for O_(3)catalytic decomposition.展开更多
We propose a suite of strategies for the parallel solution of fully implicit monolithic fluid-structure interaction(FSI).The solver is based on a modeling approach that uses the velocity and pressure as the primitive ...We propose a suite of strategies for the parallel solution of fully implicit monolithic fluid-structure interaction(FSI).The solver is based on a modeling approach that uses the velocity and pressure as the primitive variables,which offers a bridge between computational fluid dynamics(CFD)and computational structural dynamics.The spatiotemporal discretization leverages the variational multiscale formulation and the generalized-αmethod as a means of providing a robust discrete scheme.In particular,the time integration scheme does not suffer from the overshoot phenomenon and optimally dissipates high-frequency spurious modes in both subproblems of FSI.Based on the chosen fully implicit scheme,we systematically develop a combined suite of nonlinear and linear solver strategies.Invoking a block factorization of the Jacobian matrix,the Newton-Raphson procedure is reduced to solving two smaller linear systems in the multi-corrector stage.The first is of the elliptic type,indicating that the algebraic multigrid method serves as a well-suited option.The second exhibits a two-by-two block structure that is analogous to the system arising in CFD.Inspired by prior studies,the additive Schwarz domain decomposition method and the block-factorization-based preconditioners are invoked to address the linear problem.Since the number of unknowns matches in both subdomains,it is straightforward to balance loads when parallelizing the algorithm for distributed-memory architectures.We use two representative FSI benchmarks to demonstrate the robustness,efficiency,and scalability of the overall FSI solver framework.In particular,it is found that the developed FSI solver is comparable to the CFD solver in several aspects,including fixed-size and isogranular scalability as well as robustness.展开更多
A monolithic integration of the light emitting diode(LED)and photodetector(PD)based onⅢ-nitride is designed and fabricated on a sapphire substrate to act as a transceiver.Due to the coexistence of light emission and ...A monolithic integration of the light emitting diode(LED)and photodetector(PD)based onⅢ-nitride is designed and fabricated on a sapphire substrate to act as a transceiver.Due to the coexistence of light emission and detection phenomenon of the multi-quantum well(MQW)structure,the monolithic transceiver can effectively sense environmental changes.By integrating a deformable Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film on the transceiver chip,external force variation can be effectively detected.As the thickness of the PDMS reduces,the sensitivity significantly improves but at the expense of the measuring range.A sensitivity of 2.9683%per newton for a range of 0-11 N is obtained when a 2 mm-thick PDMS film is packaged.The proposed monolithic GaN transceiver-based sensing system has the advantages of compactness,low cost,and simple assembly,providing an optional method for practical applications.展开更多
Ceramic hollow spheres have great potential for deep-sea applications.However,the irregularity of the conventional molding process,among other reasons,results in low wall thickness uniformity of hollow spheres.To solv...Ceramic hollow spheres have great potential for deep-sea applications.However,the irregularity of the conventional molding process,among other reasons,results in low wall thickness uniformity of hollow spheres.To solve this problem,in this work,we developed a biaxial rotation grouting process for deep-sea ceramic hollow buoyancy spheres,which improves the drawbacks of the traditional rotary grouting method that results in poor wall thickness uniformity of the hollow spheres due to its irregular rotational processing.In this paper,an experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of different rotational methods,rotational speeds,rotational time,solid phase content,etc.on the wall thickness uniformity of ceramic hollow spheres.The results show that the hollow floating balls prepared by the biaxial rotation method have the lowest wall thickness standard deviation(0.04)when the rotation speed is 60 rpm,the molding time is 8 min,and the solid phase content is 70 wt%.After the hydrostatic pressure test of 120 MPa,the hydrostatic compressive strength of hollow spheres prepared by the biaxial rotation method was increased by 31.67%compared with that of the traditional process.展开更多
Microservices have revolutionized traditional software architecture. While monolithic designs continue to be common, particularly in legacy applications, there is a growing trend towards the modularity, independent de...Microservices have revolutionized traditional software architecture. While monolithic designs continue to be common, particularly in legacy applications, there is a growing trend towards the modularity, independent deployability, and flexibility offered by microservices, which is further enhanced by developments in cloud technology. This shift towards microservice architecture meets the modern business need for agility, facilitating rapid adaptability in a competitive landscape. Microservices offer an agile framework and, in many cases, can simplify the development process, though the implementation can vary and sometimes introduce complexities. Unlike monolithic systems, which can be cumbersome to modify, microservices enable quicker adjustments and faster deployment times, essential in today’s dynamic environment. This article delves into the essence of microservices and explores their growing prominence in the software industry.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52506188,52476215)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2024-MS-139,2024JH3/10200047)Scientific Research Program of Department of Education of Liaoning Province(310125042,LJ212410143033。
文摘In this paper,the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst with 15%Ni content was prepared using cordierite as a matrix,and the catalyst was modified with 10%NaOH to study the methanation performance of biomass gasification simulated gas based on alkali-modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst.BET,TEM,H_(2)-TPR,XRD,CO_(2)-TPD and TG were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the catalyst before and after modification.The results indicated that the CO conversion rate trends of unmodified and modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalysts over 2 h were fundamentally consistent.However,the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts modified for 2 h demonstrated significantly enhanced performance compared to those modified for 1 h.Regarding CH4 selectivity,the modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst exhibited markedly better performance than the unmodified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst,confirming the enhanced methane performance of the alkali-modified Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst.Under optimized conditions(H_(2)/CO volume ratio of 3∶1,space velocity of 10000 mL/(g·h),and temperature of 400℃),the methanation performance of the Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic catalyst modified for 2 h reached its peak,achieving a CO conversion rate of 97%with 100%CH4 selectivity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272177,12204010)the Foundation for the Introduction of High-Level Talents of Anhui University(S020118002/097)+1 种基金the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2023-066)the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Provincial Higher Education Institution(2023AH040008)。
文摘Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of the human skin,we have developed a flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system based on a holey MXene paste,where each vertical one-body unit simultaneously functions as a microsupercapacitor and pressure sensor.The in-plane mesopores of MXene significantly improve ion accessibility,mitigate the self-stacking of nanosheets,and allow the holey MXene to multifunctionally act as a sensing material,an active electrode,and a conductive interconnect,thus drastically reducing the interface mismatch and enhancing the mechanical robustness.Furthermore,we fabricate a large-scale device using a blade-coating and stamping method,which demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility,low-power consumption,rapid response,and stable long-term operation.As a proof-of-concept application,we integrate our sensing array into a smart access control system,leveraging deep learning to accurately identify users based on their unique pressing behaviors.This study provides a promising approach for designing highly integrated,intelligent,and flexible electronic systems for advanced human-computer interactions and personalized electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12192251,12334014,62335019,12134001,1230441812474378)+1 种基金the Quantum Science and Technology National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2021ZD0301403)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2019SHZDZX01)。
文摘Photonic neural networks(PNNs)of sufficiently large physical dimensions and high operation accuracies are envisaged as ideal candidates for breaking the major bottlenecks in the current artificial intelligence architectures in terms of latency,energy efficiency,and computational power.To achieve this vision,it is of vital importance to scale up the PNNs while simultaneously reducing the high demand on the dimensions required by them.The underlying cause of this strategy is the enormous gap between the scales of photonic and electronic integrated circuits.Here,we demonstrate monolithically integrated optical convolutional processors on thin film lithium niobate(TFLN)that harness inherent parallelism in photonics to enable large-scale programmable convolution kernels and,in turn,greatly reduce the dimensions required by subsequent fully connected layers.Experimental validation achieves high classification accuracies of 96%(86%)on the MNIST(Fashion-MNIST)dataset and 84.6%on the AG News dataset while dramatically reducing the required subsequent fully connected layer dimensions to 196×10(from 784×10)and 175×4(from 800×4),respectively.Furthermore,our devices can be driven by commercial field-programmable gate array systems;a unique advantage in addition to their scalable channel number and kernel size.Our architecture provides a solution to build practical machine learning photonic devices.
基金Sahand University of Technology and Utrecht University for the project's financial supportthe Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council for their additional financial assistance。
文摘A promising structured catalyst was developed through proper coating of boron-modified ZSM-5 using SiO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3)-containing binders to investigate catalytic performance as well as mechanical stability of the catalyst in a monolithic reactor.The reference and boron-modified ZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal route.The adherence strength of catalyst samples was characterized using ultrasonic vibration method and FESEM analysis.A series of comparative performance tests were also conducted in two reactors,including monolithic and extruded catalysts for the production of propylene from methanol at atmospheric pressure,reaction temperatures of 500℃,and methanol weight hourly space velocity(WHSV)of 1.5 h^(-1).Initial findings demonstrate that applying the B-modified ZSM-5zeolite in a monolith reactor increased propylene selectivity by about 26%compared to the conventional extruded ZSM-5 catalyst.Moreover,silica bonded to the B-ZSM-5 catalyst in the monolithic reactor,owning sufficient adhesion properties;the proposed catalyst showed the best catalytic performance,with not only a high propylene selectivity(58.5%)but also a large propylene/ethylene(P/E)ratio(8.6).The findings attained in this work would be useful in the production of new efficient catalysts based on a zeolite-coated honeycomb monolith in the methanol-to-propylene process.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB3810700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22378189,U22A20414 and 22378188)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology(BK20232010 and BG2024018)National State Key Laboratory of Material-oriented Chemical Engineering (SKL-MCE-22A02 and SKL-MCE23B14)。
文摘Membrane-based vapor permeation(VP) is regarded as a highly efficient technology,featuring low energy consumption and free salt fouling.In this study,we have demonstrated upscaling chabazite(CHA) zeolite membranes on the 19-channel α-Al_(2)O_(3) monolithic supports synthesized from high-silica gel(SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio of 200) for the dehydration of acetic acid by VP.The monolithic membrane presents higher surface-to-volume ratio and a-tenfold greater mechanical strength compared to tubular ones.The micromorphology and crystallinity of the monolithic CHA zeolite membranes were characterized by scanning electron micrographs and X-ray diffraction analysis.The single-gas permeation test and the effects of temperature,feed water content and feed flow rate on the VP separation performance of monolithic CHA zeolite membrane for dehydration of acetic acid were investigated.Moreover,the stability test of monolithic CHA zeolite membranes was carried out.The 19-channel monolithic membrane achieved a comparable separation performance(water flux of 0.63 kg m^(-2)·h^(-1) and selectivity of 369 at 393 K) with the reported small-area zeolite membranes in water/acetic acid mixtures.It is demonstrated that the monolithic CHA zeolite membranes could be transformative candidates for industrial dehydration of acetic acid under harsh environments.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22325804 and 22308148)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20230344)the Natural Science Research Project of Jiangsu University (22KJB610001)。
文摘Monolithic catalysts have been widely investigated for CO_(2) methanation due to their fast mass and heat transfer rate,but the effect of the interaction between the catalyst layer and the monolithic support has been little studied.In this work,Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC monolithic catalysts,Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) powder catalysts and Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC-M catalysts were prepared to explore the effect of Si-Al interaction between the catalyst layer and SiC ceramic for CO_(2) methanation performance.Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC exhibited a CO_(2) conversion of 53% and a CH_(4) specific reaction rate of 0.05 m mol·g^(-1)·s^(-1) under conditions of 0.1 M Pa,4 00℃,and a WHSV of 60000 ml·g^(-1)·h^(-1).The CO_(2) conversion raised by 0.15-fold and the CH_(4) specific reaction rate raised by 0.25-fold compared to Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) with the same catalyst content.SEM,XRD,Raman,and other characterization results revealed that the formation of Si-Al interaction between the catalyst layer and SiC ceramic could weaken the interaction between Ni and Al_(2)O_(3),thereby improving the catalytic activity of Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC catalyst.However,the Si-Al interaction was further strengthened during the hightemperature reaction process,which significantly weakened the interaction between Ni and Al_(2)O_(3),thereby leading to a decline in the catalytic performance of Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC catalyst during an 80-h stability test.This study provides valuable insights for future research and development of monolithic catalysts.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3702800).
文摘Monolithic aerogels are promising candidates for use in atmospheric environmental purification due to their structural advantages,such as fine building block size together with high specific surface area,abundant pore structure,etc.Additionally,monolithic aerogels possess a unique monolithic macrostructure that sets them apart from aerogel powders and nanoparticles in practical environmental clean-up applications.This review delves into the available synthesis strategies and atmospheric environmental applications of monolithic aerogels,covering types of monolithic aerogels including SiO_(2),graphene,metal oxides and their combinations,along with their preparation methods.In particular,recent developments for VOC adsorption,CO_(2)capture,catalytic oxidation of VOCs and catalytic reduction of CO_(2)are highlighted.Finally,challenges and future opportunities for monolithic aerogels in the atmospheric environmental purification field are proposed.This reviewprovides valuable insights for designing and utilizing monolithic aerogel-based functional materials.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52476223,22038011)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(Grant No.B23025)+1 种基金K.C.Wong Education Foundation,Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.xzy012023074)the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(Grant Nos.2023KJKXX-004,2022KXJ-126).
文摘Conventional powder/pellet-based systems used for mitigating the environmental challenges posed by CO_(2)emissions present inefficiencies in mass/heat transfer,pressure drop,and clogging.Monolithic adsorption materials have emerged as a promising alternative to such systems.Additive manufacturing(AM)enables precise structural optimization and active component control in monolithic adsorbents,enhancing the adsorption kinetics while minimizing mechanical wear.This review examines the progress in AM-driven CO_(2)adsorbent development,covering the following aspects:(1)fabrication techniques for monolithic adsorbents and key metrics for evaluating their mechanical and adsorption properties,(2)applications of AM methods(extrusion,coating,gel spinning,and 3D printing)under fixed-source and direct-air capture scenarios,and(3)integrated systems combining CO_(2)adsorption and conversion.However,balancing adsorption performance with mechanical strength is a critical challenge.The trade-off can be addressed through advanced AM strategies such as hybrid material architectures and computational design.Future advancements will hinge on hybrid AM techniques to decouple structural and functional demands,AI/ML-driven multi-objective optimization for pore structure refinement and stress distribution,and lifecycle sustainability analytics to reduce energy use and material waste.By synergizing these approaches,next-generation monolithic adsorbents can achieve high capacity,mechanical robustness,and cost-effectiveness,positioning AM as a scalable and sustainable platform for carbon capture technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52405414)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M762580)+1 种基金Young Talent Fund of Xi'an Association for Science and Technology(Grant No.0959202513033)the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities,and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities.The authors gratefully acknowledge the support by the Instrumental Analysis Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University for sample characterization.
文摘In the background of carbon neutrality,monolithic ceramic catalysts are universally used in energy conversion and chemical catalysis due to the high heat and mass transfer efficiencies,low bed pressures,and scalability through modular design.However,traditional manufacturing processes are limited by mold dependence,organic solvent toxicity,and insufficient molding capability for complex structures,resulting in difficulty achieving precise regulation of cross-scale pores.Additive manufacturing(AM)technology employs a digital layered molding strategy to achieve the cross-scale structural regulation of catalysts from macroscopic flow channels to mesopores and micropores.This paper summarizes recent advances in the structural design of monolithic catalysts enabled by AM technologies and highlights their emerging applications in catalytic processes.Structurally,AM-fabricated monoliths have been effectively employed in key chemical reactions such as fuel reforming,CO_(2)conversion,biofuel synthesis.Strategies such as geometrical topology optimization,multi-scale pore synergy,biomimetic structural design,and functional gradient integration have been utilized to enhance heat and mass transport,reduce pressure drops,and improve overall catalytic performance.By overcoming the limitations of traditional catalysts,AM technologies create a new paradigm for addressing the longstanding challenge of coupling mass transfer with reaction kinetics.This approach provides a feasible pathway for driving both theoretical innovation and practical implementation of high-efficiency catalytic systems.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22325804 and 22308148)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230344)+1 种基金the Natural Science Research Project of Jiangsu University(22KJB610001)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2023ZB505)。
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))can be efficiently converted and utilized through the CO_(2) methanation reaction,which has significant potential benefits for the environment and the economy.The contradiction between the thermodynamics and kinetics of the CO_(2) methanation reaction process leads to low CO_(2) conversion at 200-350℃and low methane selectivity at 350-500℃.The utilization of catalysts can solve the contradiction between kinetics and thermodynamics,achieving high CO_(2) methanation efficiency at low temperatures.However,the poor thermal conductivity of powder catalysts leads to the rapid accumulation of heat,resulting in the formation of hot spots,which can cause the sintering or even deactivation of active species.To solve this problem,researchers have focused on monolithic catalysts with integrated reaction systems.This review categorizes the monolithic catalysts into two main groups based on their unique characteristics,namely structured catalysts and catalytic membrane reactors.The characteristics of these monolithic catalysts,commonly used support materials,preparation techniques,and their applications in the CO_(2) methanation reaction are discussed in depth.These studies provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and optimization of structured catalysts and catalytic membrane reactors.Finally,challenges and prospects in the application of monolithic catalysts for the CO_(2) methanation reaction are proposed for the future development.
基金the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen,China(No.3502Z202373075)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2024J01189)+1 种基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.22175180,52311530673)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia AJ090000.6700.09453-Tabung Pembayaran Lantikan Skim Prominent Visiting Researcher Scheme JTNCPI。
文摘Despite the exceptional efficiency of hole-selective self-assembled molecular layer(SAML),challenges persist due to SAML agglomeration and the incomplete passivation of buried perovskite defects,which hinder efficient hole transfer and compromise device stability.In this study,we introduce a novel V-shaped molecule,4,4′-(perfluorocyclopent-1-ene-1,2-diyl)bis(N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline)(DPTAE),comprising a perfluorocyclopentene core flanked by two triphenylamine units,designed for incorporation at the perovskite buried interface.Owing to its sterically hindered,nonplanar structure,DPTAE functions as a“wedge”within the SAML,disrupting molecular aggregation and yielding an amorphous hole-selective layer.This redefined interfacial architecture facilitates enhanced charge extraction and minimizes interfacial defect states.As a result,the optimized wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells(PSCs)with a bandgap of 1.68 eV achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 22.33%and a fill factor(FF)of 86.24%.Notably,the encapsulated devices exhibited superior stability under damp-heat conditions(ISOS-D-3,85%RH,85℃)with a T_(88)of 1000 h,and maintained stable maximum power point tracking(ISOS-L-2,40%RH)with a T_(92)of 500 h.Furthermore,DPTAE-based monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells attained a remarkable efficiency of 30.50%.This innovative approach not only deepens our understanding of interfacial dynamics but also opens new avenues for engineering advanced solar cell architectures,thereby advancing perovskite-based photovoltaic technologies.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0450302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072358,51902304,22209162,U21A2082)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.YD2060002043,WK2060000048)the Hefei Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.BJ2060000042)the financial support from the R&D Department of Petro China。
文摘Electrochemical water splitting has attracted tremendous interest as a promising approach for generating sustainable hydrogen for transportation and other industrial applications.However,the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)significantly limits the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting because of the sluggish reaction kinetics derived from the intrinsic four-electron-transfer process.In addition,the stability of OER electrocatalysts encounters significant challenges during long-term operation under harsh conditions.To overcome these challenges,we demonstrate that monolithic electrodes composed of medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)containing Fe,Co,Cr,and Ni can be used as efficient and stable OER catalysts in alkaline solutions.The monolithic FeCoCrNi alloy electrode exhibited a remarkably low overpotential of 237 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm^(2) in a 1 mol/L KOH solution.Significantly,the monolithic alloy electrode can operate stably for more than 2000 h at a practical current density of 1 A/cm^(2).The enhanced activity and stability of the alloy electrode are ascribed to surface reconstruction.This work presents a novel and effective approach for fabricating high-performance electrodes with excellent stability for the oxygen evolution reaction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21876019 and 22276022)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFC1903903).
文摘Monolithic catalysts with excellent O_(3)catalytic decomposition performance were prepared by in situ loading of Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(16)on the surface of nickel foam.The triple-layer structure with Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(16)/Ni6MnO_(8)/Ni foam was grown spontaneously on the surface of nickel foam by tuning the molar ratio of KMnO_(4)to Co(NO_(3))_(2)·6H_(2)O precursors.Importantly,the formed Ni6MnO_(8)structure between KMn_(8)O_(16)and nickel foam during in situ synthesis process effectively protected nickel foam from further etching,which significantly enhanced the reaction stability of catalyst.The optimum amount of Co doping in KMn_(8)O_(16)was available when the molar ratio of Mn to Co species in the precursor solution was 2:1.And the Mn2Co1 catalyst had abundant oxygen vacancies and excellent hydrophobicity,thus creating outstanding O_(3)decomposition activity.The O_(3)conversion under dry conditions and relative humidity of 65%,90%over a period of 5 hr was 100%,94%and 80%with the space velocity of 28,000 hr^(−1),respectively.The in situ constructed Co-doped KMn_(8)O_(16)/Ni foam catalyst showed the advantages of low price and gradual applicability of the preparation process,which provided an opportunity for the design of monolithic catalyst for O_(3)catalytic decomposition.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12172160)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.JCYJ20220818100600002)+1 种基金South-ern University of Science and Technology(Grant No.Y01326127)the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2020B1212030001 and 2021QN020642).
文摘We propose a suite of strategies for the parallel solution of fully implicit monolithic fluid-structure interaction(FSI).The solver is based on a modeling approach that uses the velocity and pressure as the primitive variables,which offers a bridge between computational fluid dynamics(CFD)and computational structural dynamics.The spatiotemporal discretization leverages the variational multiscale formulation and the generalized-αmethod as a means of providing a robust discrete scheme.In particular,the time integration scheme does not suffer from the overshoot phenomenon and optimally dissipates high-frequency spurious modes in both subproblems of FSI.Based on the chosen fully implicit scheme,we systematically develop a combined suite of nonlinear and linear solver strategies.Invoking a block factorization of the Jacobian matrix,the Newton-Raphson procedure is reduced to solving two smaller linear systems in the multi-corrector stage.The first is of the elliptic type,indicating that the algebraic multigrid method serves as a well-suited option.The second exhibits a two-by-two block structure that is analogous to the system arising in CFD.Inspired by prior studies,the additive Schwarz domain decomposition method and the block-factorization-based preconditioners are invoked to address the linear problem.Since the number of unknowns matches in both subdomains,it is straightforward to balance loads when parallelizing the algorithm for distributed-memory architectures.We use two representative FSI benchmarks to demonstrate the robustness,efficiency,and scalability of the overall FSI solver framework.In particular,it is found that the developed FSI solver is comparable to the CFD solver in several aspects,including fixed-size and isogranular scalability as well as robustness.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program under Grant No.2024YFE0204700Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant No.BG2024023Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project under Grant No.D17018。
文摘A monolithic integration of the light emitting diode(LED)and photodetector(PD)based onⅢ-nitride is designed and fabricated on a sapphire substrate to act as a transceiver.Due to the coexistence of light emission and detection phenomenon of the multi-quantum well(MQW)structure,the monolithic transceiver can effectively sense environmental changes.By integrating a deformable Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film on the transceiver chip,external force variation can be effectively detected.As the thickness of the PDMS reduces,the sensitivity significantly improves but at the expense of the measuring range.A sensitivity of 2.9683%per newton for a range of 0-11 N is obtained when a 2 mm-thick PDMS film is packaged.The proposed monolithic GaN transceiver-based sensing system has the advantages of compactness,low cost,and simple assembly,providing an optional method for practical applications.
基金Funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(No.2020JMRH0101)。
文摘Ceramic hollow spheres have great potential for deep-sea applications.However,the irregularity of the conventional molding process,among other reasons,results in low wall thickness uniformity of hollow spheres.To solve this problem,in this work,we developed a biaxial rotation grouting process for deep-sea ceramic hollow buoyancy spheres,which improves the drawbacks of the traditional rotary grouting method that results in poor wall thickness uniformity of the hollow spheres due to its irregular rotational processing.In this paper,an experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of different rotational methods,rotational speeds,rotational time,solid phase content,etc.on the wall thickness uniformity of ceramic hollow spheres.The results show that the hollow floating balls prepared by the biaxial rotation method have the lowest wall thickness standard deviation(0.04)when the rotation speed is 60 rpm,the molding time is 8 min,and the solid phase content is 70 wt%.After the hydrostatic pressure test of 120 MPa,the hydrostatic compressive strength of hollow spheres prepared by the biaxial rotation method was increased by 31.67%compared with that of the traditional process.
文摘Microservices have revolutionized traditional software architecture. While monolithic designs continue to be common, particularly in legacy applications, there is a growing trend towards the modularity, independent deployability, and flexibility offered by microservices, which is further enhanced by developments in cloud technology. This shift towards microservice architecture meets the modern business need for agility, facilitating rapid adaptability in a competitive landscape. Microservices offer an agile framework and, in many cases, can simplify the development process, though the implementation can vary and sometimes introduce complexities. Unlike monolithic systems, which can be cumbersome to modify, microservices enable quicker adjustments and faster deployment times, essential in today’s dynamic environment. This article delves into the essence of microservices and explores their growing prominence in the software industry.
