The structure and moisture retention of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39(FTP)were evaluated.After UV,infrared spectrum analysis,HPAEC-PAD,HPSEC and 1 D NMR analysis,the composition of the purifi ed FTP...The structure and moisture retention of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39(FTP)were evaluated.After UV,infrared spectrum analysis,HPAEC-PAD,HPSEC and 1 D NMR analysis,the composition of the purifi ed FTP was determined.Purifi ed components of fermented Tremella polysaccharide(FTPS)was made of galactose,mannose,glucose,galactosmine,glucosamine,and contain a large amount of hydroxyl,carbonyl and amino groups.FTPS wasα-neutral pyranose without uronic acid.FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were obtained after purifi cation by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow Column.The molecular weights of FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were 25722 and 177263 Da.FTPS-2 had a better ability to prevent moisture loss,and the optimal moisture retention period was 0–4 h.FTPS-2 could signifi cantly increase the moisture content of the skin epidermis and showed a dose-concentration relationship.The effect of FTPS-2 on the expression of different moisturizing genes was evaluated in a human skin keratinocyte model.The results showed that FTPS-2 has no cytotoxicity,and could signifi cantly promote AQP3,TGM1,CASP14,HYAL2,FLG gene expression level in HaCaT cells.It has the most signifi cant infl uence at HYAL2 protein expression on 50μg/mL.展开更多
Gexianmi moisturizing lotion was prepared from Gexianmi extract, carbomer, EDTA-Na2, citric acid, glycerin, butanediol, ceramide, cetearyl alcohol, hydrogenated polydecene, shea butter, etc., and skin moisture content...Gexianmi moisturizing lotion was prepared from Gexianmi extract, carbomer, EDTA-Na2, citric acid, glycerin, butanediol, ceramide, cetearyl alcohol, hydrogenated polydecene, shea butter, etc., and skin moisture contents of different treatments were measured. The data were analyzed by variance analysis and multiple comparisons. The results showed that: Gexianmi moisturizing lotion had a better moisturizing effect, which was better than that of anthocyanin moisturizing lotion. Therefore, Gexianmi moisturizing lotion can be used to effectively maintain the moisture of the human skin stratum corneum.展开更多
Synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil and its application in moisturizing cream were studied. The results showed that the optimal transesterification conditions of synthesis of monoglycerides...Synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil and its application in moisturizing cream were studied. The results showed that the optimal transesterification conditions of synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil were as follows： the glycerol to oil molar ratio of 3 ： 1 ; NaOH catalyst dosage of 0.8% of the oil mass; reaction temperature of 180 ℃ for 3 hours; and the yield reached 62.6% . The crude product was purified by molecular distillation and the purity of the final product achieved 92.8%. Physicochemical properties of moisturizing cream prepared by using the final product can meet the requirements of China National Standard and the cosmetic product displayed good performance in application.展开更多
The moisturizing effect of a fresh-milk cream after single and long-term application was studied by the combination of subjective and instrumental methods.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the moisturizing eff...The moisturizing effect of a fresh-milk cream after single and long-term application was studied by the combination of subjective and instrumental methods.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the moisturizing efficacy of fresh milk as a moisturizer in skin care products.Thirty female subjects aged 18~55 years were enrolled and a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled comparison study was applied in this research.The stratum corneum water content and transdermal water loss on the cheek,and VISIA-CR images of the whole face were recorded after using the samples.The subjective evaluation of the subjects were also collected.The results showed that the fresh milk cream played a significant role in increasing the water content of facial stratum corneum,improving the transdermal water loss and skin redness compared with the base formula without fresh milk.It indicated that fresh milk can be added to skin care products as a moisturizing agent,which can replenish moisture and enhance the skin barrier function.展开更多
This paper briefly introduces the human body evaluation test method of cosmetics moisturizing efficacy test,according to stratum corneum moisture content test,skin moisturizing capacity test and other test methods and...This paper briefly introduces the human body evaluation test method of cosmetics moisturizing efficacy test,according to stratum corneum moisture content test,skin moisturizing capacity test and other test methods and the instruments used are briefly introduced,so as to provide ideas for scientific and rigorous experimental scheme design and scientific basis for the claim of moisturizing effect.展开更多
[Objectives] The research aimed to optimize extraction process of fucoidan from Sargassum fusiforme( FSF) and study its moisturizing performance. [Methods]Extracting condition of FSF by cellulase hydrolysis-ultrasonic...[Objectives] The research aimed to optimize extraction process of fucoidan from Sargassum fusiforme( FSF) and study its moisturizing performance. [Methods]Extracting condition of FSF by cellulase hydrolysis-ultrasonic assisted extraction method was optimized. The influences of solvent p H,enzyme dosage,extraction temperature,cellulose hydrolysis time,ultrasonication time,and the ratio of material to liquid on FSF were investigated by single factor and orthogonal experiments. [Results] The optimum extraction conditions were as followings:p H,4. 5; enzyme dosage,1%; extraction temperature,40℃; cellulose hydrolysis time,2 h; ultrasonic time,15 min; and the ratio of material to liquid,1∶ 10( g∶ m L). Under the optimal condition,the extraction yield of FSF was 8. 50%,RSD = 2. 74%. The short-time hygroscopicity( within 8 h) of crude extract of fucoidan from S. fusiforme( CEFSF) was better than glycerin,butanediol,and sodium alginate,and the moisture retention capacity of 1% CEFSF aqueous solution was better than 1% butanediol or 1% sodium alginate,and was equal to 5% glycerin under relative humidity of 43% and 81%. The determination results of skin moisture content and transepidermal water loss rate( TEWL)showed that: 5% CEFSF solution had good moisturizing effect. [Conclusions]The research could provide certain reference for deep development of S. fusiforme.展开更多
Objectives: The morbidity of dry and itchy skin was high during a person’s lifetime and it had a significant negative impact. This study aimed to investigate the positive effect of silk fibroin moisturizing cream on ...Objectives: The morbidity of dry and itchy skin was high during a person’s lifetime and it had a significant negative impact. This study aimed to investigate the positive effect of silk fibroin moisturizing cream on dry skin pruritus induced by acetone/ether-water (AEW) method in mice. Method: We established a dry skin model in mice with AEW treatment, and the control group was treated with ultrapure water. The mice in AEW model group were locally administrated with silk fibroin moisturizing cream (SilkArmor)®. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL), scratching behavior, condition of skin erythema, skin histology (by hematoxylin-eosin staining) and the results of electron microscopy were measured to evaluate the positive effect of SilkArmor on dry and itchy skin in mice. Results: The TEWL value, spontaneous scratching behavior and erythema score were significantly increased after AEW modeling compared with the control group. There was no significant difference in the TEWL value, scratching behavior and erythema score between the SilkArmor group and the control group (P > 0.05). Compared with the AEW group, the value of TEWL, scratching behavior and the erythema score of mice in the AEW + SilkArmor group were improved, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Skin histopathology and electron microscopy also showed that SilkArmor had certain improvement and repairment on AEW-induced skin pathological changes. Conclusions: A dry skin model was successfully established in this experiment, showing that SilkArmor brought an obvious alleviation to AEW-induced dry and itchy skin in mice.展开更多
Background: Vulvar dermatoses are inflammatory disorders of genital skin causing itch, burning, and plaques with overlying excoriation and linear fissures. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a soft foam based o...Background: Vulvar dermatoses are inflammatory disorders of genital skin causing itch, burning, and plaques with overlying excoriation and linear fissures. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a soft foam based on Tiab®system (TF), complex of titanium micro crystals covalently bound with silver ions associated with hyaluronic acid, in the supportive treatment of lichen sclerosus (LS) and lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), the two common vulvar dermatoses. Method: 20 patients with the diagnosis of LS or LSC received an 4-week treatment, during which the subjects applied Mometasone furoate in the form 0.1% cream were treated with Mometasone furoate 0.1% cream in combination with TF once a day. Clinical symptoms (itching and burning) and signs (vulvar suface disruption) were documented at baseline and at the end of the four-week treatment. Results: There was a significant reduction of symptoms between the basal scores and the symptoms complaints at 4-week treatment. Moreover, a significant reduction of excoriations and linear fissures was observed. Conclusion: The present study shows that daily application of TF can be an effective adjunct for the treatment of vulvar dermatosis. The foam had not only a moisturizer action, it may also be associated with a reduction in epithelial disruption in the form of excoriations and fissures.展开更多
In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Mentholatumò AP Soft Lotion (APA), which is a Vaseline-based preparation that has been converted to nanoparticles by high-pressure emulsification technology, we con...In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Mentholatumò AP Soft Lotion (APA), which is a Vaseline-based preparation that has been converted to nanoparticles by high-pressure emulsification technology, we conducted a study of 4-week continuous use on the atopic dry skin of patients with minor to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). The results showed that improvements in the skin findings (dryness and scaling) and itching were observed beginning one week after starting to apply APA and that the symptoms had almost completely resolved at 3 to 4 weeks after the start of application. In addition, a significant increase in the degree of high-frequency conductivity, which is an indicator of the amount of moisture in the stratum corneum, and significant decrease in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were observed, and improvements in skin functions were observed. The results for overall degree of improvement showed “improvement” or better in 100% of the subjects, and no side effects were observed in any of the cases. Based on the above results, it was concluded that APA is a preparation that has excellent efficacy and safety as skin care for atopic dry skin, in which reduced stratum corneum function is observed in the skin, and as a supplemental method of treatment of AD or treatment method to maintain remissions.展开更多
Background: Vulvar contact dermatitis is inflammatory disorders of genital skin causing itch, burning, and plaques with overlying excoriation and linear fissures. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a soft foam ...Background: Vulvar contact dermatitis is inflammatory disorders of genital skin causing itch, burning, and plaques with overlying excoriation and linear fissures. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a soft foam based on Tiab® system (TF), complex of titanium micro crystals covalently bound with silver ions associated with hyaluronic acid, as a treatment of vulvar contact dermatitis. Method: 36 patients with the diagnosis of vulvar contact dermatitis received an 10-days treatment, during which the subjects applied TF, complex of titanium micro crystals covalently bound with silver ions associated with hyaluronic acid on the affected vulvar surfaces, used once a day. Clinical symptoms (itching and burning) and signs (vulvar surface disruption) were documented at baseline and after 1 months of follow-up. Results: There was a significant reduction of symptoms between the basal scores and the symptoms complaints 1 months of follow-up. Moreover a significant reduction of excoriations and linear fissures was observed. Conclusion: The present study shows that application of TF can be an effective agents for the reduction of symptom and sign of vulvar contact dermatitis, and the medical device can be used as a preventive agent in predisposing condition of vulvar discomfort.展开更多
Skin moisturization can be measured in vivo by Corneometer?, giving information about the hydration level of the skin. However, this approach cannot reveal the inner changes of lipid organization involved in the integ...Skin moisturization can be measured in vivo by Corneometer?, giving information about the hydration level of the skin. However, this approach cannot reveal the inner changes of lipid organization involved in the integrity of the skin barrier. Raman microspectroscopy is an in vivo and non-invasive method that assesses the lateral organization of lipids from the stratum corneum by measuring the νasymCH2/νsymCH2 ratio. In the present study, the aim is to evaluate the moisturizing effect of two skin care products (i.e. LOTION 1: GF deep-nourishing & skin-sturdy facial emulsion;LOTION 2: placebo formula) by using the Corneometer? and Raman microspectroscopy. Results demonstrates a significant improvement of lipids organization and thus a reinforcement of the barrier function associated with an increase of the hydration level with LOTION 1 compared to LOTION 2.展开更多
To analyze and compare the cleaning power and moisturizing effect of different shower gels.Choose six types of shower gel,soap-based shower gel 1,soap-based shower gel 2,amino acid shower gel 1,amino acid shower gel 2...To analyze and compare the cleaning power and moisturizing effect of different shower gels.Choose six types of shower gel,soap-based shower gel 1,soap-based shower gel 2,amino acid shower gel 1,amino acid shower gel 2,cream shower gel 1,cream shower gel 2.Control clinical studies,using the left and right arms for comparison.Apply special grease on the selected area on the forearm’s flexion side,before and after applying the grease and after cleaning with shower gel,use Sebumeter SM815 for skin oil detection.Use shower gel on the other area on the forearm flexion side.Use Corneometer CM825 and Tewameter TM300 before and after cleaning.The moisture content of the stratum corneum and the amount of water loss through the epidermis were detected.Analyze the change rate of skin oil,stratum corneum moisture content,and transepidermal water loss,analyze and compare the cleansing and moisturizing effects of six shower gels of different systems.Results:After using the six shower gels to clean,the skin oil was significantly reduced while the moisture content of the stratum corneum and the amount of transepidermal water loss changed to different degrees.Layer moisture content and transepidermal water loss have varying degrees of influence.Conclusion:Amino acid shower gels and cream shower gels are stronger than soap-based shower gels in terms of moisturizing ability,and at the same time show similar effects to soap-based shower gels in terms of cleansing ability.展开更多
Objective:Damage to the skin barrier including frequent or prolonged applications of certain topical products plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rosacea.We conduct this survey to investigate the detailed r...Objective:Damage to the skin barrier including frequent or prolonged applications of certain topical products plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rosacea.We conduct this survey to investigate the detailed relationship between frequent replacement of moisturizing product brands and the development of rosacea,with the overall goal of establishing guidelines for rosacea.Methods:A multicenter case-control survey of 849 patients with rosacea and 980 controls with healthy skin was conducted using a standardized questionnaire.The questionnaire mainly included demographic data,the behavior of frequently changing moisturizing product brands,history of skin allergy or sensitivity symptoms within 2 years before rosacea onset for the patient group and within the most recent 2 years for the control group,current symptoms and signs,and selfreported symptoms.A comparative analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.Results:The behavior of frequently replacing moisturizing product brands was positively correlated with rosacea(P<0.001,odds ratio[OR]=1.52,95%confidence interval[CI]=1.15-2.02),and this correlation was more apparent in individuals with non-sensitive skin(P=0.008,OR=1.63,95%CI=1.14-2.35).With respect to different subtypes of rosacea,frequent replacement of moisturizing product brands was more likely to be associated with papulopustular rosacea(P=0.003,OR=1.80,95%CI=1.22-2.67)than with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea(P=0.031,OR=1.43,95%CI=1.03-1.98)compared with people who did not frequently replace their moisturizing product brands;however,these effects were not observed for phymatous rosacea(P>0.05).We further investigated the clinical features of patients who frequently replaced their moisturizing products.Among invisible symptoms,these patients most often reported a stinging sensation(P=0.007,OR=1.50,95%CI=1.12-2.00),and among visible symptoms,telangiectasia was most common(P=0.027,OR=1.41,95%CI=1.04-1.91).Conclusion:Frequent replacement of moisturizing product brands was closely associated with the occurrence of rosacea.展开更多
Rock brittleness is a critical property in geotechnical and energy engineering,as it directly influences the prediction of rock failure and stability assessment.Although numerous methods have been developed to evaluat...Rock brittleness is a critical property in geotechnical and energy engineering,as it directly influences the prediction of rock failure and stability assessment.Although numerous methods have been developed to evaluate brittleness,many fail to comprehensively account for the impacts of microstructural changes,mineralogical characteristics,and stress conditions on energy evolution during failure.This study proposes a novel approach for brittleness evaluation based on the energy evolution throughout the post-peak failure process,integrating two micromechanical mechanisms:crack propagation and frictional sliding.A new brittleness index is defined as the ratio of generated surface energy to released elastic energy,providing a unified framework for assessing both Class I and Class II mechanical behaviors.The brittleness of cyan,white,and gray sandstones was investigated under various confining pressures and moisture conditions using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.The results demonstrate that brittleness decreases with increasing confining pressure,due to suppressed crack propagation,and increases under saturated conditions,as moisture enhances crack propagation.By establishing connections between mineral composition,microstructural features,and stress-induced responses,the proposed method overcame limitations of previous approaches and offered a more precise tool for evaluating rock brittleness under diverse environmental scenarios.展开更多
Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for ...Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
The root-to-shoot(R/S)ratio is a critical indicator of the balance between root biomass and shoot biomass,representing the ecological strategies and adaptive responses of plants to environmental conditions.However,the...The root-to-shoot(R/S)ratio is a critical indicator of the balance between root biomass and shoot biomass,representing the ecological strategies and adaptive responses of plants to environmental conditions.However,the patterns of change in community R/S ratios during forest succession and their response to moisture levels across broad geographic gradients remains unclear.Based on forest biomass data from a national field inventory of 5,825 plots conducted across China between 2011 and 2015,this study looked into allocating biomass shoots and roots at the early,middle,and late stages of growth in plantations and succession in natural forests,and evaluated how moisture availability influences this allocation.The results revealed a significant decline in R/S ratios from early to late stages for both plantations and natural forests.Shoot and root biomass in plantations grew isometrically during the early and middle succession stages but shifted to allometric growth in the late stage,with the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship differing significantly across growth stages.Natural forests,in contrast,maintained isometric growth across successional stages,showing no significant variation in the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship.Environmental factors,particularly moisture levels,strongly influenced R/S ratios.Moisture levels significantly affected size-corrected R/S ratios,particularly in the middle stage of plantations and the early and middle stages of natural forests,supporting the hypothesis of optimal allocation.These findings suggest that in water-limited regions,forest management should prioritize drought-tolerant,deep-rooted native species,encourage mixed-species planting in the early stage,and reduce logging intensity in mature plantations.Conserving natural forests to maintain successional dynamics is essential for long-term ecological resilience.These findings emphasize the importance of balancing productivity with ecological sustainability by adapting practices to specific environments and forest types under climate change.展开更多
This study presents a multi-physical modeling approach to analyze the dynamics of moisture potential and stress-deformation features near deep desiccation cracks in clayey soils under three consecutive years’climate ...This study presents a multi-physical modeling approach to analyze the dynamics of moisture potential and stress-deformation features near deep desiccation cracks in clayey soils under three consecutive years’climate variability in an arid region.A triple research approach of statistical analysis,analytical framework,and numerical modeling was used to investigate the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of desiccation-cracked soil,incorporating realistic climatic data of Qom,Iran.The results revealed the interplay between stress,strain,and pore water pressure over time,demonstrating that soil experiences significant swelling and shrinkage due to cyclic wetting and drying.The horizontal stress distribution shows compressive stress concentration at crack tips during wetting,transitioning to tensile stresses uniformly across the soil surface during drying paths.Similarly,vertical stress distributions exhibit localized compressive stresses along crack boundaries during wetting and tensile stresses during drying,highlighting the critical stress conditions at crack tips.The model differentiates between microstructural and macrostructural changes in porosity.Annual trends in micro-porosity revealed cyclic-dependent behavior,with significant volumetric changes occurring in the first year,stabilizing with successive cycles.The results also indicated that part of the volumetric changes are irreversible,with volumetric plastic strain increasing exponentially but at a decreasing rate over three years.Principal stress analysis indicates a shift from compressive to tensile stress states around cracks,driven by climate-induced wetting and drying cycles.These findings underscore the critical role of climate variability in shaping cracked soil behavior in arid regions,providing insights into the heterogeneous behavior of cracked soil surfFicial layers.展开更多
The dual-probe heat pulse(DPHP)is a well-established method for estimating soil moisture(θ)using soil thermal conductivity(λ)and volumetric heat capacity(C_(v)).Recently,monitoringθhas been improved by integrating ...The dual-probe heat pulse(DPHP)is a well-established method for estimating soil moisture(θ)using soil thermal conductivity(λ)and volumetric heat capacity(C_(v)).Recently,monitoringθhas been improved by integrating the DPHP method with distributed temperature sensing(DTS)technology.In the DPHP-DTS approach,a single fiber optic(FO)cable with embedded metallic constituents functions as a heating element,while a parallel cable serves to monitor the temperature.Despite ongoing advancements,challenges such as the difficulty in positioning heating and sensing cables and high energy requirements hinder the widespread adoption of the DPHP-DTS method.As alternative heating materials are seldom used,this study evaluated the feasibility of employing a resistive metallic alloy as the heating element in a laboratory DPHP-DTS application.Overall,higher errors were observed when assessing C_(v)andλat higherθvalues(>0.2),but using C_(v)data produced more accurateθestimates(with the root mean square error(RMSE)≤0.06).Based on C_(v)values,a low-power,long-duration heat pulse(8.07 W/m for 300 s)yielded more consistentθestimates(RMSE=0.04)than a high-power,shortduration pulse(15.93 W/m for 180 s,with RMSE=0.06).The findings of this study also indicated that variations in heating uniformity and electrical power fluctuations potentially affected measurement accuracy.Nevertheless,the resistive alloy proved advantageous for DPHP-DTS due to its independent power connection,ability to maintain linear positioning within the soil,and potential for energy savings,all while providing reliableθestimates.展开更多
A cytotoxicity study based on keratinocytes was carried out to determine the safe dosing concentration of plant extract formulation(hereinafter referred to as the MOSOGY).On this basis,the 3D epidermal skin model(Epik...A cytotoxicity study based on keratinocytes was carried out to determine the safe dosing concentration of plant extract formulation(hereinafter referred to as the MOSOGY).On this basis,the 3D epidermal skin model(Epikutis^(®),which is abbreviated as Epikutis later)was stimulated with anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS)was used to construct an in vitro 3D epidermal skin injury model and detect the proinflammatory factor(IL-1α)after MOSOGY acted on the 3D epidermal skin model.Additionally,capsaicin(CAP)was used to stimulate the 3D epidermal skin model(EpiKutis)to detect changes in the content of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1)after MOSOGY treatment.The hydration levels of the stratum corneum were tested using the 3D epidermal skin model.A hyaluronidase(HAase)inhibition experiment was conducted to assess the soothing effect of BSBE.The experimental results showed that MOSOGY exhibited no significant cytotoxicity within the concentration range of 0~2.50%At a concentration of 2.00%,the inhibition rates of IL-1αand PGE2 were 15.71%and 19.00%respectively.At a concentration of 5.00%,MOSOGY exhibited inhibition rates of 43.76%for TRPV1 and 11.11%for IL-1α.MOSOGY at concentrations of 1.00%and 5.00%showed inhibition rates of 76.50%and 86.50%for HAase,respectively.The moisturizing efficacy test showed that at the concentration of 5.00%,the water content of the stratum corneum of the 3D epidermal skin model increased by 31.91%.In addition,the 3D epidermal skin model used in this experiment has the characteristics of layered structure,physiological and metabolic functions that are highly similar to natural human skin.The above research shows that MOSOGY at a certain concentration effectively inhibits IL-1α,PGE2,TRPV1 and HAase in human skin,especially the inhibition rate of HAase is more than 70.00%,indicating that BSBE have strong anti-allergic effect,and skin hydration of the 3D epidermal skin model also has a significant increase.The results indicate that MOSOGY exhibits inhibitory effects on IL-1α,PGE2,TRPV1,and HAase,achieving significant soothing and reparative effects through the inhibition of multiple targets.Additionally,it demonstrates good moisturizing efficacy and safety,making it suitable for use in cosmetics with corresponding efficacy claims.展开更多
Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influenci...Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in these areas remains insufficient.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in arid and semi-arid areas of China by utilizing the extended triple collation(ETC),Mann-Kendall test,Theil-Sen estimator,ridge regression analysis,and other relevant methods.The following findings were obtained:(1)at the pixel scale,the long-term monthly SM data from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative(ESA CCI)exhibited the highest correlation coefficient of 0.794 and the lowest root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.014 m^(3)/m^(3);(2)from 2000 to 2022,the study area experienced significant increase in annual average SM,with a rate of 0.408×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a).Moreover,higher altitudes showed a notable upward trend,with SM increasing rates at 0.210×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 1000 and 2000 m,0.530×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m,and 0.760×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)at altitudes above 4000 m;(3)land surface temperature(LST),root zone soil moisture(RSM)(10-40 cm depth),and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were identified as the primary factors influencing annual average SM,which accounted for 34.37%,24.16%,and 22.64%relative contributions,respectively;and(4)absolute contribution of LST was more significant in subareas at higher altitudes,with average absolute contributions of 0.800×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m and 0.500×10^(-2) m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)above 4000 m.This study reveals the spatiotemporal variations and main influencing factors of SM in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas,highlighting the more pronounced absolute contribution of LST to SM in high-altitude areas,providing valuable insights for ecological research and water resource management in these areas.展开更多
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Open Project Program of National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology(20200110)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Project(18495810900).
文摘The structure and moisture retention of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39(FTP)were evaluated.After UV,infrared spectrum analysis,HPAEC-PAD,HPSEC and 1 D NMR analysis,the composition of the purifi ed FTP was determined.Purifi ed components of fermented Tremella polysaccharide(FTPS)was made of galactose,mannose,glucose,galactosmine,glucosamine,and contain a large amount of hydroxyl,carbonyl and amino groups.FTPS wasα-neutral pyranose without uronic acid.FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were obtained after purifi cation by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow Column.The molecular weights of FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were 25722 and 177263 Da.FTPS-2 had a better ability to prevent moisture loss,and the optimal moisture retention period was 0–4 h.FTPS-2 could signifi cantly increase the moisture content of the skin epidermis and showed a dose-concentration relationship.The effect of FTPS-2 on the expression of different moisturizing genes was evaluated in a human skin keratinocyte model.The results showed that FTPS-2 has no cytotoxicity,and could signifi cantly promote AQP3,TGM1,CASP14,HYAL2,FLG gene expression level in HaCaT cells.It has the most signifi cant infl uence at HYAL2 protein expression on 50μg/mL.
文摘Gexianmi moisturizing lotion was prepared from Gexianmi extract, carbomer, EDTA-Na2, citric acid, glycerin, butanediol, ceramide, cetearyl alcohol, hydrogenated polydecene, shea butter, etc., and skin moisture contents of different treatments were measured. The data were analyzed by variance analysis and multiple comparisons. The results showed that: Gexianmi moisturizing lotion had a better moisturizing effect, which was better than that of anthocyanin moisturizing lotion. Therefore, Gexianmi moisturizing lotion can be used to effectively maintain the moisture of the human skin stratum corneum.
文摘Synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil and its application in moisturizing cream were studied. The results showed that the optimal transesterification conditions of synthesis of monoglycerides with Cinnamomum burmannii seeds oil were as follows： the glycerol to oil molar ratio of 3 ： 1 ; NaOH catalyst dosage of 0.8% of the oil mass; reaction temperature of 180 ℃ for 3 hours; and the yield reached 62.6% . The crude product was purified by molecular distillation and the purity of the final product achieved 92.8%. Physicochemical properties of moisturizing cream prepared by using the final product can meet the requirements of China National Standard and the cosmetic product displayed good performance in application.
文摘The moisturizing effect of a fresh-milk cream after single and long-term application was studied by the combination of subjective and instrumental methods.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the moisturizing efficacy of fresh milk as a moisturizer in skin care products.Thirty female subjects aged 18~55 years were enrolled and a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled comparison study was applied in this research.The stratum corneum water content and transdermal water loss on the cheek,and VISIA-CR images of the whole face were recorded after using the samples.The subjective evaluation of the subjects were also collected.The results showed that the fresh milk cream played a significant role in increasing the water content of facial stratum corneum,improving the transdermal water loss and skin redness compared with the base formula without fresh milk.It indicated that fresh milk can be added to skin care products as a moisturizing agent,which can replenish moisture and enhance the skin barrier function.
文摘This paper briefly introduces the human body evaluation test method of cosmetics moisturizing efficacy test,according to stratum corneum moisture content test,skin moisturizing capacity test and other test methods and the instruments used are briefly introduced,so as to provide ideas for scientific and rigorous experimental scheme design and scientific basis for the claim of moisturizing effect.
文摘[Objectives] The research aimed to optimize extraction process of fucoidan from Sargassum fusiforme( FSF) and study its moisturizing performance. [Methods]Extracting condition of FSF by cellulase hydrolysis-ultrasonic assisted extraction method was optimized. The influences of solvent p H,enzyme dosage,extraction temperature,cellulose hydrolysis time,ultrasonication time,and the ratio of material to liquid on FSF were investigated by single factor and orthogonal experiments. [Results] The optimum extraction conditions were as followings:p H,4. 5; enzyme dosage,1%; extraction temperature,40℃; cellulose hydrolysis time,2 h; ultrasonic time,15 min; and the ratio of material to liquid,1∶ 10( g∶ m L). Under the optimal condition,the extraction yield of FSF was 8. 50%,RSD = 2. 74%. The short-time hygroscopicity( within 8 h) of crude extract of fucoidan from S. fusiforme( CEFSF) was better than glycerin,butanediol,and sodium alginate,and the moisture retention capacity of 1% CEFSF aqueous solution was better than 1% butanediol or 1% sodium alginate,and was equal to 5% glycerin under relative humidity of 43% and 81%. The determination results of skin moisture content and transepidermal water loss rate( TEWL)showed that: 5% CEFSF solution had good moisturizing effect. [Conclusions]The research could provide certain reference for deep development of S. fusiforme.
文摘Objectives: The morbidity of dry and itchy skin was high during a person’s lifetime and it had a significant negative impact. This study aimed to investigate the positive effect of silk fibroin moisturizing cream on dry skin pruritus induced by acetone/ether-water (AEW) method in mice. Method: We established a dry skin model in mice with AEW treatment, and the control group was treated with ultrapure water. The mice in AEW model group were locally administrated with silk fibroin moisturizing cream (SilkArmor)®. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL), scratching behavior, condition of skin erythema, skin histology (by hematoxylin-eosin staining) and the results of electron microscopy were measured to evaluate the positive effect of SilkArmor on dry and itchy skin in mice. Results: The TEWL value, spontaneous scratching behavior and erythema score were significantly increased after AEW modeling compared with the control group. There was no significant difference in the TEWL value, scratching behavior and erythema score between the SilkArmor group and the control group (P > 0.05). Compared with the AEW group, the value of TEWL, scratching behavior and the erythema score of mice in the AEW + SilkArmor group were improved, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Skin histopathology and electron microscopy also showed that SilkArmor had certain improvement and repairment on AEW-induced skin pathological changes. Conclusions: A dry skin model was successfully established in this experiment, showing that SilkArmor brought an obvious alleviation to AEW-induced dry and itchy skin in mice.
文摘Background: Vulvar dermatoses are inflammatory disorders of genital skin causing itch, burning, and plaques with overlying excoriation and linear fissures. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a soft foam based on Tiab®system (TF), complex of titanium micro crystals covalently bound with silver ions associated with hyaluronic acid, in the supportive treatment of lichen sclerosus (LS) and lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), the two common vulvar dermatoses. Method: 20 patients with the diagnosis of LS or LSC received an 4-week treatment, during which the subjects applied Mometasone furoate in the form 0.1% cream were treated with Mometasone furoate 0.1% cream in combination with TF once a day. Clinical symptoms (itching and burning) and signs (vulvar suface disruption) were documented at baseline and at the end of the four-week treatment. Results: There was a significant reduction of symptoms between the basal scores and the symptoms complaints at 4-week treatment. Moreover, a significant reduction of excoriations and linear fissures was observed. Conclusion: The present study shows that daily application of TF can be an effective adjunct for the treatment of vulvar dermatosis. The foam had not only a moisturizer action, it may also be associated with a reduction in epithelial disruption in the form of excoriations and fissures.
文摘In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Mentholatumò AP Soft Lotion (APA), which is a Vaseline-based preparation that has been converted to nanoparticles by high-pressure emulsification technology, we conducted a study of 4-week continuous use on the atopic dry skin of patients with minor to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). The results showed that improvements in the skin findings (dryness and scaling) and itching were observed beginning one week after starting to apply APA and that the symptoms had almost completely resolved at 3 to 4 weeks after the start of application. In addition, a significant increase in the degree of high-frequency conductivity, which is an indicator of the amount of moisture in the stratum corneum, and significant decrease in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were observed, and improvements in skin functions were observed. The results for overall degree of improvement showed “improvement” or better in 100% of the subjects, and no side effects were observed in any of the cases. Based on the above results, it was concluded that APA is a preparation that has excellent efficacy and safety as skin care for atopic dry skin, in which reduced stratum corneum function is observed in the skin, and as a supplemental method of treatment of AD or treatment method to maintain remissions.
文摘Background: Vulvar contact dermatitis is inflammatory disorders of genital skin causing itch, burning, and plaques with overlying excoriation and linear fissures. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a soft foam based on Tiab® system (TF), complex of titanium micro crystals covalently bound with silver ions associated with hyaluronic acid, as a treatment of vulvar contact dermatitis. Method: 36 patients with the diagnosis of vulvar contact dermatitis received an 10-days treatment, during which the subjects applied TF, complex of titanium micro crystals covalently bound with silver ions associated with hyaluronic acid on the affected vulvar surfaces, used once a day. Clinical symptoms (itching and burning) and signs (vulvar surface disruption) were documented at baseline and after 1 months of follow-up. Results: There was a significant reduction of symptoms between the basal scores and the symptoms complaints 1 months of follow-up. Moreover a significant reduction of excoriations and linear fissures was observed. Conclusion: The present study shows that application of TF can be an effective agents for the reduction of symptom and sign of vulvar contact dermatitis, and the medical device can be used as a preventive agent in predisposing condition of vulvar discomfort.
文摘Skin moisturization can be measured in vivo by Corneometer?, giving information about the hydration level of the skin. However, this approach cannot reveal the inner changes of lipid organization involved in the integrity of the skin barrier. Raman microspectroscopy is an in vivo and non-invasive method that assesses the lateral organization of lipids from the stratum corneum by measuring the νasymCH2/νsymCH2 ratio. In the present study, the aim is to evaluate the moisturizing effect of two skin care products (i.e. LOTION 1: GF deep-nourishing & skin-sturdy facial emulsion;LOTION 2: placebo formula) by using the Corneometer? and Raman microspectroscopy. Results demonstrates a significant improvement of lipids organization and thus a reinforcement of the barrier function associated with an increase of the hydration level with LOTION 1 compared to LOTION 2.
文摘To analyze and compare the cleaning power and moisturizing effect of different shower gels.Choose six types of shower gel,soap-based shower gel 1,soap-based shower gel 2,amino acid shower gel 1,amino acid shower gel 2,cream shower gel 1,cream shower gel 2.Control clinical studies,using the left and right arms for comparison.Apply special grease on the selected area on the forearm’s flexion side,before and after applying the grease and after cleaning with shower gel,use Sebumeter SM815 for skin oil detection.Use shower gel on the other area on the forearm flexion side.Use Corneometer CM825 and Tewameter TM300 before and after cleaning.The moisture content of the stratum corneum and the amount of water loss through the epidermis were detected.Analyze the change rate of skin oil,stratum corneum moisture content,and transepidermal water loss,analyze and compare the cleansing and moisturizing effects of six shower gels of different systems.Results:After using the six shower gels to clean,the skin oil was significantly reduced while the moisture content of the stratum corneum and the amount of transepidermal water loss changed to different degrees.Layer moisture content and transepidermal water loss have varying degrees of influence.Conclusion:Amino acid shower gels and cream shower gels are stronger than soap-based shower gels in terms of moisturizing ability,and at the same time show similar effects to soap-based shower gels in terms of cleansing ability.
文摘Objective:Damage to the skin barrier including frequent or prolonged applications of certain topical products plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rosacea.We conduct this survey to investigate the detailed relationship between frequent replacement of moisturizing product brands and the development of rosacea,with the overall goal of establishing guidelines for rosacea.Methods:A multicenter case-control survey of 849 patients with rosacea and 980 controls with healthy skin was conducted using a standardized questionnaire.The questionnaire mainly included demographic data,the behavior of frequently changing moisturizing product brands,history of skin allergy or sensitivity symptoms within 2 years before rosacea onset for the patient group and within the most recent 2 years for the control group,current symptoms and signs,and selfreported symptoms.A comparative analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.Results:The behavior of frequently replacing moisturizing product brands was positively correlated with rosacea(P<0.001,odds ratio[OR]=1.52,95%confidence interval[CI]=1.15-2.02),and this correlation was more apparent in individuals with non-sensitive skin(P=0.008,OR=1.63,95%CI=1.14-2.35).With respect to different subtypes of rosacea,frequent replacement of moisturizing product brands was more likely to be associated with papulopustular rosacea(P=0.003,OR=1.80,95%CI=1.22-2.67)than with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea(P=0.031,OR=1.43,95%CI=1.03-1.98)compared with people who did not frequently replace their moisturizing product brands;however,these effects were not observed for phymatous rosacea(P>0.05).We further investigated the clinical features of patients who frequently replaced their moisturizing products.Among invisible symptoms,these patients most often reported a stinging sensation(P=0.007,OR=1.50,95%CI=1.12-2.00),and among visible symptoms,telangiectasia was most common(P=0.027,OR=1.41,95%CI=1.04-1.91).Conclusion:Frequent replacement of moisturizing product brands was closely associated with the occurrence of rosacea.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42277147)Ningbo Public Welfare Research Program(Grant No.2024S081)Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2024J186).
文摘Rock brittleness is a critical property in geotechnical and energy engineering,as it directly influences the prediction of rock failure and stability assessment.Although numerous methods have been developed to evaluate brittleness,many fail to comprehensively account for the impacts of microstructural changes,mineralogical characteristics,and stress conditions on energy evolution during failure.This study proposes a novel approach for brittleness evaluation based on the energy evolution throughout the post-peak failure process,integrating two micromechanical mechanisms:crack propagation and frictional sliding.A new brittleness index is defined as the ratio of generated surface energy to released elastic energy,providing a unified framework for assessing both Class I and Class II mechanical behaviors.The brittleness of cyan,white,and gray sandstones was investigated under various confining pressures and moisture conditions using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.The results demonstrate that brittleness decreases with increasing confining pressure,due to suppressed crack propagation,and increases under saturated conditions,as moisture enhances crack propagation.By establishing connections between mineral composition,microstructural features,and stress-induced responses,the proposed method overcame limitations of previous approaches and offered a more precise tool for evaluating rock brittleness under diverse environmental scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305388,BE0200030)Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1407600)+1 种基金SJTU Explore X programShanghai Jiao Tong University Initiative Scientific Research Program(WH220402021)。
文摘Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.
基金supported by the China National Science Foundation(No.42130506,42071031)the Special Technology Innovation Fund of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in Jiangsu Province(BK20231515)+1 种基金the Spanish Government grant PID2022-140808NB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033the Catalan Government grants SGR 2021-1333 and AGAUR2023 CLIMA 00118.
文摘The root-to-shoot(R/S)ratio is a critical indicator of the balance between root biomass and shoot biomass,representing the ecological strategies and adaptive responses of plants to environmental conditions.However,the patterns of change in community R/S ratios during forest succession and their response to moisture levels across broad geographic gradients remains unclear.Based on forest biomass data from a national field inventory of 5,825 plots conducted across China between 2011 and 2015,this study looked into allocating biomass shoots and roots at the early,middle,and late stages of growth in plantations and succession in natural forests,and evaluated how moisture availability influences this allocation.The results revealed a significant decline in R/S ratios from early to late stages for both plantations and natural forests.Shoot and root biomass in plantations grew isometrically during the early and middle succession stages but shifted to allometric growth in the late stage,with the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship differing significantly across growth stages.Natural forests,in contrast,maintained isometric growth across successional stages,showing no significant variation in the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship.Environmental factors,particularly moisture levels,strongly influenced R/S ratios.Moisture levels significantly affected size-corrected R/S ratios,particularly in the middle stage of plantations and the early and middle stages of natural forests,supporting the hypothesis of optimal allocation.These findings suggest that in water-limited regions,forest management should prioritize drought-tolerant,deep-rooted native species,encourage mixed-species planting in the early stage,and reduce logging intensity in mature plantations.Conserving natural forests to maintain successional dynamics is essential for long-term ecological resilience.These findings emphasize the importance of balancing productivity with ecological sustainability by adapting practices to specific environments and forest types under climate change.
基金support provided by the Research Grant Office at Sharif University Technology by way of grants G4010902 and QB020105 is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘This study presents a multi-physical modeling approach to analyze the dynamics of moisture potential and stress-deformation features near deep desiccation cracks in clayey soils under three consecutive years’climate variability in an arid region.A triple research approach of statistical analysis,analytical framework,and numerical modeling was used to investigate the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of desiccation-cracked soil,incorporating realistic climatic data of Qom,Iran.The results revealed the interplay between stress,strain,and pore water pressure over time,demonstrating that soil experiences significant swelling and shrinkage due to cyclic wetting and drying.The horizontal stress distribution shows compressive stress concentration at crack tips during wetting,transitioning to tensile stresses uniformly across the soil surface during drying paths.Similarly,vertical stress distributions exhibit localized compressive stresses along crack boundaries during wetting and tensile stresses during drying,highlighting the critical stress conditions at crack tips.The model differentiates between microstructural and macrostructural changes in porosity.Annual trends in micro-porosity revealed cyclic-dependent behavior,with significant volumetric changes occurring in the first year,stabilizing with successive cycles.The results also indicated that part of the volumetric changes are irreversible,with volumetric plastic strain increasing exponentially but at a decreasing rate over three years.Principal stress analysis indicates a shift from compressive to tensile stress states around cracks,driven by climate-induced wetting and drying cycles.These findings underscore the critical role of climate variability in shaping cracked soil behavior in arid regions,providing insights into the heterogeneous behavior of cracked soil surfFicial layers.
基金funded in part by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES,Finance Code 001)in part by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq,Grant No.131511/2020-3)/Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation(MCTI)in part by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)(Grant Nos.2015/03806-1 and 2023/08756-9).
文摘The dual-probe heat pulse(DPHP)is a well-established method for estimating soil moisture(θ)using soil thermal conductivity(λ)and volumetric heat capacity(C_(v)).Recently,monitoringθhas been improved by integrating the DPHP method with distributed temperature sensing(DTS)technology.In the DPHP-DTS approach,a single fiber optic(FO)cable with embedded metallic constituents functions as a heating element,while a parallel cable serves to monitor the temperature.Despite ongoing advancements,challenges such as the difficulty in positioning heating and sensing cables and high energy requirements hinder the widespread adoption of the DPHP-DTS method.As alternative heating materials are seldom used,this study evaluated the feasibility of employing a resistive metallic alloy as the heating element in a laboratory DPHP-DTS application.Overall,higher errors were observed when assessing C_(v)andλat higherθvalues(>0.2),but using C_(v)data produced more accurateθestimates(with the root mean square error(RMSE)≤0.06).Based on C_(v)values,a low-power,long-duration heat pulse(8.07 W/m for 300 s)yielded more consistentθestimates(RMSE=0.04)than a high-power,shortduration pulse(15.93 W/m for 180 s,with RMSE=0.06).The findings of this study also indicated that variations in heating uniformity and electrical power fluctuations potentially affected measurement accuracy.Nevertheless,the resistive alloy proved advantageous for DPHP-DTS due to its independent power connection,ability to maintain linear positioning within the soil,and potential for energy savings,all while providing reliableθestimates.
文摘A cytotoxicity study based on keratinocytes was carried out to determine the safe dosing concentration of plant extract formulation(hereinafter referred to as the MOSOGY).On this basis,the 3D epidermal skin model(Epikutis^(®),which is abbreviated as Epikutis later)was stimulated with anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS)was used to construct an in vitro 3D epidermal skin injury model and detect the proinflammatory factor(IL-1α)after MOSOGY acted on the 3D epidermal skin model.Additionally,capsaicin(CAP)was used to stimulate the 3D epidermal skin model(EpiKutis)to detect changes in the content of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1)after MOSOGY treatment.The hydration levels of the stratum corneum were tested using the 3D epidermal skin model.A hyaluronidase(HAase)inhibition experiment was conducted to assess the soothing effect of BSBE.The experimental results showed that MOSOGY exhibited no significant cytotoxicity within the concentration range of 0~2.50%At a concentration of 2.00%,the inhibition rates of IL-1αand PGE2 were 15.71%and 19.00%respectively.At a concentration of 5.00%,MOSOGY exhibited inhibition rates of 43.76%for TRPV1 and 11.11%for IL-1α.MOSOGY at concentrations of 1.00%and 5.00%showed inhibition rates of 76.50%and 86.50%for HAase,respectively.The moisturizing efficacy test showed that at the concentration of 5.00%,the water content of the stratum corneum of the 3D epidermal skin model increased by 31.91%.In addition,the 3D epidermal skin model used in this experiment has the characteristics of layered structure,physiological and metabolic functions that are highly similar to natural human skin.The above research shows that MOSOGY at a certain concentration effectively inhibits IL-1α,PGE2,TRPV1 and HAase in human skin,especially the inhibition rate of HAase is more than 70.00%,indicating that BSBE have strong anti-allergic effect,and skin hydration of the 3D epidermal skin model also has a significant increase.The results indicate that MOSOGY exhibits inhibitory effects on IL-1α,PGE2,TRPV1,and HAase,achieving significant soothing and reparative effects through the inhibition of multiple targets.Additionally,it demonstrates good moisturizing efficacy and safety,making it suitable for use in cosmetics with corresponding efficacy claims.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(252300421290)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771438)+1 种基金the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)of Henan University(22IRTSTHN010)the Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province(HNYJS2020JD14).
文摘Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in these areas remains insufficient.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in arid and semi-arid areas of China by utilizing the extended triple collation(ETC),Mann-Kendall test,Theil-Sen estimator,ridge regression analysis,and other relevant methods.The following findings were obtained:(1)at the pixel scale,the long-term monthly SM data from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative(ESA CCI)exhibited the highest correlation coefficient of 0.794 and the lowest root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.014 m^(3)/m^(3);(2)from 2000 to 2022,the study area experienced significant increase in annual average SM,with a rate of 0.408×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a).Moreover,higher altitudes showed a notable upward trend,with SM increasing rates at 0.210×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 1000 and 2000 m,0.530×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m,and 0.760×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)at altitudes above 4000 m;(3)land surface temperature(LST),root zone soil moisture(RSM)(10-40 cm depth),and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were identified as the primary factors influencing annual average SM,which accounted for 34.37%,24.16%,and 22.64%relative contributions,respectively;and(4)absolute contribution of LST was more significant in subareas at higher altitudes,with average absolute contributions of 0.800×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m and 0.500×10^(-2) m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)above 4000 m.This study reveals the spatiotemporal variations and main influencing factors of SM in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas,highlighting the more pronounced absolute contribution of LST to SM in high-altitude areas,providing valuable insights for ecological research and water resource management in these areas.
