The soothing efficacy of baby moisturizer was evaluated by analyzing the changes of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and human efficacy tests.RAW264.7 cells were induced by Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) to establish a cell i...The soothing efficacy of baby moisturizer was evaluated by analyzing the changes of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and human efficacy tests.RAW264.7 cells were induced by Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) to establish a cell inflammation model in vitro,and the inflammatory cytokines of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and NO were detected to observe the inhibitory effect of baby moisturizer in vitro.The non-toxic concentration of baby moisturizer was detected by MTT assay,the level of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells supernatant was detected by ELISA kits,and the level of NO in RAW 264.7 cells supernatant was detected by Griess reagent.Dexamethasone was used as the positive control.At the same time,the hydration of the stratum corneum,transepidermal water loss (TEWL),erythema index,the redness of skin (a^(*) value) and the proportion of redness area in facial cheekbones were detected after using the baby moisturizer for 28 days.The experiment results showed that the baby moisturizer at a non-toxic concentration of 0.3 mg/mL,could significantly reduce IL-6 and NO in RAW264.7 cells supernatant,meanwhile it could significantly enhance the hydration of the stratum corneum,and reduce the TEWL,erythema index,the redness of skin (a^(*) value) and the proportion of redness area.In conclusion,the baby moisturizer (0.3 mg/mL) can restrain inflammatory cytokines in vitro and can also significantly improve human facial skin irritation,which can be considered to have soothing efficacy.展开更多
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing and extremely pruritic eczematous disease which commonly affects children. The standard management consists of a combination of anti-inflammatory drugs in adjunctive with skin...Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing and extremely pruritic eczematous disease which commonly affects children. The standard management consists of a combination of anti-inflammatory drugs in adjunctive with skin care management particular moisturizer application. A concern for the side effects associated with long term use of corticosteroids has also been considered. There has been an emerging interest in moisturizer containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as herbal extracts, vitamins, mineral and lipids. The in vitro and the in vivo studies of each agent were reviewed. The clinical study on the efficacy of moisturizers containing these agents were also demonstrated including the author's studies and clinicalexperience. These moisturizers might be considered as an alternative treatment in acute flare of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.展开更多
To verify the usefulness of moisturizers, a multi-center study was conducted on patients with atopic dermatitis who visited 3 university hospitals in Japan between November 2009 and March 2012. Thirty-seven patients w...To verify the usefulness of moisturizers, a multi-center study was conducted on patients with atopic dermatitis who visited 3 university hospitals in Japan between November 2009 and March 2012. Thirty-seven patients with dry skin and stable symptoms who were receiving topical and oral treatments were given moisturizers for 8 weeks. The moisturizers contained components such as glycerin and seawater minerals in 3 forms: lotion, emulsion, and cream. The moisturizers were chosen by physicians based on the degree of dryness of the patients’ skin. In addition to observing the skin condition of the entire body, high-frequency conductance as a parameter of skin surface hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the buccal region and the medial side of the forearm were measured, and those of the back were used for comparison. Furthermore, stratum corneum levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), both of which were objective parameters for atopic dermatitis skin lesion severity, were analyzed using the tape stripping method. At the beginning of the study, TSLP showed a correlation with skin symptoms (dryness, itching) and high-frequency conductance, whereas TARC showed a correlation with skin symptoms (erythema, dryness, itching) and TEWL. In addition, a correlation was noted among TSLP, TARC, and itching. At the end of the study, erythema, dryness, itching, TEWL,TSLP, and TARC were significantly reduced, whereas high-frequency conductance was significantly increased. The moisturizers clearly improved the dry skin symptoms of these patients with atopic dermatitis and improved the physiology of their sensitive and damaged skin. These findings also support the involvement of cytokines/chemokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis lesions.展开更多
According to the moisturizing mechanism,glyceryl glucoside,polyglycerin-10 and xylitylglucoside were compounded.The hygroscopicity and moisture-retention are rated by way of weighing.On such basis,the compound moistur...According to the moisturizing mechanism,glyceryl glucoside,polyglycerin-10 and xylitylglucoside were compounded.The hygroscopicity and moisture-retention are rated by way of weighing.On such basis,the compound moisturizing agent with better ratio is applied in the emulsion formulation.Skin moisture content and skin moisture loss test are adopted to evaluate its moisturizing performance.According to the result of experiment,glyceryl glucoside,polyglycerin-10 and xylitylglucoside humectants have synergistic effects,which can significantly increase the volume of skin moisture and enhance skin barrier function and the moisturizing capability.展开更多
[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucid...[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucidating the global response patterns of soil moisture to vegetation restoration and identifying research hotspots are critical for guiding ecological construction in arid regions.[Methods]We reviewed 6,152 articles concerning soil moisture and vegetation retrieved from the Web of Science platform.Using VOSviewer,we conducted analyses of keyword co-occurrence,publication trends,and research hotspots to systematically delineate the evolving trends in this field.[Results]The results indicate a significant increasing trend in the number of publications since 2000.Global research keywords are categorized into seven clusters,including vegetation,soil moisture,rainfall-erosion-infiltration,spatial heterogeneity,and climate change.In terms of highly cited papers in 2024,China and the United States maintain a significant lead.Global research demonstrates a strong dependency on typical regional geographical features(such as climate types and topography),exhibiting differentiated research focuses.Furthermore,studies extend beyond soil moisture itself to deeply couple with ecological processes such as vegetation restoration,soil respiration,carbon cycling,and hydrothermal conditions.[Conclusions]The long-term ecological effects of afforestation in arid regions remain unclear,and empirical data from key regions highlight the current urgency.Future research should integrate climate change dynamics,innovate monitoring methodologies,and deepen the understanding of regional differentiation to provide scientific support for the adaptive management of vegetation in arid regions.展开更多
Rock brittleness is a critical property in geotechnical and energy engineering,as it directly influences the prediction of rock failure and stability assessment.Although numerous methods have been developed to evaluat...Rock brittleness is a critical property in geotechnical and energy engineering,as it directly influences the prediction of rock failure and stability assessment.Although numerous methods have been developed to evaluate brittleness,many fail to comprehensively account for the impacts of microstructural changes,mineralogical characteristics,and stress conditions on energy evolution during failure.This study proposes a novel approach for brittleness evaluation based on the energy evolution throughout the post-peak failure process,integrating two micromechanical mechanisms:crack propagation and frictional sliding.A new brittleness index is defined as the ratio of generated surface energy to released elastic energy,providing a unified framework for assessing both Class I and Class II mechanical behaviors.The brittleness of cyan,white,and gray sandstones was investigated under various confining pressures and moisture conditions using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.The results demonstrate that brittleness decreases with increasing confining pressure,due to suppressed crack propagation,and increases under saturated conditions,as moisture enhances crack propagation.By establishing connections between mineral composition,microstructural features,and stress-induced responses,the proposed method overcame limitations of previous approaches and offered a more precise tool for evaluating rock brittleness under diverse environmental scenarios.展开更多
Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for ...Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
The root-to-shoot(R/S)ratio is a critical indicator of the balance between root biomass and shoot biomass,representing the ecological strategies and adaptive responses of plants to environmental conditions.However,the...The root-to-shoot(R/S)ratio is a critical indicator of the balance between root biomass and shoot biomass,representing the ecological strategies and adaptive responses of plants to environmental conditions.However,the patterns of change in community R/S ratios during forest succession and their response to moisture levels across broad geographic gradients remains unclear.Based on forest biomass data from a national field inventory of 5,825 plots conducted across China between 2011 and 2015,this study looked into allocating biomass shoots and roots at the early,middle,and late stages of growth in plantations and succession in natural forests,and evaluated how moisture availability influences this allocation.The results revealed a significant decline in R/S ratios from early to late stages for both plantations and natural forests.Shoot and root biomass in plantations grew isometrically during the early and middle succession stages but shifted to allometric growth in the late stage,with the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship differing significantly across growth stages.Natural forests,in contrast,maintained isometric growth across successional stages,showing no significant variation in the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship.Environmental factors,particularly moisture levels,strongly influenced R/S ratios.Moisture levels significantly affected size-corrected R/S ratios,particularly in the middle stage of plantations and the early and middle stages of natural forests,supporting the hypothesis of optimal allocation.These findings suggest that in water-limited regions,forest management should prioritize drought-tolerant,deep-rooted native species,encourage mixed-species planting in the early stage,and reduce logging intensity in mature plantations.Conserving natural forests to maintain successional dynamics is essential for long-term ecological resilience.These findings emphasize the importance of balancing productivity with ecological sustainability by adapting practices to specific environments and forest types under climate change.展开更多
Sichuan sausages with moisture contents of 40%,45%,50%,and 60% were stored at-18℃for durations of 0,2,4,6,and 8 weeks to evaluate the effect of moisture content on the quality attributes of Sichuan sausages during fr...Sichuan sausages with moisture contents of 40%,45%,50%,and 60% were stored at-18℃for durations of 0,2,4,6,and 8 weeks to evaluate the effect of moisture content on the quality attributes of Sichuan sausages during frozen storage.Product indicators including pH,colour,thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS),total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N),texture,electronic nose(E-nose)response,and water-holding capacity(thawing and cooking losses)were determined.The results indicated that as storage time increased,water retention in Sichuan sausages with different moisture contents decreased,while the degree of protein and lipid oxidation increased.This led to an increase in pH value,a colour shift from red-bright to grey-brown,and a deterioration in palatability.Among the samples,sausages with 50% moisture content exhibited the lowest thawing and cooking losses,indicating superior water-holding capacity.After 8 weeks of storage,TBARS and TVB-N values for the 50% moisture group were 19.5%and 2.5%lower,respectively,than those of the 40%and 45%moisture groups,indicating a reduced degree of oxidation.Furthermore,Sichuan sausage with 50%moisture content demonstrated an appropriate pH and colour difference,along with excellent texture and flavour,as evidenced by its higher toughness and satisfactory hardness.In conclusion,Sichuan sausage with 50% moisture content demonstrated the highest overall quality under frozen storage conditions.展开更多
Arid and semi-arid ecosystems are prone to extensive fires due to specific climatic conditions,sparse vegetation cover,and high density of fine fuels.Understanding the flammability characteristics of land covers is es...Arid and semi-arid ecosystems are prone to extensive fires due to specific climatic conditions,sparse vegetation cover,and high density of fine fuels.Understanding the flammability characteristics of land covers is essential for fire management and designing land restoration programs in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.This study provided a new approach to evaluate the flammability of shrublands and woodlands using flammability indices(FIs)including time to ignition(TI),duration of combustion(DC),and flame height(FH)of plant species and their relative frequencies in the Dalfard Basin of southeastern Iran.The results showed that there was a significant difference in FIs between land covers.Shrublands had higher flammability potential compared with woodlands.Plant moisture content had a negative relationship with TI(P<0.010)and no significant relationship with DC and FH(P>0.050).Artemisia spp.,Astragalus gossypinus Fischer,Amygdalus scoparia Spach,and Cymbopogon jwarancusa(Jones)Schult.had the highest FI.Tree species such as Rhazya stricta Decne.,and Pistacia atlantica Desf.showed greater resistance to fire.Using principal component analysis,the relationship between species and FIs was examined,and TI of wet fuel was the most important FI in relation to species.Structural equation model showed that life form(P<0.001)was the most important flammability driver.Precipitation(P<0.010)and legume species(P<0.010)were significantly related to the flammability in arid land.This study emphasizes the importance of managing high-risk species and using resistant species in vegetation restoration and shows that combining species FIs with their abundance is an effective tool for assessing fire risk and fuel management at the plant community scale.展开更多
This study presents a multi-physical modeling approach to analyze the dynamics of moisture potential and stress-deformation features near deep desiccation cracks in clayey soils under three consecutive years’climate ...This study presents a multi-physical modeling approach to analyze the dynamics of moisture potential and stress-deformation features near deep desiccation cracks in clayey soils under three consecutive years’climate variability in an arid region.A triple research approach of statistical analysis,analytical framework,and numerical modeling was used to investigate the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of desiccation-cracked soil,incorporating realistic climatic data of Qom,Iran.The results revealed the interplay between stress,strain,and pore water pressure over time,demonstrating that soil experiences significant swelling and shrinkage due to cyclic wetting and drying.The horizontal stress distribution shows compressive stress concentration at crack tips during wetting,transitioning to tensile stresses uniformly across the soil surface during drying paths.Similarly,vertical stress distributions exhibit localized compressive stresses along crack boundaries during wetting and tensile stresses during drying,highlighting the critical stress conditions at crack tips.The model differentiates between microstructural and macrostructural changes in porosity.Annual trends in micro-porosity revealed cyclic-dependent behavior,with significant volumetric changes occurring in the first year,stabilizing with successive cycles.The results also indicated that part of the volumetric changes are irreversible,with volumetric plastic strain increasing exponentially but at a decreasing rate over three years.Principal stress analysis indicates a shift from compressive to tensile stress states around cracks,driven by climate-induced wetting and drying cycles.These findings underscore the critical role of climate variability in shaping cracked soil behavior in arid regions,providing insights into the heterogeneous behavior of cracked soil surfFicial layers.展开更多
The dual-probe heat pulse(DPHP)is a well-established method for estimating soil moisture(θ)using soil thermal conductivity(λ)and volumetric heat capacity(C_(v)).Recently,monitoringθhas been improved by integrating ...The dual-probe heat pulse(DPHP)is a well-established method for estimating soil moisture(θ)using soil thermal conductivity(λ)and volumetric heat capacity(C_(v)).Recently,monitoringθhas been improved by integrating the DPHP method with distributed temperature sensing(DTS)technology.In the DPHP-DTS approach,a single fiber optic(FO)cable with embedded metallic constituents functions as a heating element,while a parallel cable serves to monitor the temperature.Despite ongoing advancements,challenges such as the difficulty in positioning heating and sensing cables and high energy requirements hinder the widespread adoption of the DPHP-DTS method.As alternative heating materials are seldom used,this study evaluated the feasibility of employing a resistive metallic alloy as the heating element in a laboratory DPHP-DTS application.Overall,higher errors were observed when assessing C_(v)andλat higherθvalues(>0.2),but using C_(v)data produced more accurateθestimates(with the root mean square error(RMSE)≤0.06).Based on C_(v)values,a low-power,long-duration heat pulse(8.07 W/m for 300 s)yielded more consistentθestimates(RMSE=0.04)than a high-power,shortduration pulse(15.93 W/m for 180 s,with RMSE=0.06).The findings of this study also indicated that variations in heating uniformity and electrical power fluctuations potentially affected measurement accuracy.Nevertheless,the resistive alloy proved advantageous for DPHP-DTS due to its independent power connection,ability to maintain linear positioning within the soil,and potential for energy savings,all while providing reliableθestimates.展开更多
The growing demand for renewable energy has increased the use of wood pellets as a clean and efficient biomass fuel.This study aims to evaluate the physical properties of wood pellets produced from Acacia hybrid(AC)ve...The growing demand for renewable energy has increased the use of wood pellets as a clean and efficient biomass fuel.This study aims to evaluate the physical properties of wood pellets produced from Acacia hybrid(AC)veneer waste and Pine wood(PW)waste mixed with varying ratios.The objectives are to investigate the effect of different blend ratios ofAcacia hybrid veneer waste and pine wood waste on the physical properties,specificallymoisture content,density,and pellet durability index(PDI)of wood pellets,and to identify the optimal ratio that yields the most desirable pellet quality.The wood pellets were produced by blending Acacia hybrid veneer waste and Pine wood waste(AC:PW)in weight ratios of 100:0,75:25,50:50,25:75,and 0:100.The materials were dried to 10%–12%moisture before pelletizing using a pellet mill under consistent pressure and temperature.Moisture content(MC),density(ρ)and pellet durability index(PDI)were measured following the International Organization for Standardization(ISO).The study found that blending Acacia hybrid veneer waste with Pine wood waste significantly improved pellet density and durability compared to the control.The moisture was lowest in pellets with 50:50 and 25:75 blends,indicating better drying and stability.The blend 50:50 achieves the highest density,and for pellet durability index,the best blend is 25:75,suggesting improved resistance to breakage.Overall,the 50:50 and 25:75 ratios produced pellet with the most desirable combination of low moisture,high density,high durability and the blend meets key ISO 17225 and ENplus quality standards for industrial wood pellet.展开更多
Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influenci...Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in these areas remains insufficient.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in arid and semi-arid areas of China by utilizing the extended triple collation(ETC),Mann-Kendall test,Theil-Sen estimator,ridge regression analysis,and other relevant methods.The following findings were obtained:(1)at the pixel scale,the long-term monthly SM data from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative(ESA CCI)exhibited the highest correlation coefficient of 0.794 and the lowest root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.014 m^(3)/m^(3);(2)from 2000 to 2022,the study area experienced significant increase in annual average SM,with a rate of 0.408×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a).Moreover,higher altitudes showed a notable upward trend,with SM increasing rates at 0.210×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 1000 and 2000 m,0.530×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m,and 0.760×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)at altitudes above 4000 m;(3)land surface temperature(LST),root zone soil moisture(RSM)(10-40 cm depth),and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were identified as the primary factors influencing annual average SM,which accounted for 34.37%,24.16%,and 22.64%relative contributions,respectively;and(4)absolute contribution of LST was more significant in subareas at higher altitudes,with average absolute contributions of 0.800×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m and 0.500×10^(-2) m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)above 4000 m.This study reveals the spatiotemporal variations and main influencing factors of SM in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas,highlighting the more pronounced absolute contribution of LST to SM in high-altitude areas,providing valuable insights for ecological research and water resource management in these areas.展开更多
Soil desiccation cracking is a common phenomenon on the earth surface.Numerical modeling is an effective approach to study the desiccation cracking mechanism of soil.This work develops a novel 3D moisture diffusion di...Soil desiccation cracking is a common phenomenon on the earth surface.Numerical modeling is an effective approach to study the desiccation cracking mechanism of soil.This work develops a novel 3D moisture diffusion discrete model that is capable of dynamically assessing the effect of cracking on moisture diffusion and allowing moisture to be discontinuous on both sides of the cracks.Then,the parametric analysis of the moisture exchange coefficient in the 3D moisture diffusion discrete model is carried out for moisture diffusion in continuous media,and the selection criterion of the moisture exchange coefficient for the unbroken cohesive element is given.Subsequently,an example of moisture migration in a medium with one crack is provided to illustrate the crack hindering effect on moisture migration.Finally,combining the 3D moisture diffusion discrete model with the finite-discrete element method(FDEM),the moisture diffusion-fracture coupling model is built to study the desiccation cracking in a strip soil and the crack pattern of a rectangular soil.The evolution of crack area and volume with moisture content is quantitatively analyzed.The modeling number and average width of cracks in the strip soil show a good consistency with the experimental results,and the crack pattern of the rectangular soil matches well with the existing numerical results,validating the coupled moisture diffusion-fracture model.Additionally,the parametric study of soil desiccation cracking is performed.The developed model offers a powerful tool for exploring soil desiccation cracking.展开更多
Tafoni are globally developed on cliffy slopes,and many of them are favorable places for the preservation of stone historical relics.However,the characteristics and formation processes of tafoni in the Loess Plateau a...Tafoni are globally developed on cliffy slopes,and many of them are favorable places for the preservation of stone historical relics.However,the characteristics and formation processes of tafoni in the Loess Plateau are yet to be understood.This paper studied the features of the tafoni on conglomerate slopes in Huoshizhai National Geopark of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and discussed its formation processes by field investigation and morphometry,insitu relative humidity(RH)measurement,salt chemistry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)experiments of 24 samples.The bedrock of the tafoni is dominated by reddish fluvial conglomerates of the Lower Cretaceous Heshangpu Formation with abundant chemically unstable components including feldspars,lithic fragments,and calcite cements.The RH values vary from 5%to 100%,but the backwalls of the tafoni have higher RH values than outer surfaces.The more moisture on the backwalls is possibly generated by water influx from the rock interior,resulting in more salt precipitation on the backwalls.As a result,the backwalls have been subject to predominant salt weathering.The dominant salts involved in salt weathering are probably derived from the dissolution of the salt interbeds in the basin,although the chemical dissolution of the unstable components such as feldspars,lithic fragments,and calcite cements might have produced small amounts of salts.The salt types dominantly include nitrates,sulfates,and halite.In the progression of tafoni,the moisture maintenance on the backwalls gives rise to the accretion of salts,which in turn enhance the weathering rates of the backwalls.As a result,the volumes of the tafoni have become enlarged owing to inward growth and coalescence of adjacent smaller ones.展开更多
Southerly moisture surges over the central South China Sea(SCS)are characterized by the strengthening of lowlevel southerlies that transport moisture northward from the Pacific or Indian Oceans to South China.These su...Southerly moisture surges over the central South China Sea(SCS)are characterized by the strengthening of lowlevel southerlies that transport moisture northward from the Pacific or Indian Oceans to South China.These surge events typically occur for days in the early-summer season(from April to June)and can lead to heavy rains in South China.This study categorizes surge events into three types of flow patterns and examines their multiscale variations and impacts on rainfall.The first type occurs mainly in April,with the southeasterlies enhanced by a deepening trough in South China and the western Pacific subtropical high established over the SCS.The second type of surge events mostly appears in June,featuring the prevailing southwesterlies of summer monsoon from the Indian Ocean during the active phases of intraseasonal oscillations.Most surge events exhibit semi-diurnal variations with morning and afternoon peaks of northward moisture fluxes.Specifically,the first type features a dominant afternoon peak,while the second type shows a dominant early-morning peak,which is induced by thermal contrast between the Indochina Peninsula and the SCS.In general,the surge events enhance moisture convergence and increase rainfall downstream in South China,but they show some regional differences.The second type strengthens moisture convergence and rainfall in coastal regions with a morning peak.In contrast,the first type enhances inland rainfall with a morning peak,while moisture divergence dominates coastal regions.The third type of surge events denotes transitional conditions between the first two types,in terms of atmospheric circulations,diurnal cycles,and rainfall patterns.These results highlight a diversity of regional moisture surges and related rainfall ranging from diurnal to sub-seasonal scales.展开更多
Mountainous areas are the priority for forest restoration in semiarid regions,with hillslopes serving as the basic units of mountains.Precipitation is the only water source in these regions,and the uneven distribution...Mountainous areas are the priority for forest restoration in semiarid regions,with hillslopes serving as the basic units of mountains.Precipitation is the only water source in these regions,and the uneven distribution of hillslope soil moisture replenishment after precipitation determines vegetation survival and growth.Therefore,in this study experiments were performed on a hillslope in the Liupan Mountains,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,to quantify the unevenness of soil moisture replenishment.Soil water content(SWC)in the 0–60 cm layer and precipitation were monitored throughout the growing season in 2020 and 2021.The results showed that(1)Annual soil moisture replenishment was the highest at the mid-slope position,with an average of 309.9 mm,especially under moderate and heavy rain grade conditions,reaching 38.7% and 30.8% of the total replenishment,respectively;(2)Vertical replenishment played a dominant role in the total replenishment,accounting for 82.8%;lateral replenishment played an important but lesser role,accounting for up to 17.2% of the total replenishment;(3)Based on a soil moisture replenishment model established in this study,the maximal replenishment occurred at 90 m from the top of the slope;(4)The dominant factors contributing to the soil moisture replenishment were rainfall amount and saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks).These findings suggest that attention should be given to both vertical and lateral soil moisture replenishment,and the mid-slope position could be preferred for site selection to achieve precise and integrated forest-water management on hillslopes in semi-arid mountainous regions.展开更多
Accurate drought assessment demands thoughtful consideration of drought definition first of all.Drought is commonly defined as a prolonged period of below-average precipitation leading to water shortages that impact e...Accurate drought assessment demands thoughtful consideration of drought definition first of all.Drought is commonly defined as a prolonged period of below-average precipitation leading to water shortages that impact ecosystems,agriculture,and human societies.However,meteorologists,hydrologists,and agronomists often use different criteria to define drought,depending on their specific focus areas.For example,hydrologists define drought according to water deficits in some components of the hydrological cycle(such as precipitation,soil moisture,river flow,and groundwater)or its impacts on the level of services provided to public water supply,irrigation,or hydropower demands(Tate and Gustard,2000).Differences in drought definitions may result in great uncertainties in drought assessment(Satoh et al.,2021).We cannot expect the existence of any workable generalized objective definition of drought(Lloyd-Hughes,2014).展开更多
This study investigates the mechanism of action of representative molecules of basalt fibers on the healing of water-soaked asphalt.Thermodynamic parameters,morphological characteristics,interfacial healing energy,and...This study investigates the mechanism of action of representative molecules of basalt fibers on the healing of water-soaked asphalt.Thermodynamic parameters,morphological characteristics,interfacial healing energy,and interfacial healing strength were analyzed using molecular dynamics and macroscopic tests under different time,temperature,and water conditions to evaluate the specific states and critical conditions involved in self-healing.The results indicate that basalt-fiber molecules can induce rearrangement and a combination of water-soaked asphalt at the healing interface.Hydroxyl groups with different bonding states increase the interfacial adsorption capacity of water-soaked asphalt.The interaction between basalt fiber molecules and water molecules leads to a"hoop"phenomenon,while aromatics-2 molecules exhibit a"ring band aggregation"phenomenon.The former reduces the miscibility of water and asphalt molecules,while the latter causes slow diffusion of the components.Furthermore,a micro-macro dual-scale comparison of interfacial healing strength was conducted at temperatures of 297.15 and 312.15 K to identify the strength transition point and critical temperature of 299.4 K during the self-healing process of basalt-fiber modified water-soaked asphalt.展开更多
文摘The soothing efficacy of baby moisturizer was evaluated by analyzing the changes of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and human efficacy tests.RAW264.7 cells were induced by Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) to establish a cell inflammation model in vitro,and the inflammatory cytokines of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and NO were detected to observe the inhibitory effect of baby moisturizer in vitro.The non-toxic concentration of baby moisturizer was detected by MTT assay,the level of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells supernatant was detected by ELISA kits,and the level of NO in RAW 264.7 cells supernatant was detected by Griess reagent.Dexamethasone was used as the positive control.At the same time,the hydration of the stratum corneum,transepidermal water loss (TEWL),erythema index,the redness of skin (a^(*) value) and the proportion of redness area in facial cheekbones were detected after using the baby moisturizer for 28 days.The experiment results showed that the baby moisturizer at a non-toxic concentration of 0.3 mg/mL,could significantly reduce IL-6 and NO in RAW264.7 cells supernatant,meanwhile it could significantly enhance the hydration of the stratum corneum,and reduce the TEWL,erythema index,the redness of skin (a^(*) value) and the proportion of redness area.In conclusion,the baby moisturizer (0.3 mg/mL) can restrain inflammatory cytokines in vitro and can also significantly improve human facial skin irritation,which can be considered to have soothing efficacy.
文摘Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing and extremely pruritic eczematous disease which commonly affects children. The standard management consists of a combination of anti-inflammatory drugs in adjunctive with skin care management particular moisturizer application. A concern for the side effects associated with long term use of corticosteroids has also been considered. There has been an emerging interest in moisturizer containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as herbal extracts, vitamins, mineral and lipids. The in vitro and the in vivo studies of each agent were reviewed. The clinical study on the efficacy of moisturizers containing these agents were also demonstrated including the author's studies and clinicalexperience. These moisturizers might be considered as an alternative treatment in acute flare of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.
文摘To verify the usefulness of moisturizers, a multi-center study was conducted on patients with atopic dermatitis who visited 3 university hospitals in Japan between November 2009 and March 2012. Thirty-seven patients with dry skin and stable symptoms who were receiving topical and oral treatments were given moisturizers for 8 weeks. The moisturizers contained components such as glycerin and seawater minerals in 3 forms: lotion, emulsion, and cream. The moisturizers were chosen by physicians based on the degree of dryness of the patients’ skin. In addition to observing the skin condition of the entire body, high-frequency conductance as a parameter of skin surface hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the buccal region and the medial side of the forearm were measured, and those of the back were used for comparison. Furthermore, stratum corneum levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), both of which were objective parameters for atopic dermatitis skin lesion severity, were analyzed using the tape stripping method. At the beginning of the study, TSLP showed a correlation with skin symptoms (dryness, itching) and high-frequency conductance, whereas TARC showed a correlation with skin symptoms (erythema, dryness, itching) and TEWL. In addition, a correlation was noted among TSLP, TARC, and itching. At the end of the study, erythema, dryness, itching, TEWL,TSLP, and TARC were significantly reduced, whereas high-frequency conductance was significantly increased. The moisturizers clearly improved the dry skin symptoms of these patients with atopic dermatitis and improved the physiology of their sensitive and damaged skin. These findings also support the involvement of cytokines/chemokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis lesions.
文摘According to the moisturizing mechanism,glyceryl glucoside,polyglycerin-10 and xylitylglucoside were compounded.The hygroscopicity and moisture-retention are rated by way of weighing.On such basis,the compound moisturizing agent with better ratio is applied in the emulsion formulation.Skin moisture content and skin moisture loss test are adopted to evaluate its moisturizing performance.According to the result of experiment,glyceryl glucoside,polyglycerin-10 and xylitylglucoside humectants have synergistic effects,which can significantly increase the volume of skin moisture and enhance skin barrier function and the moisturizing capability.
文摘[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucidating the global response patterns of soil moisture to vegetation restoration and identifying research hotspots are critical for guiding ecological construction in arid regions.[Methods]We reviewed 6,152 articles concerning soil moisture and vegetation retrieved from the Web of Science platform.Using VOSviewer,we conducted analyses of keyword co-occurrence,publication trends,and research hotspots to systematically delineate the evolving trends in this field.[Results]The results indicate a significant increasing trend in the number of publications since 2000.Global research keywords are categorized into seven clusters,including vegetation,soil moisture,rainfall-erosion-infiltration,spatial heterogeneity,and climate change.In terms of highly cited papers in 2024,China and the United States maintain a significant lead.Global research demonstrates a strong dependency on typical regional geographical features(such as climate types and topography),exhibiting differentiated research focuses.Furthermore,studies extend beyond soil moisture itself to deeply couple with ecological processes such as vegetation restoration,soil respiration,carbon cycling,and hydrothermal conditions.[Conclusions]The long-term ecological effects of afforestation in arid regions remain unclear,and empirical data from key regions highlight the current urgency.Future research should integrate climate change dynamics,innovate monitoring methodologies,and deepen the understanding of regional differentiation to provide scientific support for the adaptive management of vegetation in arid regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42277147)Ningbo Public Welfare Research Program(Grant No.2024S081)Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2024J186).
文摘Rock brittleness is a critical property in geotechnical and energy engineering,as it directly influences the prediction of rock failure and stability assessment.Although numerous methods have been developed to evaluate brittleness,many fail to comprehensively account for the impacts of microstructural changes,mineralogical characteristics,and stress conditions on energy evolution during failure.This study proposes a novel approach for brittleness evaluation based on the energy evolution throughout the post-peak failure process,integrating two micromechanical mechanisms:crack propagation and frictional sliding.A new brittleness index is defined as the ratio of generated surface energy to released elastic energy,providing a unified framework for assessing both Class I and Class II mechanical behaviors.The brittleness of cyan,white,and gray sandstones was investigated under various confining pressures and moisture conditions using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.The results demonstrate that brittleness decreases with increasing confining pressure,due to suppressed crack propagation,and increases under saturated conditions,as moisture enhances crack propagation.By establishing connections between mineral composition,microstructural features,and stress-induced responses,the proposed method overcame limitations of previous approaches and offered a more precise tool for evaluating rock brittleness under diverse environmental scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305388,BE0200030)Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1407600)+1 种基金SJTU Explore X programShanghai Jiao Tong University Initiative Scientific Research Program(WH220402021)。
文摘Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.
基金supported by the China National Science Foundation(No.42130506,42071031)the Special Technology Innovation Fund of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in Jiangsu Province(BK20231515)+1 种基金the Spanish Government grant PID2022-140808NB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033the Catalan Government grants SGR 2021-1333 and AGAUR2023 CLIMA 00118.
文摘The root-to-shoot(R/S)ratio is a critical indicator of the balance between root biomass and shoot biomass,representing the ecological strategies and adaptive responses of plants to environmental conditions.However,the patterns of change in community R/S ratios during forest succession and their response to moisture levels across broad geographic gradients remains unclear.Based on forest biomass data from a national field inventory of 5,825 plots conducted across China between 2011 and 2015,this study looked into allocating biomass shoots and roots at the early,middle,and late stages of growth in plantations and succession in natural forests,and evaluated how moisture availability influences this allocation.The results revealed a significant decline in R/S ratios from early to late stages for both plantations and natural forests.Shoot and root biomass in plantations grew isometrically during the early and middle succession stages but shifted to allometric growth in the late stage,with the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship differing significantly across growth stages.Natural forests,in contrast,maintained isometric growth across successional stages,showing no significant variation in the slope of the log-transformed shoot-root biomass relationship.Environmental factors,particularly moisture levels,strongly influenced R/S ratios.Moisture levels significantly affected size-corrected R/S ratios,particularly in the middle stage of plantations and the early and middle stages of natural forests,supporting the hypothesis of optimal allocation.These findings suggest that in water-limited regions,forest management should prioritize drought-tolerant,deep-rooted native species,encourage mixed-species planting in the early stage,and reduce logging intensity in mature plantations.Conserving natural forests to maintain successional dynamics is essential for long-term ecological resilience.These findings emphasize the importance of balancing productivity with ecological sustainability by adapting practices to specific environments and forest types under climate change.
基金Supported by National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Sichuan Pig Innovation Team(SCCXTD-2026-8)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2025ZYD0049)"Challenge and Leadership"Project for Key Core Technologies of Sui Ning in Sichuan(2025SNKBZ19).
文摘Sichuan sausages with moisture contents of 40%,45%,50%,and 60% were stored at-18℃for durations of 0,2,4,6,and 8 weeks to evaluate the effect of moisture content on the quality attributes of Sichuan sausages during frozen storage.Product indicators including pH,colour,thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS),total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N),texture,electronic nose(E-nose)response,and water-holding capacity(thawing and cooking losses)were determined.The results indicated that as storage time increased,water retention in Sichuan sausages with different moisture contents decreased,while the degree of protein and lipid oxidation increased.This led to an increase in pH value,a colour shift from red-bright to grey-brown,and a deterioration in palatability.Among the samples,sausages with 50% moisture content exhibited the lowest thawing and cooking losses,indicating superior water-holding capacity.After 8 weeks of storage,TBARS and TVB-N values for the 50% moisture group were 19.5%and 2.5%lower,respectively,than those of the 40%and 45%moisture groups,indicating a reduced degree of oxidation.Furthermore,Sichuan sausage with 50%moisture content demonstrated an appropriate pH and colour difference,along with excellent texture and flavour,as evidenced by its higher toughness and satisfactory hardness.In conclusion,Sichuan sausage with 50% moisture content demonstrated the highest overall quality under frozen storage conditions.
文摘Arid and semi-arid ecosystems are prone to extensive fires due to specific climatic conditions,sparse vegetation cover,and high density of fine fuels.Understanding the flammability characteristics of land covers is essential for fire management and designing land restoration programs in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.This study provided a new approach to evaluate the flammability of shrublands and woodlands using flammability indices(FIs)including time to ignition(TI),duration of combustion(DC),and flame height(FH)of plant species and their relative frequencies in the Dalfard Basin of southeastern Iran.The results showed that there was a significant difference in FIs between land covers.Shrublands had higher flammability potential compared with woodlands.Plant moisture content had a negative relationship with TI(P<0.010)and no significant relationship with DC and FH(P>0.050).Artemisia spp.,Astragalus gossypinus Fischer,Amygdalus scoparia Spach,and Cymbopogon jwarancusa(Jones)Schult.had the highest FI.Tree species such as Rhazya stricta Decne.,and Pistacia atlantica Desf.showed greater resistance to fire.Using principal component analysis,the relationship between species and FIs was examined,and TI of wet fuel was the most important FI in relation to species.Structural equation model showed that life form(P<0.001)was the most important flammability driver.Precipitation(P<0.010)and legume species(P<0.010)were significantly related to the flammability in arid land.This study emphasizes the importance of managing high-risk species and using resistant species in vegetation restoration and shows that combining species FIs with their abundance is an effective tool for assessing fire risk and fuel management at the plant community scale.
基金support provided by the Research Grant Office at Sharif University Technology by way of grants G4010902 and QB020105 is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘This study presents a multi-physical modeling approach to analyze the dynamics of moisture potential and stress-deformation features near deep desiccation cracks in clayey soils under three consecutive years’climate variability in an arid region.A triple research approach of statistical analysis,analytical framework,and numerical modeling was used to investigate the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of desiccation-cracked soil,incorporating realistic climatic data of Qom,Iran.The results revealed the interplay between stress,strain,and pore water pressure over time,demonstrating that soil experiences significant swelling and shrinkage due to cyclic wetting and drying.The horizontal stress distribution shows compressive stress concentration at crack tips during wetting,transitioning to tensile stresses uniformly across the soil surface during drying paths.Similarly,vertical stress distributions exhibit localized compressive stresses along crack boundaries during wetting and tensile stresses during drying,highlighting the critical stress conditions at crack tips.The model differentiates between microstructural and macrostructural changes in porosity.Annual trends in micro-porosity revealed cyclic-dependent behavior,with significant volumetric changes occurring in the first year,stabilizing with successive cycles.The results also indicated that part of the volumetric changes are irreversible,with volumetric plastic strain increasing exponentially but at a decreasing rate over three years.Principal stress analysis indicates a shift from compressive to tensile stress states around cracks,driven by climate-induced wetting and drying cycles.These findings underscore the critical role of climate variability in shaping cracked soil behavior in arid regions,providing insights into the heterogeneous behavior of cracked soil surfFicial layers.
基金funded in part by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES,Finance Code 001)in part by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq,Grant No.131511/2020-3)/Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation(MCTI)in part by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)(Grant Nos.2015/03806-1 and 2023/08756-9).
文摘The dual-probe heat pulse(DPHP)is a well-established method for estimating soil moisture(θ)using soil thermal conductivity(λ)and volumetric heat capacity(C_(v)).Recently,monitoringθhas been improved by integrating the DPHP method with distributed temperature sensing(DTS)technology.In the DPHP-DTS approach,a single fiber optic(FO)cable with embedded metallic constituents functions as a heating element,while a parallel cable serves to monitor the temperature.Despite ongoing advancements,challenges such as the difficulty in positioning heating and sensing cables and high energy requirements hinder the widespread adoption of the DPHP-DTS method.As alternative heating materials are seldom used,this study evaluated the feasibility of employing a resistive metallic alloy as the heating element in a laboratory DPHP-DTS application.Overall,higher errors were observed when assessing C_(v)andλat higherθvalues(>0.2),but using C_(v)data produced more accurateθestimates(with the root mean square error(RMSE)≤0.06).Based on C_(v)values,a low-power,long-duration heat pulse(8.07 W/m for 300 s)yielded more consistentθestimates(RMSE=0.04)than a high-power,shortduration pulse(15.93 W/m for 180 s,with RMSE=0.06).The findings of this study also indicated that variations in heating uniformity and electrical power fluctuations potentially affected measurement accuracy.Nevertheless,the resistive alloy proved advantageous for DPHP-DTS due to its independent power connection,ability to maintain linear positioning within the soil,and potential for energy savings,all while providing reliableθestimates.
基金the financial support provided by UMS Great(GUG0670-1/2024),which played a crucial role in the completion of this studyAdditionally,we would like to express our sincere appreciation for the financial assistance and scholarships generously offered by the University of Malaysia Sabah(UMS)throughout the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia(KPT)throughout the research period.These contributions were invaluable in facilitating our research endeavors.
文摘The growing demand for renewable energy has increased the use of wood pellets as a clean and efficient biomass fuel.This study aims to evaluate the physical properties of wood pellets produced from Acacia hybrid(AC)veneer waste and Pine wood(PW)waste mixed with varying ratios.The objectives are to investigate the effect of different blend ratios ofAcacia hybrid veneer waste and pine wood waste on the physical properties,specificallymoisture content,density,and pellet durability index(PDI)of wood pellets,and to identify the optimal ratio that yields the most desirable pellet quality.The wood pellets were produced by blending Acacia hybrid veneer waste and Pine wood waste(AC:PW)in weight ratios of 100:0,75:25,50:50,25:75,and 0:100.The materials were dried to 10%–12%moisture before pelletizing using a pellet mill under consistent pressure and temperature.Moisture content(MC),density(ρ)and pellet durability index(PDI)were measured following the International Organization for Standardization(ISO).The study found that blending Acacia hybrid veneer waste with Pine wood waste significantly improved pellet density and durability compared to the control.The moisture was lowest in pellets with 50:50 and 25:75 blends,indicating better drying and stability.The blend 50:50 achieves the highest density,and for pellet durability index,the best blend is 25:75,suggesting improved resistance to breakage.Overall,the 50:50 and 25:75 ratios produced pellet with the most desirable combination of low moisture,high density,high durability and the blend meets key ISO 17225 and ENplus quality standards for industrial wood pellet.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(252300421290)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771438)+1 种基金the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)of Henan University(22IRTSTHN010)the Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province(HNYJS2020JD14).
文摘Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in these areas remains insufficient.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in arid and semi-arid areas of China by utilizing the extended triple collation(ETC),Mann-Kendall test,Theil-Sen estimator,ridge regression analysis,and other relevant methods.The following findings were obtained:(1)at the pixel scale,the long-term monthly SM data from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative(ESA CCI)exhibited the highest correlation coefficient of 0.794 and the lowest root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.014 m^(3)/m^(3);(2)from 2000 to 2022,the study area experienced significant increase in annual average SM,with a rate of 0.408×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a).Moreover,higher altitudes showed a notable upward trend,with SM increasing rates at 0.210×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 1000 and 2000 m,0.530×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m,and 0.760×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)at altitudes above 4000 m;(3)land surface temperature(LST),root zone soil moisture(RSM)(10-40 cm depth),and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were identified as the primary factors influencing annual average SM,which accounted for 34.37%,24.16%,and 22.64%relative contributions,respectively;and(4)absolute contribution of LST was more significant in subareas at higher altitudes,with average absolute contributions of 0.800×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m and 0.500×10^(-2) m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)above 4000 m.This study reveals the spatiotemporal variations and main influencing factors of SM in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas,highlighting the more pronounced absolute contribution of LST to SM in high-altitude areas,providing valuable insights for ecological research and water resource management in these areas.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering(Grant No.SKLGDUEK2206)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11872340).
文摘Soil desiccation cracking is a common phenomenon on the earth surface.Numerical modeling is an effective approach to study the desiccation cracking mechanism of soil.This work develops a novel 3D moisture diffusion discrete model that is capable of dynamically assessing the effect of cracking on moisture diffusion and allowing moisture to be discontinuous on both sides of the cracks.Then,the parametric analysis of the moisture exchange coefficient in the 3D moisture diffusion discrete model is carried out for moisture diffusion in continuous media,and the selection criterion of the moisture exchange coefficient for the unbroken cohesive element is given.Subsequently,an example of moisture migration in a medium with one crack is provided to illustrate the crack hindering effect on moisture migration.Finally,combining the 3D moisture diffusion discrete model with the finite-discrete element method(FDEM),the moisture diffusion-fracture coupling model is built to study the desiccation cracking in a strip soil and the crack pattern of a rectangular soil.The evolution of crack area and volume with moisture content is quantitatively analyzed.The modeling number and average width of cracks in the strip soil show a good consistency with the experimental results,and the crack pattern of the rectangular soil matches well with the existing numerical results,validating the coupled moisture diffusion-fracture model.Additionally,the parametric study of soil desiccation cracking is performed.The developed model offers a powerful tool for exploring soil desiccation cracking.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42361002)the Fund of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Grant No.2022AAC03665).
文摘Tafoni are globally developed on cliffy slopes,and many of them are favorable places for the preservation of stone historical relics.However,the characteristics and formation processes of tafoni in the Loess Plateau are yet to be understood.This paper studied the features of the tafoni on conglomerate slopes in Huoshizhai National Geopark of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and discussed its formation processes by field investigation and morphometry,insitu relative humidity(RH)measurement,salt chemistry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)experiments of 24 samples.The bedrock of the tafoni is dominated by reddish fluvial conglomerates of the Lower Cretaceous Heshangpu Formation with abundant chemically unstable components including feldspars,lithic fragments,and calcite cements.The RH values vary from 5%to 100%,but the backwalls of the tafoni have higher RH values than outer surfaces.The more moisture on the backwalls is possibly generated by water influx from the rock interior,resulting in more salt precipitation on the backwalls.As a result,the backwalls have been subject to predominant salt weathering.The dominant salts involved in salt weathering are probably derived from the dissolution of the salt interbeds in the basin,although the chemical dissolution of the unstable components such as feldspars,lithic fragments,and calcite cements might have produced small amounts of salts.The salt types dominantly include nitrates,sulfates,and halite.In the progression of tafoni,the moisture maintenance on the backwalls gives rise to the accretion of salts,which in turn enhance the weathering rates of the backwalls.As a result,the volumes of the tafoni have become enlarged owing to inward growth and coalescence of adjacent smaller ones.
基金Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2020B0301030004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42475003)Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2023SP209)。
文摘Southerly moisture surges over the central South China Sea(SCS)are characterized by the strengthening of lowlevel southerlies that transport moisture northward from the Pacific or Indian Oceans to South China.These surge events typically occur for days in the early-summer season(from April to June)and can lead to heavy rains in South China.This study categorizes surge events into three types of flow patterns and examines their multiscale variations and impacts on rainfall.The first type occurs mainly in April,with the southeasterlies enhanced by a deepening trough in South China and the western Pacific subtropical high established over the SCS.The second type of surge events mostly appears in June,featuring the prevailing southwesterlies of summer monsoon from the Indian Ocean during the active phases of intraseasonal oscillations.Most surge events exhibit semi-diurnal variations with morning and afternoon peaks of northward moisture fluxes.Specifically,the first type features a dominant afternoon peak,while the second type shows a dominant early-morning peak,which is induced by thermal contrast between the Indochina Peninsula and the SCS.In general,the surge events enhance moisture convergence and increase rainfall downstream in South China,but they show some regional differences.The second type strengthens moisture convergence and rainfall in coastal regions with a morning peak.In contrast,the first type enhances inland rainfall with a morning peak,while moisture divergence dominates coastal regions.The third type of surge events denotes transitional conditions between the first two types,in terms of atmospheric circulations,diurnal cycles,and rainfall patterns.These results highlight a diversity of regional moisture surges and related rainfall ranging from diurnal to sub-seasonal scales.
基金financially supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAFYBB2021ZW002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1300404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2005)。
文摘Mountainous areas are the priority for forest restoration in semiarid regions,with hillslopes serving as the basic units of mountains.Precipitation is the only water source in these regions,and the uneven distribution of hillslope soil moisture replenishment after precipitation determines vegetation survival and growth.Therefore,in this study experiments were performed on a hillslope in the Liupan Mountains,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,to quantify the unevenness of soil moisture replenishment.Soil water content(SWC)in the 0–60 cm layer and precipitation were monitored throughout the growing season in 2020 and 2021.The results showed that(1)Annual soil moisture replenishment was the highest at the mid-slope position,with an average of 309.9 mm,especially under moderate and heavy rain grade conditions,reaching 38.7% and 30.8% of the total replenishment,respectively;(2)Vertical replenishment played a dominant role in the total replenishment,accounting for 82.8%;lateral replenishment played an important but lesser role,accounting for up to 17.2% of the total replenishment;(3)Based on a soil moisture replenishment model established in this study,the maximal replenishment occurred at 90 m from the top of the slope;(4)The dominant factors contributing to the soil moisture replenishment were rainfall amount and saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks).These findings suggest that attention should be given to both vertical and lateral soil moisture replenishment,and the mid-slope position could be preferred for site selection to achieve precise and integrated forest-water management on hillslopes in semi-arid mountainous regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42471027).
文摘Accurate drought assessment demands thoughtful consideration of drought definition first of all.Drought is commonly defined as a prolonged period of below-average precipitation leading to water shortages that impact ecosystems,agriculture,and human societies.However,meteorologists,hydrologists,and agronomists often use different criteria to define drought,depending on their specific focus areas.For example,hydrologists define drought according to water deficits in some components of the hydrological cycle(such as precipitation,soil moisture,river flow,and groundwater)or its impacts on the level of services provided to public water supply,irrigation,or hydropower demands(Tate and Gustard,2000).Differences in drought definitions may result in great uncertainties in drought assessment(Satoh et al.,2021).We cannot expect the existence of any workable generalized objective definition of drought(Lloyd-Hughes,2014).
文摘This study investigates the mechanism of action of representative molecules of basalt fibers on the healing of water-soaked asphalt.Thermodynamic parameters,morphological characteristics,interfacial healing energy,and interfacial healing strength were analyzed using molecular dynamics and macroscopic tests under different time,temperature,and water conditions to evaluate the specific states and critical conditions involved in self-healing.The results indicate that basalt-fiber molecules can induce rearrangement and a combination of water-soaked asphalt at the healing interface.Hydroxyl groups with different bonding states increase the interfacial adsorption capacity of water-soaked asphalt.The interaction between basalt fiber molecules and water molecules leads to a"hoop"phenomenon,while aromatics-2 molecules exhibit a"ring band aggregation"phenomenon.The former reduces the miscibility of water and asphalt molecules,while the latter causes slow diffusion of the components.Furthermore,a micro-macro dual-scale comparison of interfacial healing strength was conducted at temperatures of 297.15 and 312.15 K to identify the strength transition point and critical temperature of 299.4 K during the self-healing process of basalt-fiber modified water-soaked asphalt.
