The development of efficient electrocatalysts for the nitrogen oxidation reaction(NOR)under mild conditions is crucial for sustainable nitrate synthesis.Mo-dopedδ-MnO_(2)electrocatalysts with varying Mo concentration...The development of efficient electrocatalysts for the nitrogen oxidation reaction(NOR)under mild conditions is crucial for sustainable nitrate synthesis.Mo-dopedδ-MnO_(2)electrocatalysts with varying Mo concentrations were successfully prepared for the NOR.Structural and electrochemical analyses revealed that Mo doping simultaneously enhanced the conductivity and electrochemically active surface area(ECSA)while promoting N_(2)adsorption and activation through electronic structure modulation.The optimized 2.5%Mo-dopedδ-MnO_(2)(denoted as MM2.5)exhibited superior NOR performance in 0.1 M KOH,delivering a NO_(3)^(−)production rate of 116.75μg h^(−1)mg_(cat)^(−1)with a faradaic efficiency(FE)of 7.04%and excellent long-term stability.In addition,a Zn–N_(2)device was formed with MM2.5 as the anode and a Zn plate as the cathode,and the NO_(3)^(−)yield obtained in this device was even higher than 144.5μg h^(−1)mg_(cat)^(−1).However,structural characterization revealed that excessive Mo doping disrupted theδ-MnO_(2)crystal structure,reducing specific surface area and active site density.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated that Mo doping lowered the Gibbs free energy of the rate-determining step(*N_(2)→*NNOH)from 2.41 eV to 1.94 eV by facilitating electron transfer,thereby optimizing the reaction pathway.This study provides a new strategy for the design of transition metal oxide-based electrocatalysts,as well as the application in artificial nitrogen fixation.展开更多
Extracellular vesicles share lipid-protein membranes with their parent cells,allowing for the targeted transfer of bioactive cargo to recipient cells for functional modulation.The biological features allow extracellul...Extracellular vesicles share lipid-protein membranes with their parent cells,allowing for the targeted transfer of bioactive cargo to recipient cells for functional modulation.The biological features allow extracellular vesicles to serve both as intrinsic therapeutics and as engineered delivery vehicles for targeted molecule transport.In recent years,extracellular vesicle-based therapy has shown great potential as a new therapeutic approach for traumatic conditions and degenerative,acute,and refractory diseases.As extracellular vesicle engineering continues to evolve,more innovative drugs are expected to receive investigational new drug approvals and marketing approvals from regulatory agencies in the future.However,many challenges exist in terms of mechanistic understanding,engineering modifications,manufacturing processes,quality control,and nonclinical research,and no drug regulatory authorities have currently issued specific technical evaluation guidelines for extracellular vesicle-based drugs,all of which have hindered the clinical translation of these drugs.In this article,which is focused primarily on extracellular vesicles derived from mammalian cells,we summarize the clinical translation and process development research status of extracellular vesicle-based drugs and propose both general considerations and key aspects of quality control strategies and nonclinical evaluations in the development process.The aim of this review is to provide valuable references for the development and evaluation of extracellular vesicle-based products,accelerate the clinical translation process,and benefit patients as soon as possible.展开更多
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021MB075 and ZR2025MS209)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51602297)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Ocean University of China(202461021 and 202364004).
文摘The development of efficient electrocatalysts for the nitrogen oxidation reaction(NOR)under mild conditions is crucial for sustainable nitrate synthesis.Mo-dopedδ-MnO_(2)electrocatalysts with varying Mo concentrations were successfully prepared for the NOR.Structural and electrochemical analyses revealed that Mo doping simultaneously enhanced the conductivity and electrochemically active surface area(ECSA)while promoting N_(2)adsorption and activation through electronic structure modulation.The optimized 2.5%Mo-dopedδ-MnO_(2)(denoted as MM2.5)exhibited superior NOR performance in 0.1 M KOH,delivering a NO_(3)^(−)production rate of 116.75μg h^(−1)mg_(cat)^(−1)with a faradaic efficiency(FE)of 7.04%and excellent long-term stability.In addition,a Zn–N_(2)device was formed with MM2.5 as the anode and a Zn plate as the cathode,and the NO_(3)^(−)yield obtained in this device was even higher than 144.5μg h^(−1)mg_(cat)^(−1).However,structural characterization revealed that excessive Mo doping disrupted theδ-MnO_(2)crystal structure,reducing specific surface area and active site density.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated that Mo doping lowered the Gibbs free energy of the rate-determining step(*N_(2)→*NNOH)from 2.41 eV to 1.94 eV by facilitating electron transfer,thereby optimizing the reaction pathway.This study provides a new strategy for the design of transition metal oxide-based electrocatalysts,as well as the application in artificial nitrogen fixation.
基金supported by the China Academy of Engineering Strategic Research and Consulting Project,“Strategic Research on the Development of the Gene and Cell Therapy Industry in China(No.2024-XZ-57)”.
文摘Extracellular vesicles share lipid-protein membranes with their parent cells,allowing for the targeted transfer of bioactive cargo to recipient cells for functional modulation.The biological features allow extracellular vesicles to serve both as intrinsic therapeutics and as engineered delivery vehicles for targeted molecule transport.In recent years,extracellular vesicle-based therapy has shown great potential as a new therapeutic approach for traumatic conditions and degenerative,acute,and refractory diseases.As extracellular vesicle engineering continues to evolve,more innovative drugs are expected to receive investigational new drug approvals and marketing approvals from regulatory agencies in the future.However,many challenges exist in terms of mechanistic understanding,engineering modifications,manufacturing processes,quality control,and nonclinical research,and no drug regulatory authorities have currently issued specific technical evaluation guidelines for extracellular vesicle-based drugs,all of which have hindered the clinical translation of these drugs.In this article,which is focused primarily on extracellular vesicles derived from mammalian cells,we summarize the clinical translation and process development research status of extracellular vesicle-based drugs and propose both general considerations and key aspects of quality control strategies and nonclinical evaluations in the development process.The aim of this review is to provide valuable references for the development and evaluation of extracellular vesicle-based products,accelerate the clinical translation process,and benefit patients as soon as possible.
